Journal articles on the topic 'Silane reduction method'
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1
Zhang, Peng, Tie Jun Zhao, F. H. Wittmann, and Shao Chun Li. "Preparation and Characteristics of Integral Water Repellent Cement-Based Materials." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 1189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.1189.
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Polymers are often applied in concrete for multiple purposes and aims. For instance, surface impregnation of concrete with silanes is a reliable technology to protect cement-based materials from ingress of aggressive solutions into the materials. An alternative method is to add silane emulsion into fresh concrete or mortar to produce integral water repellent materials. In this contribution integral water repellent concrete was prepared by adding 1 %, 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 6 % of silane emulsion. The influence of silane emulsion on the compressive strength, porosity and pore size distribution, water capillary suction and chloride penetration have been investigated. The results indicate that addition of silane emulsion moderately reduced compressive strength of concrete. With 3 % of silane emulsion the reduction is about 10 %. The addition of silane emulsion hardly has influence on pore size distribution. Silane does not block the capillary pores, but only forms a hydrophobic film on the walls of capillary pores. Addition of silane emulsion reduces water capillary suction significantly. The reduction rate is higher than 89 %. Even the surface of integral water repellent concrete is abraded off 7 mm, the material still demonstrates high water repellency because the entire volume is hydrophobic. In addition, chloride penetration also can be reduced substantially.
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Fernandes, Ana C., and Carlos C. Romão. "A novel method for the reduction of imines using the system silane/MoO2Cl2." Tetrahedron Letters 46, no. 51 (December 2005): 8881–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.10.076.
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Lee, Jea Uk, and Jin-Yong Hong. "Comparison of Surface Modification Methods for Improving the Compatibility of Recycled Plastic Film-Based Aggregates." Polymers 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 3956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13223956.
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The surface modification of recycled plastic film-based aggregates was investigated to improve the compatibility between the aggregates and a cement paste. Surface modification was performed using ultraviolet–ozone treatment (UV-O3), a silane coupling agent, O2 atmospheric pressure plasma, and acrylic binder coating methods. The surface properties of the modified aggregates were analyzed using a contact angle measuring instrument. The results revealed that for all surface modification methods, the contact angle decreased with an increase in the treatment time. According to the comparative evaluation results of the changes in the surface characteristics of the aggregates through various surface modification methods, the contact angle reduction rates were 58.9%, 51.4%, 25.5%, and 24.5% for the O2 atmospheric pressure plasma, the acrylic binder coating, the silane coupling agent, and the UV-O3 method, respectively. After 48 h, the contact angle had increased by 110.9%, 29.9%, 16.4%, and 5.9% for the O2 atmospheric pressure plasma, UV-O3, the silane coupling agent, and the acrylic binder coating, respectively. Namely, the surface modification using the acrylic binder coating method was found to be the most effective method in terms of the wettability increase effect and the long-term storage stability.
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Das, Rupali, and R. K. Soni. "Synthesis and surface-enhanced Raman scattering of indium nanotriangles and nanowires." RSC Advances 7, no. 51 (2017): 32255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra03317f.
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Indium nano-wires and -triangles are synthesizedviaa modified polyol reduction method and self-assembled on silane treated glass coverslips as SERS substrates, giving large Raman signal enhancement from adsorbed tryptophan molecules under non-resonant excitation at 632.8 nm.
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Stojanovic, Dusica, Goran Vukovic, Aleksandar Orlovic, Petar Uskokovic, Radoslav Aleksic, Natasa Bibic, and Miroslav Dramicanin. "Dispersion and deagglomerat1on of nano-SiO2 particles with a silane modification reagent in supercritical CO2." Chemical Industry 61, no. 3 (2007): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0703109s.
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The supercritical CO2 method was used in order to perform deagglomeration and improve the dispersion of nano-SiO2 particles. ?-Met-hacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane was used as the surface modification reagent. The conventional method for coating nano-SiO2 particles was used as the comparison method. Considerable improvement of the dispersion and deagglomeration was found using supercritical CO2. Analysis of the TEM micrographs and DLS results showed the reduction of the average size of the agglomerates with the silane coupling reagent. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the particles treated in super?critical CO2 were more thermally stable than particles treated by conventional method. Encapsulation of several particles coated with the silane coupling reagent was observed in certain parts of the primary particles. A chemical reaction takes place between the modification reagent, MEMO silane, and active hydroxyl groups on the surface of the nano-SiO2 particles. A larger quantity of MEMO silane reacted using the con?ventional method instead of the supercritical method. On the other hand, the reacted silane molecules were better arranged around the particle surface in the supercritical method because of the formation of covalent or self-assembled structures. Polycondensed structures were preferentially obtained in the conventional method. This was achieved by using supercritical CO2, which has a high solvating power such as organic solvents and physical properties (low viscosity, low surface tension and high diffusion coefficient) similar to gases on the other side. These properties enable the sufficient and uniform wettability of nano-SiO2 particle surfaces. These results are important for obtaining nanofillers with improved dispersion and polymer wettability. Such nanofillers can be used to obtain composite materials with considerably improved mechanical characteristics.
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de Noronha, Rita G., Carlos C. Romão, and Ana C. Fernandes. "A novel method for the reduction of alkenes using the system silane/oxo-rhenium complexes." Tetrahedron Letters 51, no. 7 (February 2010): 1048–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.12.061.
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Wang, Xiao Li, Bo Zhang, Yang Zhao, Yi Xu, and Bin Shi Xu. "Dispersion and Behavior of Silane Coupling Agent to Surface Modification of n-Cu Particles." Advanced Materials Research 92 (January 2010): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.92.73.
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The prepared n-Cu particles with the particle size about 20 nm by KBH4 reduction method in aqueous solution was surface modified using silane coupling agent. The surface modification mechanics was researched. The tribological performances of n-Cu particles were tested by friction wear test machine. The results show that the modified n-Cu paritcles by silane coupling agent have high purity, good dispersion performances and wonderful surface activity. In friction process, the modified n-Cu particles can form a layer of organic-inorganic compound film with synergistic effect on worn surface, which improves the tribological performances of friction material.
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Aujara, Kabiru Musa, Buong Woei Chieng, Nor Azowa Ibrahim, Norhazlin Zainuddin, and Chantara Thevy Ratnam. "Gamma-Irradiation Induced Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Organosilanes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 8 (April 18, 2019): 1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081910.
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Gamma-ray radiation was used as a clean and easy method for turning the physicochemical properties of graphene oxide (GO) in this study. Silane functionalized-GO were synthesized by chemically grafting 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTES) onto GO surface using gamma-ray irradiation. This established non-contact process is used to create a reductive medium which is deemed simpler, purer and less harmful compared conventional chemical reduction. The resulting functionalized-GO were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy. The chemical interaction of silane with the GO surface was confirmed by FT-IR. X-ray diffraction reveals the change in the crystalline phases was due to surface functionalization. Surface defects of the GO due to the introduction of silane mioties was revealed by Raman spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis of the functionalized-GO exhibits a multiple peaks in the temperature range of 200–650 °C which corresponds to the degradation of chemically grafted silane on the GO surface.
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Fernandes, Ana C., and Carlos C. Romão. "A novel method for the reduction of sulfoxides and pyridine N-oxides with the system silane/MoO2Cl2." Tetrahedron 62, no. 41 (October 2006): 9650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.077.
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de Noronha, Rita G., Carlos C. Romao, and Ana C. Fernandes. "ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Method for the Reduction of Alkenes Using the System Silane/Oxo-Rhenium Complexes." ChemInform 41, no. 22 (June 1, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201022034.
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Klett, Jan, Benedict Bongartz, Vincent Fabian Viebranz, David Kramer, Chentong Hao, Hans Jürgen Maier, and Thomas Hassel. "Investigations into Flux-Free Plasma Brazing of Aluminum in a Local XHV-Atmosphere." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 8292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238292.
