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1
Hill, Reginald. Fairly Dangerous Things (Signet). Signet, 1986.
2
Hill, Reginald. Fairly Dangerous Things (Signet). Signet, 1986.
3
Etheridge, Maxine. Failed to See: The Warning Signs. Independently Published, 2020.
4
Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Intentional Signs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0012.
Abstract:
An intentional sign family has the structure of an infosign family, with variants and invariants. It is a reproductively established family, a REF, that proliferates because enough of its members are also members of an informational sign family and, as such, have served to effect communication between cooperative senders and receivers that have learned or been designed or use these signs for mutual benefit. It is a proper function of an intentional sign to complete such a communication process by producing a cooperative overt or covert receiver response. In Normal cases, this response benefits or fits with further purposes of both sender and receiver. Intentional signs that fail to carry natural information that coincides with their intentional content are wrong, false, or unfulfilled. Besides linguistic signs, intentional signs include signals used by non-human animals, maps, charts and diagrams, instrument readings, and inner representations.
5
Hatfield, Anthea. Shock. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0020.
Abstract:
Shock is a clinical diagnosis that occurs when the circulation fails. Read this chapter carefully and learn to recognize the early signs and symptoms of shock. Ideally you should be treating shock even as you make the diagnosis. This chapter will teach you about the different types of shock, their distinguishing features, and specific treatments. You will also learn to distinguish the different stages of shock and the physiology paragraphs will help you understand the changes the body’s metabolism.
6
Polèse, Mario. The Wealth and Poverty of Cities. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053710.001.0001.
Abstract:
Much has been written about cities as engines of growth and prosperity. Cities have been centers of civilization since the beginning of history. A rich nation without cities is an impossibility. Yet, as this book explains, the central foundations of wealth and economic well-being are rooted in the attributes of nations and actions of national governments. If the nation does not work, nor will its cities. This book looks at the economy of cities through the lens of “The Ten Pillars of Urban Success,” covering a full range of policy concerns from top (i.e., sound macroeconomic management) to bottom (i.e., safe neighborhoods). Cities rich and poor around the world that are as different as New York, Vienna, Buenos Aires, and Port au Prince are examined. Urban success or failure almost always takes us back to the wise or unwise decisions of national and/or state governments. Urban success is about more than economics. Cities that have managed to produce livable urban environments for the majority of their citizens mirror the societies that spawned them. Similarly, cities that have failed are almost always signs of more deep-rooted failures. A socially cohesive city in a divided nation is an oxymoron. In the final chapter, the book proposes a critical look at America’s urban failures, its declining Rustbelt cities, and inner-city ghettos. Such failures should not have happened in the world’s richest nation. That they did is not only the sign of a deeper malaise, but also a warning to the wealthy urbanizing societies of tomorrow.
7
Hoover, Jesse A. “As We Have Already Seen in Africa”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825517.003.0006.
Abstract:
Chapter 5 presents the apocalyptic model developed by the Donatist theologian Tyconius as a deliberate alternative to mainstream Donatist eschatology. Instead of viewing the Donatist communion as a prophesied remnant, Tyconius recasts the Donatist–Caecilianist schism as an eschatological symbol: while not itself an apocalyptic event, it is predicted in the book of Revelation as a sign and a warning to the worldwide church of the imminent “separation” between the true church and the false brothers within it. Though it ultimately failed to convince the members of his own communion, Tyconius’ strikingly original eschatology would dominate western apocalyptic exegesis for centuries.
8
Spiegel, Avi Max. Every Recruiter is a Reinterpreter. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159843.003.0008.
Abstract:
This chapter considers how young Islamist activists construct religious authority. To engage these questions, the author asked and allowed activists to construct for themselves what authority meant to them, with some even drawing an evolving organizational chart of their movements. The author observed signs of ambiguity, multiplicity, and even inconsistency. Some activists sought to go out of their way to illustrate that they were not under the control of any kind of religious authority, even conceiving something called “religion” as very much distinct from their work. Others blurred these categories, preferring to place their activism under the domain of some kind of religious authority, both explaining and attempting to show how it is part and parcel of their everyday existence. Some failed to mention religion as important to their work at all. Others spoke solely of it.
9
Rosati, Alexandra G. Ecological variation in cognition: Insights from bonobos and chimpanzees. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0011.
