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Journal articles on the topic 'Sikkim Himalaya'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Li, Shuiping, Tingye Tao, Fei Gao, Xiaochuan Qu, Yongchao Zhu, Jianwei Huang, and Qi Wang. "Interseismic Coupling beneath the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya Constrained by GPS Measurements and Its Implication for Strain Segmentation and Seismic Activity." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142202.

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The Sikkim–Bhutan seismic gap has witnessed a long earthquake quiescence since the 1714 M7.5~8.5 earthquake. The state of stress accumulation beneath the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya and its spatial correlation with seismicity remains unclear due to the lack of geodetic measurements and the low levels of seismic activity. We compile Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in southern Tibet with the available velocities in the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya to reveal the characteristics of strain buildup on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). We correct non-tectonic hydrological loading effects in a GPS time series to accurately determine the Three-Dimensional (3D) velocities of each continuous station. Extensive GPS measurements yield convergence rates of 16.2~18.5 mm/y across the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya, which is quite consistent with that observed elsewhere in the Himalaya. Based on a double-ramp structure of the MHT, a refined 3D coupling image is inverted using a dense network of GPS velocities. The result indicates significant along-strike variations of fault coupling beneath the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya. The locking width (coupling > 0.5) of western Bhutan reaches ~100 km, which is 30~40% wider than Sikkim and eastern Bhutan. An obvious embayment of decoupling zone near the border between Sikkim and western Bhutan is recognized, and coincides spatially with the rupture terminates of the 1934 Mw8.2 and the 1714 M7.5~8.5 earthquakes, indicating that the large megathrust earthquakes along the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya are largely segmented by the spatial variation of frictional properties on the MHT. Using a new compilation of seismic records in the Sikkim–Bhutan Himalaya, we analyze the spatial correlation between fault coupling and seismic activity. The result suggests that the seismicity in the Bhutan Himalaya is broadly distributed, instead of restricted in the lower edge of the interseismic locking zone. This implies that the seismic activity in the Bhutan Himalaya is not uniquely controlled by the stress accumulation at the downdip end of the locked portion of the MHT.

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2

NOLTIE, H. J. "NOTES RELATING TO THE FLORA OF BHUTAN: XL. GRAMINEAE III, THE GENUS POA." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 57, no. 2 (July 2000): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600000214.

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The following new species are described from the E Himalaya: Poa pseudotibetica Noltie (Tibet, Sikkim); P. rohmooiana Noltie (Sikkim); P. chumbiensis Noltie (Tibet); P. dzongicola Noltie (Bhutan, Sikkim); P. cooperi Noltie (Sikkim); P. longii Noltie (Sikkim); P. lachenensis Noltie (Sikkim); P. rajbhandarii Noltie (India, Nepal, Bhutan). Poa himalayana Nees ex Steud. has been misunderstood and a new lectotype is chosen, replacing that of Bor; P. stewartii Bor is reduced to its synonymy.

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3

Sahgal, Vinay Sahu, Ashish Kumar Asthana, and Deepa Srivastava. "On the Occurrence of Plagiobryum zieri (Dicks. ex Hedw.) Lindb. in Western Himalaya." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 6, no. 03 (July 25, 2020): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v6i03.12.

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Plagiobryum zieri (Dicks. ex Hedw.) Lindb. inhabitant of higher altitude has been recorded for the first time from Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand of the Western Himalaya earlier known from Sikkim (Eastern Himalaya). About 25 species of Plagiobryum are known worldwide. A morpho-taxonomic account of Western Himalayan plants of Plagiobryum zieri is provided.

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4

RAI, PRAMOD, and GUIDO MATHIEU. "Peperomia mangalbaria (Piperaceae), a new species from Sikkim Himalaya, India." Phytotaxa 609, no. 2 (August 22, 2023): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.609.2.6.

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Piperaceae is one of the most diverse plant families. Peperomia, the second largest genus of this family, has about 10 species in India which are distributed from the Northern Himalayas to the Southern Peninsula. Here we describe a new species of Peperomia from Sikkim Himalaya in northeastern India. A color plate, line drawing, distribution map, description, and taxonomic key to current species of Peperomia in Sikkim are provided.

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5

Chettri, Prem K., Bijoy Chhetri, and Hemant K. Badola. "Rhododendron diversity along the Kusong-Panch Pokhari transect in Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, the eastern Himalaya: a conservation perspective." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 11192. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3728.10.1.11192-11200.

