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Ragaišytė, Ieva, Mindaugas Daukšys, and Albertas Klovas. "PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CEMENT PASTE DEPENDING ON SILANE BASED CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES / CHEMINIŲ PRIEDŲ SILANŲ PAGRINDU ĮTAKA CEMENTINIO AKMENS SAVYBĖMS." Engineering Structures and Technologies 4, no. 1 (April 18, 2012): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2012.677409.
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The article focuses on the influence of water repellent, silane based concrete admixtures on the physical, mechanical and porosity properties of hardened cement paste. To obtain the expected results, six compositions of cement slurries were designed changing the amount and type of the silane based chemical admixture. In order to obtain technological, physical and mechanical properties of cement (slurry) stone, the following experiments, including a test on the flow characteristics of cement slurries, a test on compression and bending strength as well as the analysis of porosity and resistance to frost were accomplished. On the basis of the achieved results and using a different amount and type of silane based chemical admixtures, the flow characteristics of cement slurry has increased up to 1,47 times in respect to the control specimen. On the other hand, when using the above introduced silane based chemical admixtures, the obtained results show a decrease in the density and strength of compression and bending. By adding chemical admixture “WACKER BS 1701” 0,2% and taking into account the amount of cement, a decrease in density goes up to 2,4%. The most noticeable decrease in bending strength (26%) is obtained by using WACKER BS SMK 2101 (0,1% in respect to the amount of cement). In addition, the biggest decrease in compression strength (34,6%), considering the control specimen, can be noticed when using SILRES BS 290 (0,2%) as a silane based chemical admixture. Water absorption of the control specimen with no silane based chemical admixtures is very similar to those containing them (vary around 1). The properties of porosity (opened and closed) are also very close and vary around 2% at the maximum. The indicator of medium pore size-λ shows that the control specimen include large pores (λ = 7,92). In most cases, by using the silane based chemical admixture, minor pores are obtained (λ = 0,94 – 3,66). The results received following 100 cycles of freezing-thaw show that all specimens have passed the test. Their surfaces did not contain any cracking. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjama cheminių priedų silanų/siloksanų pagrindu įtaka cementinio akmens fizikinėms ir mechaninėms savybėms bei poringumui. Tyrimams buvo paruoštos šešios cemento tešlos, naudojant skirtingos koncentracijos silanų/siloksanų pagrindu pagamintus cheminius priedus. Tyrimo metu nustatytas cemento tešlos sklidumas, cementinio akmens tankis, lenkimo ir gniuždymo stipriai, poringumo parametrai bei atsparumas šalčiui. Nustatyta, kad naudojant skirtingos koncentracijos silanų/siloksanų pagrindu pagamintus cheminius priedus, cemento tešlos sklidumas padidėjo iki 46,3%, lyginant su kontroline tešla. Cementinio akmens tankis sumažėjo iki 2,4%, lenkimo stipris – iki 21,0%, gniuždymo stipris – iki 34,6%, lyginant su kontroliniu bandiniu be silanų/siloksanų pagrindu pagamintų priedų. Cementinio akmens be cheminių priedų silanų/siloksanų pagrindu vandens įgėris (12,16%), atviras ir uždaras poringumai yra panašūs kaip ir cementinio akmens su cheminiais priedais silanų/siloksanų pagrindu. Cementinio akmens bandiniai išlaikė 100 užšaldymo ir atšildymo ciklų atsparumo šalčiui bandymą.
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Rosatto, Camila Maria Peres de, Marina Guimarães Roscoe, Veridiana Resende Novais, Murilo de Sousa Menezes, and Carlos José Soares. "Effect of Silane Type and Air-Drying Temperature on Bonding Fiber Post to Composite Core and Resin Cement." Brazilian Dental Journal 25, no. 3 (July 2014): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201300005.
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This study evaluated the influence of silane type and temperature of silane application on push-out bond strength between fiberglass posts with composite resin core and resin cement. One hundred and sixty fiberglass posts (Exacto, Angelus) had the surface treated with hydrogen peroxide 24%. Posts were divided in 8 groups according to two study factors: air-drying temperature after silane application (room temperature and 60 ºC) and silane type: three pre-hydrolyzed - Silano (Angelus), Prosil (FGM), RelyX Ceramic Primer (3M ESPE) and one two-component silane - Silane Coupling Agent (Dentsply). The posts (n=10) for testing the bond strength between post and composite core were centered on a cylindrical plastic matrix and composite resin (Filtek Z250 XT, 3M ESPE) that was incrementally inserted and photoactivated. Eighty bovine incisor roots (n=10) were prepared for testing the bond strength between post and resin cement (RelyX U100, 3M ESPE) and received the fiberglass posts. Push-out test was used to measure the bond strength. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (a=0.05). ANOVA revealed that temperature and silane had no influence on bond strength between composite core and post. However, for bond strength between post and resin cement, the temperature increase resulted in a better performance for Silane Coupling Agent, Silano and RelyX Ceramic Primer. At room temperature Silane Coupling Agent showed the lowest bond strength. Effect of the warm air-drying is dependent on the silane composition. In conclusion, the use of silane is influenced by wettability of resinous materials and pre-hydrolyzed silanes are more stable compared with the two-bottle silane.
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CHRUSCIEL, JERZY, ELZBIETA LESNIAK, and MARZENA FEJDYS. "Carbofunctional silanes and polysiloxanes. Part I. Applications of carbofunctional silanes." Polimery 53, no. 10 (October 2008): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2008.709.
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Savitri, Savitri, Evi Triwulandari, Agus Haryono, and O. A. Syahputra. "PENGARUH SENYAWA SILAN TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK MATERIAL PELAPIS PADUAN HIBRID EPOKSI TERMODIFIKASI POLIURETAN." Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia 17, no. 1 (December 10, 2015): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkti.v17i1.19.
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Preparation of hybrid coating material from modified epoxy polyurethane (ETP) and silan (Si) has been done. Epoxy and polyurethane were modified with silan using γ-Glisidoksil propil trimetoksisilan (GPTMS) and γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (γ-APS) and also dibutyltindilaurate (DBTL) as catalyst. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) characterization indicated that the hybrid coating material has been formed. The results of the analysis of NCO percent and conversion rate of isocyanates (α) also verified that the ETP-Si hybrid coatings have been formed. The addition 30% of silane as Si-O group indicated the rest of NCO percent was the lowest for hybrid coating material with polyurethane concentration of 5% and 10. The composition of ETP5% - Si 30% was the optimum composition from the ETP-Si hybrid coating material based on the mechanical analysis.Key words: hybrid coating, polyurethane, epoxy, silane, ETP – Si
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Novais, Veridiana Resende, Paulo Cézar Simamotos Júnior, Regina Maria Puppin Rontani, Lourenço Correr-Sobrinho, and Carlos José Soares. "Bond strength between fiber posts and composite resin core: influence of temperature on silane coupling agents." Brazilian Dental Journal 23, no. 1 (2012): 08–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402012000100002.
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This study evaluated the effect of air drying temperature and different silane coupling agents on the bond strength between glass fiber posts and composite resin core. The post surface was cleaned with alcohol and treated with different silane coupling agents, being three prehydrolyzed silanes [Silano (Angelus), Prosil (FGM), RelyX Ceramic Primer (3M ESPE)] and one two-component silane [Silane Coupling Agent (Dentsply)]. Two post-silanization air drying temperatures, 23ºC and 60ºC, were applied. A cylindrical plastic matrix was placed around the silanized post and filled with composite resin. Each bonded post provided 7 slices for push-out testing. Each slice was loaded to failure under compression at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Scott-Knott tests (α=0.05). Dunnett's test was used to compare the mean of the control group with that of each experimental group. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the interface of the fractured slices. For the 23ºC air drying temperature, the use of RelyX Ceramic Primer resulted in significantly lower bond strength than the other silane coupling agents, while the bond strength with Silane Coupling Agent was the highest of all groups. Only with Silane Coupling Agent, the bond strength for the 23ºC air drying temperature was significantly higher than that for 60ºC air drying. In conclusion, the use of warm air drying after silane application produced no increase in the bond strength between the fiber-reinforced composite post and the composite core. The two-component silane produced higher bond strength than all prehydrolyzed silanes when it was used with air drying at room temperature.
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Zanelli, Wilian Segatto, Mariana Dias Flor-Ribeiro, Rodrigo Barros Esteves, Luís Roberto Marcondes Martins, Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar, and Giselle Maria Marchi. "Repair Adhesive Strength of Conventional and Bulk Fill Resins Using Different Bonding Techniques." Journal of Health Sciences 22, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2021v22n3p185-190.