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As a lightweight construction material, aluminum plays a key role in weight reduction and, thus, sustainability in the transport industry. The brazing of aluminum and its alloys is impeded by the natural passivating oxide layer, which interferes with the brazing process. The presented study investigates the possibility of using a thermal silane-doped argon plasma to reduce this oxide layer in situ and thus eliminating the need to use hazardous chemical fluxes to enable high-quality brazing. Using plasma spectroscopy and an oxygen partial pressure probe, it was shown that a silane-doped argon plasma could significantly reduce the oxygen concentration around the plasma in a thermal plasma brazing process. Oxygen concentrations below 10−16 vol.-% were achieved. Additionally, metallographic analyses showed that the thickness of an artificially produced Al2O3-Layer on top of AlMg1 samples could be substantially reduced by more than 50%. With the oxide layer removed and inhibition of re-oxidation, silane-doped plasma brazing has the potential to become an economically efficient new joining method.
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Cabrita, Ivânia, and Ana C. Fernandes. "A novel efficient and chemoselective method for the reduction of nitriles using the system silane/oxo-rhenium complexes." Tetrahedron 67, no. 42 (October 2011): 8183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.015.
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Cabrita, Ivania, and Ana C. Fernandes. "ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Efficient and Chemoselective Method for the Reduction of Nitriles Using the System Silane/Oxo-Rhenium Complexes." ChemInform 43, no. 9 (February 2, 2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201209065.
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Rasouli, Azam, Maria Tsoutsouva, Jafar Safarian, and Gabriella Tranell. "Kinetics of Magnesiothermic Reduction of Natural Quartz." Materials 15, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 6535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196535.
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In this work, the kinetics of natural quartz reduction by Mg to produce either Si or Mg2Si was studied through quantitative phase analysis. Reduction reaction experiments were performed at various temperatures, reaction times and Mg to SiO2 mole ratios of 2 and 4. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns was used to obtain phase distributions in the reacted samples. SEM and EPMA examinations were performed to evaluate the microstructural change during reduction. The results indicated that the reduction reaction rate was slower at a mole ratio of 2 than 4 at the same temperature, as illustrated by the total amount of Si formed (the percent of Si that is reduced to either Si or Mg2Si to total amount of Si) being 59% and 75%, respectively, after 240 min reaction time for mole ratios of 2 and 4. At the mole ratio of 4, the reaction rate was strongly dependent on the reaction temperature, where SiO2 was completely reduced after 20 min at 1273 K. At the lower temperatures of 1173 and 1073 K, total Si formed was 75% and 39%, respectively, after 240 min reaction time. The results of the current work show that Mg2Si can be produced through the magnesiothermic reduction of natural quartz with high yield. The obtained Mg2Si can be processed further to produce silane gas as a precursor to high purity Si. The combination of these two processes offers the potential for a more direct and low carbon method to produce Si with high purity.
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Gao, Likun, Yun Lu, Jian Li, and Qingfeng Sun. "Superhydrophobic conductive wood with oil repellency obtained by coating with silver nanoparticles modified by fluoroalkyl silane." Holzforschung 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0226.
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AbstractA simple and effective method for preparing superhydrophobic conductive wood surface with super oil repellency is presented in this paper. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were prepared on wood surfaces by the treatment with AgNO3, followed by a reduction treatment with glucose to generate a dual-size surface roughness. Further modification of the surface coated with Ag NPs with a fluoroalkyl silane led to a superhydrophobic surface with water contact angle of 155.2°. This surface is also super repellent toward motor oil with the maximal contact angles around 151.8°. Interestingly, the dense Ag NPs coating on the surface is electrically conductive. The presented multifunctional coating could be a commercialized for various applications, especially for self-cleaning and biomedical electronic devices.
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Xiao, Jun, and Joshua U. Otaigbe. "Polymer-bonded magnets: Part I. Analytic thermogravimetry to determine the effect of surface modification on dispersion of Nd–Fe–B fillers." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 7 (July 1999): 2893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0386.
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The degree of mixing is a critical factor in controlling the magnetic properties and mechanical properties of polymer-bonded magnets. Pretreatment of the NdFeB fillers with a silane coupling agent improved the degree of mixing of the fillers in the polymer matrix. The observed improvement in the degree of mixing of the silanetreated fillers was ascribed to good wetting as evidenced by viscosity reduction of the coupled polymer-bonded magnets. However, traditional materials characterization methods could not be used to quantitatively determine the degree of mixing of the polymer-bonded magnets. This paper describes use of thermogravimetric analysis to quantify the degree of mixing of polymer-bonded magnets. The intensity of segregation of the fillers was calculated from the measured weight change of the magnetic filler in the samples. The results of this work showed that the thermogravimetric analysis method was useful in determining the degree of mixing of NdFeB fillers in polymer-bonded magnets.
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ROHAETI, Eli, Nur Isna Melati PUTRI, Kun Sri BUDIASIH, and Anna RAKHMAWATI. "THE USE OF Cyperus kyllinga EXTRACT IN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE TO ENHANCE QUALITY OF GOAT LEATHER." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 36 (December 20, 2020): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n36.2020.175_periodico36_pgs_159_170.pdf.
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Improving leather quality with antifungal, antibacterial, and superior mechanical properties is an ongoing effort. The objectives of this research were to synthesize silver nanoparticle using Cyperus kyllinga extract as a bio-agent and to deposit synthesized silver nanoparticle into goat leather by ex situ and in situ, and also to characterize the properties of antibacterial, antifungal, mechanical, and contact angle of goat leather before and after modification. Preparation of silver nanoparticles by reduction method by adding Cyperus kyllinga’s leaf extract. The silver nanoparticle was characterized by using spectrophotometer UltraViolet-Visible and Particle Size Analyzer. The addition of Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) compound on the leather sample to know hydrophobicity properties of the leather. The leather was modified by adding silver nanoparticle and silane compounds. The antibacterial and antifungal test was conducted by the diffusion method and tested the significance by using statistical analysis. The mechanical properties were tested through tensile strength test, elongation, and also modulus Young by using a tensile tester. The modified goat leather surface was tested the contact angle by using the sessile drop method. The characterization results indicated that silver nanoparticles were formed at a wavelength of 406.60 nm, with their particle size were 200.1 nm. The results of the antimicrobial test showed that modified goat leather using two methods of preparation had a different significance to inhibit the S. epidermidis and E. coli, and also fungi of C. albicans. The leather, after modification with nanoparticle via in situ method, had the highest antibacterial activities against S. epidermidis and E. coli. However, leather after modification with adding nanoparticle and MTMS via ex situ method has the highest antifungal activity against C. albicans. The leather after modification nanoparticle and MTMS via in situ method has the highest tensile strength and the largest toughness. All modified leathers had larger antimicrobial activity, contact angle, and also toughness compared to unmodified leather.
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Wang, Weiwang, and Shengtao Li. "Improvement of Dielectric Breakdown Performance by Surface Modification in Polyethylene/TiO2 Nanocomposites." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 3346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203346.
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Dielectric breakdown is a significant property for the insulation system in high voltage power equipment. This paper is dedicated to the improvement of dielectric breakdown by surface-functionalized nanoparticles in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Prior to the preparation of LDPE/TiO2 nanocomposites, the nanoparticles were surface modified by the silane coupling followed by the chemical reaction process. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that some polar groups and chemical bonding were introduced on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. A reduction of dielectric permittivity was observed at low nanoparticle loading (<2 wt%) samples, which responded to the restriction of the molecular chain in the interface region. High nanoparticle loadings (2 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%) introduced an obvious relaxation polarization. The trap parameters detected by the thermally stimulated current (TSC) method indicated that the deep traps were introduced by small amounts of nanoparticles (≤2 wt%), while more shallow traps occurred in high loading (5 wt%, 10 wt%) samples. Meanwhile, the increase of breakdown strength at low loading samples were closely related to the deep traps, which was ascribed to the interface region by surface chemical modification.
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Park, Kang-Hee, Sang-Hyun Yu, Han-Shin Kim, and Hee-Deung Park. "Inhibition of biofouling by modification of forward osmosis membrane using quaternary ammonium cation." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 5 (May 26, 2015): 738–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.264.
