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Journal articles on the topic 'Signal loss'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Jain, Amit, A. Jay Khanna, and Hamid Hassanzadeh. "Management of intraoperative neuromonitoring signal loss." Seminars in Spine Surgery 27, no. 4 (December 2015): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semss.2015.04.009.

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Haller, Sven, Michael Burke, and Thomas L. Mueller. "MR skin signal loss effect/artifact." Neuroradiology 60, no. 6 (April 22, 2018): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00234-018-2025-1.

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Jeong, Won Ho, Hong-Rak Choi, and Kyung-Seok Kim. "Empirical Path-Loss Modeling and a RF Detection Scheme for Various Drones." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (December 6, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6795931.

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This paper presents a path-loss model based on a radio-frequency (RF) detection scheme for various drones using 5G aerial communication over an industrial, scientific, and medical radio band (ISM band) network. We considered three communication modes of the ISM band for the channel characteristics analysis: the DJI Enhanced Spread Spectrum Technology (DESST) protocol, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. The drone signal detection scheme extracts the drone signal from the environment mixed with the general signal. The drone DESST signal is identified through cross-correlation of the received signal. The Wi-Fi and Bluetooth signals are identified with the singular-value decomposition (SVD) algorithm by using the hopping characteristics. General and drone Wi-Fi signals are separated by in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) phase analysis over the measurement time. The windowed received signal strength indicator (RSSI) moving detection (WRMD) analysis identifies the drone Bluetooth signal according to the movement of the drone. The detected drone signal is channel modeled by the horizontal distance d according to the altitude θ. Finally, they verify their model by a ray-tracing simulation similar to the real environment. The model provides a simple and accurate prediction for designing future aerial communications systems according to changes in drone movement.

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Alapati, Yaswanth Kumar, and Suban Ravichandran. "An Efficient Signal Processing Model for Malicious Signal Identification and Energy Consumption Reduction for Improving Data Transmission Rate." Traitement du Signal 38, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.380330.

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One of the fields which needs the most security is Ad hoc Network (ANET). The term ANET guarantees that there is no central authority so as to administer the signals. Security is a basic issue while using ANET for establishing communication. A ANET is an assortment of remote signals that can progressively be set up at anyplace and whenever without utilizing any prior system framework. Because of its volatile nature, it has mobility issues to improve the arrangement of the system. One of the difficulties is to recognize the malicious signals in the system. Because of malicious signals, data loss or high energy consumption will occur which reduce the overall performance of the ANET. There are a few circumstances when at least one signal in the system become malevolent and will destroy the limit of the system. The point of this work is to recognize the malignant signals quickly to avoid loss of data. The conventional strategy for firewall and encryption isn't adequate to secure the system. In this way a malicious signal identification framework must be added to the ad hoc network. A signal needs to be secured when utilizing the resources and to provide secure communication. The ad hoc networks have several issues like, congestion, overload, data loss and energy consumption. In the proposed work a framework for Rapid Malicious Signal Detection with Energy Consumption Reduction (RMSDwECR) Method is proposed. The proposed method is compared with the traditional methods in terms of load in the network, data loss ratio, signal transmission rate, energy consumption levels, malicious signal identification time and throughput levels. The proposed method exhibits better performance than the traditional methods.

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WACHTER, KERRI. "Facial Wrinkles May Signal Bone Mineral Loss." Family Practice News 41, no. 13 (August 2011): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(11)70708-3.

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&NA;. "Sudden Hearing Loss Could Signal Future Stroke." Emergency Medicine News 31, no. 9 (September 2009): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.eem.0000360600.65677.4f.

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Xiong, Qing Song, Zhao Hua Wu, Pin Chen, and Sheng Zhang. "Analysis of Characteristic of Microstrip Signal Loss in Course of Signal Transmission." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 2229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.2229.

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The effect of loss of transmission line on the transmission signal can’t be ignored in microwave circuits. Based on the theory of loss and microwave network principle, the effect of the width, parallel length and space of transmission lines on the scattering parameters’ insertion loss is analyzed in perspective of scattering parameters of the odd mode and even mode. The simulation results show that: when the other parameters are fixed, both the characteristic impedance and the conductor loss decrease non-linearly with the line width broadening; due to the coupling effect between micro-strip lines, the first trough frequency of the scattering parameter S21 curved line, that is the point the signal energy attenuate most seriously, decreases linearly with line width broadening and increases non- linearly with line spaces broadening.

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Lazar, Sorin, Yang Shao, Lina Gunawan, Riad Nechache, Alain Pignolet, and Gianluigi A. Botton. "Imaging, Core-Loss, and Low-Loss Electron-Energy-Loss Spectroscopy Mapping in Aberration-Corrected STEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 16, no. 4 (July 2, 2010): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610013504.