Abstract:
Bonobos and chimpanzees are closely related, yet they exhibit important differences in their wild socio-ecology. Whereas bonobos live in environments with less seasonal variation and more access to fallback foods, chimpanzees face more competition over spatially distributed, variable resources. This chapter argues that bonobo and chimpanzee cognition show psychological signatures of their divergent wild ecology. Current evidence shows that despite strong commonalities in many cognitive domains, apes express targeted differences in specific cognitive skills critical for wild foraging behaviours. In particular, bonobos exhibit less accurate spatial memory, reduced levels of patience and greater risk aversion than do chimpanzees. These results have implications for understanding the evolution of human cognition, as studies of apes are a critical tool for modelling the last common ancestor of humans with nonhuman apes. Linking comparative cognition to species’ natural foraging behaviour can begin to address the ultimate reason for why differences in cognition emerge across species. Les bonobos et les chimpanzés sont prochement liés, pourtant ils montrent d’importantes différences dans leur sociologie naturelle. Alors que les bonobos vivent dans des environnements avec peu de diversité de climat entre saisons et plus d’accès à des ressources de nourriture alternatives, les chimpanzés ménagent une compétition étalée spatialement et des ressources plus variées. Je soutiens que la cognition des chimpanzés et bonobos montre les signatures psychologiques de leur écologie naturelle divergente. Les témoignages courants montrent que, malgré les forts points communs dans en cognition, les grands singes expriment des différences au niveau de compétences cognitives importantes au butinage. En particulier, les bonobos démontrent une mémoire spatial moin précise, moin de patience, et plus d’aversion de risques que les chimpanzés. Ces résultats fournissent des signes dans l’étude de l’évolution de la cognition humaine. Les études des grands singe sont un outil d’importance majeure dans la modélisation du dernier ancêtre commun des humains et grands singes non-humains. Faire des liens cognitives comparatives entre le butinage des différentes espèces peut commencer à dévoiler les raisons pour les différences de cognition entre espèces.
10
Byers, Mark. Thrown Down Glyphs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813255.003.0005.
Abstract:
The ‘modest’ aesthetic imagined by Olson and his contemporaries, critical of abstract or scientific reason, is seen in the fourth chapter to have found expression in a second major formal development. The chapter begins by asking why pictographic or ideographic writing emerged so strongly in American visual art between 1943 and 1951. Turning to the ‘sign which refuses to signify’ (Ad Reinhardt), American artists—including Olson, Pollock, Gottlieb, Lee Krasner, and the photographer Aaron Siskind—are shown to have found a language which reflected their critique of both scientific reason and those political languages (especially Marxism) which had failed to account for historical contingency. The avant-garde is seen to have valued the glyph, pictogram, or ideograph for its ‘uncertainty’; a major theme in Olson’s work of the period.
11
Leung, Patrick Sze-lok, and Bijun Xu. The Sino-Japanese War and the Collapse of the Qing and Confucian World Order in the Face of Japanese Imperialism and European Acquiescence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670055.003.0019.
Abstract:
The First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) has been perceived as a sign of a new East Asian power order, but the legitimacy of the war has yet to be clarified. The Japanese foreign minister Mutsu’s Kenkenroku shows that the reasons claimed by Japan were only pretexts for its ambition to put Korea under its control. The 1885 Convention of Tianjin, which was used to justify the Japanese behaviour, needs to be reinterpreted. The Chinese reaction can be understood by exploration into Confucianism, which opposed wars between equal peers. Meanwhile, the Western powers which invented and developed international law were self-interested and did little to prevent the war. The incident shows that international law, empowered by the strong states, failed to maintain peace efficiently in the late nineteenth century.
12
Eisenberg, Melvin A. Mistranscriptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0042.
Abstract:
Chapter 42 concerns mistranscriptions. In a mistranscription case A and B enter into an oral contract and agree that A will transcribe the agreement into writing. Due to A’s negligence the writing mistranscribes the parties’ contract. Both parties then sign the writing, mistakenly believing that it accurately reflects the contract. Mistranscriptions are a special case of mechanical errors: A intends the writing to incorporate the contract, but by virtue of a mechanical error it does not. Mistranscription cases are fairly easy to deal with. The principle that should govern mistranscriptions is the same as the principle that should govern other mechanical errors—a mistranscription should provide a basis for relief to the adversely affected party—specifically, reformation of the writing to make it conform to the oral contract.
13
Soni, Neil. Assessment and management of fat embolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0337.