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In the operation of the forward osmosis (FO) process, biofouling of the membrane is a potentially serious problem. Development of an FO membrane with antibacterial properties could contribute to a reduction in biofouling. In this study, quaternary ammonium cation (QAC), a widely used biocidal material, was conjugated with a silane coupling agent (3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride) and used to modify an FO membrane to confer antibacterial properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrated that the conjugated QAC was successfully immobilized on the FO membrane via covalent bonding. Bacterial viability on the QAC-modified membrane was confirmed via colony count method and visualized via bacterial viability assay. The QAC membrane decreased the viability of Escherichia coli to 62% and Staphylococcus aureus to 77% versus the control membrane. Inhibition of biofilm formation on the QAC modified membrane was confirmed via anti-biofilm tests using the drip-flow reactor and FO unit, resulting in 64% and 68% inhibition in the QAC-modified membrane against the control membrane, respectively. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the modified membrane in reducing bacterial viability and inhibiting biofilm formation, indicating the potential of QAC-modified membranes to decrease operation costs incurred by biofouling.
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Buşilă, Mariana, Aurel Tăbăcaru, Viorica Muşsat, Bogdan Ştefan Vasile, Ionela Andreea Neaşu, Teresa Pinheiro, Catarina Roma-Rodrigues, et al. "Size-Dependent Biological Activities of Fluorescent Organosilane-Modified Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2020.2882.
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Surface modification of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is a strategy to tune their biocompatibility. Herein we report on the synthesis of a series of fluorescent ZnO NPs modified with 2–10% (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) to investigate the fluorescence properties and to explore their applications in microbiology and biomedicine. The obtained ZnO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Size reduction occurred from ca. 13 nm in unmodified ZnO to 3–4 nm in silane-modified samples and fluorescence spectra showed size-dependent variation of the photoemission bands' intensity. The antibacterial and cytotoxic activities were investigated on Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, and in ovarian (A2780) and prostate (PC3) cancer cells by tetrazolium/formazan-based methods. The antibacterial effect was higher for E. coli than S. aureus, while the cytotoxic activity was similar for both cancer cells and varied with the particle size. Cell death by apoptosis, and/or necrosis versus autophagy, were explored by flow cytometry using an Annexin V based-method and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The main mechanism of ZnO NPs toxicity may involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of apoptosis or autophagy. This work revealed the potential utility of GPTMS-modified ZnO NPs in the treatment of bacterial infection and cancer.
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Kim, Dae Sung, Dong Hyun Lee, Yoon Jin Kim, Jin Ho Nam, Son Tung Ha, and Seung Ho Lee. "Investigation of Space Charge Distribution of MgO/XLPE Composites Depending on Particle Size of MgO as Inorganic Filler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 481 (December 2013): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.481.108.
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MgO/XLPE composites, composed of micro-and nanosized MgO material having different particle size as inorganic filler and cross linked polyethylene (XLPE), were prepared and investigated to the space charge dynamics of these composites for high voltage DC insulation. Added MgO material, having 50nm to 1μm in size, were synthesized from the calcination of Mg (OH)2nanoplatelets which was controlled by potassium content in Mg (OH)2, varying the dilution volume ratio of distilled water/ Mg (OH)2suspension. MgO/XLPE composites were obtained by thoroughly mixing LDPE and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as the cross-linking agent and silane modified MgO before kneading to enhance the dispersion degree of the composites. The space charge distributions of the composites were observed by controlling the particle size and content of a dispersed MgO in XLPE matrix. To prevent the breakdown under high DC stress, it was found that the reduction of space charge of MgO/XLPE composite depends upon the smaller size of MgO particle and the its content above 0.5 phr (per hundred part of resin, wt%). MgO material and MgO/ XLPE composites were characterized with TEM, XRD, BET, ICP, and the space charge properties of the composites were measured by a pulsed electro-acoustic method (PEA).
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Özyüncü, Seniha Yolcular, Serap Teksöz, Çiğdem İçhedef, E. İlker Medine, Çığır Biray Avcı, Cumhur Gündüz, and Perihan Ünak. "Radiolabeled D-Penicillamine Magnetic Nanocarriers for Targeted Purposes." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 4174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.11646.
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The aim of this study is to synthesize D-Penicillamine (D-PA) conjugated magnetic nanocarriers for targeted purposes. Magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by partial reduction method and surface modification was done with an amino silane coupling agent’s (structural properties), AEAPS, the particles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD). After that D-PA was linked with the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and has been radiolabeled with [99mTc(CO)3]+ core. Quality controls of [99mTc(CO)3-MNP-D-PA] were established by Cd(Te) detector. The radiolabeling efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles ([99mTc(CO)3-MNP-D-PA]) was about 97.05% with good in vitro stability during the 24 hour period. As a parallel study, radiolabeled D-PA complex ([99mTc(CO)3-D-PA]) was prepared with a radiolabeling yield of 97.93%. At the end, biologic activities of binding complexes were investigated on MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Our results show that, radiolabeled magnetic nanoparticles with core [99mTc(CO)3]+ ([99mTc(CO)3-MNP-D-PA]) showed the highest uptake on MCF7 cells which were applied magnetic field in the wells. In that case, result of this study emphasizes that radiolabeled magnetic nanoparticles with core [99mTc(CO)3]+ would support new occurrences of new agents.
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Wu, Gang, Zhou Fang, Xuan Qin, and Junjie Fu. "Preparation and Properties of Impact Resistant Polyurea Coating for Fluorochemical Pipeline." Processes 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10020193.
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A new type of high elastic polyurea protective coating reinforced by nano silica is prepared by filler composite in order to avoid both the leakage of fluorine chemical pipelines containing highly toxic and dangerous media as well as the damage to fluorine chemical pipelines under impact loads. The aim is to improve the intrinsic safety of fluorine chemical pipelines and ensure the safety of the ecological environment, life and property. The effects of different processes and process parameters on the properties of polyurea coating were studied. The polyurea coating was blended and strengthened with nano silica modified by silane coupling agent KH-550. The suitable stirring speed, material addition sequence and nano silica concentration of the new polyurea material were put forward to prepare a new polyurea coating with excellent properties. The properties of the polyurea coating were characterized, including curing time, tensile strength, elongation at break and impact resistance. Then, by using the numerical simulation method, the protection law of polyurea coating on fluorochemical pipelines with or without polyurea coating under the impact of small balls with different speeds was studied, and the equivalent stress mitigation and energy absorption mechanism of polyurea coating were analyzed from the perspective of macro and micro mechanisms. The results show that silane coupling agent KH-550 has successfully modified nano silica, and the optimal filling concentration of modified nano silica is 4 wt%. At this time, the tensile strength of filled reinforced polyurea coating is increased to 15.7 MPa, the elongation at break is 472%, the hardness is 61 HA, and the impact resistance of the matrix material is increased by 9.7 kJ/m2. This shows that the polyurea reinforced by nano silica has excellent mechanical properties and impact resistance. The simulation results show that the polyurea coating can slow down the impact caused by the equivalent stress of small balls at different speeds. When the ball speed is 5 m/s, the equivalent stress of polyurea coating slows down to 49.3%, and the percentage of reduction of the impact caused by the equivalent stress of the polyurea coating decreases gradually with the increase of ball impact speed.
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Tian, Yan Sai, Ai Ming Gao, and Bing Qing Zhou. "Effect of SiH4 Flow Rates on the Structures and Properties of Si-Rich Silicon Nitride Films Prepared by Hot Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition." Solid State Phenomena 288 (March 2019): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.288.135.