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AbstractHigh-angle annular dark-field and annular bright-field imaging experiments were carried out on an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope. These techniques have been demonstrated on thin films of complex oxides Ba3.25La0.75Ti3O12 and on LaB6. The results show good agreement between theory and experiments, and for the case of LaB6 they demonstrate the detection of contrast from the B atoms in the annular bright-field images. Elemental mapping with electron-energy-loss spectroscopy has been used to deduce the distribution of Cr and Fe in a thin film of the complex oxide Bi2(Fe1/2Cr3/2)O6 at the unit cell level and the changes in the near-edge structure within the inequivalent regions in the crystalline unit cell. Energy-filtered images in the low-loss region of the energy-loss spectrum show contrast and resolution consistent with the modulation of the signals from elastic scattering. High-resolution contrast, mediated by phonon scattering, is observed for interband transitions. The limitations in terms of detection and signal are discussed.

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Wang, Xiaoye, and Shufang Zhang. "Evaluation of multipath signal loss for AIS signals transmitted on the sea surface." Ocean Engineering 146 (December 2017): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.09.022.

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10

Abdorahimi, Danial, and Ali M. Sadeghioon. "Comparison of Radio Frequency Path Loss Models in Soil for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 8, no. 2 (June 22, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan8020035.

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A wireless Underground Sensor Network (WUSN) is a group of sensors that collectively communicate through the underground medium. Radio Frequency (RF) signal transmission of the sensors through the ground is the most challenging aspects of a WUSN due to the high attenuation of the electromagnetic (EM) signal in the soil. Signals are often required to travel through soils with a high density or water content and generally through a non-isotropic and non-homogenous soil mixture with different boundaries, both of which can attenuate the signal sharply. The variability of the these conditions and complexity of the behaviour of signal attenuation with respect to these parameters makes accurate estimation of EM signal attenuation in soil challenging. Two main EM signal attenuation models exist to estimate attenuation (modified-Friis and Complex Refractive Index Model-Fresnel (CRIM-Fresnel). These were reviewed and a methodology was developed in order to measure the attenuation of the EM signals in the laboratory. Results from the laboratory measurements were compared with the estimation values calculated from the attenuation models. These comparisons showed a large difference between the estimated values by the models. In addition, analysis of the comparison tests showed that the CRIM-Fresnel model provides a better estimation of attenuation in samples with lower permittivity values while the modified-Friis model had a higher accuracy in samples with higher clay/water content which have higher permittivity values.

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11

Long, Bing, and Xiao Ning Zhu. "Signal-Planning Optimization Model for Bus Priority Signal Intersections Based on Loss Equilibrium." Applied Mechanics and Materials 336-338 (July 2013): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.336-338.619.

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In order to equilibrate the influence of bus priority induction signal control in non-priority phases, signal timing should be optimized in the intersection. Equilibrium methods are proposed for three bus priority strategies: green extension, red truncation and phase insertion. The unsaturated intersection delay is analyzed for a single bus priority request based on linear vehicle flow arrival process, procedures of green loss and loss offset are considered to infer intersection delay formulation. The signal-planning optimal model with total passengers delay minimum and other phase vehicles passing intersection normally for restraint condition is suggested.

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12

JOU, LIANG-DER. "MAGNETIC RESONANCE SIGNAL LOSS IN TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 14, no. 01 (February 25, 2002): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237202000024.

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NMR signal loss due to turbulent shear flow is discussed, and a general expression for the phase fluctuation is derived. In the presence of flow shear, the velocity fluctuation perpendicular to the direction of magnetic gradient and the Reynolds stress can cause loss of MR signal Most of signal loss results from the boundary layer, where the flow shear is strong in turbulent pipe flaw, Half the signal loss within the mixing layer distal to a moderate stenosis is caused by the velocity fluctuation in the direction of magnetic gradient, while the remaining results from the velocity, fluctuation perpendicular to the magnetic gradient. The use of eddy diffusivity for the description of signal dephasing in a spin echo sequence is also addressed; A positive, constant eddy diffusivity can not describe the temporal change of phase fluctuation correctly.

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13

Pratt, A., J. A. D. Matthew, M. El-Gomati, and S. P. Tear. "Quantitative interpretation of the low-loss electron signal." Surface Science 601, no. 8 (April 2007): 1804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2007.02.006.

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14

Warner, A., and J. Wu. "Cryogenic Loss Monitors with FPGA TDC Signal Processing." Physics Procedia 37 (2012): 2031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.03.762.

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15

Yoon, Yang‐soo, and Jont B. Allen. "Signal to noise ratio loss and consonant confusions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 (April 2005): 2608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777897.

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16

Moore, Patrick W., James Finneran, and Dorian S. Houser. "Hearing loss and echolocation signal change in dolphins." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116, no. 4 (October 2004): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4784989.

