Journal articles: 'Signal externe'

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Jödden, Bernd. "Induktive Weg- und Winkelsensoren." Konstruktion 69, no. 05 (2017): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0720-5953-2017-05-46.

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In der Messtechnik werden seit vielen Jahren induktive Weg- und Winkelaufnehmer eingesetzt. Die Technik dieser Sensoren basiert auf dem Prinzip der Differentialdrossel. Innerhalb eines Spulenkörpers wird ein NiFe-Kern axial bewegt. Die jeweilige Position des Kerns bewirkt dabei eine entsprechende Induktivitätsverteilung in den beiden Spulenhälften, die durch eine externe oder integrierte Elektronik in ein wegproportionales, analoges Signal umgewandelt wird (Bild 1).

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Behar-Cohen, Francine, Emmanuelle Gelizé, Laurent Jonet, and Patricia Lassiaz. "Anatomie de la rétine." médecine/sciences 36, no. 6-7 (June 2020): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2020094.

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La neurorétine est une unité fonctionnelle du système nerveux central assurant la conversion d’un signal lumineux en un influx nerveux. D’origine neuroectodermique, dérivée du diencéphale, la neurorétine est un tissu stratifié, composé de six types de cellules neuronales (deux types de photorécepteurs : les cônes et les bâtonnets ; les cellules horizontales, bipolaires, amacrines et ganglionnaires) et de trois types de cellules gliales (les cellules gliales de Müller, les astrocytes et les cellules microgliales). La neurorétine repose sur l’épithélium pigmentaire rétinien, l’ensemble constituant la rétine. L’existence des barrières hémato-rétiniennes interne et externe et des jonctions intra-rétiniennes rend compte de la finesse de la régulation des échanges de la rétine avec la circulation et au sein de la rétine elle-même. La zone centrale de la rétine humaine, la macula, zone hautement spécialisée pour assurer l’acuité visuelle, présente des spécificités anatomiques. Les méthodes d’imagerie récentes permettent d’enrichir nos connaissances sur les caractéristiques anatomiques et fonctionnelles de la rétine, qui restent encore imparfaitement décrites.

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Zech, Roland. "A permafrost glacial hypothesis – Permafrost carbon might help explaining the Pleistocene ice ages." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 61, no. 1 (May 11, 2012): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.61.1.07.

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Abstract. Während der letzten ~100 ka Glazial-Interglazial-Zyklen war die Konzentration des Treibhausgases CO2 in der Atmosphäre eng mit der globalen Temperatur gekoppelt. Die Gründe fuür die CO2 Konzentrationsschwankungen wurden bislang vor allem im Ozean vermutet, bleiben aber rätselhaft. Darüberhinaus gibt es nur spekulative Erklärungsansätze für den mittelpleistozänen Übergang von den 41 ka Eiszeitzyklen im Frühpleistozän vor ~0.7 Ma zu den ~100 ka Eiszeitzyklen danach. Die klassische Milankovitch Theorie der Sommerinsolation in hohen nördlichen Breiten kann die Abfolge der pleistozänen Eiszeiten nicht vollständig erklären. Basierend auf jüngsten Erkenntnissen, dass die Menge des organischen Bodenkohlenstoffs in Permafrostgebieten massiv unterschätzt wurde, und der simplen Logik, dass Permafrostgebiete und die entsprechende Kohlenstoffspeicherung in den Eiszeiten vermutlich wesentlich größer waren als in den Warmzeiten, soll hier eine „Permafrost Hypothese“ vorgestellt werden: (i) Langsame Anreicherung von Kohlenstoff in Permafrostböden während Abkühlungsphasen, sowie rasche Freisetzung von CO2 und Methan während Erwärmungsphasen, sind entscheidende positive Rückkopplungsprozesse für das Klima. (ii) Änderungen der integrierten annuellen Insolation an der südlichen, und damit sensitiven Permafrostgrenze könnten als externe Auslöser für globale Klimaveränderungen fungieren. (iii) Der mittelpleistozäne Wechsel der Eiszeitzyklen könnte implizit damit erklärt werden, dass Permafrostgebiete im Laufe der langfristigen pleistozänen Abkühlung Breiten von ~45°N erreichten. Dort verschwindet das für höhere nördliche Breiten charakteristische aus der Schiefe der Ekliptik resultierende ~41 ka Signal der annuellen Insolation, und es dominiert allein das ~100 ka Signal der orbitalen Ekzentrizität.

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Lacefield, Soni, and Nicholas Ingolia. "Signal Transduction: External Signals Influence Spore-Number Control." Current Biology 16, no. 4 (February 2006): R125—R127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.005.

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Abeysekera, Indra. "Signalling external capital disclosure in annual reports." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 4 (2014): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i4c1p4.

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Much of the discussion of voluntary disclosure of external capital in annual reports entails only limited examination as signals for capital accumulation. Using the method of content analysis, this paper examines the signalling of external capital disclosure practices, the most disclosed category of intellectual capital, in annual reports of a sample of listed firms in Sri Lanka, a developing nation. Eleven case study interviews from the sample firms explore the role of signal for capital accumulation. Findings reveal that signals differ between industry sectors in convincing stakeholders to advance capital accumulation

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Chatterjee, Shre Kumar, Saptarshi Das, Koushik Maharatna, Elisa Masi, Luisa Santopolo, Stefano Mancuso, and Andrea Vitaletti. "Exploring strategies for classification of external stimuli using statistical features of the plant electrical response." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 104 (March 2015): 20141225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1225.

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Plants sense their environment by producing electrical signals which in essence represent changes in underlying physiological processes. These electrical signals, when monitored, show both stochastic and deterministic dynamics. In this paper, we compute 11 statistical features from the raw non-stationary plant electrical signal time series to classify the stimulus applied (causing the electrical signal). By using different discriminant analysis-based classification techniques, we successfully establish that there is enough information in the raw electrical signal to classify the stimuli. In the process, we also propose two standard features which consistently give good classification results for three types of stimuli—sodium chloride (NaCl), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and ozone (O 3 ). This may facilitate reduction in the complexity involved in computing all the features for online classification of similar external stimuli in future.

