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1
Shumilina, Vera, Vadim Kleptsov, Viktoria Grushina, Galina Krohicheva, Anastasia Popova, Liubov Ovchinnikova, Ekaterina Boguslav, et al. Business security management in modern conditions. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/978-0-6487435-9-0.
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The modern economy is characterized by a high level of dynamism of the factors of the external and internal environment of enterprises, influencing the possibility of their stable development.
With the transition of the Russian economy to market methods of doing business, in which enterprise management must take into account various scenarios, risk becomes an integral element of socio-economic relations. Risk is present in all spheres of life, regardless of whether its presence is taken into account in the situation of choosing an alternative method of managing a business entity or not. The presence of risk is a significant factor in the development of business and the economy as a whole. To minimize and neutralize risks, the enterprise must constantly ensure its safety.
In modern conditions, due to the pandemic and economic downturn, enterprises are forced to revise their methods of safety management and risk neutralization.
This monograph, dedicated to modern problems of business security management, is the result of the joint work of teachers and students of the Department of Economic Security, Accounting and Law of the Don State Technical University.
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Uskov, Aleksandr, Evgeniy Mozhaev, Lyudmila Uskova, and Elena Zakabunina. Potato growing. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1030568.
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The textbook covers the main topics related to the national economic significance, origin, distribution of potatoes; morphological and anatomical structure of potato plants. Features of potato biology by periods of growth and development, as well as its requirements for growing conditions are given. Technological methods of cultivation, the system of fertilization and protection from pests, diseases and weeds, seed production and varietal studies, the economy of potato production are presented. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation for the preparation of bachelors. For undergraduate students studying in the field of "agronomy", as well as specialists in agricultural production.
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Cavaciocchi, Simonetta, ed. La famiglia nell'economia europea secoli XIII-XVIII. TheEconomic Role of the Family in the European Economy fromthe 13th to the 18th Centuries. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-911-3.
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In the sphere of the vast panorama of international studies on the family in the pre-industrial age, the 11th Study Week promoted by the Fondazione Datini explored the economic role played by the members of this fundamental group in the survival and evolution of society. Developing over the course of five centuries, and examining the peculiarities proper to the different geographical areas of Europe, the studies collected in this book analyse economic strategies aimed at generating and perpetuating financial and property fortunes, or even simply at protecting and preserving the family group. They also address the articulated economic functions which the various components performed within the family, and the manner in which such strategies integrated and interacted in a complex context of different entities and social brackets. Within this framework, the book presents not just a series of new studies on the individual family groups, but above all is intended to underscore the important collective function of the family, which played a significant role in the growth, stasis or decline of the societies of pre-industrial Europe.
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Il'yashenko, Natal'ya, Lyubov' Shaburova, and Marina Gernet. Microbiology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1027239.
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The book outlines a brief history of the development of Microbiology, General properties of microorganisms, their position in nature, modern conceptions of the morphology of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Presents the basic principles of classification of microorganisms, basic physiology and genetics. Describes the methods and conditions of cultivation of microorganisms. Considered the most important biochemical processes caused chemoheterotrophic microorganisms and their practical significance in food production in the national economy. The considered methods of immobilization of cells of microorganisms and their practical significance. The role of microorganisms in food production from vegetable raw materials and to obtain practically important for the national economy of organic acids.
The textbook is accompanied by illustrations. At the end of each Chapter test questions for self-examination.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
Designed for students majoring in "food from vegetable raw materials, production Technology and organization of public catering".
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Babeshko, Lyudmila, Mihail Bich, and Irina Orlova. Econometrics and econometric modeling. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1141216.
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The textbook covers a wide range of issues related to econometric modeling. Regression models are the core of econometric modeling, so the issues of their evaluation, testing of assumptions, adjustment and verification are given a significant place. Various aspects of multiple regression models are included: multicollinearity, dummy variables, and lag structure of variables. Methods of linearization and estimation of nonlinear models are considered. An apparatus for evaluating systems of simultaneous and apparently unrelated equations is presented. Attention is paid to time series models. Detailed solutions of the examples in Excel and the R software environment are included. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For undergraduate and graduate students studying in the field of "Economics", the curriculum of which includes the disciplines "Econometrics"," Econometric Modeling","Econometric research".
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Ramella, Francesco, and Carlo Trigilia, eds. Reti sociali e innovazione. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-129-8.
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The lagging behind of the Italian economy in the sphere of technologically advanced manufacture represents a significant factor in the debate on the risks of the country's decline. Nevertheless we know relatively little about the diffusion in Italy of companies specialising in information technology. The research presented in this book – the outcome of a national project – reveals how this sector is dominated by small businesses, concentrated in a number of urban areas (the cases studied are Pisa, Florence, Turin, Osimo and Castelfidardo). It emerges that the social networks linking the businessmen with University researchers are crucial to an understanding of the processes of innovation. But what is equally important is the capacity of the collective entities, both public and private, to provide the entire country with the services that are indispensable for the development of enterprise.
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Minobrnauki, Rossiyskoy. Finance and Financial analysis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1242227.