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Sikkim Himalaya, India is part of one of the richest global biodiversity hotspots, exhibiting a significant amount of native flora including Rhododendron (Ericaceae) species, which are particularly well represented with 37 species, 11 subspecies, seven varieties and two natural hybrids occurring along the rolling mountains between 1,500m to 6,000m. Most of the habitats of rhododendrons in Sikkim Himalaya have not only been threatened by climate change but also by emerging eco-tourism and economic activities vis-à-vis trekking corridors. In recent decades, it has been observed that the climate-governed phenology of rhododendrons of eastern Himalaya is shifting; further the urbanization, tourism influx, and clearances for the footpaths have adversely impacted the diversity of many forest areas. To better understand the effects of trekking corridors on Rhododendron species for the tourist destinations, we performed a pilot survey along the Kusong-Panch Pokhari transect in relatively virgin forest of the northern part of Sikkim to assess the status of both Rhododendron diversity and potential environmental management strategies that can be employed within the transect as a new tourist destination in the Sikkim Himalaya. Along with this transect, we recorded 23 Rhododendron species, with five eastern Himalayan endemics. Our results indicate that the diversity of rhododendrons seem good along the Kusong-Panch Pokhari transect and we further recommend it could be a new potential eco-tourism destination as an alternative income generating source for the local people, provided that appropriate conservation management strategies are in place.

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6

Kumar, Pramod, and Khushboo Sharma. "Snowfall Shift and Precipitation Variability over Sikkim Himalaya Attributed to Elevation-Dependent Warming." Journal of Atmospheric Science Research 6, no. 4 (September 28, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v6i4.5854.

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Sikkim Himalaya hosts critical water resources such as glacial, rain, and snow-fed springs and lakes. Climate change is adversely affecting these resources in various ways, and elevation-dependent warming is prominent among them. This study is a discussion of the elevation-dependent warming (EDW), snowfall shift, and precipitation variability over Sikkim Himalaya using a high-resolution ERA5-land dataset. Furthermore, the findings show that the Sikkim Himalaya region is experiencing a warming trend from south to north. The majority of the Sikkim Himalayan region shows a declining trend in snowfall. A positive advancement in snowfall trend (at a rate of 1 mm per decade) has been noticed above 4500 meters. The S/P ratio indicates a shift in snowfall patterns, moving from lower elevations to much higher regions. This suggests that snowfall has also transitioned from Lachung and Lachen (3600 m) to higher elevated areas. Moreover, the seasonal shifting of snowfall in the recent decade is seen from January-March (JFM) to February-April (FMA). Subsequently, the preceding 21 years are being marked by a significant spatiotemporal change in temperature, precipitation, and snowfall. The potent negative correlation coefficient between temperature and snowfall (–0.9), temperature and S/P ratio (–0.5) suggested the changing nature of snowfall from solid to liquid, which further resulted in increased lower elevation precipitation. The entire Sikkim region is transitioning from a cold-dry to a warm-wet weather pattern. In the climate change scenario, a drop in the S/P ratio with altitude will continue to explain the rise in temperature over mountainous regions.

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7

Sharma, Shiva Kumar, and Maharaj Krishan Pandit. "A New Species of Panax L. (Araliaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya, India." Systematic Botany 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364409788606235.

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Panax sokpayensis, a new species from Sikkim Himalaya, India is described. The species was found growing in the submontane zone of West Sikkim in the habitats located between 1,700 m and 2,300 m altitudes. The localities, where the species grows, are forested habitats dominated by a Quercus-Acer vegetation in association with Viburnum erubescens, Daphne cannabina, Urtica parviflora, Gerardiana heterophylla, and several species of ferns. Morphological characters of this species are compared with other known species of Panax in Himalaya. The new species is distinct from its allies in having a robust habit, a large horizontal creeping rhizome with a single small globose tuber, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic leaflets, long leafy bracts, and small black and red fruits. Panax sokpayensis is separated from the P. pseudoginseng and other species complexes in the genus. The difference between P. sokpayensis and its related Himalayan taxa are discussed. We also show that P. pseudoginseng was wrongly reported from the Indian Himalaya.

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8

Chhetri, Prem K., Kusal Gurung, Thinlay Namgyal Lepcha, and Bijoy Chhetri. "High altitude wetland migratory birds in the Sikkim Himalaya: a future conservation perspective." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 17832–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5610.13.2.17832-17836.

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Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt, 1770) and Brown-headed Gull Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus (Jerdon, 1840), two high altitude wetland migratory birds, were recorded for the first time from Sikkim, eastern Himalaya. The importance of conservation of high altitude wetlands of the Sikkim Himalaya is highlighted.

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9

Panda, AshokKumar, and Sangram Misra. "Health traditions of Sikkim Himalaya." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 1, no. 3 (2010): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.72617.

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10

Das, Debjyoti, and Jai Prakash Keshri. "Desmids of Khechiperi Lake, Sikkim Eastern Himalaya." Algological Studies 143, no. 1 (December 23, 2013): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-1318/2013/0136.