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Aditya, K., Ganesha Udupa, and Yongkwun Lee. "Development of Bio-Machine Based on the Plant Response to External Stimuli." Journal of Robotics 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/124314.

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In the area of biorobotics, intense research work is being done based on plant intelligence. Any living cell continuously receives information from the environment. In this paper, research is conducted on the plant nameddescoingsiixhaworthioides(Pepe) obtaining the action potential signals and its responses to stimulations of different light modes. The plant electrical signal is the reaction of plant’s stimulation owing to various environmental conditions. Action potentials are responsible for signaling between plant cells and communication from the plants can be achieved through modulation of various parameters of the electrical signal in the plant tissue. The modulated signals are used for providing information to the microcontroller’s algorithm for working of the bio-machine. The changes of frequency of action potentials in plant are studied. Electromyography (EMG) electrodes and needle-type conductive electrodes along with electronic modules are used to collect and transform the information from the plant. Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) is used to convert signal in frequency domain into voltage signal for real-time analysis. The changes in frequency of the plant action potentials to different light modes are used for the control of the bio-machine. This work has paved the way for an extensive research towards plant intelligence.

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HOLZHÜTTER, HERMANN-GEORG, and JÖRN QUEDENAU. "MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF CELLULAR RESPONSES TO EXTERNAL SIGNALS." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 01 (March 1995): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000125.

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An empirical mathematical model is proposed to describe the response (growth rate, metabolic activity etc.) of a cell population to various intensities of an external signal (hormone, antibody, pharmacon etc.). The model is based on the assumption that the signal causes the target system to pass consecutively through i=1, …, N distinct population states having response coefficients Ri. Describing the interaction of the system with the signal according to the rules of chemical kinetics by two phenomenological parameters (k - sensitivity, n - cooperativity index) one arrives at a series expansion for Ri which is linear in the Ri’s but nonlinear with respect to k and n (“R-decomposition”). The pattern of expansion coefficients Ri is characteristic of a given signal and can be used to reveal similarities in the responses of the cell population to various signals. A user-friendly microcomputer program has been developed to fit the model equation to experimental data by means of constraint nonlinear regression analysis and to determine all characteristic curve parameters (number and location of extremal values, inflection points etc.). The robustness and benefit of the model is demonstrated by applications to various types of “exotic” dose-reponse-curves obtained from a neutral-red assay of fibroblasts. Similarities between response curves are studied.

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STELMASIAK, Zdzisław, and Mariusz RUDNICKI. "Impact of external interferences on vibroacoustic signals coming from combustion engine during cold test." Combustion Engines 160, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116899.

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In the paper is presented impact of external interferences on vibroacoustic signals coming from a spark ignition engine’s vibrations in cold test performed on engine assembly line. As the basis to the analysis were used signals of piezoelectric sensor mounted on cylinder block of the engine driven by electric motor. In course of the testing it has been used the order tracking analysis of the vibrations during the cold test, while experimental results were used to statistic analysis of significance of influence with use of the MiniTab computer program. The main objective of the investigations was to verify actually obtained vibroacoustic signals and to minimize interferences coming from the measuring system. It should contribute to reduction of tolerance limits and improved detection of faulty engines with use of vibroacoustic methods. The investigations have shown significant impact of contact surface of the cylinder block with the sensor and impact of deformations of compression spring on results of recorded vibroacoustic signal. Such impact should be taken into considerations in numerical analysis of the signal. It has been proposed to perform activities to reduce influence of the interferences on recorded signals. Results of the investigations have been already utilized in production cold tests of spark ignition engines.

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Yang, Lifeng, Chulin Chen, Zhaojiang Zhang, and Xin Wei. "Glucose Determination by a Single 1535 nm Pulsed Photoacoustic Technique: A Multiple Calibration for the External Factors." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (September 19, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9593843.

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Photoacoustic spectroscopy has been proved to be a potential method for noninvasive blood glucose detection. We used 1535 nm pulsed laser to excite photoacoustic signal in glucose solution and then explored the influence of different glucose concentration on photoacoustic signal to analyze the sensitivity of photoacoustic signal to glucose at this wavelength. We designed a simple photoacoustic cell structure, which used a focused ultrasonic transducer to receive signals, so as to reduce signal attenuation. In terms of the results, we have found that for high-concentration glucose solutions, the results have strong linearity and discrimination, and when the concentration is close to the human body level, the signal difference is not so obvious. Therefore, we explore the external factors affecting the photoacoustic signal in detail and propose a calibration method. Through calibration, the signal generated by the low-concentration glucose solution also has a good linearity.

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Sanger, Terence D. "Decoding Neural Spike Trains: Calculating the Probability That a Spike Train and an External Signal Are Related." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 1659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00121.2001.

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Experimental and clinical applications of extracellular recordings of spiking cell activity frequently are used to relate the activity of a cell to externally measurable signals such as surface potentials, sensory stimuli, or movement measurements. When the external signal is time-varying, correlation methods have traditionally been used to quantify the degree of relation with the neural firing. However, in some circumstances correlation methods can give misleading results. A new algorithm is described that estimates the extent to which a spike train is related to a continuous time-varying signal. The technique calculates the probability of generating a spike train with Poisson statistics if the time-varying signal determines the Poisson rate. This is accomplished by successive division of the signal and the spike train into halves and recursive calculation of the probability of each half-signal. The performance of the new algorithm is compared with the performance of correlation methods on simulated data.

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Li, Ya Ping, Pin Wang, and Qian Shu Li. "Controlling of explicit internal signal stochastic resonance by external signal." Journal of Chemical Physics 121, no. 12 (September 22, 2004): 6021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1783875.

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Shu, Hong Chun, Xin Cui Tian, and Yue Tao Dai. "The Identification of Internal and External Faults for ±800kV UHVDC Transmission Line Based on S-Transform and SVM." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 7138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.7138.