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Silicon-rich silicon nitride thin films were deposited on the P type (100) of silicon and Corning7059 glass by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition method using SiH4 and NH3 as reaction gas source. The effects of SiH4 flow rate on the structures and optical properties of the thin films were studied under optimizing other deposition parameters. The structures, band gap width and surface morphology of the thin films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) light transmittance spectra and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The experiment results show that, with increasing of the SiH4 flow rate, the content of N and Si atoms in the thin films increases, and the Si-N bond density increases gradually, and the optical band gap of the films shows a trend of increasing. When the silane flow rate is less than 0.9sccm, there is no Si-H bond stretching vibration absorption peak, and silicon atoms mainly bond with nitrogen atoms. As the SiH4 flow rate decreases, silicon clusters embedded in silicon nitride matrix gradually become smaller. When SiH4 flow rate is 0.4sccm, we prepared the silicon cluster nanoparticles with an average diameter of about 50nm embedded in silicon nitride thin films matrix. Therefore, properly reduction of the SiH4 flow rate is favorable for preparing the smaller silicon cluster nanoparticles in silicon rich silicon nitride thin films. The results lay the foundation for the preparation of silicon quantum dots thin film materials.
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Nistor, Cristina Lavinia, Catalin Ionut Mihaescu, Daniela Bala, Ioana Catalina Gifu, Claudia Mihaela Ninciuleanu, Sabina Georgiana Burlacu, Cristian Petcu, et al. "Novel Hydrophobic Nanostructured Antibacterial Coatings for Metallic Surface Protection." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020253.
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A simple and cost-efficient method to modify different surfaces in order to improve their bioactivity, corrosion and wear resistance proved to be sol-gel coatings. The silane layers have been shown to be effective in the protection of steel, aluminum or magnesium alloys and copper and copper alloys. Moreover, it has been found that the adding of different inorganic nanoparticles into silica films leads to increasing their performance regarding corrosion protection. In this study, we fabricated, a simple sol-gel method, transparent mono- and bi-layered hydrophobic coatings with simultaneous antibacterial, hydrophobic and anti-corrosive properties for the protection of metallic surfaces against the action of air pollutants or from biological attacks of pathogens. The first layer (the base) of the coating contains silver (Ag) or zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with an antibacterial effect. The second layer includes zinc oxide nanoparticles with flower-like morphology to increase the hydrophobicity of the coating and to improve corrosion-resistant properties. The second layer of the coating contains a fluorinated silica derivative, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl triethoxysilane (PFOTES), which contributes to the hydrophobic properties of the final coating by means of its hydrophobic groups. The mono- and bi-layered coatings with micro/nano rough structures have been applied by brushing on various substrates, including metallic surfaces (copper, brass and mild steel) and glass (microscope slides). The as-prepared coatings showed improved hydrophobic properties (water CA > 90°) when compared with the untreated substrates while maintaining the transparent aspect. The corrosion resistance tests revealed significantly lower values of the corrosion rates recorded for all the protected metallic surfaces, with the lowest values being measured for the bi-layered coatings containing ZnO particles, both in the first and in the second layers of the coating. Considering the antibacterial activity, the most effective were the AOAg-II and AOZnO-II coatings, which exhibited the highest reduction of microbial growth.
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Jayanegara, Anuraga, Aldi Yaman, and Lilis Khotijah. "Reduction of proteolysis of high protein silage from Moringa and Indigofera leaves by addition of tannin extract." Veterinary World 12, no. 2 (February 2019): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.211-217.
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Aim: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the addition of tannin extract to Moringa and Indigofera leaf silages on their chemical composition, silage quality characteristics, and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and digestibility. Materials and Methods: Moringa and Indigofera leaves were cut (3 cm length) and added with either 0, 2, or 4% chestnut tannin in three replicates. The leaves were then inserted into lab-scale silos (1 L capacity) and kept for 30 days. Silage samples were subjected to silage quality determination, chemical composition analysis, and in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility evaluation using a gas production technique. Data obtained were subjected to the analysis of variance with a factorial statistical model in which the first factor was different silage species and the second factor was tannin addition levels. Results: Tannin addition at 4% dry matter (DM) increased neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) of Indigofera silage. A similar response was observed in Moringa silage, but it required less tannin, i.e., 2% DM to increase its NDICP and ADICP. Moringa silage had lower pH than that of Indigofera silage (p<0.05), and tannin addition did not change pH of both Indigofera and Moringa silages. Higher addition level of tannin decreased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia concentrations of both Indigofera and Moringa silages (p<0.05). A higher level of tannin addition reduced ruminal total VFA concentration, ammonia, in vitro DM digestibility, and in vitro organic matter digestibility of Indigofera and Moringa silages (p<0.05). Tannin addition also decreased ruminal methane emission of both Indigofera and Moringa silages (p<0.05). Conclusion: Tannin extract can reduce proteolysis of high protein silage from Moringa and Indigofera leaves.
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Lecea, B., J. M. Aizpurua, and C. Palomo. "Reagents and synthetic methods 52. Silane reduction of carbonyl compounds in the presence of iodine." Tetrahedron 41, no. 20 (January 1985): 4657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)82361-9.
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Zhong, Chuheng, Peng Tian, Yuhua Long, Jinzhi Zhou, Kun Peng, and Chengxin Yuan. "Effect of Composite Impregnation on Properties of Recycled Coarse Aggregate and Recycled Aggregate Concrete." Buildings 12, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12071035.
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To improve the properties of recycled aggregate concrete, single and composite impregnation treatments were carried out on recycled coarse aggregates with sodium silicate solution, silane slurry, and polyvinyl alcohol solution. The effects of the three chemical modifiers and different impregnation methods on the apparent density, water absorption, and crushing index of recycled coarse aggregates, as well as the basic properties of recycled aggregate concrete, were investigated. Additionally, the microstructure of the surface of recycled coarse aggregate and the interior of recycled aggregate concrete were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that the water absorption of recycled coarse aggregate soaked in polyvinyl alcohol solution decreases most significantly, reaching 64.56%. Only the combination of sodium silicate and silane impregnation produces a positive compounding effect, with a significant increase in the apparent density and a significant reduction in the crushing index of the recycled coarse aggregate. Compared with untreated concrete, the slump, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of recycled aggregate concrete prepared by sodium silicate and silane composite impregnation are increased by 9.8%, 26.53%, 21.70%, and 14.72%, respectively. The microstructure analysis shows that the composite impregnation treatment of sodium silicate and silane is most conducive to filling the cracks and holes on the surface of recycled coarse aggregate, which makes the interfacial transition zone of recycled aggregate concrete more compact and the structure more stable.
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Brick, Chad, Richard Liberatore, and Jonathan Goff. "Silane-Based Surface Treatments for Area Specific Deposition." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 31 (October 9, 2022): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02312486mtgabs.
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In material science, silicon-based molecules are staple reagents for applications such as self-assembled monolayer formation, reduction of surface energy, and modification of surface chemistry for secondary functionalization reactions. In our presentation, we will review organosilanes in the context of Area Specific Deposition (ASD), with a particular emphasis on cyclic azasilanes. Compared with more traditional linear chlorosilane and aminosilane-based surface treatments, cyclic azasilanes offer extremely rapid (<5 second) deposition times over a broad temperature range without any volatile chemical by-products. The interaction of cyclic azasilanes with various oxide and metal substrates will be discussed in relation to the plasma, thermal, or wet methods used to condition the surfaces for deposition. Furthermore, we will discuss the ability of the resulting silane monolayer films to block deposition of common organometallic ALD precursors in relation to deposition process conditions. In conclusion, we will demonstrate the resulting dielectric-on-dielectric and dielectric-on-metal deposition schemes.
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Stankiewicz, Anna. "Model-Based Analysis of Stretch Film Consumption for Wrapping Cylindrical Baled Silage Using Combined 3D Method." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 3 (2019): 803–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13198.