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11

Sharma, Aashna, Vandana Rajput, Vineet K. Dubey, Aavika Dhanda, Shagun Thakur, J. A. Johnson, S. Sathyakumar, and K. Sivakumar. "New distribution records of Elegant Water Shrew Nectogale elegans Milne-Edwards, 1870 (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) from the western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 12 (December 26, 2017): 11097. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3392.9.12.11097-11099.

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Of the 13 known species of water shrews in the world, two water shrews are known from India, the Elegant Water Shrew Nectogale elegans and Himalayan Water Shrew Chimmarogale himalayica. Of these, the Elegant Water Shrew was earlier reported only from streams of north Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh, India. During the period 2014–2016, the Elegant Water Shrews were sighted at three different locations in Uttarakhand State in the western Himalayan region. The present records are evidence for the broader range of distribution of Nectogale elegans in India indicating that the species is more widely distributed than previously thought. We present the details of sightings, habitats and behavior of shrews that were recorded during our study on impact of climate change on the aquatic ecosystem of the Himalaya.

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12

Priestley, Keith, Tak Ho, and Supriyo Mitra. "The crustal structure of the Himalaya: A synthesis." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 483, no. 1 (2019): 483–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp483-2018-127.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the along-arc variation in the crustal structure of the Himalayan Mountain Range. Using results from published seismological studies, plus large teleseismic body-wave and surface-wave datasets which we analyse, we illustrate the along-arc variation by comparing the crustal properties beneath four representative areas of the Himalayan Mountain Range: the Western Syntaxis, the Garhwal–Kumaon, the Eastern Nepal–Sikkim, and the Bhutan–Northeastern India regions. The Western Syntaxis and the Bhutan–Northeastern India regions have a complicated structure extending far out in front of the main Range, whereas the Central Himalaya appear to have a much simpler structure. The deformation is more distributed beneath the western and eastern ends of the Range, but in general, the crust gradually thickens from c. 40 km on the southern side of the Foreland Basin to c. 80 km beneath the Tethys Himalaya. While the gross crustal structure of much of the Himalaya is becoming better known, our understanding of the internal structure of the Himalaya is still sketchy. The detailed geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust and the role of the secondary structures on the underthrusting Indian Plate are yet to be characterized satisfactorily.

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13

Lucksom, S. "Zeuxine seidenfadenii Som Deva and Naithani (Orchidaceae): A new record for Sikkim." Indian Journal of Forestry 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2004-6o7i59.

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Zeuxine seidenfadenii earlier known from Dehra Dun Valley in Western Himalaya is reported for the first time from Sikkim in Eastern Himalaya. A brief description of the species along with illustration is provided.

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14

Messerschmidt, Donald A., Pradyumna P. Karan, and Shigeru Iijima. "Sikkim Himalaya: Development in Mountain Environment." Mountain Research and Development 6, no. 1 (February 1986): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673349.

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15

Rai, S. C. "Land-Use Options in Sikkim Himalaya." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 6, no. 2-3 (February 9, 1996): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v06n02_08.

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16

LUO, JUNJIE, RIGENGAOWA MO, HONG-JIN WEI, XI-LING DAI, YUE-HONG YAN, and HUI SHANG. "Stegnogramma leptogrammoides (Thelypteridaceae), its discovery in China, and synonymy." Phytotaxa 376, no. 2 (November 16, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.376.2.1.

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The northwest region of Yunnan province (southwest China), belonging to the Pan-Himalaya, is a hotspot of biodiversity. We report Stegnogramma leptogrammoides from Yunnan as a new discovery for China. This species was identified based on morphological comparison with the type specimens of all similar species, and DNA barcoding was performed to obtain additional evidence. As it was previously recorded to be endemic to Sikkim, the new record provides a case for confirming floristic affinities between Sikkim and Yunnan within the Pan-Himalaya at the species level.

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17

Faulkner, Sarah, and KR Rama Mohan. "Mayel Lyang Embodied: ‘Tradition’ and Contemporary Lepcha Textiles." HIMALAYA 40, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/himalaya.2021.6595.

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The Lepchas, an ethnic group indigenous to the Himalayas and the Darjeeling hills, have been weaving textiles from local nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) for millennia. However, their native land, centered around the former Kingdom of Sikkim in modern-day northeastern India, has been the site of centuries of cultural exchange and colonization despite its remoteness, entailing wide-ranging and continuous social, political, and economic changes within the area. Rapid regional industrialization, and the concomitant globalization process and urbanization will potentially further transform Lepcha culture. Despite this, the Lepchas continue to weave textiles they consider traditional. With that in mind, this article will consider the concept of ‘tradition’ and its place in post-industrial Sikkim, using these textiles as a basis for understanding the significance of ‘tradition’ and how ‘tradition’ is used as a tool for carving a place out in the contemporary world. This study analyzes its deployment in contemporary Lepcha textiles so as to illuminate the relationship between tradition, textiles, and contemporary Lepcha identity.