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There is a smoothing reactor and DC filter between the inverter and the direct current line to form a boundary in the HVDC transmission system. Since this boundary presents the stop-band characteristic to the high frequency transient voltage signals, the high-frequency transient voltage signal caused by external faults through boundary will be attenuated and the signals caused by internal faults will be unchanged. In this paper, a new technique in which the combination of the S–transform and support vector machine (SVM) is used to analyze the transient signals, is proposed for distinguishing internal faults from the external faults based on the significantly difference of high-frequency transient voltage on the point of protection.

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Scally, Karen, Judith L. Charlton, Robert Iansek, John L. Bradshaw, Simon Moss, and Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis. "Impact of External Cue Validity on Driving Performance in Parkinson's Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/159621.

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This study sought to investigate the impact of external cue validity on simulated driving performance in 19 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 19 healthy age-matched controls. Braking points and distance between deceleration point and braking point were analysed for red traffic signals preceded either by Valid Cues (correctly predicting signal), Invalid Cues (incorrectly predicting signal), and No Cues. Results showed that PD drivers braked significantly later and travelled significantly further between deceleration and braking points compared with controls for Invalid and No-Cue conditions. No significant group differences were observed for driving performance in response to Valid Cues. The benefit of Valid Cues relative to Invalid Cues and No Cues was significantly greater for PD drivers compared with controls. Trail Making Test (B-A) scores correlated with driving performance for PDs only. These results highlight the importance of external cues and higher cognitive functioning for driving performance in mild to moderate PD.

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Cui, H., and G. Zhang. "HIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL SATELLITE IMAGES COLOR CONSISTENCY METHOD BASED ON EXTERNAL COLOR REFERENCES." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-3-2020 (August 3, 2020): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-3-2020-663-2020.

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Abstract. Affected by factors such as season, illumination, atmospheric and sensor distortion, different satellite images often show obvious color difference, resulting in “stitching seams” at the edge of adjacent images, which seriously affects the application of satellite images. This study proposes a novel color consistency method for optical satellite images utilizing external color reference. Firstly, we improved the dark channel defogging method combining with the atmospheric distribution characteristics of satellite images, and used it to perform atmospheric correction on satellite images; Secondly, we corrected the color of atmospheric corrected satellite images through low-frequency signal replacement. Finally, we use a linear model to establish the relationship between high and low frequency signals, and stretching the high-frequency signal of images through local modelling. We selected two sets of representative experimental data for experiments, both the visual and quantitative obtained excellent results.

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Zhong, Dongzhou, Wei Luo, Geliang Xu, and Yongqiang Ji. "Optoelectronic Composite Logic Gates Controlled by the Logic Operation in a VCSEL with External Optical Injection." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 26, no. 12 (November 2016): 1650210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127416502102.

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Based on the polarization switching mechanism in an optically injected vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), and relying on the new electro-optic modulation theory, we propose a novel approach to implement optoelectronic logic gates. The two linear-polarization (LP) lights from the output of the laser are considered as two logic outputs. Under the electro-optic modulation, one of the logic outputs is the NOT operation with the other one. With the same logic input signal, we perform various digital signal processing (AND, OR, XNOR, NAND, NOR and XOR) in the optical domain, controlling the logic operations of the applied electric field between the two logic input signals. On this basis, the logic operation of half-adder is further implemented.

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Кропотов, Юрий, Yuriy Kropotov, Алексей Белов, Aleksey Belov, Александр Проскуряков, and Aleksandr Proskuryakov. "EFFECTIVENESS INCREASE IN AUDIO EXCHANGE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS UNDER CONDITIONS OF EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC NOISE BY METHODS OF ADAPTIVE FILTERING." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2019, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5c8b5cebac6217.27543313.

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Signal processing in the telecommunication systems of audioinformation exchange is conditioned on the requirement in the separation of useful speech acoustic information, in the increase of the verification of information perception by subscribers of a communication system, in the stability increase of telecommunication systems at the suppression of external acoustic interference and echosignal compensations. Therefore during designing telecommunication systems, in particular, speakerphone systems (SS) operating under conditions of an active impact of external acoustic interference and echosignals, there is specified a problem of the algorithm formation of efficient noise suppression for an essential “signal-noise” ratio support. The investigation object is design methods of adaptive algorithms for speech signals processing and acoustic interference suppression at the expense of the controlled change of a rejection area in the range from 0 to 300…1000Hz depending on an interference situation. The work aim is an investigation of the speech signals characteristics and acoustic noise of different nature and also problems consideration in the matter of an algorithm creation for adaptive filtering and suppression of external acoustic interference and echosignals. At that the increase of the “signal-acoustic interference” ratio in the systems of audioexchange telecommunications is carried out through the methods of adaptive filtering. The results obtained in the course of the investigations of different acoustic interference suppression show that through the method of linear filtering in the system of telecommunications of speech information exchange it is possible to ensure the essential ratio Rs/Rak.pom. >20 dB and, accordingly, an essential syllab-ic legibility S ≥ 93%.

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Cohen, Oren, Ran Harel, Tim D. Aumann, Zvi Israel, and Yifat Prut. "Parallel processing of internal and external feedback in the spinocerebellar system of primates." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00825.2016.