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Abstract. A combined method for wrapping round (i.e., cylindrical) bales of agricultural materials based on biaxial rotation of the film applicators is considered in this study. A complete mathematical model is derived describing the consumption of the film used to wrap the bales that can be applied for film consumption estimation and design purposes. The bale and film dimensions, mechanical properties of the stretch film described by Poisson ratio and unit deformation, dimensionless relative overlap ratios determining the width of the contact area between adjacent film strips, and the assumed number of nominal film layers are taken into account. There is a need for good understanding of the influence of the wrapping process parameters on film consumption so that this method can be applied with lower cost and less damage to the environment. Based on the derived model, insight is obtained into the influence of the film width and wrapping parameters on film consumption when the combined method is used. Robustness on disturbances of the wrapping process, which lead to parameter uncertainty, is examined, and a simple algorithm for robust design of the overlaps of the bottom film layers is developed. The alternative method for wrapping round bales is the conventional method used by bale wrappers with a rotating table or with rotating arms. In this study, film consumption is compared between the combined and conventional wrapping methods. The combined wrapping method may offer substantial advantages in reduced film use compared with the conventional method. The potential reduction in film usage depends on the bale, film, and wrapping parameters. Without the proper choice of parameters, film consumption may be unjustifiably high. The model-based necessary and sufficient conditions for film usage reduction are obtained under typical assumptions concerning the bale and film parameters as well as the wrapping process parameters. No specific assumptions are made concerning the assumed number of film layers. The results concerning film usage reduction are written in the form of mathematical inequalities in terms of film, bale, and wrapping parameters. The stated conditions are useful for film consumption analysis and provide easy-to-use tools for analytical and numerical design of bale wrapping processes. A fast scheme is proposed for determining if the considered film parameters, together with the assumed number of film layers, could result in reduced film usage. For the algorithms, the executable and readable source codes are written in Matlab. Model-based simulations provide valuable insight into the underlying processes of film consumption and are shown to be useful for wrapping process design. To ensure a fair comparison, four to ten film layers are considered. Keywords: Baled silage, Film usage reduction, Mathematical models, Robustness, Stretch-wrap film consumption.
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Forwood, Daniel L., Kristian Hooker, Eleonora Caro, Yuxin Huo, Devin Holman, Alex V. Chaves, and Sarah J. Meale. "Ensiling Unsalable Vegetables with Crop Sorghum to Produce High Quality Feed." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036113.
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Vegetables regarded as unsalable at processing often undergo disposal into landfill, threatening food security and increasing emissions through decomposition. Ensiling vegetables with forage crops is a suggested method of waste reduction that could also double as a livestock feed. Carrot or pumpkin, ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DM with crop sorghum, and with or without a second-generation silage inoculant were assessed for nutritive composition, organic acid profiles, aerobic stability and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Silage was sampled after 70-days ensiling for nutrient composition, 14-day aerobic stability, organic acid profiles and microbial diversity. Sorghum ensiled with carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DM increased crude fat (P ≤ 0.01) and decreased (P ≤ 0.01) silage surface temperature upon aerobic exposure compared to the control. Bacterial communities analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing linearly increased (P ≤ 0.01) in diversity as vegetable proportion increased in the silage; dominated by Lactobacillus species. Upon assessment in vitro, there was an increase (P ≤ 0.04) in in vitro digestibility and some CH4 parameters (% CH4, and mg CH4/g DM), with no effect (P ≥ 0.17) on remaining CH4 parameters (mL CH4/g DM, mg CH4/g DMD), gas production or pH. However, increasing vegetable proportion decreased acetic and increased propionic acid concentrations respectively, decreasing A:P ratio and total VFA as a result (P ≤ 0.01). Results from this study indicate including carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DM in a sorghum silage can produce a highly digestible, microbially diverse and energy-rich livestock feed whilst acting as a method of waste diversion of considerable environmental benefit.
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A Y, GIRGIRI, SANI I, MAHMOUD A A, JOSEPH J N, ADAMU J, and BUNU M. "Influence of Variety and Ensiling Time on Physical, Chemical and Total Bacterial Counts of Ensiled Lablab and Hay in Semi-Arid Region of Borno State." JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 8, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56160/jaeess202281002.
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The experiment was conducted to assess physical, chemical and total bacterial counts of ensiled Lablab and Hay as influenced by variety and periods in semi-arid region of Borno state. The experiment was carried out at the Animal Science Laboratory, University of Maiduguri. 50kg of fresh leaves from three Lablab varieties were used for the experiment. Size reduction was done in the first part to 3cm, wilted and 3kg were ensiled in mini silo then replicated three times, each variety were then subjected to 30, 40 and 50days fermentation and silage quality were analysed using Completely Randomized Design. The second part (25kg) was spilt into two, then cured under sun and under Shade for 3 days. Results showed no significant difference on the main effects of silage. CP for all the varieties ranges between 11.32 to 12.26%. Furthermore, there was significant difference observed on effects of days of silage on chemical composition. Silage at 50days recorded the highest DM and OM with 90.4 and 87.6% respectively. All fibre fraction in the period measured and interaction effects between varieties and days of silage had significant (P<0.05) difference, with 50days silage recording the highest DM, OM, CF, NDF and ADF for all varieties. However, no significant difference was observed on the main effects of varieties on mineral composition. Quality under different periods maintain green colour at 30days of silage for all varieties. The chemical composition of the two curing methods used for the lablab varieties revealed that DM, OM, NDF, ADF were higher in sun dried hay while CP was higher in shade dried. Physical characteristics of lablab hay under the two curing methods were rated good. In conclusion, white and brown varieties of lablab gave better DM and CP at 30 to 40days silage. Appearance was very good at 30 and 40days of silage and both sun and shade dried lablab were excellent when cured for 3days.
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Rasi, Saija, Karetta Timonen, Katri Joensuu, Kristiina Regina, Perttu Virkajärvi, Hannele Heusala, Elina Tampio, and Sari Luostarinen. "Sustainability of Vehicle Fuel Biomethane Produced from Grass Silage in Finland." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 3994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12103994.
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Increasing demand of fossil-free fuels in the transport sector drives towards using new biomass sources in fuel production. Municipal waste as a substrate is used in many countries in biomethane production, but the amount of waste can cover only a small portion of the fuel used. In Europe, the new renewable energy directive (RED II) was established December 2018 to ensure the sustainability of renewable fuels. The directive includes typical and default greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for several potential substrates, such as biogas from manure or maize silage, which the biogas plants can use to verify their emissions directly or to calculate their emissions using the methods provided. However, such default value for grass silage as biogas substrate is lacking. We defined the conditions needed to fulfil the sustainability criteria of the directive when producing biomethane for vehicle fuel using grass silage as the feedstock in Finland. The emission reduction targets are not easy to achieve in Finland when using grass cultivated exclusively for energy production. The reduction targets can be achieved, however, if the grass is cultivated due to an improved crop rotation, where the grass is co-digested with manure and/or energy sources with zero emissions for the process can be applied.
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Ahmadi, I., and H. Ghaur. "Silage-corn harvesting machinery traffic effects on soil bulk density and water permeability." Research in Agricultural Engineering 59, No. 4 (December 5, 2013): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2/2013-rae.
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Soil compaction caused by machinery traffic affects the growth of agricultural crops and also has environmental effects like soil damage and erosion. Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of repeated silage-corn harvesting machinery traffic on dry soil bulk density and porosity variations at three different sampling depths, moreover average water permeability coefficient of the examined silty clay loam soil was measured using the falling head method of water permeability test. The examined treatments which were applied while harvesting silage-corn with the combination of tractor, chopper and truck were the number of traffic passes and depths of soil sampling. Significant differences between soil compaction treatments were observed in bulk density and porosity of soil. Numerically, 22% increase in soil bulk density and 19% reduction in soil porosity were recorded due to the effect of two passes of the examined machineries over the field terrain comparing to the non-traffic treatment. Moreover; soil sampling at 0–10 cm and 20–30 cm depths resulted in the highest and the lowest soil porosity respectively.
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Hosokawa, Satomi, Motoki Toya, Ariki Noda, Masato Morita, Takaki Ogawa, and Yukihiro Motoyama. "Catalytic Silane-Reduction of Carboxylic Esters and Lactones: Selective Synthetic Methods to Aldehydes, Lactols, and Ethers via Silyl Acetal Intermediates." ChemistrySelect 3, no. 11 (March 15, 2018): 2958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.201703033.