Abstract:
Fat embolism syndrome is a complication of a range of conditions. It is hard to prevent, difficult to diagnose, and there is no specific effective treatment. The syndrome is composed of respiratory, haematological, neurological, and cutaneous symptoms and signs associated with trauma, in particular long bone fractures, and other disparate surgical and medical conditions. It most commonly follows orthopaedic surgery, but can also follow liposuction and medical conditions, as disparate as cardiopulmonary resuscitation and sickle cell disease are possible precipitants. The pathogenesis is still debated. It is clear that while fat emboli occur quite commonly, the clinical syndrome with respiratory, neurological, and other sequelae is rare. Diagnosis is by pattern recognition, but recently characteristic features seen on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging can be used to increase the probability of the diagnosis. Various therapeutic options have been tried and failed and treatment is currently supportive.
14
Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. The Last Four Decades: The Spiral Unperturbed, Halted, Resumed. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.003.0009.
Abstract:
This chapter reviews the 1980–2017 period, during which, having reached the peak of its convergence to the productivity frontier, Italy’s decline began and progressively accelerated. Its proximate cause was the dynamic of TFP. Its deeper roots lie in the vicious circles that set in during the previous decades, which led society onto an inefficient equilibrium. This spiral was interrupted in 1992–4, when debt-financed deficit spending exhausted its possibilities and systemic corruption was unveiled. The opportunity for an equilibrium shift opened by this shock was missed, however, and the spiral resumed its progress and further deepened. Efforts to reform Italy’s inappropriate institutions largely failed, corruption increased, and political accountability declined. The country reached the crisis of 2008 already enfeebled, and suffered the deepest and longest peace-time recession of its history. Despite the rupture of 2011–13 few signs suggest that an equilibrium shift is forthcoming.
15
Vandenberg, Laura N. Classic Toxicology vs. New Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.003.0012.
Abstract:
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that interfere with hormone action. Many EDCs are agonists or antagonists of estrogen, androgen, or thyroid hormone receptors. EDCs are found in many consumer products and are detected at low doses in humans. Using traditional methods from toxicology and risk assessment, these compounds have often been considered benign based on the low exposure levels and few overt signs of toxicity. However, thousands of epidemiology studies have found associations between EDC exposures and disease outcomes, suggesting that the methods used to prioritize chemicals and identify safe levels of exposure have failed. This chapter discusses the unique properties of EDCs that defy traditional chemical safety expectations. The presumption that chemicals are safe until proved harmful has allowed humans to be exposed to hundreds of chemicals that may be unsafe, at least during sensitive periods of development. Recommendations are offered for revising toxicologic evaluations to protect public health.
16
Milanka, Kostadinova. Part II Guide to Key Preliminary and Procedural Issues, 6 Aspects of Procedure for Institution of Proceedings and Establishment of Tribunals in Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0006.
Abstract:
The institution of treaty-based proceedings in a particular forum or under particular set of arbitration rules depends on the consent provisions of the underlying investment treaty. Some 767 arbitration cases have been initiated so far under the total of 3,324 bilateral investment treaties and other international investment agreements signed to date. This chapter provides an overview of the technical and fairly complex procedures for initiating proceedings and constituting tribunals in investment treaty arbitration. It examines the prevalent practices from the perspective of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) Convention and Rules, and other leading sets of international arbitration rules such as the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Arbitration Rules, the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce, and the Arbitration Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce, which are among the non-ICSID Rules more commonly referenced in investment treaties.
17
Brill, Simon, and Jeremy Brown. Bacterial lung infection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0003.
Abstract:
Bacterial lung infection may be caused by a wide variety of pathogens and may present in different ways. This chapter discusses a case presenting with signs and symptoms that were initially treated as community-acquired pneumonia, before the presence of a complicated bacterial lung abscess became clear. The clinical course was complicated by an episode of atrial fibrillation. The patient did not improve, and an underlying squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed. The initial investigation and treatment of pneumonia are discussed, as well as risk stratification, aetiology, differential diagnosis, detailed investigations, and treatment. The potential pulmonary and cardiac complications of pneumonia are also discussed, with particular relevance to the aetiology and treatment of bacterial lung abscess. This chapter provides an overview of the varied spectrum of lung infection and reinforces the importance of considering differential diagnosis and potential complications in any patient who fails to improve with standard treatment.
18
Matwijkiw, Anja, and Bronik Matwijkiw. Bahrain Anno 2017: Peace or Regime-Change? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0006.