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Cerebellar control of voluntary movements is achieved by the integration of external and internal feedback information to adjust and correct properly ongoing actions. In the forelimb of primates, rostral-spinocerebellar tract (RSCT) neurons are thought to integrate segmental, descending, and afferent sources and relay upstream a compound signal that contains both an efference copy of the spinal-level motor command and the state of the periphery. We tested this hypothesis by implanting stimulating electrodes in the superior cerebellar peduncle and recording the activity of cervical spinal neurons in primates. To dissociate motor commands and proprioceptive signals, we used a voluntary wrist task and applied external perturbations to the movement. We identified a large group of antidromically activated RSCT neurons located in deep dorsal sites and a smaller fraction of postsynaptically activated (PSA) cells located in intermediate and ventral laminae. RSCT cells received sensory input from broad, proximally biased receptive fields (RFs) and were not affected by applied wrist perturbations. PSA cells received sensory information from distal RFs and were more strongly related to active and passive movements. The anatomical and functional properties of RSCT and PSA cells suggest that descending signals converging on PSA cells contribute to both motor preparation and motor control. In parallel, RSCT neurons relay upstream an integrated signal that encodes the state of working muscles and can contribute to distal-to-proximal coordination of action. Thus the rostral spinocerebellar system sends upstream an efference copy of the motor command but does not signal abrupt errors in the performed movement. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cerebellar coordination of voluntary movements relies on integrating feedback information to update motor output. With the use of a novel protocol, we identified spinal neurons constituting the ascending and descending components of the forelimb spinocerebellar system in behaving primates. The data suggest that descending information contributes to both motor preparation and execution, whereas ascending information conveys the spinal level motor command, such that internal and external feedback is relayed through parallel pathways.

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Khailo, Nikita S., Andrey V. Krivetsky, and Aleksey G. Vostretsov. "An asymptotically robust invariant algorithm for demodulation of DPSK signals under external interference with a priori uncertain parameters." Proceedings of the Russian higher school Academy of sciences, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1727-2769-2022-2-46-59.

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The study aims at synthesizing an asymptotically robust invariant demodulation algorithm for DPSK signals with arbitrary modulation multiplicity used in aircraft communication systems and observed against the background of noise with an unknown probability distribution and a noise complex with a priori uncertain parameters. The analysis of the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is carried out by a computer simulation modeling. The algorithm implies automatic detection and rejection of narrowband pulse noise. This type of interference is typical for radio-navigation systems. It has been shown that the narrowband pulse noise should be eliminated if the signal-to-interference ratio becomes less than -10 dB. The use of the asymptotic robustness principle ensures the stability of the algorithm characteristics to changes in the character of the noise probability distribution density. It was found that the joint application of narrowband pulse interference elimination and the asymptotically robust approach provides reliable demodulation performance both when receiving against the background Gaussian noise and under the action of pulse interference and noise with "heavy tails". In addition, it has been shown that the use of signals with differential phase modulation, direct sequence spread spectrum, and the sidelobe levels of less than 10% effectively suppresses interference caused by multipath signal propagation.

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Bassilana, Martine, Charles Puerner, and Robert A. Arkowitz. "External signal–mediated polarized growth in fungi." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 62 (February 2020): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2019.11.001.

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Marvel, Kate, Mark Zelinka, Stephen A. Klein, Céline Bonfils, Peter Caldwell, Charles Doutriaux, Benjamin D. Santer, and Karl E. Taylor. "External Influences on Modeled and Observed Cloud Trends." Journal of Climate 28, no. 12 (June 11, 2015): 4820–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00734.1.

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Abstract Understanding the cloud response to external forcing is a major challenge for climate science. This crucial goal is complicated by intermodel differences in simulating present and future cloud cover and by observational uncertainty. This is the first formal detection and attribution study of cloud changes over the satellite era. Presented herein are CMIP5 model-derived fingerprints of externally forced changes to three cloud properties: the latitudes at which the zonally averaged total cloud fraction (CLT) is maximized or minimized, the zonal average CLT at these latitudes, and the height of high clouds at these latitudes. By considering simultaneous changes in all three properties, the authors define a coherent multivariate fingerprint of cloud response to external forcing and use models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) to calculate the average time to detect these changes. It is found that given perfect satellite cloud observations beginning in 1983, the models indicate that a detectable multivariate signal should have already emerged. A search is then made for signals of external forcing in two observational datasets: ISCCP and PATMOS-x. The datasets are both found to show a poleward migration of the zonal CLT pattern that is incompatible with forced CMIP5 models. Nevertheless, a detectable multivariate signal is predicted by models over the PATMOS-x time period and is indeed present in the dataset. Despite persistent observational uncertainties, these results present a strong case for continued efforts to improve these existing satellite observations, in addition to planning for new missions.

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SRINIVASAN, RAMESH. "INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL NEURAL SYNCHRONIZATION DURING CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 14, no. 02 (February 2004): 825–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127404009399.

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Binocular rivalry is a useful experimental paradigm to investigate aspects of neocortical dynamics related to conscious perception. Frequency-tagged EEG responses to a sine-flickered visual stimulus were contrasted between episodes of perceptual dominance, i.e. conscious perception of that stimulus and perceptual nondominance, i.e. conscious perception of a rival stimulus presented at a different frequency to the other eye. The amplitude and phase distribution of the stimulus-evoked steady-state responses depended on the stimulus modulation frequency, consistent with the presence of global resonance phenomena. At the apparent global resonance frequency, conscious perception of the stimulus modulated the steady-state response over the entire array of electrodes. These effects were significant at electrodes far from the primary visual cortex, including temporal, central, and frontal electrodes. The phase structure of the steady-state response was also investigated using coherence measures. Coherence between electrodes mostly increased during conscious perception of the stimulus. Analysis of partial coherence, removing stimulus-locked responses, indicated that synchronization of each signal to the stimulus flicker at each electrode and synchronization between signals that vary with respect to the stimulus flicker at each electrode both contribute to observed increases in coherence during conscious perception. These distinct modes of synchronization may reflect two different physiological mechanisms by which sensory signals are integrated across the cerebral cortex during conscious experience.

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Diewald, Fabian, Niklas Epple, Thomas Kraenkel, Christoph Gehlen, and Ernst Niederleithinger. "Impact of External Mechanical Loads on Coda Waves in Concrete." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 5482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165482.