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The textbook systematizes basic knowledge in the field of finance, financial analysis and financial management, presented in their direct relationship and significance from the point of view of evaluation, diagnosis, forecasting and monitoring of the continuity of the organization's activities. It includes seven chapters grouped into three sections. The first section is devoted to the theoretical foundations of the organization's financial management, stakeholders and sources of the organization's activities. The second section discusses the basics of financial analysis, providing knowledge of the main directions, information base and methods of financial analysis, as well as allowing them to be applied reasonably, calculate and evaluate analytical indicators, determine the impact of globalization processes, various macro-and microfactors on the financial condition of the organization. The third section contains the basics of financial management, providing an understanding of the essence of the financial mechanism of the organization and algorithms for justifying decisions in the field of financial management.
It complies with the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation and provides the formation of basic competencies in the field of finance, financial management and financial analysis.
For bachelor's, specialist's and master's students studying in the field of Economics, the system of additional professional education, training centers for advanced training of auditors and other financial market specialists, as well as for individual preparation of applicants for qualification certification and passing qualification exams.
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Joshi, Mahesh K., and J. R. Klein. Emerging Economies as Growth Drivers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827481.003.0008.
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The role of emerging markets is changing in the twenty-first century, from the traditional provider of low-cost, labor-intensive goods to a global growth engine. These emerging economies are growing at double the rate of advanced economies because of technology and global connectivity. Traditionally they have been big exporters of commodities and raw materials to the rest of the world. The export of commodities has contributed significantly to the development of industrial and physical infrastructure in many countries around the world. However, emerging markets are also lucrative markets and an important source of growth for many international companies as they export their products or increase their presence in these markets by opening subsidiaries or through joint venture mechanisms. Today these markets are coming into their own, moving from sole source exporters feeding the world’s growth to becoming increasingly significant normative economic members of the global family.
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Reed, Christopher Robert. The Golden Decade of Black Business. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036231.003.0004.
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This chapter examines black business activities in Chicago in the 1920s. Robert S. Abbott, Jesse Binga, and Anthony Overton dominated the business activities of the Black Metropolis with their control over finance and information like no others in their community and very much like the business titans found throughout other major Chicago economic enclaves. Business was national king at this time and their collective presence provided a significant part of the foundation of making the Black Metropolis a reality. The economic influence of the 1920s built to such a crescendo that other interests and activities were virtually submerged to it as an epicenter. In fact, one internal memorandum of the NAACP concluded the following: “There are so many diversified interests in Chicago that the N.A.A.C.P. really suffers greatly from indifference on the part of the people.” These diversified interests were related to economics and the emergence of a consumers'society—working for extra money from which to increase spending and buying; spending for recreation and leisure rather than just for necessity; buying property, automobiles, and the new technological devices such as the refrigerator and record player; and investing in oil exploration, stocks, bonds, and real estate.
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Broeze, Frank. The Globalisation of the Oceans. Liverpool University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973007336.001.0001.
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This book maintains that container shipping is vital to the actualisation of globalisation, and that without it, globalisation would remain a concept rather than reality. It argues that container shipping has been academically overlooked as a global business sector in favour of more prominent sectors such as oil or arms trade, and aims to provide a complete history of containerisation from the 1950s to the turn of the millennium. This history explores the growth of the container industry due to prominent innovation in vessel design, early adoption of the internet, large international mergers, and significant physical alterations to the global port system. With particular emphasis on the east-west trade, the chapters cover the growth and development of the container industry, to the social changes experienced by seafaring labour forces, the cultural impact of the container - bringing a domineering land-presence to maritime activity, through to the environmental concerns surrounding the industry. The study is not a quantitative economic analysis of the industry, rather, an updated history that strives to demonstrate the importance of transport infrastructures to any consideration of global business sectors, by providing evidence of the container industry’s stimulation of the global economy.
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Froese, Marc D. Formal International Institutions and the Regulation of Flows of Goods and Services. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.399.
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Trade governance rests upon certain economic assumptions and the ensuing political compromises made possible by the growth of an incremental legal consensus. The main economic assumptions are that trade will deliver upon the objectives of socio-economic development, stable, long-term employment opportunities and poverty reduction. These assumptions are theoretically sound, but are increasingly challenged by the complex political realities of global trade. The study of trade in the field of international political economy (IPE) has deep roots in the postwar disciplines of economics and political science. The literature on the history of trade regulation places the current system, with its emphasis on the legitimizing imprimatur of political power and the significance of binding treaty, into a more nuanced context in which present practices, while sometimes novel, are frequently older than most policy makers realize. In the two decades since the finalization of the Uruguay Round and the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), a host of significant issues have arisen as scholars and policy makers attempt to implement the WTO’s mandate and navigate the political waters of trade regulation as it relates to domestic law and policy. These include the set of issues raised by the broadening of trade regulation post-Uruguay Round to include trade related intellectual property rights and trade in services, the contentious issue of trade and economic development, and the issue of WTO reform.