Abstract:
Transitional justice addresses conflicts and their resolution with the use of a conceptual and normative apparatus that captures, clarifies and, wherever possible, corrects failed states. These undermine values that derive from humanity, the conditio sine qua non for social cohesiveness. Notwithstanding, the six-year anniversary of the 2011 civil unrest in Bahrain is a reminder of the fact that post-conflict success—which entails compliance with the United Nations rule of law standards—is still a contentious issue. Thus, the national rulers’ interest in maintaining the system may continue to compete with the international stake in legitimate statehood without thereby compelling those in power to consider the constituency that primarily depends upon them for their freedom and welfare: the majority of people in Bahrain. Logically, system-conservation requires peace. Ethically, peace is problematic for the same reason. This accentuates the need for change, especially since (so-called) conflict-resolution has resulted in strict(er) law-and-order measures.
19
Toczek, David M. The Battle of Ap Bac, Vietnam. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400616785.
Abstract:
Toczek provides the first description of the entire battle of Ap Bac and places it in the larger context of the Vietnam War. The study thoroughly examines the January 1963 battle, complete with detailed supporting maps. Ironically, Ap Bac's great importance lies in American policymakers' perception of the battle as unimportant; for all their intelligence and drive, senior American government officials missed the early warning signs of a flawed policy in Southeast Asia by ignoring the lessons of the defeat of the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN) on 2 January 1963. The outcome of Ap Bac was a direct reflection of how the U.S. Army organized, equipped, and trained the ARVN. With all the ARVN officer corps's shortcomings, the South Vietnamese Army could not successfully conduct an American combined arms operations against a smaller, less well-equipped enemy. American leadership, both military and civilian, failed to draw any connection between ARVN's dismal performance and American policies toward South Vietnam. Although certain tactical changes resulted from the battle, the larger issue of American policy remained unchanged, including the structure of the advisory system.
20
Caps, John. The Music Factory. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036736.003.0004.
Abstract:
This chapter details events following Mancini's employment as a Universal Studios staff composer in 1952. The Universal Studios staff composers were a highly organized, well-oiled team, able to score any sort of film, any story or setting, albeit with fairly generic music and always in a rush. Mancini's daily routine at Universal, studying the clichés of Hollywood storytelling music, was the perfect on-the-job training for his career to come. Among his first assignments was to score the studio's glamorous two-reeler films with titles like The World's Most Beautiful Girls, Fun for All, and Calypso Carnival. The first feature-length film receiving more than a handful of music cues from Mancini was called Willie and Joe Back at the Front (1952). As a sign of growing confidence, conductor Joseph Gershenson gradually gave Mancini a shot at writing the opening main title music for several films, including The Raiders, All I Desire, and City Beneath the Sea. Mancini's first onscreen credit would come as an arranger in 1954 for the Universal bio-pic musical The Glenn Miller Story.
21
Nellen, Henk. Scriptural Authority and Biblical Criticism in the Dutch Golden Age. Edited by Dirk van Miert, Piet Steenbakkers, and Jetze Touber. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806837.001.0001.
Abstract:
Did innovative textual analysis reshape the relations between Christian believers and their churches in early modern confessional states? This volume explores the hypothesis that in the long seventeenth century humanist-inspired biblical criticism contributed significantly to the decline of ecclesiastical truth claims. Historiography pictures this era as one in which the dominant position of religion and church began to show signs of erosion under the influence of vehement debates on the sacrosanct status of the Bible. Until quite recently, this gradual but decisive shift has been attributed to the rise of the sciences, in particular astronomy and physics. This book looks at biblical criticism as, on the one hand, an innovative force and, on the other, the outcome of developments in philology that had started much earlier than scientific experimentalism or the New Philosophy. Scholars began to situate the Bible in its historical context. The seventeen chapters show that even in the hands of pious, orthodox scholars philological research not only failed to solve all the textual problems that had surfaced, but even brought to light countless new incongruities. This supplied those who sought to play down the authority of the Bible with ammunition. The conviction that God’s Word had been preserved as a pure and sacred source gave way to an awareness of a complicated transmission in a plurality of divergent, ambiguous, historically determined and heavily corrupted texts. This shift took place primarily in the Dutch Protestant world of the seventeenth century.
22
Zahedi, Sohrab. Diagnostic review and revision. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0020.