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AbstractThis research aimed to evaluate the bond strength by micro tensile strength (µTBS), elastic modulus (EM) and flexural strength (FS) by the three-point test using three types of composite resins: Charisma Diamond, Filtek Z350 and Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill; and three adhesion techniques: adhesive, silane, silane and adhesive. The combinations of each resin with the adhesive technique resulted in nine groups (n = 12). Initially, with the composites, EM and FS tests were performed. Sequentially, each fragment was repaired with the different adhesive systems. All samples were subjected to µTBS testing on a universal assay machine. Data were subjected to the normality test and the parametric ANOVA test. Charisma resin showed the highest values in EM and RF compared to the other composite resins (p <0.05). The highest µTBS value was for silane + adhesive repaired Charisma resin. The lowest µTBS values were in Bulk Fill resin, regardless of adhesive system. The EM and FS results showed that Filtek Z350 resins had the best results, while bulk fill resins had lower results. It was concluded that Charisma and Filtek Z350 resins presented better results. However, in the bulk fill group, the lowest mean values of µTBS, FS and EM were obtained, as well as the lowest value in EM.Keywords: Composite Resins. Adhesives. Flexural Strength.ResumoEsta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência de união (RU) por resistência à microtração, módulo de elasticidade (ME) e resistência à flexão (RF) pelo teste de três pontos, utilizando três tipos de resinas compostas: Charisma Diamond, Filtek Z350 e Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill; e três técnicas de adesão: adesivo, silano, silano e adesivo. As combinações de cada resina com a técnica adesiva resultaram nove grupos (n= 12). Inicialmente, com os compósitos foram realizados testes de ME e RF. Sequencialmente, cada fragmento foi reparado com os diferentes sistemas adesivos. Todas as amostras foram submetidas ao teste de RU por microtração em uma máquina de ensaio universal. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade e ao teste paramétrico ANOVA. A resina Charisma apresentou os maiores valores no ME e RF em relação às demais resinas compostas (p <0,05). O maior valor de RU foi para a resina Charisma reparada com silano + adesivo. Os menores valores de RU foram na resina Bulk Fill, independentemente do sistema adesivo. Os resultados no ME e RF mostraram que as resinas Filtek Z350 obtiveram os melhores resultados, enquanto as resinas bulk fill obtiveram resultados inferiores. Conclui-se que as resinas Charisma e Filtek Z350 apresentaram melhores resultados. Entretanto, no grupo de bulk fill obteve se as menores médias de RU, RF e ME, bem como o menor valor no ME.Palavras-chave: Resinas Compostas. Adesivos. Resistência à Flexão.
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Schenzel, Karla, Karl Hassler, and Günther Bauer. "Schwingungsspektren und Normalkoordinatenanalysen sterisch überladener Silane: Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silan und Hexakis(trimethylsilyl)disilan." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 53, no. 14 (December 1997): 2435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-1425(97)00225-4.
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Haase, Martin, and Uwe Klingebiel. "Tris(silyl)silyl-chlorsilane und P-halogenierte Silylphosphane / Tris(silyl)silyl-chlorosilanes and P-Halogenated Silylphosphanes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 41, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1986-0606.
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Lithium-tris(trimethylsilyl)silan reacts with chlorosilanes to give thermally stable compounds (1−3). The chlorination of 3 leads to the formation of the silane (Me3Si)3SiSi(Cl)(CMe3)2 4. The reaction of tetramethylpiperidinodihalogenophosphanes with (Me3Si)3SiSi(Cl)(Cme3)2 results in thermally stable compounds (Me3Si)3Si−P(Hal)N(CMe2)2(CH2)3, Hal = F (5). Cl (6), (Me3Si)3Si−P(Cl)N(CHMe2)2 (7) undergoes thermaly rearrangement via a silicon-chlorine exchange reaction to give (Me3Si)2Si(Cl)−P(SiMe3)N(CHMe2)2 (8). A byproduct − besides cyclic phosphanes - is the silylamine (Me3Si)2Si(Cl)N(CHMe2) (9). The formation of (9) can be explained via the elimination of the phosphinidene Me3SiP.
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Nyman, B. "Schutzbehandlung von Beton mit Silan- und Siloxanpräparaten / Protective Treatment of Concrete with Silane or Siloxane." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 5, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-1999-5377.
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Abstract By means of laboratory experiments it is shown that the penetration depth of a treatment of concrete with Silane depends strongly on the duration of suction and on the moisture content of the concrete. The necessary duration of suction can be estimated for any required penetration depth.
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Czarnecki, L., and B. Chmielewska. "Bruchverhalten und Fraktographie eines Silan modifizierten Kunstharzmörtels / Fracture and Fractography of Silane Modified Resin Mortars." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2003-5806.
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Baines, Kim M., Kevin A. Mueller, and Tsun K. Sham. "Tetrakis(trimethylgermyl)silane and tris(trimethylgermyl)silyllithium." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2884–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-368.
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Tetrakis(trimethylgermyl)silane can be synthesized by the addition of four equivalents of trimethylgermyllithium to tetrachlorosilane. Treatment of tetrakis(trimethylgermyl)silane with methyllithium gives tris(trimethylgermyl)silyllithium, which was trapped with aqueous hydrochloric acid, chlorotrimethylsilane or methyl iodide to yield tris(trimethylgermyl)silane, tris(trimethylgermyl)(trimethylsilyl)silane, or methyltris(trimethylgermyl)silane, respectively. Chlorination of tris(trimethylgermyl)silane affords dichlorobis(trimethylgermyl)silane.
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Zhou, Qi, Guang Xia Sun, Ping Zhao, and Hong Yan Liu. "Corrosion Resistance of KH-550 and KH-567 Composite Silane Films on Cast Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 460 (February 2012): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.460.90.
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The silane films are fabricated by dipping cast aluminum alloy in silane solution, then curing films. The corrosion resistance of single silane film, composite silane film is compared with phosphating film through acid dropping test, salt water immersion test and electrochemical impedance test (EIS), the results shows that the silane films are obviously superior to the phosphating films in terms of the corrosion resistance of acid solution and neutral salt solution, particularly the corrosion resistance of composite silane films is much better than sigle silane films; corrosion polarization curves show that the corrosion tendency of KH550+KH567 composite silane film is minimum, corrosion rate is yet minimal, corrosion process of this silane films is controled by diffusion step. The corrosion process of uncoated aluminum substrate, KH550 silane films, phosphating films are controlled by electrochemical step. The impedance of phosphate films are lower than the silane films. Appropriate silane treatment can effectively improve adhesion between the coating and the Al substrate. The adhesion between silane film and paint film is firmer than the phosphate film, so silane film is an excellent replacement to phosphate film for painting pre-treatment.
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Omar, Mohamad Firdaus, NURIAH MOHAMAD, and Fathilah Ali. "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF LATEX/FILLER NANOCOMPOSITES." IIUM Engineering Journal 21, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v21i2.1388.