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Palmer, R. R. A Clash with Democracy: Geneva and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161280.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses a movement of modern democratic type in Geneva in 1768, which made a positive impression on institutions of government. In the roles played by upper, middle, and lower classes, in the conflict between political and economic demands, and in the interplay between revolutionary and counterrevolutionary pressures, this “revolution” at Geneva prefigured or symbolized the greater revolution that was to come in France. It was, moreover, a revolution precipitated by the presence in the neighborhood of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. It was here that the Social Contract produced its first explosion. Near at hand, at the same time, lived another worthy of more than local repute, namely Voltaire. The embroilment of Rousseau and Voltaire in the politics of Geneva meant the blowing of two antithetical views of the world into a teapot tempest; or, rather, the agitations at Geneva, which in themselves were significant enough, were brought to the level of world history by the involvement of these two difficult geniuses.
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Krishna-Hensel, Sai Felicia. Technology and International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.319.
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Throughout history, technology has played a significant role in international relations (IR). Technological development is an important factor underlying much of humanity’s social, economic, and political development, as well as in interstate and interregional relationships. Beginning with the earliest tool industries of the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods to the present time, technology has been an integral component of the transformative processes that resulted in the organization, expansion, and establishment of distinctive societies. The presence or absence of equal access to technology has often determined the nature of relationships between societies and civilizations. Technology increases the options available to policymakers in their pursuit of the goals of the state, but also complicates their decision making. The question of whether, and how much, technological change has influenced IR has been the subject of considerable debate. Scholars are divided on the emphasis that should be placed on technological progress as an independent variable in the study of relations between states and as a factor in analyzing power configurations in the international system. Among the scientific and technological revolutions that are believed to have contributed to the changing nature of power and relations between states are transportation and communication, the industrial revolution, the nuclear revolution, and the contemporary information revolution. Future research should focus on how these technological changes are going to influence the debates on power, deterrence, diplomacy, and other instruments of IR.
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Fratzscher, Marcel. The export world champion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676575.003.0004.
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Germany’s international competitiveness, a significant part of which is due to its boom in exports, has been a crucial component in the transformation of Germany from the sick man of Europe to the continent’s apparent economic superstar. However, despite this remarkable success, it would be a mistake to ignore the fact that Germany has a dual economy, one wherein the services sectors have had and continue to have major problems, the most significant of which being that productivity, investment, and wages remain low. The present chapter discusses Germany’s dual economy and the flip side of Germany’s success as an exporter.
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Bhagat, Rabi S. Global Organizations in a Changing World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241490.003.0001.
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During the past four decades, there has been a significant growth of organizations that function across borders and cultures. These organizations are not necessarily Western or European in origin. The functioning and evolution of global organizations are topics of considerable importance. This chapter discusses the role of increasing interdependence among nations as a context for the functioning of global organizations. The chapter presents the rationale for going global and discusses the framework for understanding the differences among countries and institutions that present opportunities and barriers. Global organizations function in an increasingly complex and dynamic environment, as is clearly evidenced by Brexit. The concept of tariff-free transactions resulting in economic blocs guided most of the economic activities of these global organizations in the twentieth century. Recent events cast doubt as to their viability and effectiveness. The chapter discusses these issues and presents the various challenges that globalization creates for these organizations.
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Harford, Judith, and Tom O’Donoghue, eds. A Cultural History of Education in the Modern Age. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350035515.
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The twentieth century brought profound and far-reaching changes to education systems globally in response to significant social, economic, and political transformation. This volume draws together work from leading historians of education to present a tapestry of seminal and enduring themes that characterize the many educational developments since 1920. An essential resource for researchers, scholars, and students in history, literature, culture, and education, A Cultural History of Education in the Modern Age presents essays that examine the following key themes of the period: church, religion and morality; knowledge, media and communications; children and childhood; family, community and sociability; learners and learning; teachers and teaching; literacies; and life histories.
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Shaver, J. Myles. What Does a Headquarters Economy Look Like? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828914.003.0002.
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This chapter describes the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, and its economic and social vitality. It presents data on the significant concentration of many types of business headquarters in the region and describes the evolution of headquarters over time. Based on these data, the chapter describes why well-established explanations for the geographic concentration of business and headquarters activity fail to explain the Minneapolis-St. Paul experience (e.g., industry clusters or business incentives). The chapter describes the empirical regularities that a novel explanation for this headquarters economy has to explain. It highlights that a valid explanation will have to be one about creating and growing new businesses into large companies, and sustaining or reinventing large, established companies.
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Davis, Adam J. The Medieval Economy of Salvation. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501742101.001.0001.
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This book shows how the burgeoning commercial economy of western Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, alongside an emerging culture of Christian charity, led to the establishment of hundreds of hospitals and leper houses. Focusing on the county of Champagne, the book looks at the ways in which charitable organizations and individuals saw in these new institutions a means of infusing charitable giving and service with new social significance and heightened expectations of spiritual rewards. Hospitals served as visible symbols of piety and, as a result, were popular objects of benefaction. They also presented lay women and men with new penitential opportunities to personally perform the works of mercy, which many embraced as a way to earn salvation. At the same time, these establishments served a variety of functions beyond caring for the sick and the poor; as benefactors donated lands and money to them, hospitals became increasingly central to local economies, supplying loans, distributing food, and acting as landlords. In tracing the rise of the medieval hospital during a period of intense urbanization and the transition from a gift economy to a commercial one, the book makes clear how embedded this charitable institution was in the wider social, cultural, religious, and economic fabric of medieval life.