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18

Noltie, H. J. "Notes relating to the Flora of Bhutan: XXXVIII. Gramineae I. tribe Stipeae." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 56, no. 2 (July 1999): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600001141.

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Three new species and one new subspecies of Stipa are described from the E Himalaya: S. jacquemontii subsp. chuzomica and S. bhutanica which appear to be endemic to Bhutan: S. milleri from Nepal, India (Sikkim) and Bhutan and S. rohmooiana from India (Sikkim).

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19

Agnihotri, Priyanka, and Tariq Husain. "Analysis of species diversity in Pedicularis associations of Eastern Himalayan." Indian Journal of Forestry 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-9kp05s.

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Species diversity of Pedicularis and associated plants in Sikkim Himalaya was studied in the year 2003-2004. On the basis of important value index (IVI) species of Ranunculus and Taraxacum were observed to be dominant in microhabitat associations. Index of richness was maximum 0.91 at Lachen, at the altitude of 3500 m and index of diversity was maximum 0.53 at Changu, 3500 m. Index of diversity was higher in Eastern Sikkim than Northern Sikkim but Index of richness was higher in Northern Sikkim.

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20

SARKAR, ANKITA, PARAMITA BANERJEE, SHUVRA KANTI SINHA, and ABHIJIT MAZUMDAR. "A taxonomic revision of the Indian species of the ‘Aterinervis’ group of Culicoides Latreille Subgenus Hoffmania Fox (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)." Zootaxa 5258, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.3.

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The seven species of Culicoides spp. belonging to the Aterinervis Group of subgenus Hoffmania Fox reported from India are revised. The study is based on type material and fresh specimens trapped during the Annual Biodiversity Assessment (2nd & 4th) of Neora Valley National Park (NVNP) in the Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalaya of India. Comparative redescriptions of adult male and female of Culicoides isoregalis, C. neoregalis, C. pararegalis, C. pseudoregalis, C. quasiregalis, C. regalis and C. subregalis are provided along with the formal transfer of the nominate species, Culicoides aterinervis from subgenus Culicoides Latreille to Hoffmania. A key to the Indian species belonging to the Aterinervis group is provided along with a list of the Culicoides species present in the Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalayas.

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21

Subba, Barkha, Neelvara Ananthram Aravind, and Gudasalamani Ravikanth. "Amphibians of the Sikkim Himalaya, India: an annotated checklist." Check List 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/13.1.2033.

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We present an annotated list of amphibians for the state of Sikkim, India. Data were obtained through literature reviews, fieldwork and review of museum collections. Forty-four species of amphibians belonging to 20 genera in eight families and three orders have been reported in Sikkim from 1864 to 2015. During our fieldwork, we recorded 23 species, of which two are new records for the state.

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22

Bhutia, Karma Namgyal, Dhan Kumari Basnett, Abhishek Bhattarai, and Sonam Bhutia. "Herbal Products Sold in Sikkim Himalaya Region – India: A Mini Survey." Global Journal of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Biomedical Update 18 (July 15, 2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/gjmpbu_43_2022.

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Objective: The present survey aimed to interact with the vendors, analyze, examine, and document the herbal medicinal products sold in retail stores, pharmacies, AYUSH stores, generally closed and open markets in the local area of Sikkim, mainly rural towns – Gangtok, Ranipool, Singtam, and Rangpo. It was a first of its kind study on the selected topic in Sikkim – India. Material and Methods: The methodology followed during the survey was a cross-sectional study, open ended semi-structured questionnaire, and survey data collection tools were employed; descriptive and inferential statistics were done. Results: The results were summarized in the different tables. From, it was found that old age (46+) uses most of the herbal products (66.6%), adult (20–45 years) uses 42.6% of herbal products, adolescent (13–19) uses 16.6%, and child (1–12) uses 14.5%. Females use more herbal products than males at 57%, and males at 43%. It was found that a large number of herbal products in Sikkim are manufactured outside Sikkim (98%) and 2% of the products were manufactured in Sikkim. Herbal product packaging is mostly secondary (66%), followed by primary (28%) and tertiary packaging (6%). It was found that a large number of solid dosage (47%) form of herbal products is available in the market followed by liquid dosage form (38%). According to brand wise or company wise, Patanjali (41%) products accounted for a big share on the market followed by Baidyanath (19%), other brands (15%), AYUSH (11%), Himalaya (8%), and Dabur (6%). Based on diseases treated, digestion, and metabolism (21%) followed by bone and joint pain (17%), diabetes mellitus (14%), cough and cold (12%), piles (11%), hypertension (7%), thyroid (3%), and other other common diseases categories represents about 15%. Highlights the situation after the COVID-19 pandemic indicating drastic increases in market value (in Lakhs) and the sale of herbal products in Sikkim. Conclusion: The data highlighted above were the first of its kind in a study done in Sikkim – India; no data were available in any scientific repositories to date.