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17

Duewell, S., R. Wüthrich, A. Buck, C. von Weymarn, and G. K. von Schulthess. "MRI signal loss due to microcirculation: Phantom studies." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 14, no. 2 (May 1990): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910140219.

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18

White, WT, SF Hills, R. Gaddam, BR Holland, and David Penny. "Treeness Triangles: Visualizing the Loss of Phylogenetic Signal." Molecular Biology and Evolution 24, no. 9 (July 13, 2007): 2029–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm139.

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19

Olman, Cheryl A., Lila Davachi, and Souheil Inati. "Distortion and Signal Loss in Medial Temporal Lobe." PLoS ONE 4, no. 12 (December 3, 2009): e8160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008160.

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Modeer, Marina Rantanen, Stephan Vette, and Sebastian Engell. "Compensating Signal Loss in RFID-Based Localization Systems." IFAC-PapersOnLine 52, no. 8 (2019): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.08.062.

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21

Gatehouse, P. D., and D. N. Firmin. "Flow distortion and signal loss in spiral imaging." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 41, no. 5 (May 1999): 1023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199905)41:5<1023::aid-mrm22>3.0.co;2-1.

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22

Altman, Daniel S., Maria Vershvovsky, Wei Jiang, Haifeng Yang, Geetha Jagannathan, Rachel Redfield, Michael J. Mastrangelo, Takami Sato, Marlana M. Orloff, and Melissa Wilson. "Association of K1505Ac IHC signal loss and response to immunotherapy in patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e22049-e22049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e22049.

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e22049 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become a mainstay of treatment for patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Currently, there are no reliable biomarkers to predict which patients will benefit from ICI therapy. K1505Ac immunohistochemistry (IHC) signal loss is equivalent to loss of functional PBRM1 protein, which has previously been shown to predict response to ICI therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We hypothesized that loss of K1505Ac IHC expression in patients’ tumors may predict benefit to ICI therapy. Methods: An exploratory study was conducted in patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma (n = 25) who were treated with ICI therapy at Thomas Jefferson University. Retrospective chart review was performed to determine best clinical response using RECIST 1.1 criteria. Tumor samples from these patients were tested for loss of K1505Ac IHC signals to determine the correlation to best clinical response to ICI therapy. The pathologist was blinded to clinical responses during IHC analysis. Results: The chart below demonstrates the percentage of patients with K1505Ac IHC signal loss ≥ 40% and their correlating best clinical response to ICI therapy. Four of five patients (80%) with complete or partial response displayed K1505Ac IHC signal loss ≥ 40%. Fifteen of twenty patients (75%) with stable disease or progression of disease displayed K1505Ac IHC signal loss < 40%. Conclusions: Loss of K1505Ac IHC signal was associated with better clinical response to ICI therapy for patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. These findings suggest that K1505Ac IHC signal loss may serve as a biomarker to help determine which patients will benefit from ICI therapy. A larger cohort of patients is currently under investigation to better evaluate this association. [Table: see text]

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Taşkan, Aybars Kerem, and Hande Alemdar. "Obstruction-Aware Signal-Loss-Tolerant Indoor Positioning Using Bluetooth Low Energy." Sensors 21, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030971.

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Indoor positioning is getting increased attention due to the availability of larger and more sophisticated indoor environments. Wireless technologies like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) may provide inexpensive solutions. In this paper, we propose obstruction-aware signal-loss-tolerant indoor positioning (OASLTIP), a cost-effective BLE-based indoor positioning algorithm. OASLTIP uses a combination of techniques together to provide optimum tracking performance by taking into account the obstructions in the environment, and also, it can handle a loss of signal. We use running average filtering to smooth the received signal data, multilateration to find the measured position of the tag, and particle filtering to track the tag for better performance. We also propose an optional receiver placement method and provide the option to use fingerprinting together with OASLTIP. Moreover, we give insights about BLE signal strengths in different conditions to help with understanding the effects of some environmental conditions on BLE signals. We performed extensive experiments for evaluation of the OASLTool we developed. Additionally, we evaluated the performance of the system both in a simulated environment and in real-world conditions. In a highly crowded and occluded office environment, our system achieved 2.29 m average error, with three receivers. When simulated in OASLTool, the same setup yielded an error of 2.58 m.

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Hatfield, Laura A., Christine M. Baugh, Vanessa Azzone, and Sharon-Lise T. Normand. "Regulator Loss Functions and Hierarchical Modeling for Safety Decision Making." Medical Decision Making 37, no. 5 (January 23, 2017): 512–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x16686767.