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Rollings, Neil. Between Business and Academia in Postwar Britain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190676681.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the attitudes of three neoliberal business economists about the welfare state in postwar Britain. The three—John Jewkes, Arthur Shenfield, and Barry Bracewell-Milnes—had some degree of economic literacy, and each was active in neoliberal circles and critical of Britain’s welfare state in the 1960s along typical neoliberal lines. Significantly, all three provided economic advice at the heart of the British business community. This illustrates three main points. First, neoliberals were not as isolated before the 1970s as commonly presented and had good links with parts of the business community. Second, the focus on the intellectuals in the Mont Pelerin Society (MPS) distorts our understanding of the organization and the dissemination of its ideas. Third, we need to be aware of the growing number of business economists in Britain and other advanced economies after World War II and the role that they played.
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Prah Ruger, Jennifer. Emerging Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694631.003.0010.
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With a growing presence on the world stage, the BRICS nations—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—are expanding their influence and impact worldwide. These countries can address global health issues as they build their own health systems. They are growing in significance, separately as nations and collectively as a center of gravity. They are assuming multiplying roles in global health, including funding, knowledge generation and dissemination, technical assistance and policy advice, empowerment and agency enhancement, advocacy, surveillance and outbreak response, and health system development. Their emerging economies and health systems link them closely to the developing world’s concerns, while their growing economic and political influence draws them into the company of industrialized countries and gives them a more powerful voice in global affairs. Their emergence as global health actors may call more attention to developing countries’ perspectives and needs.
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Aderinto, Saheed. Sex and Sexuality in African Colonial Encounter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038884.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter presents three overarching arguments that form the centerpiece of the ideas engaged in this book. First, sexuality as a component of human behavior cannot be understood in isolation from wider historical processes. Indeed, sexuality was one of the intricate sites through which several core ideas of colonial practices and thinking about modernity were configured and reconfigured. Second, the age of females who practiced prostitution played a significant role in molding the perception and institutional attention toward sex work, exemplifying the constructed difference between child and adult sexualities. Third, the intersection between sexuality and nationalism in Africa is far more complex than the present literature reveals. In Nigeria, sexualized nationalism was an aspect of the moral, cultural, economic, and political nationalisms championed by both men and women who felt that certain expressions of sexuality threatened nation-building.
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Mahmood, Zaad. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199475278.003.0007.
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The concluding chapter presents the key findings of the research and highlight the crucial interventions of the book in existing academic literature. The chapter summarizes the arguments of partisan orientation, party–interest group dynamics and party system in shaping overall reforms to highlight the significance of politics. Through a brief discussion of the preceding chapters it emphasizes on the continued relevance of partisan governments and political competition in shaping reforms. The political economy of labour market reforms is then linked to the wider literature by highlighting the claims of relative autonomy of politics despite pressures of globalization. It argues that pressures for policy convergence by forces of globalization are negotiated by local political–economic dynamics and policy transformation under conditions of globalization remains intractably a political process.
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O'Brien, Patrick Karl. Industrialization. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0018.
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Industrialization refers to an economic transformation that is recent and different in scale and scope from the mere making of artifacts and has involved the rapid rise in the significance of manufacturing in relation to all other forms of production and work undertaken within national economies. This article discusses the many facets of industrialization: industrialization as a historical process; the present tendencies and future trends in global diffusion; inter-sectoral connections; international relations and the global context; and industrialization on a global scale over the very long run. In the twenty-first century success seems to require new and different political and social capabilities that are already shifting the concentrations of industrial activity away from Europe and North America and back to Asia.
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West, Peter. Guide to Introduced Pest Animals of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486305681.
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Australia’s introduced vertebrate pest species cost at least $1 billion annually in economic, environmental and social impacts. The Guide to Introduced Pest Animals of Australia is a comprehensive, practical guide to 60 introduced pest animal species present in Australia, including 27 mammals, 18 birds, nine freshwater fish, two amphibians and four reptiles. It contains descriptive information to identify each species in the field, including distinctive physical characteristics, size, weight, colouration, diet, breeding behaviour, habitat preferences, and information about footprints, dung, scats and audible animal calls.
Each species profile is accompanied by practical management information, maps and high-quality photographs – allowing readers to learn about pest species in their local area, what problems they might cause, and what control options exist for management. This guide also contains a number of emerging high-risk pest species that may pose a significant threat to our natural environment, economy, agriculture and human health.
Whether you are a farmer, natural resource manager, public land manager, pest controller, teacher, student, field naturalist or wildlife ecologist, this easy-to-use guide will help you identify Australia’s most significant introduced pest animals in your local area.
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Beißwenger, Achim, ed. YouTube und seine Kinder. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845293318.
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All over the world, revolutionary change is taking place in the media and business communication. Of all the technological developments related to Web 2.0, it is above all the new forms of moving pictures on the Internet and their areas of application that testify to a changed culture of entertainment and information. In this respect, the range of videos available, in combination with social media, has assumed an increasingly significant role. But which business models, strategies and marketing concepts promise success. How can they evoke the attention and emotions of increasingly self-sufficient consumers and convince them to part with their money at the same time? Using examples from research and praxis, this study presents the foundations of online video and Web TV, the forms they take, their legal framework conditions, case studies and research findings on them as well as their social and economic significance, including numerous figures, case studies and contributions by authors on BMW, Daimler, Deutsche Telekom, Google/YouTube, IP Deutschland, Microsoft, MySpace, sevenload und W&V, among others.