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23

Chawla, Swati. "Fashioning a ‘Buddhist’ Himalayan Cartography: Sikkim Darbar and the Cabinet Mission Plan." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 79, no. 1 (March 2023): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09749284221147271.

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In the months leading up to the transfer of power in India, the eastern Himalayan kingdom of Sikkim made several representations to the Cabinet Mission and other constitutional bodies that were giving shape to the successor Indian government. The Sikkim Darbar was worried that its ambiguous position under colonial treaties might lead India to treat it as one of the five-hundred odd princely states that were slowly merging with the union. In letters, memoranda, legal briefs, and personal meetings, the Darbar argued that it was racially, religiously, socially, and culturally distinct from India, and that its allegiance lied to its north with Tibet. This article traces the vocabulary for the Sikkim Darbar’s assertion of difference from India back to the racialised imperial writing and realpolitik that had informed colonial policy towards the Himalayan states since the nineteenth century, most notably Olaf Caroe’s 1940 thesis on the ‘Mongolian Fringe’. This archival evidence emphasises Sikkimese agency and helps excavate an imagination of the Himalaya from within the region. The article also nuances the history of the forging of Indian republic by foregrounding the processes of negotiation and compromise that continued to shape the territorial contours of the Indian nation long after the moment of decolonisation. 1

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24

Panda, S., and M. Sanjappa. "A new taxon of Enkianthus Lour. (Ericaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya (India)." Indian Journal of Forestry 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2006-v6dtip.

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25

Das, Kanad, Joost Stalpers, and Ursula Eberhardt. "A New Species ofHericiumfrom Sikkim Himalaya (India)." Cryptogamie, Mycologie 32, no. 3 (September 2011): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7872/crym.v32.iss3.2011.285.

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26

Maity, D., S. K. Dey, and A. Favre. "Kuepferia kanchiisp. nov. (Gentianaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya." Nordic Journal of Botany 34, no. 4 (March 29, 2016): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/njb.01050.

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27

Racoviteanu, A. E., Y. Arnaud, M. W. Williams, and W. F. Manley. "Spatial patterns in glacier characteristics and area changes from 1962 to 2006 in the Kanchenjunga–Sikkim area, eastern Himalaya." Cryosphere 9, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 505–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-505-2015.

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Abstract. This study investigates spatial patterns in glacier characteristics and area changes at decadal scales in the eastern Himalaya – Nepal (Arun and Tamor basins), India (Teesta basin in Sikkim) and parts of China and Bhutan – based on various satellite imagery: Corona KH4 imagery, Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer (ASTER), QuickBird (QB) and WorldView-2 (WV2). We compare and contrast glacier surface area changes over the period of 1962–2000/2006 and their dependency on glacier topography (elevation, slope, aspect, percent debris cover) and climate (solar radiation, precipitation) on the eastern side of the topographic barrier (Sikkim) versus the western side (Nepal). Glacier mapping from 2000 Landsat ASTER yielded 1463 ± 88 km2 total glacierized area, of which 569 ± 34 km2 was located in Sikkim and 488 ± 29 km2 in eastern Nepal. Supraglacial debris covered 11% of the total glacierized area, and supraglacial lakes covered about 5.8% of the debris-covered glacier area alone. Glacier area loss (1962 to 2000) was 0.50 ± 0.2% yr−1, with little difference between Nepal (0.53 ± 0.2% yr−1) and Sikkim (0.44 ± 0.2% yr−1. Glacier area change was controlled mostly by glacier area, elevation, altitudinal range and, to a smaller extent, slope and aspect. In the Kanchenjunga–Sikkim area, we estimated a glacier area loss of 0.23 ± 0.08% yr−1 from 1962 to 2006 based on high-resolution imagery. On a glacier-by-glacier basis, clean glaciers exhibit more area loss on average from 1962 to 2006 (34%) compared to debris-covered glaciers (22%). Glaciers in this region of the Himalaya are shrinking at similar rates to those reported for the last decades in other parts of the Himalaya, but individual glacier rates of change vary across the study area with respect to local topography, percent debris cover or glacier elevations.

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Matin, Abdul, and Sweety Mazumdar. "Deformation mechanisms in the frontal Lesser Himalayan Duplex in Sikkim Himalaya, India." Journal of Earth System Science 118, no. 4 (August 2009): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12040-009-0033-6.