Abstract:
The criminalization of people with mental illness is a sad commentary on the United States’ mental health system. Yet, the phenomenon presents the field of psychiatry with an opportunity that is now scarce in civil society: lengths of sentence in terms of weeks to years that allow for in-depth observation and treatment of the inmate with mental illness. A few days in a hospital fails to provide the needed opportunity for a detailed and accurate evaluation. Today, people with mental illness account for more than one million annual arrests and many among these individuals will spend weeks to months in jail before being either transferred to a prison for sentences beyond one year or released back into the community. At its core, psychiatric diagnosis relies on the subjective complaints of the patient and objective signs noted on examination. Considering the chronic and fluctuating course of most psychiatric diagnoses, a thorough assessment also requires a review of past documented behaviors. When someone is hospitalized for a psychiatric condition, the first goal is often observation, followed by diagnosis, and then treatment. Psychiatric hospitals are being greatly constrained in the amount of time available for observation and accurate diagnosis; the correctional setting, as an unintended consequence of mass incarceration, provides an extended opportunity to achieve improved diagnostic accuracy. This chapter reflects on the diagnostic opportunities that a jail or a prison setting affords.
23
Barreto, Amílcar Antonio. The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401131.001.0001.
Abstract:
Should Spanish be Puerto Rico’s sole official language, or should English be a co-official language? Answers to this question are inseparable from matters of cultural pride, nationalism, and political motivations. The island’s government was declared officially bilingual soon after the Spanish-American War. Attempts to overturn the 1902 official languages law failed until 1991 when Governor Rafael Hernández-Colón signed a bill declaring Spanish the sole official language. This updated book explores the complex machinations involved in promoting competing language policies in Puerto Rico since those first salvos in the language wars were launched three decades ago. Far from an isolated controversy, the clash over official languages in this US territory is inseparable from the larger debate over the island’s status and congressional views on the nexus between the English language and American national identity. Were it to become a separate country or remain a Commonwealth, federal policymakers could afford to ignore the island’s language deliberations. Statehood is a completely different matter. Members of Congress have disparate views on whether the American federation is capable or willing to accept a new state dominated by Spanish speakers. Political operatives in San Juan and Washington continue to exploit the island’s language policy issue as a weapon promoting or sabotaging congressional support for statehood. Far from an isolated issue, the Puerto Rico language controversy has been conscripted into the larger battle over American identity. Such debates cast doubts on the country’s willingness to embrace diversity and its commitment to the sacrosanct Civic Creed.
24
Prager, Laura M., and Abigail Louise Donovan. Suicide by Security Blanket, and Other Stories from the Child Psychiatry Emergency Service. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216021254.
Abstract:
This book offers a unique glimpse into the startlingly complex world of acute children's psychiatry through 12 chapters, each inspired by the actual visit of a child in psychiatric crisis to one of the most well-known psychiatric emergency rooms in the nation. Suicide by Security Blanket, and Other Stories from the Child Psychiatry Emergency Service: What Happens to Children with Acute Mental Illness takes the reader inside the child psychiatry emergency room at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston. Each chapter highlights both the child's dilemma and the doctors' thought processes, and stresses the elements of rapid assessment. The real-life patient stories also offer myriad teaching points about child development and the warning signs of illness, and provide compelling lessons regarding types of interactions with school systems, health care systems, and family systems. Each individual story presents the breadth and depth of the child psychiatric emergency evaluation at MGH, from initial assessment to disposition, presenting a genuine glimpse into the children's psychiatric emergency room at one of the nation's most famous psychiatric departments. This book demonstrates vividly how even the best-intentioned communities can fail to offer services to their neediest families. Each story presents a fascinating glimpse into the complex and sometimes tragic world of child psychiatry on the front lines.
25
Pirani, Tasneem, and Tony Rahman. Diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0177.
Abstract:
Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage is a medical emergency that may present with haematemesis and/or melena. An exhaustive history and careful examination aids in identifying the cause of bleeding and directing appropriate management. Validated scoring systems exist to guide the urgency of endoscopic therapy, although these should not be used in isolation, but in conjunction with complete patient assessment. The initial priority should be to resuscitate and stabilize the patient using the airway, breathing, circulation, and disability framework. Resuscitation should be guided by clinical and physiological parameters. Patients should be managed in an environment where vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, conscious level, and urine output are monitored at least hourly. Attempts should be made to correct coagulopathy. Specialist advice should be sought from haematologists for guidance on the most appropriate use of packed red cells and blood products. Over-transfusion should be avoided. Initiation of pre-endoscopy proton pump inhibitor therapy, in particular to avoid definitive endoscopic therapy, is not recommended. Diagnostic endoscopy and therapy should be conducted within 24 hours of presentation. Numerous endoscopic therapies exist—when epinephrine is used for local tamponade and vasoconstriction, application of dual modality treatment is recommended. In cases where endoscopic therapy fails or is not possible, radiological diagnosis, and embolization may become necessary. Occasionally, surgery is required for definitive treatment—close liaison with surgeons is therefore necessary, especially where initial endoscopy is considered suboptimal or re-bleeding occurs.