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Bonakele, Tembinkosi, Eleanor M. Fox, and Liberty Mncube. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810674.003.0001.
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This book presents a new stage in the contributions of the BRICS countries to the development of Competition Law and policy. The BRICS countries are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. These five countries, located on three continents, have significant influence in their respective regions and in the world. The changing global environment means greater political and economic role for the BRICS and other emerging countries. BRICS countries are expected to contribute nearly half of all global gross domestic product growth by 2020....
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Simon, Julia. Time in the Blues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190666552.001.0001.
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Time in the Blues presents an interdisciplinary analysis of the specific forms of temporality produced by and reflected in the blues. Often described as immediate, spontaneous, and intense, the blues focus on the present moment, creating an experience of time for both performer and listener that is inflected by the material conditions that gave rise to the genre. Examining time as it is represented, enacted, and experienced through the blues engages questions concerning how material conditions in the early twentieth century shaped a musical genre. The formal characteristics of the blues—ostinato patterns, cyclical changes, improvisation, call and response—emerge from and speak to economic, social, and political relations under Jim Crow segregation. A close examination of the structuring of time under sharecropping, convict lease, and migration reveals their significance to aesthetic constraints in the blues. Likewise, contexts and frames of reception, such as traveling shows, advertisements for 78 rpm records, and a sense of tradition structure the experience of time for an audience of listeners. Blues music provides a rich and complex articulation of a dynamic form of resonant temporality that speaks against the dominant culture through its insistence on the present moment. Ultimately, Time in the Blues, argues for the relevance, significance, and importance of time in the blues for shared values of community and a vision of social justice.
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Moseley, Mason W. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.003.0001.
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This initial chapter presents a telling anecdote from the #8N protests in Argentina in 2012. It then introduces the overarching argument of the book: the rise of protest in certain Latin American regimes can be explained by the interaction of two specific phenomena in recent history: (1) the significant socioeconomic gains made in the region during the past decade, which in turn have produced the most politically “engaged” citizenries—via social media, community organizations, and professional or educational networks—in Latin American history; and (2) the persistence of weak political institutions and waning political legitimacy in the eyes of citizens. Thus, rather than emphasizing how worsening economic conditions and mounting grievances fuel protest, this theoretical approach attributes rising contention to the improvement of economic conditions amid low-quality political institutions.
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Pargendler, Mariana. Corporate Governance in Emerging Markets. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.33.
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Despite deep differences in their political systems, legal regimes, and economic structures, emerging markets share a recent history of rapid economic growth and capital market expansion. This chapter explores the degree and direction of transformation in corporate governance in emerging markets in the last decades. It begins by surveying the interaction between the ownership structures prevailing in emerging markets – marked by the presence of controlling shareholders, business groups, and state ownership – and the underlying institutional environment. It then examines the driving forces of change by comparing the relative roles played by legislatures, regulators, courts, and alternative institutional arrangements in corporate governance reform in Brazil, Russia, India, and China (collectively known as the BRIC countries). The chapter concludes by evaluating the degree of convergence and persistence in emerging markets governance, and underscoring the need to consider the particular contextual significance of different practices.
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Prozorovskii, A., and V. Khoros, eds. West–East–Russia 2020. Yearbook. Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO), 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/978-5-9535-0591-8.
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The yearbook "West-East-Russia" 2020 presents the most significant events, processes and trends of the past year in the relations of the countries of the Center, Periphery and Semi-Periphery, including the positions and interests of Russia in this interaction. The main theme of the panorama of 2020 was the COVID-19 pandemic, the analysis of its damage to the world economy, the study of the experience of countering it in various countries and regions (China, India, Southeast Asia, Africa, Latin America). On this background, the problems of the BRICS and the post-Soviet space are considered. Attention is paid to the situation in Syria, Libya and other hot spots. These and other topics are presented in both global and regional dimensions (Middle East, East and Southeast Asia, Latin America, etc.). There are sections on ecology and scientific life, as well as reviews of new books on the subject of the yearbook.
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Peterson, Martin. The Sustainability Principle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190652265.003.0006.
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The aim of this chapter is to render the Sustainability Principle more precise. To what extent can it be motivated by axiological claims about the moral value of sustainability? The position articulated in this chapter is somewhat complex. If sustainability had been valuable in a noninstrumental sense, then this would have been an excellent explanation for why long-term depletion of significant natural resources is wrong. However, the best argument for ascribing noninstrumental value to the environment does not warrant the conclusion that sustainability is valuable in a noninstrumental sense. This leaves us with an alternative explanation for why we should accept the sustainability principle: Long-term depletion of significant natural, social, or economic resources is wrong because it indirectly reduces the well-being of millions of present and future sentient beings. It is thus the instrumental value of sustainability that ultimately motivates the sustainability principle.
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Nolan, Brian. Social Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0002.