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Background. Regulators must act to protect the public when evidence indicates safety problems with medical devices. This requires complex tradeoffs among risks and benefits, which conventional safety surveillance methods do not incorporate. Objective. To combine explicit regulator loss functions with statistical evidence on medical device safety signals to improve decision making. Methods. In the Hospital Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample, we select pediatric inpatient admissions and identify adverse medical device events (AMDEs). We fit hierarchical Bayesian models to the annual hospital-level AMDE rates, accounting for patient and hospital characteristics. These models produce expected AMDE rates (a safety target), against which we compare the observed rates in a test year to compute a safety signal. We specify a set of loss functions that quantify the costs and benefits of each action as a function of the safety signal. We integrate the loss functions over the posterior distribution of the safety signal to obtain the posterior (Bayes) risk; the preferred action has the smallest Bayes risk. Using simulation and an analysis of AMDE data, we compare our minimum-risk decisions to a conventional Z score approach for classifying safety signals. Results. The 2 rules produced different actions for nearly half of hospitals (45%). In the simulation, decisions that minimize Bayes risk outperform Z score–based decisions, even when the loss functions or hierarchical models are misspecified. Limitations. Our method is sensitive to the choice of loss functions; eliciting quantitative inputs to the loss functions from regulators is challenging. Conclusions. A decision-theoretic approach to acting on safety signals is potentially promising but requires careful specification of loss functions in consultation with subject matter experts.

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Kolyadenko, Yu Yu, and N. А. Chursanov. "5 G communication network signal propagation models." Radiotekhnika, no. 205 (July 2, 2021): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2021.2.205.17.

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The next generation 5G / IMT-2020 technology, like any new technology, brings its own specific features to all aspects related to the practice of its application. One of these particularly important aspects is electromagnetic compatibility. At the stage of preparation for the introduction of 5G radio networks, called NewRadio, it is necessary to take early measures to assess effectively the electromagnetic compatibility conditions for these networks based on a thorough analysis of the features of 5G technology. Correct and accurate assessments of these conditions means successful provision of the electromagnetic compatibility of radio equipment of new networks. The World Radio Communication Conference WRC-15 identified new radio frequency bands for 5G, including centimeter and millimeter wave bands. In general, this RF spectrum is located in three regions: below 1 GHz, 1 GHz to 6 GHz, and above 6 GHz (up to 100 GHz). From the EMC standpoint, the following can be distinguished as the main features of this spectrum: different nature of losses during signal propagation, in particular, a significant influence of additional factors (gases – oxygen, water vapor, etc.) on the level of losses previously unknown in cellular communication. The mathematical model of signal propagation of 5 G communication networks has been developed which takes into account: the attenuation of signals in free space; attenuation of signals caused by the influence of walls and floor slabs, loss of signal energy, when space is filled with various objects; attenuation of signals caused by loss of energy of radio waves, when propagating through rains; signal attenuation due to loss of radio wave energy due to fog; signal attenuation, when propagating through tree leaves, slow and fast random fading.

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26

Makarin, Viktor A., Anna A. Uspenskaya, Arseniy A. Semenov, Natalia I. Timofeeva, Roman A. Chernikov, Il`ya V. Slepcov, Igor` K. Chinchuk, et al. "Loss of signal during intraoperative neuromonitoring of laryngeal nerves as a predictor of postoperative larynx paresis: Analysis of 1065 consequetive thyroid and parathyroid operations. Surgeons' algorythm (tactics)." Endocrine Surgery 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2017): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/serg2016315-24.

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During thyroid and parathyroid operations performed with laryngeal nerves neuromonitoring, a segmental or global loss of signal may occur. The most frequent cause of loss of signal – is tension of thyroid gland tissue and at the same time tension of the laryngeal nerves. There is no consensus if this complication arises regarding surgeon’s actions.Aim. Evaluation of predictive value of loss of signal during IONM regarding larynx paresis in postoperative period, and algorithm suggestion in case of loss of signal develops.Materials and methods. 1065 patients were operated on thyroid and parathyroid glands with neuromonitoring of laryngeal nerves. Neuromonitore C2 (Inomed, Emmendingen, Germany) was used. We evaluated frequency of loss of signal, described types of loss of signal, showed sensitivity and specificity of loss of signal and development of postoperative larynx paresis.Results. Loss of signal developed in 32 (1,9%) patients. More frequently loss of signal was detected at left side (p=0,01, χ2 = 4,2 OR=2,9). Sensitivity (Se) of loss of signal and postoperative larynx paresis development reached 59,2%, specificity – 99,7% (Sp), positive predicitive value (PPV) – 91,4%, negative predictive value (NPV) – 97,8%. There are no statistically reliable differences in recovery periods of larynx function depending on type of loss of signal (segmental or global) (p=0,5).Conclusions. In most cases loss of electromyographical signal indicates injury of laryngeal nerves during operation on thyroid and parathyroid glands. When there is loss of signal in case of bilateral thyroid gland disease it is reasonable to make a decision to stop operation to prevent development of bilateral larynx paresis.