26
Arena, Ross, Dejana Popovic, Marco Guazzi, Amy McNeil, and Michael Sagner. Cardiovascular response to exercise. Edited by Guido Grassi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0026.
Abstract:
The body’s response to an exertional stimulus, if performed adequately to meet the imposed demand, is an orchestrated response predominantly among the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and skeletal systems. These physiological systems work together to ensure that up-titrated energy and force production demands are met. The magnitude of the exertional stimulus these systems are able to respond to, when an individual is in a true state of physiological health, is influenced by multiple factors including age, sex, biomechanics, genomics, and exercise training history. When one or more of these systems suffers from dysfunction, as is the case when an individual is at risk for (i.e. unhealthy lifestyle history) or diagnosed with a chronic disease, the response to a physical stimulus ultimately fails and exertional capacity is limited. There is a clear and well-established clinical relevance to the cardiovascular response to an exertional stimulus, commonly assessed through a graded aerobic exercise test on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. In fact, aerobic capacity has been referred to a key vital sign. We are also gaining an appreciation of how communication and presentation of information between health professionals and individuals receiving care significantly impacts comprehension and adherence to a plan of care. This chapter addresses these areas, beginning with a brief granular description of exertional cardiovascular physiology, transitioning to practical clinical implications of this information for health professionals, and ending with how the individuals seeking healthcare receive, process, and comprehend this information with the ultimate goal being real-world application and improved health outcomes.
27
Lelkes, Orsolya. Sustainable Hedonism. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529217971.001.0001.
Abstract:
How we can enjoy our lives in a way that does not cost the Earth? Paradoxically, while happiness is ultimately good, our search for it often fails. A clear sign of our collective failure is that no single country on earth has achieved a social minimum while also remaining below the ecological ceiling. The problem lies in our unexamined assumptions, habits and beliefs about success. The mainstream world-view, that largely stems from economics, identifies happiness with pleasure and sees pleasure-seeking as a lonely and selfish exercise.This book aims to inspire us to an alternative world-view by inviting us (1) to refine our understanding of a thriving life, (2) to consider how we want to attain it, and (3) to explore our inner contradictions, saboteur and progressive forces. Ancient Greek hedonists can inspire us to live a life of ‘sustainable hedonism‘. Aristotle’s approach to happiness as ‘flourishing’ can support our ability for conscious action based on virtues and in community. Recent scientific knowledge also highlights the potential pitfalls of searching happiness, and offers pathways on how to live an ecologically-responsible life without a reduction in well-being.The book concludes by showing how the Theatre of the Soul can offer experiential learning in which we can outgrow our outdated strategies, which sabotage our flourishing life, so that ultimately we are able to experience ourselves as autonomous, creative beings living in loving and mutually strengthening relationships with others and with the Earth. Ultimately, we can become both more virtuous and better hedonists.
28
Sutherland, Kathryn. Why Modern Manuscripts Matter. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856517.001.0001.
Abstract:
This is a study of the politics, commerce, and aesthetics of heritage culture in the shape of authors’ manuscripts. Draft manuscripts survive in quantity from the eighteenth century when, with the rise of print, readers learnt to value ‘the hand’ as index of individuality and the blotted page, criss-crossed by deletion and revision, as sign of genius. Since then, collectors have fought over manuscripts, libraries have curated them, the rich have stashed them away in investment portfolios, students have squeezed meaning from them, and we have all stared at them behind exhibition glass. Why do we trade, conserve, and covet manuscripts? Most, after all, are just the stuff left over after the novel or volume of poetry goes into print. This study explores manuscript’s expressive agency and its capacity to provoke passion—a capacity ever more to the fore in the twenty-first century when books are assembled via word-processing software and authors no longer leave in quantity paper trails behind them. It considers manuscripts as residues of meaning that print fails to capture, as fragment art, property, waste paper, and artefacts whose aesthetic dimension becomes apparent with time. It asks what it might mean to re-read print in the shadow of manuscript. Studies of Samuel Johnson, James Boswell, Walter Scott, Frances Burney, Jane Austen, writers from the first great period of manuscript survival, are interspersed with discussions of the Cairo genizah, Katie Paterson’s ‘Future Library’ project, Andy Warhol’s and Muriel Spark’s self-archiving, Cornelia Parker’s reclamation art, and more.