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Social investment has come to play a major part in debates about the role of social spending and the future of welfare states in Europe, in part because it has significant appeal to different audiences. This chapter argues that social investment can be seen as a (new) paradigm for social policies and spending, as a conceptual base and framework for analysis, and as a basis for political or rhetorical advocacy. There may, however, be a tension between these functions which needs to be recognized. This is brought out when one asks whether social investment can credibly be presented as the paradigm most likely to underpin strong job-friendly economic growth, and whether the distinction between social ‘investment’ and other social spending is conceptually and empirically robust. Finally, the chapter wonders whether focusing on that distinction, and on a narrowly economic rationale, is the most productive way to frame the debate.
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De Cieri, Helen. Transnational Firms and Cultural Diversity. Edited by Peter Boxall, John Purcell, and Patrick M. Wright. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199547029.003.0025.
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Globalization has impacted significantly on many firms, with substantial implications for human resource management (HRM). Geopolitical, social, economic, and technological changes have created opportunities for managers and employees to interact with culturally diverse populations. The development of cultural diversity in the workforce presents substantial and complex challenges for HR scholars and managers as they strive to determine the potential implications of cultural diversity for firm effectiveness. This article examines cultural diversity issues, which are increasingly viewed as a critical aspect of management in transnational firms.
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Burnell, Peter. 25. From supporting democracy to supporting autocracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0027.
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This chapter examines the controversies surrounding democracy support and its significance for comparative politics. It first compares definitions of democracy support and provides an overview of the basic vocabulary of democracy support, focusing on concepts such as democracy assistance and political conditionality. It then considers whether democracy support is now fit for purpose in a world where economic performance in the West is faltering in contrast to China and Russia which continue to expand their international presence. It also discusses democracy support strategies and challenges facing democracy support before concluding with an assessment of the rise of autocracy support. It suggests that democracy support has yet to devise adequate strategies to counter international autocracy support.
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Ekelund, Robert B., John D. Jackson, and Robert D. Tollison. Markets, Culture, and American Art. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657895.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 introduces the rationale for studying and analyzing the economic aspects of American art as a “category” of art genres and, more generally, it places the market for art in the context of trade for all goods and services. Art, like all traded goods, possesses credence characteristics, but they are present to a significant degree since the requisite assurance of authenticity is often difficult to determine. The chapter also explains why American art can be segmented for study apart from a “homogeneous” art category and also as two markets—one prior to art produced before 1950, and another that has come to be called contemporary American art. Chapter 1 previews the remainder of the book in which both semi-technical issues, such as artistic productivity, auction estimates, and investments, and narrative issues, including art crime, fakes, art marketing “death effects,” and contemporary art bubbles, are dissected from an economic perspective.
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Offer, Avner. Consumption and Well-Being. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0034.
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Consumption defines the standard of living – whether food is hot or cold, whether walls are dry or damp. It is the stuff of desires and dreams. It signals superiority, but also community. It drives policy and vexes scholars. But consumption is not consummation. Its purpose recedes even as it is being realized. If insatiability is the vortex at the heart of consumption, there are also other problems. In standard economic theory, consumers rank preferences in the present, but the most significant choices arise not between two immediate substitutes (say coffee or tea), but between the present and the future. This article opens with some standard assumptions about the benefits of consumption, and competing ones about its futility. It discusses the findings of social and behavioural research on consumption and well-being, the link between happiness and wealth, relative income, habituation, materialism, history and culture, advertising, myopia, narcissism, and individualism.
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Bracha, Oren. The Emergence and Development of United States Intellectual Property Law. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.15.
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This chapter surveys the history of intellectual property law in the United States from its colonial origins to the present, and focuses on the three subfields that have a claim for seniority in terms of their longevity and importance: patent, copyright, and trademark. The development of these subfields is described as a process in which law has interacted with technology, economic factors, ideology, and politics. The chapter describes how at the end of the eighteenth-century American patent and copyright law emerged out of two sources: British laws and institutions and local colonial practices. The further development of American intellectual property law is analysed as comprising three stages: early patent, copyright, and trademark law; the consolidation of the modern framework of these fields through significant transformations beginning in the second half of the nineteenth century; and the various developments from the early twentieth century to the present.
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Bonakele, Tembinkosi, Eleanor Fox, and Liberty Mncube, eds. Competition Policy for the New Era. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810674.001.0001.
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This book presents a new stage in the contributions of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) to the development of Competition Law and policy. These countries have significant influence in their respective regions and in the world. The changing global environment means greater political and economic role for the BRICS and other emerging countries. BRICS countries are expected to contribute nearly half of all global gross domestic product growth by 2020. For more than a century, the path of Competition Law has been defined by the developed and industrialized countries of the world. Much later, developing countries and emerging economies came on the scene. They experience many of the old competition problems, but they also experience new problems, and experience even the old problems differently. Where are the fora to talk about Competition Law and policy fit for developing and emerging economies? The contributors in this book are well-known academic and practising economists and lawyers from both developed and developing countries. The chapters begin with a brief introduction of the topic, followed by a critical discussion and a conclusion. Accordingly, each chapter is organized around a central argument made by its author(s) in relation to the issue or case study discussed. These arguments are thoughtful, precise, and very different from each another. Each chapter is written to be a valuable freestanding contribution to our collective wisdom. The set of case studies as a whole helps to build a collection of different perspectives on competition policy.
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Chaix, Louis. Cattle, a major component of the Kerma culture (Sudan). Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.28.