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Hwang, Sungsoon, Cynthia VanDeMark, Navdeep Dhatt, Sai V. Yalla, and Ryan T. Crews. "Segmenting human trajectory data by movement states while addressing signal loss and signal noise." International Journal of Geographical Information Science 32, no. 7 (January 12, 2018): 1391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2018.1423685.

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28

Schneider, Will T., Christian Rutz, Berthold Hedwig, and Nathan W. Bailey. "Vestigial singing behaviour persists after the evolutionary loss of song in crickets." Biology Letters 14, no. 2 (February 2018): 20170654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0654.

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The evolutionary loss of sexual traits is widely predicted. Because sexual signals can arise from the coupling of specialized motor activity with morphological structures, disruption to a single component could lead to overall loss of function. Opportunities to observe this process and characterize any remaining signal components are rare, but could provide insight into the mechanisms, indirect costs and evolutionary consequences of signal loss. We investigated the recent evolutionary loss of a long-range acoustic sexual signal in the Hawaiian field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus . Flatwing males carry mutations that remove sound-producing wing structures, eliminating all acoustic signalling and affording protection against an acoustically-orientating parasitoid fly. We show that flatwing males produce wing movement patterns indistinguishable from those that generate sonorous calling song in normal-wing males. Evolutionary song loss caused by the disappearance of structural components of the sound-producing apparatus has left behind the energetically costly motor behaviour underlying normal singing. These results provide a rare example of a vestigial behaviour and raise the possibility that such traits could be co-opted for novel functions.

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Yu, M., C. Kan, M. Lewis, and A. Sizmann. "Statistics of polarization-dependent loss, insertion loss, and signal power in optical communication systems." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 14, no. 12 (December 2002): 1695–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2002.803373.

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Zhu, Yuan, Kaan Ozbay, Hong Yang, Fan Zuo, and Di Sha. "Modeling and Simulation of Cascading Failures in Transportation Systems during Hurricane Evacuations." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (April 22, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5599073.

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Effective and timely evacuation is critical in alleviating the impact of hurricanes. As such, evacuation models are often sought to support the preparedness of evacuations. One important task in the modeling process is to evaluate exogenous factors that cause transportation system capacity loss during evacuation. Typical factors include direct damage to the roadway network due to storm surge and cascading impacts because of other facilities failures. For example, power outage can lead to signal failure and subway suspension. This paper aims to develop a macroscopic simulation-based approach to study the capacity loss of the roadway network in evacuation due to signal loss as a consequence of power outage. In particular, to simulate the case in which traffic signals lose power, a capacity-reduction model from signalized intersections to unsignalized (all-way stop control) intersections was developed and calibrated using microscopic model created in SUMO and Synchro. We used the downtown Manhattan as a case study area and created a hypothetical power-grid network in terms of neighborhoods. Six scenarios were built to simulate power loss of different neighborhoods. The simulation results give insights on how cascading failures of power network affect roadway network and evacuation process.

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Xiong, Chao, Claudia Stolle, and Jaeheung Park. "Climatology of GPS signal loss observed by Swarm satellites." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 2 (April 26, 2018): 679–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-679-2018.

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Abstract. By using 3-year global positioning system (GPS) measurements from December 2013 to November 2016, we provide in this study a detailed survey on the climatology of the GPS signal loss of Swarm onboard receivers. Our results show that the GPS signal losses prefer to occur at both low latitudes between ±5 and ±20∘ magnetic latitude (MLAT) and high latitudes above 60∘ MLAT in both hemispheres. These events at all latitudes are observed mainly during equinoxes and December solstice months, while totally absent during June solstice months. At low latitudes the GPS signal losses are caused by the equatorial plasma irregularities shortly after sunset, and at high latitude they are also highly related to the large density gradients associated with ionospheric irregularities. Additionally, the high-latitude events are more often observed in the Southern Hemisphere, occurring mainly at the cusp region and along nightside auroral latitudes. The signal losses mainly happen for those GPS rays with elevation angles less than 20∘, and more commonly occur when the line of sight between GPS and Swarm satellites is aligned with the shell structure of plasma irregularities. Our results also confirm that the capability of the Swarm receiver has been improved after the bandwidth of the phase-locked loop (PLL) widened, but the updates cannot radically avoid the interruption in tracking GPS satellites caused by the ionospheric plasma irregularities. Additionally, after the PLL bandwidth increased larger than 0.5 Hz, some unexpected signal losses are observed even at middle latitudes, which are not related to the ionospheric plasma irregularities. Our results suggest that rather than 1.0 Hz, a PLL bandwidth of 0.5 Hz is a more suitable value for the Swarm receiver. Keywords. Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities) – radio science (radio wave propagation)

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Chen, Juin-Hwey. "Excitation signal synthesis during frame erasure or packet loss." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, no. 6 (1997): 3250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.419563.