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During their life span, concrete structures interact with many kinds of external mechanical loads. Most of these loads are considered in advance and result in reversible deformations. Nevertheless, some of the loads cause irreversible, sometimes unnoticed changes below the macroscopic scale depending on the type and dimension of the impact. As the functionality of concrete structures is often relevant to safety and society, their condition must be known and, therefore, assessed on a regular basis. Out of the spectrum of non-destructive monitoring methods, Coda Wave Interferometry using embedded ultrasonic sensors is one particularly sensitive technique to evaluate changes to heterogeneous media. However, there are various influences on Coda waves in concrete, and the interpretation of their superimposed effect is ambiguous. In this study, we quantify the relations of uniaxial compression and uniaxial tension on Coda waves propagating in normal concrete. We found that both the signal correlation of ultrasonic signals as well as their velocity variation directly reflect the stress change in concrete structures in a laboratory environment. For the linear elastic range up to 30% of the strength, we calculated a velocity variation of −0.97‰/MPa for compression and 0.33%/MPa for tension using linear regression. In addition, these parameters revealed even weak irreversible changes after removal of the load. Furthermore, we show the time-dependent effects of shrinkage and creep on Coda waves by providing the development of the signal parameters over time during half a year together with creep recovery. Our observations showed that time-dependent material changes must be taken into account for any comparison of ultrasonic signals that are far apart in time. The study’s results demonstrate how Coda Wave Interferometry is capable of monitoring stress changes and detecting even small-size microstructural changes. By indicating the stated relations and their separation from further impacts, e.g., temperature and moisture, we anticipate our study to contribute to the qualification of Coda Wave Interferometry for its application as an early-warning system for concrete structures.

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J Stevenson, Andrew, Malcolm B Gray, Charles C Harb, David E McClelland, and Hans-A. Bachor. "Interferometers with Internal and External Phase Modulation: Experimental and Analytical Comparison." Australian Journal of Physics 48, no. 6 (1995): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph950971.

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Optical intensity noise in a light source easily degrades the sensitivity of a shot-noise-limited interferometer which is directly detecting low frequency phase or displacement variations. In this paper we describe and compare two experimental methods in which we use high frequency optical phase modulation to shift low frequency phase signals in an interferometer to a shot noise limited region of the photocurrent spectrum. This phase modulation is applied either within the interferometer arms-internal modulation-or in a local oscillator beam tapped off the main interferometer and coherently recombined with the interferometer output-external modulation. he photocurrent is mixed electronically with the high frequency modulating waveform to extract the signal information free from laser intensity noise. In our experiments, we have been able to detect interferometrically low frequency signals with true shot-noise-limited sensitivity. We find, theoretically and experimentally, that the interferometric sensitivity achievable in each scheme depends critically on non-ideal factors, such as imperfect interferometric fringe contrast and electronic noise in the detectors or amplifiers. This paper examines the relative merits and operating requirements of both modulation schemes in practical interferometers.

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Johannessen, R. "External Ground Monitoring v. Receiver Monitoring." Journal of Navigation 44, no. 1 (January 1991): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300009681.

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The transmissions from GPS and GLONASS navigation satellites include information about the state of those transmissions as perceived by the control centre. In the case of GPS, for example, this information is contained in the data stream in Subframe 1 Word 3. However, with some of the failure conditions that can arise there is a delay of the order of half an hour before this message is altered to signal that a failure exists. A situation can therefore arise when the satellite signals that all is well, whereas in fact it is not. The very high levels of integrity which civil aviation require before satellite navigation can be used with confidence therefore means that the warning messages from the satellite must be augmented by some other form of monitoring. Two alternatives exist: (1) to have a monitor at some fixed and surveyed ground location which broadcasts a warning to the navigating aircraft when there is a malfunction (ground monitoring), or (2) to arrange for the navigating receiver to perform its own internal monitoring, known as receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM). Each alternative is beneficial in its own way.

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Noskov, V. Ya, S. M. Smolskiy, K. A. Ignatkov, and A. P. Chupahin. "FEATURES OF AUTODYNE SIGNAL FORMATION WITH EXTERNAL DETECTOR." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 76, no. 16 (2018): 1463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v76.i16.60.

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Masuda, Naoki, and Kazuyuki Aihara. "Spatiotemporal Spike Encoding of a Continuous External Signal." Neural Computation 14, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1599–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08997660260028638.

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Interspike intervals of spikes emitted from an integrator neuron model of sensory neurons can encode input information represented as a continuous signal from a deterministic system. If a real brain uses spike timing as a means of information processing, other neurons receiving spatiotemporal spikes from such sensory neurons must also be capable of treating information included in deterministic interspike intervals. In this article, we examine functions of neurons modeling cortical neurons receiving spatiotemporal spikes from many sensory neurons. We show that such neuron models can encode stimulus information passed from the sensory model neurons in the form of interspike intervals. Each sensory neuron connected to the cortical neuron contributes equally to the information collection by the cortical neuron. Although the incident spike train to the cortical neuron is a superimposition of spike trains from many sensory neurons, it need not be decomposed into spike trains according to the input neurons. These results are also preserved for generalizations of sensory neurons such as a small amount of leak, noise, inhomogeneity in firing rates, or biases introduced in the phase distributions.

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Makarius, Erin E., Charles E. Stevens, and Aino Tenhiälä. "Tether or Stepping Stone? The Relationship between Perceived External Reputation and Collective Voluntary Turnover Rates." Organization Studies 38, no. 12 (April 1, 2017): 1665–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840617693269.

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Signaling theory suggests that resources such as firm reputation can send multiple signals that create dual pressures on stakeholders. These tensions are apparent when examining the relationship between a firm’s reputation and the collective voluntary turnover rates it experiences. On the one hand, a favorable reputation may tether employees to the firm due to the perceived desirability of working for a reputable company, resulting in lower voluntary turnover rates. On the other hand, a favorable reputation may make employees believe they are more marketable and thus may serve as a stepping stone relating to higher voluntary turnover rates. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether and when reputation acts as a signal of desirability or a signal of ease of movement in predicting collective voluntary turnover rates. We find some evidence for an overall tethering effect for more reputable firms. In addition, our findings demonstrate that reputation is more likely to result in stepping stone effects in certain signaling environments including when firms are in more munificent industries, are younger, and have higher pay levels. Tethering effects are observed when firms are in less munificent industries, are older, and have lower pay levels.