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Latex compounding which incorporates various types of clays as filler to the rubber can significantly give reinforcement in the rubber matrix when rubber/clay nanocomposites are formed, but the filler agglomerates. Thus, study was conducted by using Kaolin clay as the filler in the rubber nanocomposites with silane coupling agent to functionalize the surface of the filler. This study was done in order to investigate the mechanical properties of various functionalized Kaolin in latex nanocomposites, to prepare various ratios of Kaolin to rubber, and to characterize mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the Kaolin in latex nanocomposites. To achieve these, six types of silane coupling agents was used for Kaolin filler surface functionalization purpose during the filler’s incorporation in latex compounding. The optimized coupling agent, USi-7301 (?-chloropropyltrimetoxysilane) – with tensile strength value of 32.77 MPa, elongation at break value of 632.589 % and force at break value of 6.737 N – was used to further functionalize Kaolin filler in different ratios so as to achieve the optimum mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the filler in the polymer matrix. Universal tensile machine was used to analyze the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, while the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to observe the morphological and thermal properties of the nanocomposites, respectively. The results showed that reducing the Total Solids Content (TSC) of Kaolin filler to 26 % somehow showed the optimized properties of the nanocomposites, giving 34.00 MPa tensile strength, 576.494 % elongation at break and 6.564 N force at break. Rough surface morphology was observed under SEM suggesting the occurrence of phase separation between the hydrophilic filler and the hydrophobic rubber matrix. In the DSC plot, sample with USi-7301 and with functionalized Kaolin filler 26 % TSC showed glass transition temperature shifted to lower region compared to normal nitrile rubber. The reinforcement of nanocomposites formed will not only enhance the properties of the nanocomposites, but is also economically feasible thus brings advantages to the industry. ABSTRAK: Penyebatian lateks yang menggabungkan pelbagai jenis tanah liat sebagai pengisi dalam getah dapat memberi pengukuhan dalam matriks getah dengan ketara apabila nanokomposit getah / tanah liat terbentuk, tetapi pengisi mengagregat. Oleh itu, kajian dijalankan dengan menggunakan tanah liat Kaolin sebagai pengisi dalam nanokomposit getah dengan ejen gandingan silan untuk menambah-fungsi permukaan pengisi tersebut. Kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti sifat mekanik pelbagai Kaolin (yang berfungsi) dalam nanokomposit lateks, untuk menyediakan pelbagai nisbah Kaolin terhadap getah, dan untuk mencirikan sifat mekanik, haba dan morfologi Kaolin dalam nanokomposit lateks. Untuk mencapainya, enam jenis ejen gandingan silan digunakan untuk tujuan menambah-fungsi permukaan pengisi Kaolin semasa penggabungan pengisi dalam penyebatian lateks. Ejen gandingan silan yang paling optimum, USi-7301 (?-silan kloropropiltrimetoksi) - dengan nilai kekuatan tegangan 32.77 MPa, nilai pemanjangan ketika pemutusan 632.589% dan kekuatan daya ketika pemutusan 6.737 N - digunakan dengan lebih lanjut untuk menambah-fungsi pengisi Kaolin dalam nisbah yang berbeza untuk lebih mencapai sifat mekanikal, haba dan morfologi optimum pengisi dalam matriks polimer lateks. Mesin tegangan universal digunakan untuk menganalisis sifat mekanik nanokomposit, sementara Mikroskopi Elektron Pengimbasan (SEM) dan Kalorimetri Pengimbasan Berbeza (DSC) digunakan untuk menganalisa sifat morfologi dan haba nanokomposit tersebut. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengurangan Jumlah Kandungan Pepejal (TSC) pengisi Kaolin kepada 26% menunjukkan sifat optimum nanokomposit, dengan kekuatan tegangan 34.00 MPa, pemanjangan ketika pemutusan sebanyak 576.494% dan daya ketika pemutusan sebanyak 6.564 N. Morfologi permukaan kasar diperhatikan di bawah SEM dan ia menunjukkan berlakunya pemisahan fasa antara pengisi hidrofilik dan matriks getah hidrofobik. Dalam plot DSC, sampel dengan USi-7301 dan dengan pengisi Kaolin yang difungsikan dengan 26% TSC menunjukkan suhu peralihan kaca beralih ke kawasan yang lebih rendah berbanding getah nitril biasa. Pengukuhan nanokomposit yang terbentuk bukan sahaja akan meningkatkan sifat nanokomposit, tetapi juga dapat dilaksanakan secara ekonomi sehingga memberi banyak kelebihan kepada industri.
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De Souza Carvalho, Christianny, Fernanda Silva de Assis, Andrei Rosa, Amandah Thalita Cortês Silva, Ricardo Danil Guiraldo, and Mateus R. Rodrigues Tonetto. "Repair Techniques in CAD/CAM System Ceramics: a Literature Review." Journal of Health Sciences 24, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2022v24n1p12-16.
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Abstract Currently, CAD / CAM systems have been increasingly used in Dentistry, however due to the characteristic of the technique, since it is milled from a ceramic block, some flaws, such as fractures, become a challenge after the piece is cemented. To avoid the complete replacement of the part, the technique through intraoral repair of the fractured region is ideal for these cases. There are several protocols for this technique, this study aims to review the literature regarding the techniques and protocols for ceramic repair of the CAD / CAM system. A literature review was carried out on the Pubmed database using the terms Ceramic repair, Adhesive and Composite resin searching for studies published in the period from 2000 to 2020. 104 articles were found, after reading 32 articles were selected because they presented a greater correlation with the present study. There was unanimity among the authors about the importance of a surface treatment on the ceramic to be repaired, 70% of them still indicated the roughness with drills and conditioning with hydrofluoric acid due to the ease of the technique and good result. The combination of several surface treatments in the same region to be repaired produces better tensile strength. The use of the silane agent in a separate step presents better bonding strength results when compared to the universal type adhesive system with silane incorporated in the formula. Keywords: Repair. Ceramics. Adhesive. Composite Resins.Resumo Atualmente os sistemas CAD/CAM tem sido cada vez mais utilizados na Odontologia, porém devido a característica da técnica, já que é fresada a partir de um bloco cerâmico, algumas falhas, como fraturas, se tornam um desafio após a peça ser cimentada. Para evitar a completa substituição da peça a técnica através de reparo intraoral da região fraturada é ideal para esses casos. Existem diversos protocolos para esta técnica, este estudo tem por objetivo uma revisão de literatura quanto às técnicas e protocolos de reparo em cerâmica do sistema CAD/CAM. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura no indexador Pubmed database utilizando os termos Ceramic repair, Adhesive e Composite resin buscando estudos publicados no período de 2000 a 2020. Foram encontrados 104 artigos, após leitura 32 artigos foram selecionados pois apresentavam maior correlação com o presente estudo. Foi unanimidade entre os autores acerca da importância de um tratamento de superfície na cerâmica a ser reparada, 70% deles ainda indicaram a asperização com brocas e condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico pela facilidade da técnica e bom resultado. A associação de vários tratamentos de superfície na mesma região a ser reparada produz melhor resistência a tração. O uso do agente silano em etapa separada apresenta melhores resultados de resistência de união quando comparado ao sistema adesivo do tipo universal com silano incorporado na fórmula. Palavras-chave: Cerâmicas. Adesivos. Resinas Compostas.
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Sobouti, Farhad, Mehdi Aryana, Sepideh Dadgar, Reza Alizadeh Navaei, and Vahid Rakhshan. "Effects of Novel versus Conventional Porcelain Surface Treatments on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." BioMed Research International 2022 (January 6, 2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8246980.
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Background. Despite the importance of identifying proper novel porcelain preparation techniques to improve bonding of orthodontic brackets to porcelain surfaces, and despite the highly controversial results on this subject, no systematic review or meta-analysis exists in this regard. Objective. To comparatively summarize the effects of all the available porcelain surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic brackets (metal, ceramic, polycarbonate) bonded to feldspathic porcelain restorations. Search Methods. A search was conducted for articles published between January 1990 and February 2021 in PubMed, MeSH, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and reference lists. Eligibility Criteria. English-language articles comparing SBS of feldspathic porcelain’s surface preparation methods for metal/ceramic/polycarbonate orthodontic brackets were included. Articles comparing silanes/bonding agents/primers without assessing roughening techniques were excluded. Data Analysis. Studies were summarized and risk of bias assessed. Each treatment’s SBS was compared with the 6 and 10 MPa recommended thresholds. Studies including comparator (HF [hydrofluoric acid] + silane + bonding) were candidates for meta-analysis. ARI scores were dichotomized. Fixed- and random-effects models were used and forest plots drawn. Egger regressions and/or funnel plots were used to assess publication biases. Results. Thirty-two studies were included (140 groups of SBS, 82 groups of ARI). Bond strengths of 21 studies were meta-analyzed (64 comparisons in 14 meta-analyses). ARIs of 12 articles were meta-analyzed (28 comparisons in 8 meta-analyses). Certain protocols provided bond strengths poorer than HF + silane + bonding: “abrasion + bonding, diamond bur + bonding, HF + bonding, Nd:YAG laser (1 W) + silane + bonding, CO2 laser (2 W/2 Hz) + silane + bonding, and phosphoric acid + silane + bonding.” Abrasion + HF + silane + bonding might act almost better than HF + silane + bonding. Abrasion + silane + bonding yields controversial results, being slightly (marginally significantly) better than HF + silane + bonding. Some protocols had controversial results with their overall effects being close to HF + silane + bonding: “Cojet + silane + bonding, diamond bur + silane + bonding, Er:YAG laser (1.6 W/20 Hz) + silane + bonding.” Few methods provided bond strengths similar to HF + silane + bonding without much controversy: “Nd:YAG laser (2 W) + silane + bonding” and “phosphoric acid + silane + bonding” (in ceramic brackets). ARIs were either similar to HF + silane + bonding or relatively skewed towards the “no resin on porcelain” end. The risk of bias was rather low. Limitations. All the found studies were in vitro and thus not easily translatable to clinical conditions. Many metasamples were small. Conclusions. The preparation methods HF + silane + bonding, abrasion + HF + silane + bonding, Nd:YAG (2 W) + silane + bonding, and phosphoric acid + silane + bonding (in ceramic brackets) might provide stronger bonds.