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Cattle were an essential element of the economy of the kingdom of Kerma, located between the first and fourth cataract in Egypt, which flourished between 2600 and 1500 bc. They are an important source of protein and labour, as well as secondary products (milk, hides, tools, etc.). The role of cattle in funerary rituals is attested by the presence of bucrania, which were placed facing the deceased in the burial mounds, sometimes in large numbers. Some burials contained bucrania with parallel horns, whereas others had a deliberately misshapen horn. In the Classic Kerma phase, cattle become less important, and the bucrania around the burials rarer. This may be linked to a worsening of the climate and a rapidly growing human population. The significance of cattle in the Kerma culture is evidenced by baked clay figurines, by paintings visible in the excavated funerary ‘chapels’, and by the presence of engraved ostrich eggs.
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Jung, Reinhard, ed. Punta di Zambrone I. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/978oeaw86151.
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This monograph presents a significant portion of the scientific results of the archaeological excavations at the Bronze Age settlement site of Punta di Zambrone on the Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria (southern Italy). These excavations were conducted from 2011 to 2013 in an Italian-Austrian cooperation. The book is the first in a series dedicated to the final publication of those excavations and focuses on the later part of the settlement history (13th–12th cent. BCE). Major topics include the topography of the site (including a harbour bay), its chronology, investigations into the economic basis of the Bronze Age society and its local, regional and interregional interactions. The new data from Punta di Zambrone are evaluated in comparison with new research results from coeval sites in Italy and Greece, which forms the basis for a historical contextualization of the settlement and thus contributes to the broader reconstruction of Mediterranean history at the end of the second millennium BCE. These coeval sites are presented by their excavators or investigators. The authors conducted geophysical and bathymetric surveys as well as underwater archaeological investigations, typological analyses of artefacts, a definition of the relative and absolute chronology, archaeobotanic and archaeozoological studies, aDNA analysis, Sr isotope analyses on human and animal teeth, chemical and Pb isotope analyses on metal artefacts, provenance analyses of pottery vessels, amber and stone artefacts (from Zambrone and other sites).
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Valiante, Diego. CMU and the Deepening of Financial Integration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0002.
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The integration of capital markets in the EU is a long-term and complex task that is far from being completed. A comparative analysis with capital markets integration and development in the United States can offer insights on how the EU can develop its policy framework to achieve a single market for capital. This chapter begins with a brief review of the history of European financial integration policies since its inception in 1957. It then illustrates how capital markets can provide significant risk absorption against exogenous shocks. Finally, it presents a brief overview of the United States' economic history between 1860s and 1930s. Analogies can be found with the European financial integration process, as well as benchmarks to identify areas where European policies can do more to promote a Single Market for capital.
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Gomez, Rafael, Alex Bryson, and Paul Willman. Voice in the Wilderness? The Shift From Union to Non‐Union Voice in Britain. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Paul J. Gollan, Mick Marchington, and David Lewin. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199207268.003.0016.
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This article deals with the emergence, presence, and gradual transformation of workplace voice in Britain. Britain is an interesting case because it has sustained one of the longest and most prolonged falls in union representation in the Western world. Some have interpreted this as a move away from institutionalized voice by both workers and employers in the face of global product market competition and attendant needs for greater labour flexibility. The article shows that union collective representation has been supplanted by non-union voice in new workplaces and, where union voice persists in older workplaces, it has been supplemented by non-union voice. The absence of formal voice in a significant minority of workplaces can be linked to certain observable firm characteristics, such as size, network externalities, ownership, and age of enterprise. The article defines workplace voice by partially drawing on insights from consumer theory, industrial organization, and transaction-cost economics.
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Maud, Jovan. Buddhist Relics and Pilgrimage. Edited by Michael Jerryson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.20.
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The expansion of Buddhist traditions throughout Asia and beyond has not only involved the transmission of doctrine but also the establishment and expansion of a material presence of Buddhist institutions and sacred sites. Through the history of Buddhism, the closely related practices of relic veneration and pilgrimage have been central to the formation and expansion of a sacred geography, the exchange of Buddhist ideas and cultural forms, and to claims of political legitimacy. This chapter provides an overview of these practices—their origins, historical development, and their ongoing significance in contemporary times. Focusing in particular on two domains in which both practices are implicated—power and politics, and tourism and consumption—it shows that far from disappearing with modernity, both relic veneration and pilgrimage continue to be creatively adapted to contemporary social, political and economic circumstances.
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Tom, Grant, and Brent Richard. Part I The International Law of Tainted Money, 1 General Introduction: Some Problems Relating to the Role of International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198716587.003.0001.
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This book is concerned with the emergence of an international law of money laundering. The Introduction explains that a re-ordering of international monetary relations after World War II necessitated new approaches to the law of money in general. Epochal changes in monetary relations across borders have resulted in review and revision of the rules of international law concerned with money, and, accordingly, governments, legislatures, courts, and commentators have needed to re-visit those rules occasionally. The international law of money laundering has mostly been grafted upon the world’s monetary system; it has not involved the creation of a completely new system. However, the Introduction argues, it has had a significant impact. The impetus that has led states and international organizations to adopt money laundering rules at the international level is a reaction to a threat, or series of threats, originating largely outside the system. These threats include: organized crime on an international and macro-economic scale; terrorism; and the need to change the conduct of some states. This book as a whole presents an account of international law in its present evolving state in the field of tainted money. The chapters herein aim to address the law as it currently is; and close with a look at where the future of money might take us and those who aim to regulate its misuse.