29
Kuokkanen, Rauna. Restructuring Relations. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913281.001.0001.
Abstract:
This book interrogates normative conceptions of Indigenous self-determination and the structures of Indigenous self-government institutions, arguing that Indigenous self-determination is not achievable without restructuring all relations of domination beyond that with the state; nor can it be secured in the absence of gender justice. It demonstrates that the current rights discourse and focus on Indigenous–state relations is limited in scope and fails to convey the full meaning of self-determination for Indigenous peoples. Besides settler colonialism and neoliberal capitalism, relations of domination include racism, sexism, homophobia, misogyny, and gender violence, including violence against women, queer, trans and gender-nonconforming persons, and structural violence. Drawing on extensive participant interviews in Canada, Greenland, and Scandinavia, this book theorizes Indigenous self-determination as a foundational value, informed by the norm of integrity. This norm has two interrelated dimensions: bodily integrity and integrity of the land, both of which are a sine qua non for Indigenous gender justice. Conceptualizing self-determination as a foundational value seeks to restructure all relations of domination, including the hierarchical relation between self-determination and gender created and maintained by international law, Indigenous political discourse, and Indigenous institutions. The book argues that the persistent separation of issues between self-determination/self-government and gender/social is a major obstacle in implementing, realizing, and exercising Indigenous self-determination. Restructuring relations of domination further entails examining the gender regimes present in existing Indigenous self-government institutions, interrogating the relationship between Indigenous self-determination and gender violence, and considering future visions of Indigenous self-determination, including rematriation of Indigenous governance and an independent statehood.
30
Santow, Leonard J., and Mark E. Santow. Social Security and the Middle-Class Squeeze. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216016007.
Abstract:
At the outset of his second term, President Bush’s proposal to partially privatize Social Security has touched off a debate of enormous proportion. Disentangling the rhetoric and hyperbole from fact is essential for anyone trying to evaluate the potential merits or pitfalls of the plan. Leonard and Mark Santow—a father-and-son team who integrate two different political viewpoints (fiscally conservative and socially liberal, respectively)—offer specific recommendations for improving Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid in socially responsible ways that relieve some of the stress on the middle class and promote upward mobility. Explaining sophisticated economic concepts in layman’s terms, the Santows expose myths about how entitlement programs actually work, arguing, for example, that while the financial state of Social Security gets most of the press, Medicare and Medicaid are in much more serious trouble. They integrate conservative and liberal viewponts to propose a package of reforms that includes both tax cuts and increases and an overhaul of the government’s economic forecasting system. Synthesizing mountains of data and explaining sophisticated economic concepts in layman’s terms, the Santows expose myths about how entitlement programs actually work, arguing, for example, that while the financial state of Social Security gets most of the press, Medicare and Medicaid are in much more serious trouble. Moreover, they are highly critical of privatization plans, demonstrating that similar programs have failed in other countries and that such plans are programs are neither fiscally nor socially sound. If the American people value the common commitments that these programs embody, we will need to see them as a package, and fund them accordingly. In response to this challenge, the Santows integrate conservative and liberal viewpoints to propose a package of reforms that includes both tax cuts and increases and an overhaul of the government’s economic forecasting system. Featuring a timeline of key events since Franklin Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act in 1935 and an appendix of data tables, the authors offer a primer for concerned citizens, policymakers, educators, students, and finance professionals—anyone with a stake in designing a system that pays for these essential programs in an equitable manner and contributes to our collective prosperity.
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Goswami, B. N., and Soumi Chakravorty. Dynamics of the Indian Summer Monsoon Climate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613.