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Zeng, Diping, Zhiyi Liu, Lihua Zou, and Haijiang Wu. "Corrosion Resistance of Epoxy Coatings Modified by Bis-Silane Prepolymer on Aluminum Alloy." Coatings 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070842.
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In this communication, a bis-silane prepolymer was used to modify epoxy resin, aiming to enhance the corrosion resistance of epoxy coatings on aluminum alloy substrates. The bis-silane prepolymer was prepared by tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and γ-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The corrosion behavior of silane-epoxy coatings was studied. Compared with silane monomer-modified epoxy coatings, bis-silane-modified epoxy coatings have lower coating capacitance (Cc), higher charge transfer resistances (Rdl), and lower double layer capacitance (Cdl) during long-time immersion. It indicates that bis-silane-modified epoxy coating has stronger waterproof permeability and substrate corrosion protection ability. In addition, due to the leaching of the silane component and cross-linking reaction between different silanes during the immersion process, the bis-silane-modified epoxy coatings exhibit much stronger “self-healing” ability.
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Ladiora, Friliyan, Widya Puspita Sari, and Okmes Fadriyanti. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SILANE PADA GLASS FIBER NON DENTAL TERHADAP PERSENTASE DAN VOLUME PENYERAPAN AIR FIBER REINFORCEDCOMPOSITE." B-Dent, Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Baiturrahmah 3, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33854/jbdjbd.64.
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Penyerapan air merupakan salah satu sifat resin komposit yang berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan, daya tahan abrasi, volume dan stabilitas warna. Silane berfungsi untuk membentuk ikatan tahan lama antara bahan organik dan anorganik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan silane pada glass fiber non dental terhadap penyerapan air fiber reinforced composite, jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorium, dengan sampel penelitian adalah glass fiber non dental dengan silane dan glass fiber nondental tanpa silane serta E-glass fiber dental dengan menggunakan uji Kruskall-Walls.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata penyerapan air dengan nilai rerata terendah pada kelompok fiber non dental dengan silane dan tertinggi pada kelompok fiber non dental tanpa silane,uji Kruskall-Walls didapat nilai p=0,077>0,05, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh penambahan silane terhadap penyerapan air fiber reinforced composites dan hasil analisis Mann-Whitney pada data penyerapan air menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok hanya terjadi pada fiber non dental dengan silane dan tanpa silane (p0,05)
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Steier, Volker, Christof Koplin, Andreas Kailer, and Holger Reinecke. "Investigation of the Adhesion Promoter Distribution in Porous Ceramic Precursors." ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2011 (June 1, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/304129.
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The purpose of this paper is to improve the mechanical properties of polymer infiltrated ceramics (PICs) by the enhancement of the adhesion between both components. To improve the interface adhesion, an adhesion promoter (silane) was used. The silane distribution in the precursors was studied using Raman and IR spectroscopy. Inhomogeneous silane distribution was found after applying a common surface modification method. In this paper, different silane modification methods were developed. The methods differ in the manner of the infiltration solution, the point of silane activation, and the infiltration pressure. The impacts achieved by the use of these methods were analyzed, and different adhesion mechanisms between silane molecules and the ceramic surface were established. As a result, a unique infiltration method which generates homogeneous silane distributions was developed. The interface adhesion depends among other parameters on the silane amount on the surface. The adjustment of the silane amount in the precursor was realized by the use of IR-spectroscopy.
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Ran, Xiao Li, and Tian Yi Li. "Research Progress in Protective Organic Silane Films." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.1537.
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The silane treatment is a new kind of metal surface treatment technique. Compared with the traditional chromate and phosphate treatment, organic silane treatment is friendly to environment. In this paper, the structure, classification and corrosion protection mechanism of silane films were introduced. The application and research progress of protective organic silane films were reviewed．The prospect of organic silane treatment technique was put forward．
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Onat, Saadettin Murat, and Orhan Kelleci. "Effects of Silane Treatment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboards Prepared with Urea Formaldehyde." Drvna industrija 73, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2022.2134.
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In this study, the effect of silane on particleboard physical and mechanical properties was investigated. Silane was mixed in particleboards with two different methods. In the first method, silane was mixed with wood chips namely as a pretreatment of wood chips. In the second method, silane was mixed with urea-formaldehid adhesive. The amounts of silane used in both methods were 1 %, 2 % and 3 % of the particles based on the dry weight. Urea formaldehyde with 65 % solid content was used as adhesive. Ammonium sulfate (1 %) was added as a hardener to the used adhesive. The target density of three-layer particleboards manufactured was 550 kg/m3. The properties of particleboards evaluated include thickness swelling, bending properties and internal bond strength. Results indicate that particleboards thickness swelling values increase with the use of silane. Overall, pretreatment of the wood particles provided better mechanical properties than the addition of silane to the adhesive solution. Flexure strength and flexure modulus of particleboards were significantly improved by use of silane. Pretreatment of particles with 2 % silane yielded the best improvement of modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity. For the particleboards prepared with pretreated wood chips with silane, the highest increase of the flexure modulus and flexure strength was 20 % and 40 %, respectively. Pretreatment of wood particles with 3 % of silane nearly doubled internal bond strength of the particleboards. Silane pretreatment can be an alternative method for the improvement of particleboard mechanical properties.
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Faizah, Ariyani. "PENGARUH JUMLAH APLIKASI SILANE TERHADAP KEKERASAN FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE." JIKG (Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran Gigi) 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jikg.v5i2.19895.
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Fiber reinforced composite (FRC) merupakan kombinasi antara resin komposit dan fiber yang dilapisi silane. Silane coupling agent merupakan bahan dengan dasar silicon-based yang berfungsi membentuk ikatan antara resin komposit dan fiber. Pengaplikasian silane melalui dua proses yaitu hidrolisis dan kondensasi. Mekanisme kerja silane dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor salah satunya yaitu volume yang tepat dapat mengurangi penyerapan air yang akan berdampak pada peningkatan adhesi dan kekuatan mekanik salah satunya kekerasan dari material tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh jumlah aplikasi silane terhadap kekerasan FRC. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental murni. Sampel berjumlah 32, kelompok I adalah satu kali aplikasi silane, volume 0,58 µl dan satu kali pengeringan selama 60 detik, kelompok II dua kali aplikasi silane volume 0,29 µl dan dua kali pengeringan selama 30 detik. Sampel berbentuk disk diameter 5 mm x tinggi 2 mm. Pengujian tingkat kekerasan menggunakan Vickers Indenter Microhardness Tester. Uji Independent t-test menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok dengan nilai signifikansi p=0,000 (p0,05). Jumlah aplikasi silane berpengaruh terhadap kekerasan FRC dan jumlah aplikasi silane yang paling efektif digunakan adalah dua kali pengaplikasian silane dengan volume 0,29 µl dan dua kali pengeringan selama 30 detik.
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Fournier, Jean-Hugues, Xin Wang, and James D. Wuest. "Derivatives of tetraphenylmethane and tetraphenylsilane: Synthesis of new tetrahedral building blocks for molecular construction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-056.
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Useful derivatives of tetraphenylmethane and tetraphenylsilane have been synthesized by efficient methods that give crystalline products without chromatographic purification. New compounds include tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (21), tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)methane (22), tetrakis[(4-hydroxymethyl)phenyl]methane (23), tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)silane (24), tetrakis(4-iodophenyl)silane (25), tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)silane (26), tetrakis[(4-hydroxymethyl)phenyl]silane (27), and tetrakis[(4-chloromethyl)phenyl]silane (28). These compounds are valuable precursors for the construction of complex molecules with tetrahedral geometries.Key words: organic synthesis, molecular and supramolecular design and construction, tetraphenylmethane, tetraphenyl silane, tetrahedral building blocks.
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Gui-hong, Zhu, F. H. Wittmann, and Zhao Tie-jun. "Surface Impregnation of Chloride-contaminated and Humid Concrete with Silane / Oberflächenimprägnierung von Chlorid belastetem und feuchtem Beton mit Silan." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2008-6189.