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Szubert, Karol. "Wood Protective Coatings Prepared with Silanes Based on Fatty Acids." Materials Proceedings 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ciwc2020-06804.
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Wood is one of the most important materials in the construction industry. Because of its organic constitution, it is slowly destroyed by the long-term impacts of water, oxygen and light under atmospheric conditions and, hence, needs to be sufficiently protected. Appropriate protection of wood leads to it having longer life and, hence, a huge reduction in maintenance costs. There are several methods to protect wood, either by its chemical modification or by its surface treatment. Unfortunately, many of the wood preservatives that have been used so far are highly toxic to humans and, hence, much attention has been paid to the development of nontoxic materials/methods for the protection of wood. Recently, several reports have been published on the use of inorganic–organic hybrid coatings for the protection of wood substrates. The sol–gel process to generate hybrid coatings is quite versatile and even allows room temperature deposition of hybrid inorganic–organic films on a wide range of substrates, including wood. Wood surface modification with multifunctional alkoxysilanes by the sol–gel process is one promising method to improve and provide new properties for wood materials. The advantage of the sol–gel process is that it allows deposition of a thin inorganic–organic layer on various substrates as a result of controlled hydrolysis and polycondensation of alkoxysilanes. The sol–gel coatings created on the wood surface provide barrier properties, moisture control and repellency properties. In this communication we present new trialkoxysilanes synthesised from fatty acid derivatives and their application in wood protective coatings.
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Yen, Ying, Martin Riis Weisbjerg, Ralf Rautenberger, Adriána Fečkaninová, and Margarita Novoa-Garrido. "Improving fermentation of Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta silages with additives for preserving biomass and antioxidants." Journal of Applied Phycology 34, no. 1 (October 27, 2021): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02628-4.
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AbstractRapid deterioration of harvested macroalgal biomass is a challenge for macroalgal industry and can be overcome with the inexpensive ensiling preservation. To improve silage quality, Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta biomass was subjected to ensiling conditions following a 2 × 4 factorial design, with 2 prewilting treatments (no-prewilting and prewilted to 300 g DM kg−1 fresh biomass) and 4 additive treatments (no additive, formic acid, single and two species of Lactobacillus inoculant), and ensiled for 3 or 12 months at 15 °C. Acetate was the main fermentation product in these seaweed silages. Prewilting reduced the acetate, mannitol, and NH3 content in silages. In S. latissima silages without additives, prewilting led to less acidification (pH = 5.7). Also, prewilting caused protein and phlorotannin degradation. When treated with formic acid, the silage pH was below 4 regardless of the biomass’s moisture content. The use of Lactobacillus spp. inoculants was essential for lactate production in seaweed silages, and it significantly lowered silage pH in S. latissima and prewilted A. esculenta compared to silages with no additives. A high level of the phlorotannin content was preserved (> 90%) in the 3-month A. esculenta silages without prewilting. However, major reduction of antioxidant activity was observed in 12-month silages in both seaweed species. In conclusion, ensiling is a viable method for preserving Alaria and Saccharina biomass. Prewilting restricted silage fermentation, and both formic acid and bacterial additives facilitated silage acidification. However, there was no clear benefit of these treatments in preserving the antioxidant activity.
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Shingfield, K. J., S. Jaakkola, and P. Huhtanen. "Effect of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol on intake, feeding behaviour and milk production of dairy cows." Animal Science 74, no. 2 (April 2002): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980005253x.
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AbstractThe current study was conducted to establish if effects on animal performance due to differences in forage composition resulting from conservation method could be compensated for by increases in concentrate feeding or supplements of a gluconeogenic substrate. Thirty-two Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic changeover experiment with four 21-day experimental periods and a 4 ✕ 2 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol (PG), and their interactions, on intake, feeding behaviour and milk production. Experimental treatments consisted of four conserved forages offered ad libitum, supplemented with two levels of a cereal-based concentrate (7 or 10 kg/day) and PG (0 and 210 g/day) offered as three meals of equal size. Forages were prepared from primary growths of timothy and meadow fescue swards and ensiled using no additive (NA), an inoculant enzyme preparation (IE) or a formic-acid based (FA) additive or conserved as hay 1 week later. Cows given silage-based diets had higher (P 0·001) forage dry-matter (DM) intakes (mean increase 0·76 kg/day), spent less (P 0·001) time eating and chewing (mean response -159 and -119 min/day, respectively) and produced more (P 0·05) energy-corrected milk (ECM), milk fat and milk lactose (respective mean responses 1·52, 0·098 and 0·033 kg/day) than animals given hay-based diets. Use of an additive during ensiling further improved (P 0·05) silage DM intake, ECM yield and milk protein secretion (mean 0.72, 0.70 and 0.038 kg/day, respectively). Dietary inclusion of PG decreased forage DM intake for hay, IE and FA silage-based diets (mean –0·14, –0·16 and –0·42 kg/day, respectively) but elicited positive responses (mean 0·57 kg/day) for cows given NA silage. Furthermore, PG supplementation had no (P > 0·05) effects on ECM yield or milk protein output but depressed (P 0·05) mean milk fat content from 46·6 to 45·6 g/kg. Increases in concentrate feeding were associated with a reduction in the total amount of time cows spent eating, chewing and ruminating and elicited (P 0·001) mean DM intake, ECM yield, milk fat and milk protein responses of 1·5, 1·62, 0·061 and 0·064 kg/day, respectively. Use of a gluconeogenic substrate or increases in concentrate feeding were unable to compensate for variations in animal performance due to forage conservation method.
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Schneid, Andressa C., Iris RS Ribeiro, Flávia E. Galdino, Jefferson Bettini, and Mateus B. Cardoso. "Degradable and colloidally stable zwitterionic-functionalized silica nanoparticles." Nanomedicine 16, no. 2 (January 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0257.
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Aim: This work is focused on obtaining degradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) which are able to maintain their colloidal stability in complex biological media. Materials & methods: DMSNs were synthesized using different ratios of disulfide organosilane (degradable structural moiety) and further functionalized with sulfobetaine silane (SBS) to enhance colloidal stability and improve biological compatibility. Results: There was a clear trade-off between nanoparticle degradability and colloidal stability, since full optimization of the degradation process generated unstable particles, while enhancing colloidal stability resulted in poor DMSNs degradation. It was also shown that acidic pH improved particle degradation which is commonly triggered by reduction stimulus. Conclusion: A chemical composition window was found where DMSNs presented satisfactory colloidal stability in biologically relevant medium, meaningful degradation profiles and high biocompatibility.
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Razanov, S. F., O. P. Tkachuk, O. M. Bakhmat, and A. M. Razanova. "Reducing danger of heavy metals accumulation in winter wheat grain which is grown after leguminous perennial precursor." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_40.
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Goal. Assessment of the influence of growing leguminous perennial herbs on the intensity of heavy metals accumulation in winter wheat as in a subsequent crop rotation. Methods. Field, laboratory atomic absorption method, mathematical and statistical processing. Results. cultivation of winter wheat after precursors of Medicago sativa I., Trifolium pratense L., Onobrychis arenaria Kit., Melilotus albus L., Lotus corniculatus L. or Galéga orientalis Lam. leads to a decrease in the content of lead by 1.8-2.5 times, cadmium – by 1.7–2.6 times, copper - 2.2–4.6 times and zinc - 1.6–1.9 times compared to winter wheat after corn precursor on silage. To obtain winter wheat with a minimum lead and copper content, the optimal precursor is Onobrychis arenaria Kit., with a minimum cadmium content - Galéga orientalis Lam. precursor, with a minimum copper and zinc content - the Trifolium precursorpratense L. The lowest influence on the reduction of heavy metals accumulation in winter wheat grain is caused by the precursor Lotus corniculatus L. Thanks to the use of leguminous perennial herbs as a precursor to winter wheat, it is possible to reduce the accumulation coefficient of heavy metals by 1.1-2.9 times compared with the corn precursor on silage. The lowest accumulation coefficient of the studied heavy metals was observed after the precursor of Medicago sativa I. Conclusion. Leguminous perennial herbs - Medicago sativa I., Trifolium pratense L., Onobrychis arenaria Kit., Melilotus albus L., Lotus corniculatus L. and Galega orientalis Lam. promote optimization of soil condition by increasing the content of humus, minerals nutrients, optimization of soil acidity. As a result, they reduce the accumulation of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc) in winter wheat as the next crop in crop rotation and contribute to the reduction of accumulation coefficient of heavy metals in winter wheat.