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29

MANDAL, MANASI, and DEBABRATA MAITY. "Bulbochaete thanguensis (Oedogoniaceae), a new species from Sikkim Himalaya, India." Phytotaxa 346, no. 3 (April 6, 2018): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.346.3.7.

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Bulbochaete thanguensis Manasi Mandal & D. Maity (Oedogoniaceae) sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Sikkim Himalaya. The specimens were collected during a floristic survey in the high mountains of North Sikkim, part of Eastern Himalaya. It is morphologically superficially resembles with B. pygmaea Pringsheim ex Hirn, in having longitudinally costate oospore ornamentation with transverse lines between costae but differs in having straight, larger, dichotomously branched, elongated plant body, narrower and longer vegetative cells with wider upper end and supreme suffultory cell division. Moreover, narrower and longer oospore makes it distinct from B. pygmaea. The new species is also compared with its other two close relatives, B. pygmaea var. erecta Jao and B. tenuis Hirn var. haimensis Jao.

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Raina, Rifat H., Malkiat S. Saini, and Zakir H. Khan. "Taxonomy and ecology of Bombus pyrosoma MORAWITZ (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from the North-west Indian Himalaya." Polish Journal of Entomology / Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 82, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10200-012-0026-7.

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Abstract Bombus pyrosoma MORAWITZ is an Oriental species. In the Indian Himalaya it is widely distributed in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim with a long seasonal activity period. Queens and males were examined from the Kashmir Himalaya during June, August and September with altitudinal distribution ranges from 2300 to 4200 m. The species is abundant from 3000 to 4000 m in the Kashmir Himalayan belt and was found foraging on large wild flowers in open areas of the mountains. It has a preference for some species of Lamiaceae, as well as Taraxacum officinale and Cirsium spp. (Asteraceae), and Trifolium spp. (Fabaceae). The queens are very large, whereas males are medium-sized. Both have very different colour patterns. Due emphasis has been laid on its thorough taxonomic descriptions, food plants, synonymy, distribution pattern and illustration.

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Rai, Pramod, and Prakash Limboo. "Addition of two wild jasmines (Jasminum caudatum and J. grandiflorum) to Sikkim Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 16, no. 4 (April 26, 2024): 25111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8850.16.4.25111-25113.

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RAI, PRAMOD. "Chlorophytum sikkimense (Agavoideae; Asparagaceae): a new species from Sikkim Himalaya." Phytotaxa 567, no. 2 (October 4, 2022): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.567.2.9.

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A new species of Chlorophytum is described from Sikkim. The new species is distinct from other closely related species (C. assamicum and C. breviscapum) by its scape with sterile bracts, pedicel articulation above middle, longitudinal anther dehiscence and white ovary. It grows in similar habitat as aforementioned species i.e., floor of tropical mixed deciduous forest at an elevation of 600–700 m and currently known only from Sirisay forest of Sikkim Himalaya. Detailed description and color plates of the new species are provided.

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Singh, Trilochan, and Usha Bajpai. "On some plant fossil from Gondwana equivalent sediments of Eastern Himalaya." Journal of Palaeosciences 37, no. (1-3) (December 31, 1988): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1988.1625.

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The plant fossils reported here were recovered from Gondwana equivalent continental facies outcropping in Kameng District (Arunachal Pradesh), South Sikkim District (Sikkim) and Darjeeling District (West Bengal). The flora comprising equisetalean axes, Phyllotheca sp., Glossopteris stenoneura Feistmantel, G. communis Feistmantel, G. sp. cf. G. leptoneura Bunbury, G. syaldiensis Chandra & Surange, G. formosa Feistmantel and Vertebraria indica Royle resembles that of the Late Permian Raniganj Formation of peninsular India.

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Tripathi, K., Bajrang Singh, and R. Jain. "Characterization of medicinal plants used by different tribes in the Sikkim Himalaya." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2009-848r69.

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An ethno-botanical field survey was carried out in the Sikkim Himalaya along with the characterization of some medicinal plants used by the different tribes. To meet their day to day requirements like food, fodder and medicines, the tribes are totally dependent on forest and forest products. Use of medicinal plants to cure specific ailments is an old practice and has been documented in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and other types of therapies. Sikkim is the second smallest state in India; which covers about 36.3% of the total state land under forest and is the richest phytogeographical region of Eastern Himalaya. From the forest area about 67 plants having ethno-botanical uses were collected, identified and studied. These are presented in this paper.

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Pandey, Aseesh, and Hemant K. Badola. "Distribution of Rhododendron falconeri Hook. F. (Ericales: Ericaceae) in Yuksam-Dzongri trekking corridor of Khangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 6 (May 26, 2018): 11753. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3911.10.6.11753-11759.