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Lindeberg, Magdalen, Carol M. Boyd, Noel T. Keen, and Alan Collmer. "External Loops at the C Terminus of Erwinia chrysanthemi Pectate Lyase C Are Required for Species-Specific Secretion through the Out Type II Pathway." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 6 (March 15, 1998): 1431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.6.1431-1437.1998.

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ABSTRACT The type II secretion system (main terminal branch of the general secretion pathway) is used by diverse gram-negative bacteria to secrete extracellular proteins. Proteins secreted by this pathway are synthesized with an N-terminal signal peptide which is removed upon translocation across the inner membrane, but the signals which target the mature proteins for secretion across the outer membrane are unknown. The plant pathogens Erwinia chrysanthemi andErwinia carotovora secrete several isozymes of pectate lyase (Pel) by the out-encoded type II pathway. However, these two bacteria cannot secrete Pels encoded by heterologously expressed pel genes from the other species, suggesting the existence of species-specific secretion signals within these proteins. The functional cluster of E. chrysanthemi out genes carried on cosmid pCPP2006 enables Escherichia coli to secreteE. chrysanthemi, but not E. carotovora, Pels. We exploited the high sequence similarity between E. chrysanthemi PelC and E. carotovora Pel1 to construct 15 hybrid proteins in which different regions of PelC were replaced with homologous sequences from Pel1. The differential secretion of these hybrid proteins by E. coli(pCPP2006) revealed M118 to D175 and V215 to C329 as regions required for species-specific secretion of PelC. We propose that the primary targeting signal is contained within the external loops formed by G274 to C329 but is dependent on residues in M118 to D170 and V215 to G274 for proper positioning.

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Jachmann, F., and J. VAN DEN ASSEM. "The Interaction of External and Internal Factors in the Courtship of Parasitic Wasps (Hym., Pteromalidae)." Behaviour 125, no. 1-2 (1993): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00155.

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AbstractOur topic of interest is the causal organization of courtship and mating behaviour of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), more especially that of Nasonia vitripennis. Males pursue newly emerged females over a short distance, mount on top, and take up a position at the front, the fore tarsi placed on the female's head. Courtship displays consist of characteristic combinations of motor patterns, which are repeated a variable number of times in so-called courtship cycles. Movements with the wings, head, mouthparts, and antennae are conspicuous components. This applies in particular to head-nodding movements, which occur in series. A female may become sexually receptive while being courted; she signals the onset of this condition with a movement of her antennae. The male will react promptly: he stops courting and backs up into the copulatory position. The signal coincides almost invariably with the first nod of a series; signalling at other times led to a postponement of the backing-up reaction. Because Nasonia males readily court on dummy females, we used a dummy with moveable antennae to investigate the temporal relationship of signal and reaction. We observed two types of postponed backing-up reactions: simple backing up, and backing up after performance of one or more display movements. At the same time, we found a quantitative relationship between durations of the latencies, and the timing of the signal relative to the display. Our investigations produced evidence for endogenous, periodic changes, which take place during the succession of courtship cyles. The postponed backing-up reactions of different types could be explained in terms of interactions between the effects of signalling and the endogenous dynamics of courting males.

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Schroeteler, Frauke, and Kerstin Ziegler. "Schneller wieder in Gang kommen." physiopraxis 7, no. 09 (September 2009): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1308318.

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Festgefroren am Boden – so scheint es, wenn Menschen am Freezing of Gait (FOG) leiden. Dieses Symptom kann Patientenmit einem Parkinson-Syndrom erheblich in ihrer Selbstständigkeit einschränken. Der Einsatz externer Signale, sogenannter Cues, hilft, auftretende motorische Blockadenzu überwinden. Die Autorinnen haben aktuelle Studien zum Thema gesichtet undzeigen, welche akustischen und visuellen Cues Patienten einsetzen sollten.

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Garverick, Steven L., Michael Kane, Wen H. Ko, and Anthony J. Maniglia. "External Unit for a Semi-Implantable Middle Ear Hearing Device." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 76, no. 6 (June 1997): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139707600609.

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A miniaturized, low-power external unit has been developed for the clinical trials of a semi-implantable middle ear electromagnetic hearing device (SIMEHD) which uses radio-frequency telemetry to couple sound signals to the internal unit. The external unit is based on a commercial hearing aid which provides proven audio amplification and compression. Its receiver is replaced by an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) which: 1) adjusts the direct-current bias of the audio input according to its peak value; 2) converts the audio signal to a one-bit digital form using Σ—Δ modulation; 3) modulates the Σ—Δ output with a radio-frequency (RF) oscillator; and 4) drives the external RF coil and tuning capacitor using a field-effect transistor operated in class D. The external unit functions as expected and has been used to operate bench-top tests of the SIMEHD. Measured current consumption is 1.65 - 2.15 mA, which projects to a battery lifetime of about 15 days. Bandwidth is 6 kHz and harmonic distortion is about 2%.

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Dubinov, A. E., and V. D. Selemir. "Vircator generation spectrum controlled by an external SHF signal." Technical Physics Letters 26, no. 7 (July 2000): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1262907.

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Barthauer, Mirko, and Bernhard Friedrich. "Connecting microscopic traffic simulation and LISA+ external signal control." Transportation Research Procedia 27 (2017): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.007.

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Dresp, Birgitta. "External regularities and adaptive signal exchanges in the brain." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 4 (August 2001): 663–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01310087.

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Shepard's concept of internalization does not suggest mechanisms which help to understand how the brain adapts to changes, how representations of a steadily changing environment are updated or, in short, how brain learning continues throughout life. Neural mechanisms, as suggested by Barlow, may prove a more powerful alternative. Brain theories such as Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) propose mechanisms to explain how representational activities may be linked in space and time. Some predictions of ART are confirmed by psychophysical and neurophysiological data. [Barlow; Shepard]

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Dzhotyan, G. P., and A. V. Mesropyan. "Singly resonant optical parametric oscillator with external signal injection." Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 20, no. 12 (December 31, 1990): 1450–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1990v020n12abeh007590.