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Khamtree, Sriwan, Thanate Ratanawilai, and Sukritthira Ratanawilai. "The effect of alkaline–silane treatment of rubberwood flour for water absorption and mechanical properties of plastic composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 5 (November 5, 2018): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718808556.
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Rubberwood flour (RWF) was treated by alkaline, silane, and alkaline–silane, and consequently, reinforced recycled polypropylene (rPP) composites. The wood–plastic composites (WPCs) were prepared with 40 wt% RWF content using a twin-screw extruder, followed by compression molding. Silane treatment was applied at various concentrations and treatment times to evaluate the effect of treatment conditions on water absorption, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and morphological characterization of WPCs. The results indicated that alkaline–silane treatment of RWF exhibits higher properties in comparison to silane or alkaline only. In addition, silane concentrations significantly affected water absorption, mechanical strength, and hardness, while treatment times remained relatively unaffected by these properties. The best water resistance, mechanical strength, and hardness of WPCs were achieved by alkaline–silane treatment with 5% silane concentration for 2 h, which improved the interfacial adhesion of RWF and rPP as well as increased the crystallinity in the WPCs.
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Aisyah, Siti, Maria Goreti Rini Kristiantari, and I Wayan Wiarta. "Pengembangan Media Teka-Teki Silang Tematik Tema Indahnya Kebersamaan Dalam Keragaman Untuk Siswa Kelas IV." JUPEIS : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial 1, no. 3 (July 19, 2022): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.55784/jupeis.vol1.iss3.174.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan rancang bangun media teka-teki silang tematik tema Indahnya Kebersamaan dalam Keragaman untuk siswa kelas IV SD, dan mengetahui kelayakan media teka-teki silang. Hasil penelitian pengembangan yang diperoleh dari media teka-teki silang yaitu: (a) rancang bangun media teka-teki silang, media teka-teki silang yang dikembangkan berupa media konkret berukuran 24 x 31 cm. Pada media teka-teki silang terdapat petunjuk permainan, kartu challenge dan spidol untuk mengisi teka-teki silang. Desain media teka-teki silang disesuaikan dengan materi yang digunakan yaitu rumah ibadah agama di Indonesia, ikon kartun agama di Indonesia, dan ikon telinga.; (b) hasil kelayakan media teka-teki silang diperoleh dari 3 ahli meliputi: (1) hasil penilaian ahli isi pembelajaran diperoleh persentase 92,5%, kualifikasi sangat baik; (2) hasil penilaian ahli desain pembelajaran diperoleh persentase 90% kualifikasi sangat baik; (3) hasil penilaian ahli media pembelajaran diperoleh persentase 92,5%, kualifikasi sangat baik; dan (4) hasil uji coba perorangan diperoleh persentase 92,5%, kualifikasi sangat baik. (5) hasil uji coba kelompok kecil diperoleh persentase 93,4% kualifikasi sangat baik. Berdasarkan hasil uji ahli dan uji coba siswa hasil yang diperoleh pada kualifikasi sangat baik maka media teka-teki silang tematik tema Indahnya kebersamaan dalam Keragaman dikatakan layak untuk digunakan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran.
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Xian, Xiaochao, Chenglong Nai, Lixin Li, and Shuo Zhao. "The formation process of Zr-doped silane film on carbon steel during immersing in Zr(NO3)4/silane mixed solutions." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 64, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-12-2015-1627.
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Purpose Immersion is one of the key steps during the preparation of silane-based hybrid films, which has important effects on the performance of films after curing. In this paper, the formation process of Zr-doped silane film (i.e. the adsorption of silane and deposition of zirconium compounds) on carbon steel immersed in Zr(NO3)4/silane mixed solutions was investigated. Design/methodology/approach The method of in situ monitoring the open circuit potential of a two-electrode system, consisting of carbon steel and saturated calomel electrode, was used. The effects of immersion conditions (i.e. the concentration of Zr(NO3)4 and pH of Zr(NO3)4/silane mixed solution) on the open circuit potential were investigated in detail. Furthermore, the surface coverage rate of different cured films (i.e. Zr cured film, silane cured film and Zr/silane composite cured film) after curing on carbon steel was calculated according to the results of polarization curves. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to study the self-healing property of Zr-doped silane cured film. Findings The results indicate that in Zr(NO3)4/silane mixed solutions, most zirconium compounds deposit on the surface of carbon steel at the initial immersing stage, then the adsorption of silane on the residual surface of carbon steel dominates the following immersing stage. EIS results show that the Zr-doped cured film has improved self-healing property. Originality/value First, the method of in situ monitoring the open-circuit potential of two-electrode system was applied to investigate the deposition of Zr and the adsorption of silane on carbon steel immersed in Zr(NO3)4/silane mixed solutions. Second, the formation process of Zr-doped silane film was proposed.
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Zhang, Wei, Fu Sheng Pan, Ming Bo Yang, Jin Zhang, and Tao Wen. "Influence of KH-550 Silane Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.927.
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Silane treatment is an effective method of chemical conversion as a replacement for chromium treatments. In this paper, KH-550 silane treatment was adopted to improve the corrosion resistance AZ31 magnesium alloy. Hydrolysis process of KH-550 in the silane solutions was detected by the conductivity detection method. It was found that KH-550 silane could be hydrolyzed easily and its hydrolysis time was about 10 minutes. Polarization curve and salt immersion were carried out to investigate the corrosion behavior of the coated magnesium alloy treated by five kinds of silane solutions with different silane concentrations. When the concentration of KH-550 in the silane solution was 8%, the coated specimens by heating at 100°C for half an hour after the surfaces dry had more excellent corrosion resistance than others. It was shown that the KH-550 silane treatment could form a -Si-O-M covalent bonded film/metal interface and -Si-O-Si siloxane chains to improve the corrosion resistance of coated magnesium alloy.
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Suzuki, Atsushi. "Neutral higher silane molecules in silane plasmas." Applied Physics Letters 73, no. 26 (December 28, 1998): 3836–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122897.
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Padhli, Khaerul, and Asni Asni. "PENGARUH KEMISKINAN TERHADAP PENGAMALAN SYARI’AT ISLAM DI DESA GUNUNG SILANU." Qadauna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Keluarga Islam 2, no. 3 (September 4, 2021): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/qadauna.v2i3.18570.
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AbstrakPokok permasalahan penelitian ini adalah Bagaimana pengaruh kemiskinan terhadap pengamalan sya’riat islam di Desa Gunung Silanu. Pokok masalah dibagi dua Sub masalah yakni: 1).Bagaimana pengaruh kemiskinan terhadap kehidupan masyarakat di Desa Gunung Silanu? 2).Bagaimana pengaruh kemiskinan terhadap pengamalan syariat islam di Desa Gunung Silanu? Hasil yang di peroleh dari penelitian ini antara lain: 1). Pengaruh kemiskinan terhadap dikehidupan masyarakat desa gunung silanu yaitu jumlah penduduk desa gunung silanu 3.745 jiwa dari laki-laki 1882 jiwa dan perempuan 1.863 jiwa yang mempunyai pekerjaan yang bermacam-macam dan diantaranya masih banyak masyarakat mencari pekerjaan secara tidak halal misalnya sabung ayam, rentenir dan pencurian, keadaan social budayanya serta agama dan kepercayaan masyarakat gunung silanu yakni batara maserea (Dewa yang tunggal). 2).pengaruh Pengamalan syariat islam di Desa Gunung Silanu dalam hal ekonomi berdampak pada penerapan zakat mal, zakat fitrah, infak, sedekah dan juga kurban. Selain itu yang menjadi kurangnya pengamalan syariat islam pada bidang shalat dan berpendidikan rendah.Kata Kunci: Kemiskinan, Desa Gunung SilanuAbstractThe main problem in this research is how poverty affects the practice of Islamic sya'riat in Gunung Silanu Village. The main problem is divided into two sub-problems, namely: 1) How does poverty affect people's lives in Gunung Silanu Village? 2). How does poverty affect the practice of Islamic law in Gunung Silanu Village? The results obtained from this study include: 1). The effect of poverty on the livelihoods of the people of Gunung Silanu Village is that the total population of Gunung Silanu Village is 3,745 people who come from 1,882 men and 1,863 women who have various jobs and many of them are still looking for illegal work such as cockfighting. , loan sharks and theft. The socio-cultural and religious conditions and beliefs of the people of Mount Silanu are batara maserea (single god). 2). The effect of practicing Islamic law in Gunung Silanu Village from an economic perspective has an impact on the application of zakat mal, zakat fitrah, alms, alms and also zakat. In addition, there is still a lack of practice of Islamic law in the field of prayer and low education.Keywords: Poverty, Gunung Silanu Village
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Zhang, Ru Liang, Li Fen Zhao, Yu Dong Huang, and Li Liu. "Effect of silane coupling agent on the mechanical properties of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 23, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-0108.