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Malekinejad, H., J. Aghazadeh-Attari, A. Rezabakhsh, M. Sattari, and B. Ghasemsoltani-Momtaz. "Neurotoxicity of mycotoxins produced in vitro by Penicillium roqueforti isolated from maize and grass silage." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 10 (March 5, 2015): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327114565493.
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Fungal growth in human foods and animal feeds causes profound damage indicating a general spoilage, nutritional losses, and the formation of mycotoxins. Thirty apparently contaminated maize and grass silage samples were analyzed for the presence of total fungi. Penicillium roqueforti were isolated from all (100%) moldy silage samples on general and selective culture media. Furthermore, P. roqueforti-positive samples culture media subjected to the toxin extraction and toxins of patulin, penicillic acid, mycophenolic acid, and roquefortin-C (ROQ-C) were identified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography method. Cytotoxicity of identified toxins was investigated on neuro-2a cells. Alamar blue reduction, neutral red uptake, and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content assays indicated that patulin and ROQ-C exert the strongest and weakest toxicity, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by the toxins-exposed cells was measured, and the results supported the mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction and ATP depletion in exposed cells. Our data suggest that P. roqueforti is the widely present mold in analyzed maize and grass silage samples, which is able to produce toxins that cause neurotoxicity. This finding may explain in part some neuronal disorders in animals, which are fed contaminated feedstuffs with mentioned fungus. Moreover, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, intracellular ATP depletion, and the excessive ROS generation were found as the mechanisms of cytotoxicity for P. roqueforti-produced toxins.
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Charmley, E., M. Gill, and C. Thomas. "The effect of formic acid treatment and the duration of the wilting period on the digestion of silage by young steers." Animal Science 51, no. 3 (December 1990): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100012538.
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ABSTRACTFour silages were prepared from perennial ryegrass: two unwilted, ensiled either without (UWN) or with formic acid additive (UWA) and two wilted for either 19 (WS) or 43 h (WL) prior to ensiling. The influence of conservation method on digestion in the rumen and the flow of organic mater (OM) and nitrogen (N) to the small intestine was studied using young steers fitted with rumen and duodenal T-piece cannulae. The silages were well preserved and of similar chemical composition despite a 1·5-fold increase in dry matter (DM) following wilting. The unwilted silages had a higher concentration of fermentation acids and a lower concentration of soluble N in the DM. Polyester bag studies showed that significantly more DM was potentially degradable but the degradation rate was slower in the rumen of steers fed UWA and WS silages (P < 0·05), however, rate of passage was not significantly different for the four treatments. Conservation method had little effect on post-feeding rumen ammonia concentration but feeding unwilted silages caused a greater depression in post-feeding rumen pH (P < 0·05). Wilting lowered N digestibility in the whole tract (P < 0·05), but had no effect on apparent digestion or degradability of N in the rumen as measured by the polyester bag method. Apparent OM digestibility in the whole tract was lower in steers given wilted rather than unwilted silages (P < 0·05), but disappearance of apparently digestible OM in the rumen was greatest for the 19 h wilted silage (WS, P < 0·05). It is concluded that, provided unwilted silage is well preserved, the use of formic acid has little effect on digestion of silage by steers and the effects of wilting are confined to a reduction in whole tract digestibility.
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Putri, Fellicia Roshita Armanda, and Maulfi Syaiful Rizal. "PENERAPAN METODE SILABA MELALUI VIDEO PEMBELAJARAN ANIMASI DALAM KEGIATAN MEMBACA SISWA KELAS 1 SDN SUMBER WETAN I PROBOLINGGO." Pendas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar 7, no. 2 (December 23, 2022): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/jp.v7i2.6519.
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ABSTRAK
Pada proses belajar mengajar perlu diterapkannya metode atau media yang berbeda dari biasanya dengan harapan dapat menarik minat siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan tahapan pembuatan video pembelajaran animasi, mendeskripsikan tahapan penerapan metode silaba melalui video pembelajaran animasi dalam kegiatan membaca siswa kelas 1A, dan mendeskripsikan pengaruh penerapan metode silaba melalui video pembelajaran animasi dalam kegiatan membaca siswa kelas 1A SDN Sumber Wetan I Probolinggo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas 1A SDN Sumber Wetan I Probolinggo yang berjumlah 22 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul dalam penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman yang terdiri dari tiga jalur analisis yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan metode silaba melalui video pembelajaran animasi tergolong baik. Hal itu terlihat dari 14 siswa memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 98. Selain itu, hasil observasi juga menunjukkan bahwa 91% siswa memperhatikan serta menyimak pembelajaran dengan seksama, 95% siswa menyukai video pembelajaran animasi yang digunakan, dan 77% siswa aktif menjawab pertanyaan yang diberikan.
Kata Kunci: Silaba, Video Animasi, Membaca
ABSTRACT
In the teaching and learning process it is necessary to apply different methods or media than usual in the hope of attracting students' interest in the learning process. The purpose of this study was to describe the stages of making animated learning videos, describe the stages of applying the syllabus method through animated learning videos in class 1A students' reading activities, and describe the effect of applying the silaba method through animated learning videos on reading activities for class 1A students at SDN Sumber Wetan I Probolinggo. The research method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The source of the data in this study were class 1A students at SDN Sumber Wetan I Probolinggo, which consisted of 22 students. Data collection techniques used through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data collected in this study were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model which consisted of three lines of analysis namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the application of the silaba method through animated learning videos was quite good. This can be seen from the 14 students who obtained an average score of 98. In addition, the results of observations also showed that 91% of students paid attention and listened to the lesson carefully, 95% of students liked the learning animation videos used, and 77% of students actively answered the questions asked given.
Keywords: Silaba, Animated Video, Reading
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Djordjevic, Nenad, Goran Grubic, Bora Dinic, and Dragan Negovanovic. "The influence of inoculation on chemical composition and quality of silages made from soybean and entire maize plant." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 20, no. 1-2 (2004): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0402141d.
Full textAbstract:
The ensiling of soybean and entire maize plant was done in experimental siloses with or without inoculant Sill-All (produced by Alltech inc). The experiment was organized as two-factorial (2 ? 3, n = 3), where factor A was inoculant (a1 = without inoculant, a2 = with inoculant), and factor B was soybean and entire maize plant ratio (b1 = 1: 0; b2 = 2: 1 and b3 = 1 2). Inoculated silages at average had more lactic acid, lower pH values and higher content of ammonia nitrogen, nonsoluble nitrogen and NFE (P < 0.05). The included of entire maize plant in mixture produces high effect on reduction proteolysis. With the increase of entire maize plant share the decrease of pH values and amount of butyric acid, ammonia nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, crude protein and crude fiber was observed. According to the DLG method for silage quality evaluation, silages without inoculant had second class, and silages with inoculant had first class. Improvement in silage quality with the included entire maize plant from fourth to first class, was achieved.
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Pedroso, André de Faria, Luiz Gustavo Nussio, Solidete de Fátima Paziani, Daniele Rebouças Santana Loures, Mauricio Scoton Igarasi, Rodrigo Michelini Coelho, Irineu Humberto Packer, Jorge Horii, and Luiz Humberto Gomes. "Fermentation and epiphytic microflora dynamics in sugar cane silage." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 5 (October 2005): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000500003.