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33

Tracey, K. J. "Lethal Weight Loss: The Focus Shifts to Signal Transduction." Science Signaling 2002, no. 130 (April 30, 2002): pe21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/stke.2002.130.pe21.

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Zou, Lianfeng, Shulabh Gupta, and Christophe Caloz. "Loss-Gain Equalized Reconfigurable C-Section Analog Signal Processor." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 65, no. 2 (February 2017): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2016.2615920.

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Urchuk, Steven N., and Donald B. Plewes. "Mechanisms of flow-induced signal loss in MR angiography." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2, no. 4 (July 1992): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.1880020415.

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Swenson, S. C., and J. M. Wahr. "Estimating signal loss in regularized GRACE gravity field solutions." Geophysical Journal International 185, no. 2 (March 9, 2011): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.04977.x.

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Fürst, Gunter, Matthias Hofer, Matthias Sitzer, Thomas Kahn, Edgar Müller, and Ulrich Mödder. "Factors Influencing Flow-Induced Signal Loss in MR Angiography." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 19, no. 5 (September 1995): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-199509000-00002.

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Yan, Jin-Tai. "On-Chip Optical Channel Routing for Signal Loss Minimization." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 37, no. 8 (August 2018): 1654–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2017.2760508.

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Lee, Juhee, Kyeongsoo Kim, Simon Kim, Kiseop Kim, and Kyungsoo Lee. "Optimization of PCB SI Coupon Design That Minimizes Discontinuity Through via-in-Pad Plated over (VIPPO) Technique." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 17, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.1227889.

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Abstract The importance of signal integrity is emphasized as signal speed increases, and higher frequencies are applied. The Print Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturer uses signal integrity coupons that can replace the in-product circuit to measure and calculate the signal loss. In this study, we tried to minimize the discontinuous path of Delta-L coupon by using the via-in-pad plated over (VIPPO) technique to improve the signal integrity. We compared the VIPPO-applied design that has minimal discontinuity with the conventional Delta-L design. To minimize discontinuity, circuits connected to pads and via holes were removed from the outer layer, and the pads were designed directly above the via holes. First of all, we simulated the optimized design that eliminated discontinuities using signal integrity software, Simbeor. Second, we measured and verified Delta-L by using Introbotix’s Accu-Prober program. In the future, higher measurement frequencies will further increase signal loss because of unnecessary pathways and discrete signals; therefore, minimizing the effects of discontinuity will be an important issue, and using the VIPPO technique will help improve signal integrity.

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RODRÍGUEZ, O. C., S. JESUS, Y. STEPHAN, X. DEMOULIN, M. PORTER, and E. COELHO. "NONLINEAR SOLITON INTERACTION WITH ACOUSTIC SIGNALS: FOCUSING EFFECTS." Journal of Computational Acoustics 08, no. 02 (June 2000): 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x0000025x.

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The problem of nonlinear interaction of solitary wave packets with acoustic signals has been intensively studied in recent years. A key goal is to explain the observed transmission loss of shallow-water propagating signals, which has been found to be strongly time-dependent, anisotropic, and sometimes exhibited unexpected attenuation versus frequency. Much of the existing literature considers the problem of signal attenuation in a static environment, without considering additional effects arising from groups of solitons evolving both in range and time. Hydrographic and acoustic data from the INTIMATE'96 experiment clearly exhibit the effects of soliton packets. However, in contrast with reported observations of signal attenuation, the observed transmission loss shows a pronounced signal enhancement that behaves like a focusing effect. This focusing is correlated with peaks in current, temperature, and surface tide. That correlation suggests that the nonlinear interaction of solitary wave packets with acoustic signals can lead to a focusing of the signal. To clarify this issue, hydrographic data was used to generate physically consistent distributions of "soliton-like" fields of temperature and sound velocity. These distributions were then used as input for a range-dependent normal-mode model. The results strongly support the hypothesis that the soliton field causes the observed signal enhancement.

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Zhang, Li. "Research on the Interference Signal Separation and Purification Technology in Computer Network Intrusion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 2031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.2031.

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in the process of computer network communication, different signals subject to different communication protocols and with different signal characteristics. After invading, an entangled state which cannot be constraint formed between the signals. The characteristic differences in the polarization domain between invasion signal and communication signal is significantly reduced, and it is not easy to purify. To solve this problem, in this paper, an novel intrusion signal classification model of orthogonal polarization array is established. According to the signal loss characteristics changed by the invasion polarization, it can achieve the characteristics separation of desired signal and interference signal in the region of the polarization. the interference immunity of the separated signal is performed by a simulation analysis, it can proved that taking this vector signal processing approach not only extends the capabilities of invasion signal processing in multi-signal communications, and can significantly improve the performance of interference resistance of multi-signal network communication system.