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AbstractThe effect of coupling agents on the mechanical properties of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) clay nanocomposites was studied using three different types of silane coupling agents, which were γ-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, γ-(mercaptopropyl) triethoxy silane, and bis-[(γ-triethoxy silane)proply] tetrasulfur. The NBR/OMMT nanocomposites were prepared via the melt compounding with OMMT clay. The effect of silane coupling agents on the dispersion of OMMT in the polymer matrix was studied by X-ray diffraction. Dynamic mechanical analysis was employed to investigate the mechanical properties change induced by the silane coupling agents. The results suggest improved mechanical properties for the nanocomposites with coupling agents of γ-(mercaptopropyl) triethoxy silane and bis-[(γ-triethoxy silane)proply] tetrasulfur, whereas reduced mechanical properties were observed for nanocomposites with γ-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane.
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Millan Cardenas, Andres Felipe, Daniella De Oliveira Silva, Lucas Meneses Lage, Lucila Cristina Rodrigues Araujo, and Fabiana Suelen Figuerêdo de Siqueira. "EFETIVIDADE DA ADESÃO DE SISTEMAS ADESIVOS UNIVERSAIS QUE CONTÉM SILANO EM DISSILICATO DE LÍTIO: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA." Revista de Investigação Biomédica 10, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.24863/rib.v10i2.253.
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RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a efetividade de sistemas adesivos universais contendo silano em sua composição na adesão à dissilicato de lítio por meio de uma revisão de literatura. Materiais e Métodos: A seleção de artigos foi realizada através de busca nas bases de dados Pubmed/Medline, LILACS e Web of Science utilizando como descritores/palavras-chave em inglês e português “dissilicato de lítio”, “sistemas adesivos universais” e “resistência de união”. Após a remoção de duplicatas por título e por resumo, 7 estudos publicados nos últimos 6 anos foram selecionados. Resultados: Foram comparados sistemas adesivos com presença de silano e sistemas adesivos com aplicação de silano separadamente. Foi comprovado que a aplicação do silano promove uma melhor resistência de união ao dissilicato de lítio, mas quando comparados os sistemas adesivos universais contendo silano, á aplicação do silano separadamente melhorou a adesão quando comparado com os sistemas adesivos universais. Conclusão: Os estudos sugerem que os sistemas adesivos universais com silano apresentaram resultados de adesão inferiores quando comparado à técnica de aplicação do silano separadamente no dissilicato de lítio, porém estudos com outros sistemas adesivos universais que contem silano também devem ser realizados.
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Bi, Weina, Christoph Goegelein, Martin Hoch, Joerg Kirchhoff, and Shugao Zhao. "Effect of Silane Coupling Agents on the Rheology, Dynamic and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber/Calcium Carbonate Composites." Polymers 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 3393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163393.
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The effects of three trimethoxysilanes with different functional groups on the rheology, dynamic and mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM)/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composites were investigated respectively. The results showed that the addition of silane increased the value of MH and MH–ML of the compounds. Geniosil XL 33 silane decreased the shear modulus of the EPDM/CaCO3 compounds, and the bound rubber content increased slightly with the addition of vinyl trimethoxy silane (VTMS) and methylacryloxy-methyltrimethoxysilane (Geniosil XL 33) silane in the compounds. The vulcanizates with the addition of the VTMS and Geniosil XL 33 silane showed a significant increase in tensile strength and abrasion resistance; however, ethyltrimethoxysilane (ETMS) silane weakened the tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the vulcanizates. At low strain, the cross-linking and reaggregation of fillers resulted in a high storage modulus of vulcanizates with silane. When the strain exceeded 10%, the storage modulus of the vulcanizates with the Geniosil XL 33 and VTMS silane was higher. The loss modulus and tan δ of the vulcanized rubber with the Geniosil XL 33 and VTMS silanes were lower compared to the ETMS and 0 silane.
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Cai, Ning, Yao Xia Li, and Da Xiang Cui. "Application Studies on Silane Hydrophobic Agents for Concrete Protection." Advanced Materials Research 1053 (October 2014): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1053.297.
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In this paper, the function of silane hydrophobic agents to protect concretes under different varieties and different concentrations were studied. Penetration depth, water absorption ratio and contact angle were measured and compared, the influences of silane hydrophobic agents on the concretes protection under different condition were investigated. Results showed that silane hydrophobic agents exhibit better properties on concretes protection. 24h water absorption ratios of all silane hydrophobic agents surpassed the trade standard JC/T 902-2002 Silicone hydrophobic agent for construction surfaces, and all of the samples showed excellent static water contact angle and hydrophobic property. The protective effect of silane hydrophobic agent B is better than silane hydrophobic agent A.
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Zhang, Xiao Qin, Wei Yue, Yu Ping You, and Shun Luo. "Silane Treatment Technology on Aluminum Surface." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2687.
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Silane surface technology have been rapidly developed in the field of anti-corrosion of metals as one of the “green” replacements for conventional chromizing. The article introduced the corrosion prevention mechanism of silane treatment; factors affecting performance of the silane film(including silane categories, the concentration and pH of the silane solution, and deposition methods); modified technologies(such as loading nanoparticles, doping corrosion inhibitor and adding suitable dyes and colorants); analytical and characterization techniques of the silanizing film. The shortage that existed currently in silane treatment is also discussed. All above are aimed to promote the research of environmental friendly surface passivation technology on aluminum alloy.
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Li, Shaochun, Wenjuan Zhang, Jun Liu, Dongshuai Hou, Yongjuan Geng, Xu Chen, Yan Gao, Zuquan Jin, and Bing Yin. "Protective Mechanism of Silane on Concrete upon Marine Exposure." Coatings 9, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090558.
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Due to the high chloride ion concentration in marine environments, chloride ions can penetrate into concrete, along with the transportation of water molecules, and thus, cause rebar corrosion. This is an important reason for the decrease in the concrete durability. In this paper, by means of the sol–gel synthesis method, a silane emulsion, a silane compound emulsion, and silane compound gel were prepared by using isobutyl triethoxysilane and ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the main raw materials. These silane materials were coated on a concrete surface and then placed in the marine exposure sites of Wheat Island, in Qingdao, for one year. The results show that these silane materials can effectively inhibit the chloride ions transporting in concrete. Upon the increase of the exposure time, the protection ability of the silane emulsion declined gradually, while the silane compound emulsion had stable protective effects. In comparison with the permeability coefficient of chloride ions in the blank test block, the permeability coefficient of chloride ions in the test block coated with the silane emulsion, the composition of silane emulsion, and silane compound gel fell off around 20%, 30%, and 50%, respectively. The test results indicate that the three kinds of protective materials have good inhibition abilities against chloride ion transportation, on which the compound gel had the best effect.
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Yao, C., H. Yang, J. Yu, L. Zhang, Y. Zhu, and C. Huang. "High Bond Durability of Universal Adhesives on Glass Ceramics Facilitated by Silane Pretreatment." Operative Dentistry 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/17-227-l.
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SUMMARY Objective: This study aimed to investigate the long-term effectiveness of ceramic–resin bonding with universal adhesives in non–silane-pretreated and silane-pretreated modes after 10,000 cycles of thermal aging. Methods and Materials: All Bond Universal, Adhese Universal, Clearfil Universal Bond, and Single Bond Universal were selected. Etched lithium disilicate glass ceramics were prepared, randomly assigned to groups, and pretreated with or without ceramic primer containing silane coupling agent prior to the application of universal adhesive (ie, silane-pretreated or non–silane-pretreated mode). The shear bond strength (SBS), microleakage, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy images of the ceramic–resin interfaces were examined after 24 hours of water storage or 10,000 thermal cycles. Light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were performed to analyze marginal sealing ability. Results: SBS and microleakage percentage were significantly affected by bonding procedure (non–silane-pretreated or silane-pretreated mode) and aging (24 hours or 10,000 thermal cycles). After the universal adhesives in the non–silane-pretreated mode were aged, SBS significantly decreased and microleakage percentage increased. By contrast, the SBS of Adhese Universal, Clearfil Universal Bond, and Single Bond Universal decreased, and the microleakage percentage of all of the adhesives increased in the silane-pretreated mode. However, after aging, the SBS of the silane-pretreated groups were higher and their microleakage percentages lower than those of the non–pretreated groups. In the non–silane-pretreated mode, adhesive failure was dominant and gaps between composite resin and the adhesive layer were significant when observed with CLSM. Conclusions: The simplified procedure reduced the ceramic–resin bonding effectiveness of universal adhesives after aging, and additional silane pretreatment helped improve the long-term durability.