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Akiho, Hirotada, Paola Lovato, Yikang Deng, Peter J. M. Ceponis, Patricia Blennerhassett, and Stephen M. Collins. "Interleukin-4- and -13-induced hypercontractility of human intestinal muscle cells-implication for motility changes in Crohn's disease." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 288, no. 4 (April 2005): G609—G615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00273.2004.

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Crohn's disease is an idiopathic inflammatory condition. However, little is known about the changes that occur in the muscularis externa, despite the fact that this tissue contributes to motility changes and stricture formation. We characterized immune activity in the muscularis externa from intestinal segments of Crohn's disease patients and evaluated the role of IL-4 and -13 as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6 in the contractility of the cultured human intestinal smooth muscle cells. CD3+ve cells ( P < 0.01) and IL-4 protein ( P < 0.01) were significantly increased in the muscularis externa of Crohn's disease patients compared with noninflamed controls. Preincubation of human cultured smooth muscle cells with IL-4 ( P < 0.001) or IL-13 ( P < 0.05) significantly enhanced carbachol-induced contraction, and this was significantly inhibited by the STAT6 inhibitor leflunomide ( P < 0.0001). A similar profile was observed in muscle cells isolated from Crohn's disease patients. Both IL-4 and IL-13 increased specific STAT6-DNA binding in control cells, and this was inhibited by anti-STAT6 Ab ( P < 0.05) or leflunomide ( P < 0.05). IL-4 and IL-13 mediate the hypercontractility of intestinal muscle via a STAT6 pathway at the level of the smooth muscle cell. The STAT6 pathway may contribute to the hypercontractility of intestinal muscle in Crohn's disease.

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Xia, Rongsheng, Qingxian Wu, and Shuyi Shao. "Disturbance observer-based optimal flight control of near space vehicle with external disturbance." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219868403.

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This paper presents a disturbance observer-based robust optimal flight control strategy for near space vehicle (NSV) attitude system with external time-varying disturbance generated by an exogenous system. For the purpose of eliminating the effect of the disturbance, nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) technique is used and the disturbance estimation error is guaranteed to be globally exponential convergence. Then, based on the disturbance estimation result and desired trajectory signal, a steady state control input is presented and the optimal tracking problem of original system with external disturbance can be converted into the optimal regulation problem of a nominal error system. Furthermore, a single network-based adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) method is applied to obtain the corresponding optimal feedback control law. Finally, all the signals in closed-loop system are proved to be uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) and the tracking error can converge to a sufficiently small bound. Simulation tests about NSV attitude system are given to verify the effectiveness of proposed robust optimal flight control scheme.

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Suh, Y., C. Hui, D. Robertson, T. Pan, P. Das, C. Crane, and S. Beddar. "SU-E-J-157: Comparison Between Internal Respiratory Signal and External Respiratory Signal in 4D CT." Medical Physics 42, no. 6Part9 (June 2015): 3301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4924242.

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Ptasczynski, Lena Esther, Isa Steinecker, Philipp Sterzer, and Matthias Guggenmos. "The value of confidence: Confidence prediction errors drive value-based learning in the absence of external feedback." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 10 (October 3, 2022): e1010580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010580.

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Reinforcement learning algorithms have a long-standing success story in explaining the dynamics of instrumental conditioning in humans and other species. While normative reinforcement learning models are critically dependent on external feedback, recent findings in the field of perceptual learning point to a crucial role of internally-generated reinforcement signals based on subjective confidence, when external feedback is not available. Here, we investigated the existence of such confidence-based learning signals in a key domain of reinforcement-based learning: instrumental conditioning. We conducted a value-based decision making experiment which included phases with and without external feedback and in which participants reported their confidence in addition to choices. Behaviorally, we found signatures of self-reinforcement in phases without feedback, reflected in an increase of subjective confidence and choice consistency. To clarify the mechanistic role of confidence in value-based learning, we compared a family of confidence-based learning models with more standard models predicting either no change in value estimates or a devaluation over time when no external reward is provided. We found that confidence-based models indeed outperformed these reference models, whereby the learning signal of the winning model was based on the prediction error between current confidence and a stimulus-unspecific average of previous confidence levels. Interestingly, individuals with more volatile reward-based value updates in the presence of feedback also showed more volatile confidence-based value updates when feedback was not available. Together, our results provide evidence that confidence-based learning signals affect instrumentally learned subjective values in the absence of external feedback.

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Noskov, V. Ya, S. M. Smolskiy, K. A. Ignatkov, and A. P. Chupahin. "Signals of autodyne modules with external detection." Ural Radio Engineering Journal 2, no. 4 (2018): 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/urej.2018.2.4.002.

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Ehlis, Ann-Christine, Martin J. Herrmann, Achim Bernhard, and Andreas J. Fallgatter. "Monitoring of Internal and External Error Signals." Journal of Psychophysiology 19, no. 4 (January 2005): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.263.

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Abstract: In the present study, a modified version of the Eriksen Flanker Task has been used to study event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by correct responses, response errors, and invalid negative response feedback following correct button presses (“PC-error trials”). Conventional error potentials (error related negativity [ERN/Ne]; error-positivity [Pe]) were observed after incorrect button presses but not following negative response feedback in PC-error trials. Furthermore, a late positive deflection occurred specifically after PC-errors (Late positivity [PL]), which might reflect a conscious processing of these unexpected events. The results imply some restrictions for the notion that the ERN/Ne reflects the activity of a general and “generic” neural error-detection system in the human brain. Furthermore, the existence of an “event-detection system” is indicated, which might be involved in the processing of events that violate learned expectations.