Full textAbstract:
Sugar cane silages are characterized by extensive yeast activity, alcohol production and great dry matter - DM - losses. Better knowledge of the fermentation process is fundamental to the development of efficient ensilage techniques for this forage. This study evaluates temporal changes in chemical composition, DM losses and epiphytic microflora in sugar cane silage. Mature sugar cane, variety RB835486 (12 months of vegetative growth), was hand harvested, processed in a stationary chopper and ensiled in 20-L plastic buckets provided with valves for gas release and a device for effluent collection. Laboratory silos were kept at ambient temperature and sampled after ½, 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 45, 90, 120 and 180 days. Ethanol concentration reached 6.4% in DM after 15 days of ensilage, followed by 71% water soluble carbohydrates - WSCs - disappearance. Gas and total DM losses reached a plateau on day 45 (16% and 29% of DM, respectively). Yeast count was higher on the second day (5.05 log cfu g-1). Silage pH declined to below 4.0 on the third day. Effluent yield was negligible (20 kg t-1). DM content in the forage decreased (35% to 26%) from day 0 to day 45. The increase in ethanol concentration showed an opposite trend to WSCs and true in vitro dry matter digestibility reductions in the silage. Developing methods to control yeasts, most probably through the use of additives, will enable more efficient production of sugar cane silage by farmers.
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Ding, Zi Jun, Shi Jin Ding, and Ying Zhong Shen. "Preparation and Characterization of SiCOH Film Using a New Precursor Trimethoxy [2-(oxabicyclo [4.1.0] hept-3yl) Ethyl] Silicane." Advanced Materials Research 704 (June 2013): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.704.179.
Full textAbstract:
The SiCOH film has been prepared by using a new precursor of trimethoxy [2-(7-oxabicyclo [4.1.hept-3-yl) ethy silane via sol-gel and spin-coating methods. The resulting films were characterized by SEM, TGA, AFM, FTIR, nanomechanical testing, and electrical measurements. The TGA result shows that the SiCOH film has good thermal stability, and no obvious thermal decomposition can be observed before 400°C. After being annealed at 350°C for 2 hours, the resulting SiCOH film exhibits a smooth surface (RMS=0.222nm), and a significant reduction of CHn groups in the film. Further, the film exhibits a novel high k value of 15.6, a leakage current density of 2.72 × 10-6 A/cm2 at 1 MV/cm, and good mechanical properties of Er ~ 12.61 GPa and H ~ 3.80 MPa.
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De Los Rios, Josue, Arne Poyda, Friedhelm Taube, Christof Kluß, Ralf Loges, and Thorsten Reinsch. "No-Till Mitigates SOC Losses after Grassland Renovation and Conversion to Silage Maize." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081204.
Full textAbstract:
Many studies recommend no-till (NT) to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) in the topsoil (<30 cm) of arable land to counterbalance greenhouse gas emissions. Its potential use to mitigate SOC losses during conversion and renovation of grassland ecosystems in the top meter soil is yet to be determined. The SOC dynamics of a 10-year-old grassland converted to silage maize (CM) and renovated and seeded (GR) using either conventional tillage (CT) or NT were compared to an undisturbed grassland control (GC) for 7 years, across three fixed soil depth increments (0–30, 30–60, 60–90 cm). The annual C inputs (Cinput) from crop residues were further analyzed. The systems were either non-fertilized (N0) or fertilized with mineral N (N1) according to a demand of 180 and 380 kg N ha−1 year−1 in the silage maize and grassland systems, respectively. For the 7-year period, the renovated grassland using NT ensured maintenance of the initial SOC in the topsoil, while a conversion toward arable cropping resulted in SOC losses, regardless of the tillage method. The use of NT during conversion significantly reduced these losses from 2.5 Mg ha−1 year−1 to 1.8 Mg ha−1 year−1, for a 28% reduction compared to CT. In the subsoil (30–90 cm), SOC remained stable and was not affected by the cropping systems nor by the tillage method. Reduced annual Cinput was found as the main factor affecting SOC losses after grassland removal, regardless of the tillage method. Our findings highlight the potential of NT to mitigate annual SOC losses after grassland conversion if annual Cinput remains high.
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Katino, Katino. "Upaya Meningkatkan Minat dan Hasil Belajar IPS Menggunakan Metode Teka-Teki Silang di Kelas VIII A SMPN 2 Kumai." Anterior Jurnal 22, Special-1 (February 28, 2022): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/anterior.v22ispecial-1.3225.
Full textAbstract:
This research was conducted in class VIII A of SMPN 2 Kumai by applying the Crossword Puzzle learning method to determine the increase in student interest and learning outcomes. Data collection techniques using observation, field notes, and documentation. The types of data collected are observational data on interest in learning and data on group learning outcomes. The data analysis technique used is the qualitative data analysis technique which consists of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing.
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Korol, Jerzy, Aleksander Hejna, Klaudiusz Wypiór, Krzysztof Mijalski, and Ewelina Chmielnicka. "Wastes from Agricultural Silage Film Recycling Line as a Potential Polymer Materials." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091383.
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The recycling of plastics is currently one of the most significant industrial challenges. Due to the enormous amounts of plastic wastes generated by various industry branches, it is essential to look for potential methods for their utilization. In the presented work, we investigated the recycling potential of wastes originated from the agricultural films recycling line. Their structure and properties were analyzed, and they were modified with 2.5 wt % of commercially available compatibilizers. The mechanical and thermal performance of modified wastes were evaluated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that incorporation of such a small amount of modifiers may overcome the drawbacks caused by the presence of impurities. The incorporation of maleic anhydride-grafted compounds enhanced the tensile strength of wastes by 13–25%. The use of more ductile compatibilizers—ethylene-vinyl acetate and paraffin increased the elongation at break by 55–64%. The presence of compatibilizers also reduced the stiffness of materials resulting from the presence of solid particles. It was particularly emphasized for styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, which caused up to a 20% drop of Young’s modulus. Such effects may facilitate the further applications of analyzed wastes, e.g., in polymer film production. Thermal performance was only slightly affected by compatibilization. It caused a slight reduction in polyethylene melting temperatures (up to 2.8 °C) and crystallinity degree (up to 16%). For more contaminated materials, the addition of compatibilizers caused a minor reduction in the decomposition onset (up to 6 °C). At the same time, for the waste after three washing cycles, thermal stability was improved. Moreover, depending on the desired properties and application, materials do not have to go through the whole recycling line, simplifying the process, reducing energy and water consumption. The presented results indicate that it is possible to efficiently use the materials, which do not have to undergo the whole recycling process. Despite the presence of impurities, they could be applied in the manufacturing of products which do not require exceptional mechanical performance.
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Lalmalsawmi, Jongte, Zirlianngura, Diwakar Tiwari, and Seung-Mok Lee. "Low cost, highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of arsenic (III) using silane grafted based nanocomposite." Environmental Engineering Research 25, no. 4 (August 28, 2019): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.245.
Full textAbstract:
Novel silane grafted bentonite was obtained using the natural bentonite as precursor material. The material which is termed as nanocomposite was characterized by the Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The surface imaging and elemental mapping was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM/EDX) technique. The electroanalytical studies were performed using the nanocomposite electrode. The electroactive surface area of nanocomposite electrode was significantly increased than the pristine bentonite or bare carbon paste based working electrode. The impedance spectroscopic studies were conducted to simulate the equivalent circuit and Nyquist plots were drawn for the carbon paste electrode and nanocomposite electrodes. A single step oxidation/reduction process occurred for As(III) having ΔE value 0.36 V at pH 2.0. The anodic stripping voltammetry was performed for concentration dependence studies of As(III) (0.5 to 20.0 μg/L) and reasonably a good linear relationship was obtained. The detection limit of the As(III) detection was calculated as 0.00360±0.00002 μg/L having with observed relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 4%. The presence of several cations and anions has not affected the detection of As(III) however, the presence of Cu(II) and Mn(II) affected the detection of As(III). The selectivity of As(III) was achieved using the Tlawng river water sample spiked with As(III).