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Nguyen, Anh Hiep, Thuy Chinh Nguyen, Duc Huynh Mai, Phi Hung Dao, Thi Lan Phung, Tien Dung Nguyen, Thi Nga Nguyen, and Hoang Thai. "Characteristics, properties and morphology of calcium silicate nanoparticles modified with some silane coupling agents." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (November 1, 2022): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/16557.
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This paper presents the characteristics, properties and morphology of calcium silicate (CS) nanoparticles modified with silane coupling agents, namely vinyltrimetoxy silane (VTMS) and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate silane (MPTS), by the hydrolysis method. Effect of content of silane coupling agents on CS nanoparticles modified was investigated. The obtained results suggested that silane coupling agents were successfully grafted onto the surface of CS nanoparticles. The performance and amount of silane coupling agent grafting on CS nanoparticles depended on the nature and initial content of silane coupling agent. The highest grafting yield on CS nanoparticles performances was 32.8 % for VTMS at initial content of 5 wt. % and 48.80% for MPTS at initial content of 10 wt. %. Organo-modification decreased thermo-oxidation stability of modified CS nanoparticles because of the decomposition of organic moiety in silane coupling agent while hydrophobicity of modified CS surface increased. Thus, agglomeration of modified CS nanoparticles reduced significantly. The unmodified CS nanoparticles had size distribution (in distilled water) peak at nearly 500 nm while the size distribution (in distilled water) peak of CS modified 10 wt.% MPTS was approximately 150nm.
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Dizon, James Christian M., Alvin Karlo Garcia Tapia, Ivy Razado-Colambo, and Marvin U. Herrera. "Fabrication of Polyaniline on Silane-Functionalized Zinc Oxide." Key Engineering Materials 775 (August 2018): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.775.94.
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In this study, polyaniline on silane-functionalized zinc oxide was fabricated. The zinc oxide particles were functionalized by soaking in silane aniline-ethanol solution. Afterwhich, the polyaniline was polymerized on the grafted silane aniline molecules using oxidative polymerization. The FTIR spectra showed vibrational peaks associated with the silane aniline molecules and grafted polyaniline. The sampled soaked in silane aniline coupling agent showed FTIR peaks associated with grafted silane aniline. The sample soaked for one minute showed FTIR peaks associated with ortho-coupled aniline units that is formed during the start of aniline polymerization. The sample soaked for three minutes showed FTIR peaks that is broader compared to others due to ring vibration in long polymeric chain.
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Lyly Nyl, Ismail, Zulkefle Habibah, Herman Sukreen Hana, and Mohamad Rusop. "Influence of Different Types of Silanes on the Properties of Nanocomposite PMMA: TiO2 Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 667 (March 2013): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.667.255.
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This paper reported the effect of silane on the electrical properties of the nanocomposite poly(methyl methacrylate): titanium dioxide (PMMA:TiO2) films. Different types of silane were added directly into the nanocomposite PMMA:TiO2 solution. Electrical properties result shows that when different silane were use in the nanocomposite solution give different electrical properties. Sample 1 (without silane) and 4 (trimethoxymethylsilane) shows the highest resistivity and lowest leakage current density. Meanwhile sample 3 (triethoxyvinylsilane) indicate that are not a suitable silane to be added into the nanocomposite PMMA:TiO2 solution because it produce poor insulator behavior.
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Sun, Hong Yao, Zheng Yang, Gao Xia Sun, and Xue Feng Xu. "The Research of Silane Oligomer with Lower Valatilization Rate for Protecting Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 1318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.1318.
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As one of the measures to improve the durability of concrete, silane penetrating hydrophobic agents can preserve the properties of respiratory function of concrete and can prevent the penetration from harmful medium such as chloride ions. Because of low molecular weight of the silane penetrating hydrophobic agent such as isobutyl triethoxysilane, high volatilization rate of silane can result in waste of material in construction process. The silane oligomer was obtained by radical polymerization reaction with suitable monomers, initiators and reaction conditions. Furthermore, we verified the structure of the silane oligomer by FT-IR spectroscopy and got its molecular weight by GPC(Gel Permeation Chromatography). The silane oligomer with lower volatilization rate has excellent properties of hydrophobicity, higher penetration depth and resistance to chloride ions penetration.
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Li, Jin, Peiyuan Chen, Haibing Cai, Ying Xu, and Murodjon Rasulov. "Investigation of Silane Impregnation for Protection of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortar." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (August 27, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9970753.
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This paper investigated the effects of silane impregnation on the protective properties of alkali-activated slag (AAS) mortars. The surface silane impregnation on water absorption, contact angle, and penetration depth were examined. The related protective mechanism regarding silane impregnation was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that the surface of the AAS mortar after silane impregnation was transformed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic with an increased contact angle of 80° from 36° to 116°. And the water absorption was significantly decreased by 74.42% to 97.79%. The penetration depth of the two-layer coating was dramatically higher than that of the one-layer coating. The optimal coating method and dosage of silane were two-layer coating and 200 g/m2. In addition, silane impregnation formed a stable Si-O bond with AAS mortars through a hydrolytic condensation reaction and the −CH2CH3 group of the silane acted on the surface of the AAS mortars.
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Petcherdchoo, Aruz. "Sensitivity of Service Life Extension and CO2 Emission due to Repairs by Silane Treatment Applied on Concrete Structures under Time-Dependent Chloride Attack." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (June 24, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2793481.
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This paper presents sensitivity of service life extension and CO2 emission due to silane (alkyltriethoxysilane) treatment on concrete structures under time-dependent chloride attack. The service life is predicted by the Crank–Nicolson-based finite difference approach for avoiding the complexity in solving Fick’s second law. The complexity occurs due to time-dependent chloride attack and nonconstant diffusion coefficient of concrete with silane treatment. At the application time of silane treatment, the cumulative CO2 emission is assessed. The effectiveness of silane treatment is defined as the ratio of the service life extension to the cumulative CO2 emission assessed within the corrosion-free service life. The service life extension is defined as the difference between corrosion-free service life of concrete structures without and with time-based application of silane treatment. From the study, the diffusion of chlorides in concrete with silane treatment is found to be retarded. In comparison, the strategy without deterioration of silanes during effective duration is more suitable for service life extension but less effective than that with deterioration. In the sensitivity analysis, there are up to eight parameters to be determined. The service life of concrete structures without silane treatment is most sensitive to the water-to-cement ratio and the threshold depth of concrete structures. Considering only five parameters in silane treatment strategies, the service life is most sensitive to the first application time of silane treatment. The cumulative CO2 emission is most sensitive to either the first application time of silane treatment or the amount of CO2 emission per application.
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Kalavacharla, VK, NC Lawson, LC Ramp, and JO Burgess. "Influence of Etching Protocol and Silane Treatment with a Universal Adhesive on Lithium Disilicate Bond Strength." Operative Dentistry 40, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/14-116-l.
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SUMMARY Objectives To measure the effects of hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching and silane prior to the application of a universal adhesive on the bond strength between lithium disilicate and a resin. Methods and Materials Sixty blocks of lithium disilicate (e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) were sectioned into coupons and polished. Specimens were divided into six groups (n=10) based on surface pretreatments, as follows: 1) no treatment (control); 2) 5% HF etch for 20 seconds (5HF); 3) 9.5% HF etch for 60 seconds (9.5HF); 4) silane with no HF (S); 5) 5% HF for 20 seconds + silane (5HFS); and 6) 9.5% HF for 60 seconds + silane (9.5HFS). All etching was followed by rinsing, and all silane was applied in one coat for 20 seconds and then dried. The universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal, 3M ESPE) was applied onto the pretreated ceramic surface, air thinned, and light cured for 10 seconds. A 1.5-mm-diameter plastic tube filled with Z100 composite (3M ESPE) was applied over the bonded ceramic surface and light cured for 20 seconds on all four sides. The specimens were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles (5°C-50°C/15 s dwell time). Specimens were loaded until failure using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The peak failure load was used to calculate the shear bond strength. Scanning electron microscopy images were taken of representative e.max specimens from each group. Results A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) determined that there were significant differences between HF etching, silane treatment, and the interaction between HF and silane treatment (p<0.01). Silane treatment provided higher shear bond strength regardless of the use or concentration of the HF etchant. Individual one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analyses were performed for each silane group. Shear bond strength values for each etch time were significantly different (p<0.01) and could be divided into significantly different groups based on silane treatment: no silane treatment: 0 HF < 5% HF < 9.5% HF; and RelyX silane treatment: 0 HF < 5% HF and 9.5% HF. Conclusions Both HF and silane treatment significantly improved the bond strength between resin and lithium disilicate when used with a universal adhesive.