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Shadle, Matthew A. Modern Catholic Social Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660130.003.0005.
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Jacques Maritain and Marie-Dominique Chenu, O.P., were two Catholic thinkers who had a significant impact on Catholic social teaching. Jacques Maritain proposed the idea of a “New Christendom” in which the “temporal order” and the “spiritual order” were distinguished and the dignity and rights of each person respected. Maritain envisioned an economy in which workers cooperatively owned their own businesses and in which associations of workers collaborated to promote the common good. Marie-Dominique Chenu developed a “theology of work” exploring the human vocation to gain mastery over the earth. He believed modern society was witnessing the “socialization” of work, an increasing sense of collective effort and ownership over the production process. He believed socialization was a manifestation of the Incarnation, the presence of grace in history.
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Danielson, Michael S. Politics at Home Abroad. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0001.
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Despite intense migratory flows between Mexico and the United States, migrants have had surprisingly low participation and impact in national politics in Mexico. Nevertheless, this book begins by hypothesizing that participation may be more robust and impact more noteworthy at the subnational level due to the fact that the economic and social importance of migration varies widely within Mexico. Based on this framing, three related research questions are presented and the need for a mixed-method approach to answer them addressed. While case studies of significant migrant impact are insufficient to fully capture the breadth of effects, quantitative studies are inadequate to the task of uncovering the historical processes and causal mechanisms behind observed correlations. Finally, the chapter summarizes the different data sources used, justifies the case selection rationale, and outlines the structure of the rest of the book.
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Cai, Congyan. International Law in Chinese Courts during the Rise of China. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697570.003.0014.
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This chapter highlights a different set of elements that become manifest in assessing the rapid overall rise in references to, and application of, international law by courts in China in recent years. This chapter seeks to theorize Chinese judicial policy toward international law, without discussing this policy’s legitimacy. The core argument is that China’s 30-year pursuit of great power status has been a significant causal and explanatory factor in the particularities of approach, methodology, and structure in judicial application of international law by Chinese courts. Section II presents and discusses the Chinese legal system’s pathways for giving effect to international law. Section III reviews Chinese courts’ sensitivity to differences among the various categories of relationships governed by specific international rules, and explores their connection with, and implications for, the economic and geopolitical rise of China.
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Lewis, David M. The Persian Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769941.003.0013.
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This chapter explores the role of slavery in several regions of the Persian Empire. The first section looks at elite estates in Anatolia, in particular examining the estate of Asidates discussed in Xenophon’s Anabasis (7.8.7–22), and shows that slave labour likely played a prominent role in their cultivation. The second section examines the role of slavery in the estates in Egypt of the Persian satrap Aršama, which presents a similar picture. The third section analyses the so-called ‘royal economy’ of Fars, known from the Persepolis Fortification Archive, and argues that a significant component of the kurtaš workforce was constituted by enslaved war captives and their descendants.
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Lewis, David M. Greek Slave Systems in their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.800-146 BC. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769941.001.0001.
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The orthodox view of ancient Mediterranean slavery holds that Greece and Rome were the only ‘genuine slave societies’ of the ancient world, that is, societies in which slave labour contributed significantly to the economy and underpinned the wealth of elites. Other societies, labelled as ‘societies with slaves’, apparently made little use of slave labour, and have therefore been largely ignored in recent work. Greek Slave Systems in their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.800–146 BC presents a radically different view. Slavery was indeed particularly highly developed in Greece and Rome; but it was also highly developed in Carthage and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean, and played a not insignificant role in the affairs of elites in Assyria, Babylonia, and Persia. This new study portrays the Eastern Mediterranean world as a patchwork of regional slave systems. In Greece, diversity was the rule: from the early archaic period onwards, differing historical trajectories in various regions shaped the institution of slavery in manifold ways, producing very different slave systems in regions such as Sparta, Crete, and Attica. In the wider Eastern Mediterranean world, we find a similar level of diversity. Slavery was exploited to different degrees across all of these regions, and was the outcome of a complex interplay between cultural, economic, political, geographic, and demographic variables.
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Harris, LaShawn. “I Have My Own Room on 139th Street”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040207.003.0005.
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This chapter explores black women's multilayered roles within New York's sex commerce, moving beyond widely accepted historical interpretations that position black sex laborers primarily as street solicitors. Identifying black women as madam-prostitutes, casual prostitutes, and sex-house proprietors and entrepreneurs, this chapter addresses the difficulties of documenting sex work within black communities, the broad socioeconomic conditions and personal circumstances outlining black women's entrance into the urban sexual economy, and the occupational benefits of indoor prostitution. In an attempt to avoid or limit their presence on New York streets, black sex workers—when the opportunity arose—sold and performed sexual services in furnished rooms and hotels, in their own homes, in massage parlors and nightclubs, and in other legitimate and illegitimate commercial businesses. Furthermore, indoor and residential sexual labor was significant to sex laborers' working and personal lives.