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Rhododendron falconeri Hook.f. [= Azalea falconeri (Hook.f.) Kuntze] is a potential candidate for conservation in Sikkim State due to its threatened status and startling features especially during the flowering period. We studied the status and habitats for R. falconeri across the Yuksam-Dzongri trekking corridor in Khangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim eastern Himalaya. These findings will help to develop conservation strategies for R. falconeri and landscape beautification sustainability in the long run.

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Nameer, P. O. "Comments on the “A checklist of mammals with historical records from Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya landscape, India”." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 18956–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6658.13.7.18956-18958.

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37

Mishra, Prabuddh Kumar, Aman Rai, Kamal Abdelrahman, Suresh Chand Rai, and Anuj Tiwari. "Analysing Challenges and Strategies in Land Productivity in Sikkim Himalaya, India." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 11112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131911112.

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Agriculture is the major source of livelihood in rural areas and is considered the backbone of the Indian economy. In Sikkim, agriculture is being practiced by 80% of the rural population, and having no other major livelihood options has created immense pressure on the farmers and agricultural land. Agriculture sector is under great stress as the farmers are being confronted by various challenges in Sikkim Himalaya in recent years, such as land degradation, climate change and socio-economic problems. Despite the number of indigenous agriculture management methods being practised in Sikkim Himalaya, the agricultural production system is weakening. In this context, this paper presents an analysis of challenges faced by indigenous communities, local farmers and potential sustainable strategies for their management in Rani Khola watershed of Sikkim Himalaya. Data and information were collected by field observation, questionnaire surveys of 300 households, key informant interviews and focus group discussions conducted during 2017–18. Data processing and analysis were carried out with a combination of techniques, such as the application of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS)-based data processing and descriptive statistics. Major challenges identified in the watershed are water scarcity (80%), climate change (88%), soil erosion and runoff (72%), higher investment cost (100%), lack of irrigation facilities (77%), fragmentation and size of landholdings (100), human–wildlife conflict (59%) and pests and disease (60%). Some possibilities and innovations that could address these problems are the use and retaining of various indigenous soil and water conservation (SWC) measures, diversified farming systems, community involvement in the government development process, better irrigation facilities, strengthening the local economy, coordinated planning between stakeholders and development of market feedback mechanism within the system.

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Agrawala, D., and Harsh Chowdhery. "Eria globulifera Seidenf. - Addition to the orchid flora of Sikkim and North-West Himalayan." Indian Journal of Forestry 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-82lx88.

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Eria globulifera Seidenf. (Orchidaceae), known from Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur in India, is reported for the first time from Sikkim and North-West Himalaya. The same is described and illustrated here.

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39

Basu, Srimoyee, Kailash Chandra, and Thiruvengadam Venkatesan. "Eotrechus fuscus sp. nov. from Northeastern India with a key to Indian species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae)." Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 57, no. 2 (2017): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aemnp-2017-0083.

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Eotrechus fuscus sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae: Eotrechinae) is described from Sikkim, Himalaya, India and compared with all known congeners. The male genitalia study was undertaken to confirm validity of this species. Eotrechus longipes Andersen, 1982 is recorded from Sikkim for the first time. A key to all known Indian species is also provided. With the addition of this new species, a total of six species of this genus are currently reported from India.

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MIDDAY, MRINMOY, JAYANTA GHOSH, and DEBABRATA MAITY. "Taxonomic circumscription, new synonym and lectotypification of Saxifraga umbellulata (Saxifragaceae)." Phytotaxa 480, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.480.1.11.

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Saxifraga umbellulata Hook & Thomson (1857:71), an Eastern Himalayan member of the genus Saxifraga Linnaeus (1753:398) (Saxifragaceae) was described based on specimens collected from the Sikkim Himalaya. The species was characterized by having a brown, densely glandular stem; many basal, very thick, fleshy (leathery), glabrous or sparsely setose-ciliate leaves, forming a rosette; few to several, erect, yellow flowers in a terminal subumbellate inflorescence. At present, the species is distributed in Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan and China (Tibet) (Pan et al. 2001, Maity et al. 2018). Later Marquand and Airy Shaw described S. umbellulata f. pectinata Marquand & Airy Shaw in Marquand (1929:183) (Fig. 1) based on a few specimens, collected by F. Kingdon Ward from Pasum Lake in Tibet (Xizang), China, with cartilaginous setose-ciliate margin of basal leaves and yellow flowers. Pan (1992) raised this taxon to the rank of variety as S. umbellulata var. pectinata (C.Marquand & Airy Shaw) Pan (1992:165). Until now the variety has been accepted taxonomically.

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Pradhan, Anjana, Laxuman Sharma, Archana Tiwari, and Prajwal Chettri. "Characterization of pectin extracted from Citrus reticulata L. Blanco collected from different altitudes of Sikkim Himalaya." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i1.1997.