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Hu, Xing-hua, Bing Long, and Xiao-ning Zhu. "Signal-Planning Optimization for Bus Priority Signal Intersections on the Basis of Green Loss Equilibrium." Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition) 10, no. 2 (June 2016): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000503.

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Fish, S. M., and M. J. Bosma. "Abnormal deletions in the T-cell receptor delta locus of mouse thymocytes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 7 (July 1994): 4455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.7.4455.

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Separate genetic elements (V, D, and J) encode the variable regions of lymphocyte antigen receptors. During early lymphocyte differentiation, these elements rearrange to form contiguous coding segments (VJ and VDJ) for a diverse array of variable regions. Rearrangement is mediated by a recombinase that recognizes short DNA sequences (signals) flanking V, D, and J elements. Signals flank both the 5' and 3' sides of each D element, thereby allowing assembly of a functional VDJ gene. However, in rearrangements involving the D delta 2 and J delta 1 elements of the mouse T-cell receptor delta (TCR delta) locus, we unexpectedly found that the D delta 2 element and a portion of its 5' signal are often deleted. Approximately 50% of recovered D delta 2 to J delta 1 rearrangements from thymocytes of adult wild-type mice showed such deletions. An additional 20% of the rearrangements contained standard D delta 2-J delta 1 coding junctions but showed some loss of nucleotides from the 5' D delta 2 signal. This loss was clearly associated with another event involving a site-specific cleavage at the 5' signal/coding border of D delta 2 and rejoining of the modified signal and coding ends. The abnormal loss of D delta 2 and a portion of the 5' D delta 2 signal was infrequently observed in D delta 2-to-J delta 1 rearrangements recovered from neonatal mice. The possible basis and significance of this age-dependent phenomenon are discussed.

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Fish, S. M., and M. J. Bosma. "Abnormal deletions in the T-cell receptor delta locus of mouse thymocytes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 7 (July 1994): 4455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.7.4455-4464.1994.

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Separate genetic elements (V, D, and J) encode the variable regions of lymphocyte antigen receptors. During early lymphocyte differentiation, these elements rearrange to form contiguous coding segments (VJ and VDJ) for a diverse array of variable regions. Rearrangement is mediated by a recombinase that recognizes short DNA sequences (signals) flanking V, D, and J elements. Signals flank both the 5' and 3' sides of each D element, thereby allowing assembly of a functional VDJ gene. However, in rearrangements involving the D delta 2 and J delta 1 elements of the mouse T-cell receptor delta (TCR delta) locus, we unexpectedly found that the D delta 2 element and a portion of its 5' signal are often deleted. Approximately 50% of recovered D delta 2 to J delta 1 rearrangements from thymocytes of adult wild-type mice showed such deletions. An additional 20% of the rearrangements contained standard D delta 2-J delta 1 coding junctions but showed some loss of nucleotides from the 5' D delta 2 signal. This loss was clearly associated with another event involving a site-specific cleavage at the 5' signal/coding border of D delta 2 and rejoining of the modified signal and coding ends. The abnormal loss of D delta 2 and a portion of the 5' D delta 2 signal was infrequently observed in D delta 2-to-J delta 1 rearrangements recovered from neonatal mice. The possible basis and significance of this age-dependent phenomenon are discussed.

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Adithya valli, N., and Dr D. Elizabath Rani. "Modified PWNLFM Signal for Side-Lobe Reduction." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.22110.

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Many applications in radar systems require low range side-lobe performance which is achieved by pulse compression processing. Most used chirp signal for this processing is linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal but with a presence of first high side-lobe level. Suppression of this side-lobe requires weighting function causing the reduction in signal to noise ratio at the receiver owing to mismatch loss. Non-linear chirp signals are introduced as a solution and became most practiced signals aimed at reducing side-lobes. In this paper, an overall piece wise non-linear frequency modulation chirp signal is designed by merging two stages, one with linear function and the other with a tangent based non-linear function. Simulation results show significant reduction in the sidelobe level of autocorrelation function when NLFM is generated in this method.

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Ji, Zhang, and Jianfeng Zheng. "Sparse Representation Based Dielectric Loss Angle Measurement." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (November 11, 2015): 566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001509010566.

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Precise measurement of dielectric loss angle is very important for electric capacity equipment in recent power systems. When signal-to-noise is low and fundamental frequency is fluctuating, aiming at the measuring error of dielectric loss angle based on some recent Fourier transform and wavelet transform harmonics analysis method, we propose a novel algorithm based on sparse representation, and improved it to be more flexible for signal sampling. Comparison experiments describe the advantages of our method.