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Wu, Yueyang, Fangjun Qin, Zhichao Ding, Rui Xu, and Dongyi Li. "Research on the Frequency Stabilization System of an External Cavity Diode Laser Based on Rubidium Atomic Modulation Transfer Spectroscopy Technology." Photonics 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2024): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11040298.

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To achieve high-frequency stability on the external cavity diode laser (ECDL), a 780 nm ECDL serves as the seed light source, and its frequency is precisely locked to the saturated absorption peak of rubidium (Rb) atoms using modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) technology. For improving the performance of frequency locking, the scheme is designed to find the optimal operating conditions. Correlations between the frequency discrimination signal (FDS) and critical parameters, such as the temperature of the Rb cell, the power ratio of the probe and pump light, and the frequency and amplitude of the modulation and demodulation signals, are observed to attain the optimal conditions for frequency locking. To evaluate the performance of the frequency-stabilized 780 nm ECDL, a dual-beam heterodyne setup was constructed. Through this arrangement, the laser linewidth, approximately 65.4 kHz, is measured. Then, the frequency stability of the laser, quantified as low as 4.886 × 10−12 @32 s, is determined by measuring the beat-frequency signal with a frequency counter and calculating the Allan variance. Furthermore, using the realized frequency locking technology, the 780 nm ECDL can achieve long-term stabilization even after 25 h. The test results show the exceptional performance of the implemented frequency stabilization system for the 780 nm ECDL.

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Fan, Sabrina Mai-Yi, Yi-Ting Chang, Chih-Lung Chen, Wei-Hung Wang, Ming-Kai Pan, Wen-Pin Chen, Wen-Yen Huang, et al. "External light activates hair follicle stem cells through eyes via an ipRGC–SCN–sympathetic neural pathway." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 29 (June 29, 2018): E6880—E6889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719548115.

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Changes in external light patterns can alter cell activities in peripheral tissues through slow entrainment of the central clock in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It remains unclear whether cells in otherwise photo-insensitive tissues can achieve rapid responses to changes in external light. Here we show that light stimulation of animals’ eyes results in rapid activation of hair follicle stem cells with prominent hair regeneration. Mechanistically, light signals are interpreted by M1-type intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which signal to the SCN via melanopsin. Subsequently, efferent sympathetic nerves are immediately activated. Increased norepinephrine release in skin promotes hedgehog signaling to activate hair follicle stem cells. Thus, external light can directly regulate tissue stem cells via an ipRGC–SCN autonomic nervous system circuit. Since activation of sympathetic nerves is not limited to skin, this circuit can also facilitate rapid adaptive responses to external light in other homeostatic tissues.

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Choi, S. M., H. S. Jang, and H. H. Park. "Infrared signal of the lobed mixer with external air mixing." Aeronautical Journal 125, no. 1291 (May 6, 2021): 1501–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2021.28.

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AbstractIn order to know the characteristics of reducing the exhaust gas infrared signal of the lobed mixer according to the external air mixing ratio, an infrared signal and temperature distribution measurement using a micro-turbojet engine is performed. A certain amount of compressed air is supplied through an external duct mounted on the micro-turbojet engine exhaust to simulate bypass flow, which is mixed with high-temperature core air and ejected to the atmosphere. The exhaust nozzle used in the experiment is a lobed mixer with a lobe of sinusoidal shape and is designed to have a penetration of 0.2. Exhaust gas temperature and infrared signal are measured according to distance from nozzle outlet under conditions of bypass ratio of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.4. Infrared reduction rates are compared to data without compressed air supply. As a result of the experiment, as the bypass ratio increased, the infrared signal of the exhaust gas and the temperature decrease with bypass ratio increase, and in the case of a bypass ratio of 1.4, the effect of reducing the temperature is observed even at a long distance. In addition, we compared the results of previous studies of a simple cone shape without mixer with infrared reduction effect. The results show that the lobed mixer has a greater effect on reducing the temperature of the exhaust gas and reducing the infrared signal than the cone nozzle. The structure of the mixed jet flow is also studied through Schlieren visualisation and 3D temperature distribution.

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Kim, Jongrae, Pat Heslop-Harrison, Ian Postlethwaite, and Declan G. Bates. "Identification of Optimality and Robustness in Dictyostelium External Signal Receptors." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 41, no. 2 (2008): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20080706-5-kr-1001.00050.

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Kawanishi, Tetsuya, Takahide Sakamoto, and Atsushi Kanno. "Sub-THz radio-over-fiber signal generation using external modulation." IEICE Electronics Express 12, no. 13 (2015): 20152004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.12.20152004.

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Lu, Zhong-Lin, Xiangrui Li, Bosco S. Tjan, Barbara A. Dosher, and Wilson Chu. "Attention Extracts Signal in External Noise: A BOLD fMRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 5 (May 2011): 1148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21511.

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On the basis of results from behavioral studies that spatial attention improves the exclusion of external noise in the target region, we predicted that attending to a spatial region would reduce the impact of external noise on the BOLD response in corresponding cortical areas, seen as reduced BOLD responses in conditions with large amounts of external noise but relatively low signal, and increased dynamic range of the BOLD response to variations in signal contrast. We found that, in the presence of external noise, covert attention reduced the trial-by-trial BOLD response by 15.5–18.9% in low signal contrast conditions in V1. It also increased the BOLD dynamic range in V1, V2, V3, V3A/B, and V4 by a factor of at least three. Overall, covert attention reduced the impact of external noise by about 73–85% in these early visual areas. It also increased the contrast gain by a factor of 2.6–3.8.

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Wei Wang, 王伟, 张胜海 Shenghai Zhang, 钱兴中 Xingzhong Qian, and 王彦斌 Yanbin Wang. "Synchronization of chaotic VCSELs by external chaotic signal parameter modulation." Chinese Optics Letters 7, no. 10 (2009): 945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col20090710.0945.

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Zeng, Ruili, and Shuai Zhang. "Engine power measurement without external load based on vibration signal." Journal of Vibroengineering 19, no. 7 (November 15, 2017): 4898–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/jve.2017.18788.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Signal externe'

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