Abstract:
Lifeline for about one-sixth of the world’s population in the subcontinent, the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an integral part of the annual cycle of the winds (reversal of winds with seasons), coupled with a strong annual cycle of precipitation (wet summer and dry winter). For over a century, high socioeconomic impacts of ISM rainfall (ISMR) in the region have driven scientists to attempt to predict the year-to-year variations of ISM rainfall. A remarkably stable phenomenon, making its appearance every year without fail, the ISM climate exhibits a rather small year-to-year variation (the standard deviation of the seasonal mean being 10% of the long-term mean), but it has proven to be an extremely challenging system to predict. Even the most skillful, sophisticated models are barely useful with skill significantly below the potential limit on predictability. Understanding what drives the mean ISM climate and its variability on different timescales is, therefore, critical to advancing skills in predicting the monsoon. A conceptual ISM model helps explain what maintains not only the mean ISM but also its variability on interannual and longer timescales.The annual ISM precipitation cycle can be described as a manifestation of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) or the zonally oriented cloud (rain) band characterized by a sudden “onset.” The other important feature of ISM is the deep overturning meridional (regional Hadley circulation) that is associated with it, driven primarily by the latent heat release associated with the ISM (ITCZ) precipitation. The dynamics of the monsoon climate, therefore, is an extension of the dynamics of the ITCZ. The classical land–sea surface temperature gradient model of ISM may explain the seasonal reversal of the surface winds, but it fails to explain the onset and the deep vertical structure of the ISM circulation. While the surface temperature over land cools after the onset, reversing the north–south surface temperature gradient and making it inadequate to sustain the monsoon after onset, it is the tropospheric temperature gradient that becomes positive at the time of onset and remains strongly positive thereafter, maintaining the monsoon. The change in sign of the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient is dynamically responsible for a symmetric instability, leading to the onset and subsequent northward progression of the ITCZ. The unified ISM model in terms of the TT gradient provides a platform to understand the drivers of ISM variability by identifying processes that affect TT in the north and the south and influence the gradient.The predictability of the seasonal mean ISM is limited by interactions of the annual cycle and higher frequency monsoon variability within the season. The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) has a seminal role in influencing the seasonal mean and its interannual variability. While ISM climate on long timescales (e.g., multimillennium) largely follows the solar forcing, on shorter timescales the ISM variability is governed by the internal dynamics arising from ocean–atmosphere–land interactions, regional as well as remote, together with teleconnections with other climate modes. Also important is the role of anthropogenic forcing, such as the greenhouse gases and aerosols versus the natural multidecadal variability in the context of the recent six-decade long decreasing trend of ISM rainfall.
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Lilja, Sven. Climate, History, and Social Change in Sweden and the Baltic Sea Area From About 1700. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.633.
Abstract:
The growing concern about global warming has turned focus in Sweden and other Baltic countries toward the connection between history and climate. Important steps have been taken in the scientific reconstruction of climatic parables. Historic climate data have been published and analyzed, and various proxy data have been used to reconstruct historic climate curves. The results have revealed an ongoing regional warming from the late 17th to the early 21st century. The development was not continuous, however, but went on in a sequence of warmer and colder phases.Within the fields of history and socially oriented climate research, the industrial revolution has often been seen as a watershed between an older and a younger climate regime. The breakthrough of the industrial society was a major social change with the power to influence climate. Before this turning point, man and society were climate dependent. Weather and short-term climate fluctuations had major impacts on agrarian culture. When the crops failed several years in sequence, starvation and excess mortality followed. As late as 1867–1869, northern Sweden and Finland were struck by starvation due to massive crop failures.Although economic activities in the agricultural sector had climatic effects before the industrial society, when industrialization took off in Sweden in the 1880s it brought an end to the large-scale starvations, but also the start of an economic development that began to affect the atmosphere in a new and broader way. The industrial society, with its population growth and urbanization, created climate effects. Originally, however, the industrial outlets were not seen as problems. In the 18th century, it was thought that agricultural cultivation could improve the climate, and several decades after the industrial take-off there still was no environmental discourse in the Swedish debate. On the contrary, many leading debaters and politicians saw the tall chimneys, cars, and airplanes as hopeful signs in the sky. It was not until the late 1960s that the international environmental discourse reached Sweden. The modern climate debate started to make its imprints as late as the 1990s.During the last two decades, the Swedish temperature curve has unambiguously turned upwards. Thus, parallel to the international debate, the climate issue has entered the political agenda in Sweden and the other Nordic countries. The latest development has created a broad political consensus in favor of ambitious climate goals, and the people have gradually started to adapt their consumption and lifestyles to the new prerequisites.Although historic climate research in Sweden has had a remarkable expansion in the last decades, it still leans too much on its climate change leg. The clear connection between the climate fluctuations during the last 300 years and the major social changes that took place in these centuries needs to be further studied.