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van der Made, Alexander W., and Piet W. N. M. van Leeuwen. "Silane dendrimers." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 19 (1992): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39920001400.
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Almiro, Matilde, Beatriz Marinho, António H. S. Delgado, João Rua, Paulo Monteiro, Inês Caetano Santos, Luís Proença, José João Mendes, and Marco M. M. Gresnigt. "Increasing Acid Concentration, Time and Using a Two-Part Silane Potentiates Bond Strength of Lithium Disilicate–Reinforced Glass Ceramic to Resin Composite: An Exploratory Laboratory Study." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062045.
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There is still a lack of consensus concerning the recommended etching concentration, application time and type of silane when bonding lithium disilicate-reinforced glass ceramics manufactured by CAD/CAM. The purpose of this study was thus to conduct an in vitro study which investigates the influence of hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration, etching time and silane type on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of lithium disilicate to resin composites. Thirty-nine IPS e.max CAD blocks were randomly divided between thirteen groups (n = 3). The variables were HF concentration (9.5 or 4.9%), etching time (20 or 60 s) and silane type (Bis-Silane, Monobond Plus and ESPE Sil Silane). The blocks were cut into beams, aged for 10,000 cycles in a thermocycler and submitted to tensile stress to determine μTBS. A control group featuring the Monobond Etch & Prime (MEP) agent that combines etching/silanisation into a simultaneous process was also added. This group was discarded from the analysis due to only having pre-test failures. The data were analysed using a three-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). The HF concentration, etching time and silane type significantly influenced μTBS (p < 0.001). Significant interactions between time and silane type (p = 0.004), HF concentration and silane type (p < 0.001) and among the three factors (p < 0.001) were noted. Etching lithium disilicate with 9.5% HF (60 s), followed by the application of Bis-Silane, resulted in the highest μTBS (16.6 ± 9.0 MPa). The highest concentration and etching time under study, combined with a two-part silane, resulted in the highest bond strength, while the application of MEP showed a complete pre-test failure.
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Pudyani, Pinandi Sri, and Setiarini Widiarsanti. "Effects of silane application on the shear bond strength of ceramic orthodontic brackets to enamel surface." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 49, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v49.i4.p189-194.
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Background: Fixed orthodontic appliances with ceramic brackets are used frequently to fulfill the aesthetic demand of patient through orthodontic treatment. Ceramic brackets have some weaknesses such as bond strength and enamel surface damage. In high bond strength the risk of damage in enamel surfaces increases after debonding. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of silane on base of bracket and adhesive to shear bond strength and enamel structure of ceramic bracket. Method: Sixteen extracted upper premolars were randomly divided into four groups based on silane or no silane on the bracket base and on the adhesive surface. Design of the base on ceramic bracket in this research was microcrystalline to manage the influence of mechanical interlocking. Samples were tested in shear mode on a universal testing machine after attachment. Following it, adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were used to assess bond failure site. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way Anova and the Mann-Whitney test. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a magnification of 2000x was used to observe enamel structure after debonding. Result: Shear bond strength was increased between group without silane and group with silane on the base of bracket (p<0,05). There was no significance different between group without silane and group with silane on adhesive (p<0,05). Conclusion: Application of silane on base of bracket increases shear bond strength, however, application of silane on adhesive site does not increase shear bond strength of ceramic bracket. Most bonding failure occurred at the enamel adhesive interface and damage occurred on enamel structure in group contains silane of ceramic bracket.
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Zhang, Peng, Tie Jun Zhao, F. H. Wittmann, and Shao Chun Li. "Preparation and Characteristics of Integral Water Repellent Cement-Based Materials." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 1189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.1189.
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Polymers are often applied in concrete for multiple purposes and aims. For instance, surface impregnation of concrete with silanes is a reliable technology to protect cement-based materials from ingress of aggressive solutions into the materials. An alternative method is to add silane emulsion into fresh concrete or mortar to produce integral water repellent materials. In this contribution integral water repellent concrete was prepared by adding 1 %, 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 6 % of silane emulsion. The influence of silane emulsion on the compressive strength, porosity and pore size distribution, water capillary suction and chloride penetration have been investigated. The results indicate that addition of silane emulsion moderately reduced compressive strength of concrete. With 3 % of silane emulsion the reduction is about 10 %. The addition of silane emulsion hardly has influence on pore size distribution. Silane does not block the capillary pores, but only forms a hydrophobic film on the walls of capillary pores. Addition of silane emulsion reduces water capillary suction significantly. The reduction rate is higher than 89 %. Even the surface of integral water repellent concrete is abraded off 7 mm, the material still demonstrates high water repellency because the entire volume is hydrophobic. In addition, chloride penetration also can be reduced substantially.
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Palencia, Cristina, F. Rubio, Cesar Merino, Juan Rubio, and J. L. Oteo. "Study of the Silanization Process in CNFs: Time, Temperature, Silane Type and Concentration Influence." Journal of Nano Research 4 (January 2009): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.4.33.
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Functionalization of CNFs with silane coupling agents (SCAs) has been studied in this work. APS silane has been used in order to study the influence of temperature and reaction time on the silanization process. Thermal analysis and surface area measurements have revealed that reaction times higher than 1 min. and temperature reaction higher than 25°C do not increase the amount of adsorbed silane on CNFs surface. Silanization process carried with different SCAs (APS, AMO, DMO and GMO) has allowed the study of the concentration and silane structure influence. It has been observed that differences in SCA adsorption are related to the silane structure. Aminosilanes APS and AMO show a very similar behaviour because they have the same functional group. However, the diaminosilane DMO shows lower interaction with CNFs surface due to the length of the diamine chain, that avoid further silane adsorption on the coated CNFs surface. The epoxysilane GMO shows a similar behaviour to other SCAs at low concentrations, while for high silane concentrations epoxysilane GMO forms multilayers.
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Xia, Dong Sheng, Yu Zhou Gao, Hui Chen Zhang, and Yan Yu. "A Study of Surface Treatment on LY12 Aluminum Alloy by γ-APS." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1891.
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The work aims to investigate the anti-corrosion behavior of silane treated LY12 aluminum alloy (AA LY12) and optimize the process conditions of silane treatment. The silane films were prepared on AA LY12 from γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) hydrolized in ethanol/water mixture by dip coating method. The optimum process parameters were obtained from the orthogonal designs in terms of silane solution concentration, ethanol/water ratio, dipping time, curing temperature and curing time. Prior and after silane treatment, the surface of AA LY12 was characterized by contact angle measurements and scan electron microscopy (SEM). The potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements (EIS) were employed to study the anti-corrosion characteristics of silane films on AA LY12. The impedance plots were fitted with the different equivalent circuits. Furthermore, the influence of the above process parameters of silane treatment on film formation and anti-corrosion performance was explored. The results indicate that the γ-APS treated AA LY12 significantly improved the corrosion resistance, compared to the untreated one.
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Ding, Jian Jun, Hong Yan Guan, and Yi Fei Mei. "Qualitative and Quantitive Analysis of the Active Component in Silane Building Protective Agents." Key Engineering Materials 680 (February 2016): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.477.
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Two main factors influence the protective effect of the silane building protective agents, that is, the molecular structure and the content of the active component. In this paper, qualitative and quantitive analysis of the active component in silane building protective agents were studied. Firstly, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is employed to identify the active component in unknown sample, according to its mass spectrum and retention time. Secondly, Gas chromatography (GC) is applied to determine the content of the active component in unknown sample. Results show that the mass spectrum of the active component in unknown sample is similar with that of n-octyl triethoxy silane and (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) triethoxy silane. The retention time of the active component in unknown sample is 16.5 min, which is the the same as that of (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) triethoxy silane. Nevertheless, the retention time of n-octyl triethoxy silane is 17.6 min. So the active component in unknown sample is identified as (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) triethoxy silane, and its content is determined as 82.0% on the basis of GC method with isobutyl alcohol as the internal standard.