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Sikkim mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is most important cash crops of Sikkim Himalaya, a tiny state in North East India. The fruit is usually peeled off and eaten as desert used for extraction of juiceor processed for other products. The peel is thrown as waste, though it is rich commercially important essentialoil andpectin. The pectin can be obtained from the pulp waste after extraction of essential oil. The essential oil and pectin content is the effect of the climatic functions. In Himalayas, there is abrupt change in microclimate with change in the altitude. C. reticulata in Sikkim Himalayas grows at the altitudinal range of 800 to 1800 metre from mean sea level. During the present studies pectin was extracted from peel waste after extraction of essential oil. The fruits were collected from five different altitude range viz: 800-1000m, 1000-1200m, 1200-1400m, 1400-1600m and >1600m. FTIR works on the basis of functional group showed range from 3607 cm?1 (O-H stretch region) to 748cm?1 (C-H bend) in mature stage and 3585 cm?1(O-H stretch) to 883 (C-Cl stretch)cm?1 in immature stage. Moreover essential oil showed different compound identification. Limonene was found to be the highest at >1600m altitude (88.46%) at mature stage and (89.06%) at immature stage respectively. These variation may be due to different climatic condition and soil of the elevation. The overall results showed that the pectin can be beneficial for industrial use as well as in pharmaceutical health promotion and treatment. Further peel of the species can be evaluated for its rich content of limonene by different industries.

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42

Chowdhury, Arindam, Tomáš Kroczek, Sunil Kumar De, Vít Vilímek, Milap Chand Sharma, and Manasi Debnath. "Glacial Lake Evolution (1962–2018) and Outburst Susceptibility of Gurudongmar Lake Complex in the Tista Basin, Sikkim Himalaya (India)." Water 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243565.

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The Sikkim Himalayan glaciers and glacial lakes are affected by climate change like other parts of the Himalayas. As a result of this climate variability in the Sikkim Himalaya, a detailed study of the Gurudongmar lake complex (GLC) evolution and outburst susceptibility assessment is required. Glacial lake volume estimation and lake outburst susceptibility assessment were carried out to reveal different characteristics for all four lakes (GL-1, GL-2, GL-3, and GL-4) from the lake complex. Each of these lakes has a moderate to very high potential to outburst. As the dam of GL-1 provides no retention capacity, there is a very high potential of a combined effect with the sudden failure of the moraine-dams of GL-2 or GL-3 located upstream. Temporal analysis of GLC using optical remote sensing data and in-field investigations revealed a rapidly increasing total lake area by ~74 ± 3%, with an expansion rate of +0.03 ± 0.002 km2 a−1 between 1962 and 2018 due to climate change and ongoing glacier retreat. The overall lake area expansion rates are dependent on climate-driven factors, and constantly increasing average air temperature is responsible for the enlargement of the lake areas. Simultaneously, changes in GLC expansion velocity are driven by changes in the total amount of precipitation. The deficit in precipitation probably triggered the initial higher rate from 1962 to 1988 during the winter and spring seasons. The post-1990s positive anomaly in precipitation might have reduced the rate of the glacial lake area expansion considerably.

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Dey, Sentu K., and D. Maity. "Lomatogonium cherukurianum sp. nov. (Gentianaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya." Nordic Journal of Botany 35, no. 3 (December 21, 2016): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/njb.01378.

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Hazarika, Pinki, M. Ravi Kumar, and Dinesh Kumar. "Attenuation character of seismic waves in Sikkim Himalaya." Geophysical Journal International 195, no. 1 (July 18, 2013): 544–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt241.

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Thirunavukarasu, Ajaay, Ajay Kumar, and Supriyo Mitra. "Lateral variation of seismic attenuation in Sikkim Himalaya." Geophysical Journal International 208, no. 1 (October 8, 2016): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw384.

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46

Ghosh, Jayanta, Mrinmoy Midday, Sentu K. Dey, and D. Maity. "Daphne thanguensis sp. nov. (Thymelaeaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya." Nordic Journal of Botany 36, no. 6 (June 2018): njb—01714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/njb.01714.

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47

De, Reena, and J. R. Kayal. "Seismic activity at the MCT in Sikkim Himalaya." Tectonophysics 386, no. 3-4 (August 2004): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.06.013.

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48

Karan, Pradyumna P. "Environment and development in Sikkim Himalaya: A review." Human Ecology 17, no. 2 (June 1989): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00889715.

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Sinha, G. P., and Pooja Gupta. "Studies on Microlichens of Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya, India." Nelumbo 59, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v59/2017/115983.

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O'Brien, Seamus. "RETRACING JOSEPH HOOKER'S ROUTES IN THE SIKKIM HIMALAYA." Curtis's Botanical Magazine 34, no. 3 (September 2017): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/curt.12195.

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