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Nikolić, Jelena, Zoran Perić, Dragan Antić, Aleksandra Jovanović, and Dragan Denić. "Low Complex Forward Adaptive Loss Compression Algorithm and Its Application in Speech Coding." Journal of Electrical Engineering 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-011-0003-5.

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Low Complex Forward Adaptive Loss Compression Algorithm and Its Application in Speech CodingThis paper proposes a low complex forward adaptive loss compression algorithm that works on the frame by frame basis. Particularly, the algorithm we propose performs frame by frame analysis of the input speech signal, estimates and quantizes the gain within the frames in order to enable the quantization by the forward adaptive piecewise linear optimal compandor. In comparison to the solution designed according to the G.711 standard, our algorithm provides not only higher level of the average signal to quantization noise ratio, but also performs a reduction of the PCM bit rate for about 1 bits/sample. Moreover, the algorithm we propose completely satisfies the G.712 standard, since it provides overreaching the curve defined by the G.712 standard in the whole of variance range. Accordingly, we can reasonably believe that our algorithm will find its practical implementation in the high quality coding of signals, represented with less than 8 bits/sample, which as well as speech signals follow Laplacian distribution and have the time varying variances.

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Lim, Huey Sia, Nayan Nafarizal, Mohd Zainizan Sahdan, Samsul Haimi Dahlan, Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin, Muhammad Yusof Ismail, Fauziahanim Che Seman, et al. "Transmission of Microwave Signal through Metal-Oxide Thin Film of Energy Saving Glass Using Different Shape of Frequency Selective Structure." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.630.

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Metal oxide thin films are widely used for energy saving glass coating. This coating has the ability of blocking the infrared signal while being transparent to other visible part of the spectrum. However, there is one critical disadvantage of this metal oxide coating which it attenuates useful radio frequency and microwave signal such as GSM mobile signal, personal communication, GPS signal through them. These important microwave signals are fall within the range of 800 MHz to 2200 MHz. Frequency selective structure has been applied to solve the attenuation of microwave signal. With the adding of frequency selective structure, it can bring huge improvement of the transmission loss through it. Computer simulation using CST software is used to investigate the transmission loss through the metal oxide coated glass. The frequency selective structure will be etched out from the metallic oxide coated on the glass. Results showed that different shape of the structure will have different peak transmission loss through the glass. When cross dipole and circle shape been simulated using CST software, it can clearly see that the transmission lost and peak frequency had changed drastically. Then, triangle and pentagon shape also have different transmission through it. In addition, conductivity and electrical properties of coated metal oxide thin film is also very important. The transmission through the different ohmic sheet resistance of metal oxide thin film was also investigated. The sheet resistance value was obtained from the reported experimental results. Simulated results showed that full width half maximum, maximum transmission loss and peak frequency loss was very much dependent on the metal oxide sheet resistance. Therefore, the control of the thickness and oxygen content in metal oxide thin film are very much important to optimize the transmission loss through it for energy saving glass applications.

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Liu, Lingxiao, Tian Lu, Mingxue Gong, and Wuyu Zhang. "Study on the strength loss of Multi-hop HF Radio Propagation." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817503012.

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The reflections of high frequency (HF) radio waves between ionosphere and earth’s surface make long-distance information transmission possible. In this paper, the propagation process of radio signals was analyzed and the ionosphere was simplified. Considering the strength loss of signals that occurs in the travelling process and at the reflection points, two pairs of differential equations and integral equations were established to simulate the strength variations of HF radio waves and noises. A different equation of SNR was also developed, which utilized the failure threshold of signal-noise-ratio (SNR) as a criterion to evaluate the effectiveness of signals. Meanwhile, the pace of SNR attenuation was simulated when reflections happens on calm ocean, turbulent ocean, smooth terrain and rugged terrain.

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Yao, Zheng, Huaiyu Wu, Yang Chen, Zhihuan Chen, and Xiujuan Zheng. "Reliable Wi-Fi Indoor Localization in Case of AP Loss by Using Integrated Model Based on Signal Anomaly Detector and Signal Distance Corrector." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (July 13, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5579931.

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When developing a Wi-Fi indoor positioning system in a real-world environment, the problems we have to face are that some access points’ signal strength fluctuates extensively or even loses contact due to the cybersecurity threats, leading to the fact that the indoor location system cannot get reliable application in a real-world environment. To solve this problem, we propose a new integrated model based on signal anomaly detector and signal distance corrector to provide reliable position estimation when the access points’ signal is lost under cybersecurity threats. The signal anomaly detector improves recognition capability of the uncertain signal and noise, while the signal distance corrector improves the robustness and fault tolerance of the highly variable Wi-Fi signals. To fully reflect the performance of the proposed method, experiments have been carried out in the real environment of indoor parking lots. The results show that the proposed integrated model successfully provides reliable position estimation when the access points are lost under cybersecurity threats.

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