Journal articles: 'Signal efficiency'

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de Ruijter, W. J., P. E. Mooney, and O. L. Krivanek. "Signal transfer efficiency of slow-scan CCD cameras." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 1062–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100151143.

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Slow-scan CCD cameras are helping transmission electron microscopy and electron holography become increasingly quantitative. Accurate characterization of the performance of the cameras can extend this trend by making it possible to extract weak signals from noisy images with optimal precision. The property to be characterized is die performance of the camera in transferring a particular spatial frequency contained in the input electron image to the output image captured by a computer, as a function of the input intensity. Using the concepts and notation of standard signal processing theory, we characterize this performance by introducing signal transfer efficiency (STE) defined as:where SNRin(K) and SNRout(K) are signal-to-noise ratios at the input and the output of the image detector as a function of spatial frequency k. Signal-to-noise ratio is defined as SNR(K)=SII(K)/Snn(K) where SII(k) and Snn(k) denote the power spectra of the signal and the noise. STE could be regarded as an extension of the use of detection quantum efficiency as a figure of merit for electron image detectors.

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Pae, Suil. "Discretionary disclosure, efficiency, and signal informativeness." Journal of Accounting and Economics 33, no. 3 (August 2002): 279–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-4101(02)00057-5.

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Rosenberg, Dinah, and Nicolas Vieille. "On the Efficiency of Social Learning." Econometrica 87, no. 6 (2019): 2141–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta15845.

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We revisit prominent learning models in which a sequence of agents make a binary decision on the basis of both a private signal and information related to past choices. We analyze the efficiency of learning in these models, measured in terms of the expected welfare. We show that, irrespective of the distribution of private signals, learning efficiency is the same whether each agent observes the entire sequence of earlier decisions or only the previous decision. In addition, we provide a simple condition on the signal distributions that is necessary and sufficient for learning efficiency. This condition fails to hold in many cases of interest. We discuss a number of extensions and variants.

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Kim, Seung Tae, Kap-Jin Kim, Ki-Won Song, and Jae Min Ahn. "Performance of TPC based ranging signal for more than 2 services multiplexing." E3S Web of Conferences 94 (2019): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199403007.

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This paper presents signal structure and power efficiency performance for simultaneous transmission of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) service signals based on Tiered Polyphase Code (TPC). For the simultaneous transmission of three or more service signals, the intermodulation terms addition and modification of the power allocations for the signal multiplexing are applied first to the spreading signal with the binary pseudorandom noise (PRN) code and a constant envelope signal is generated. Then, Zadoff-Chu sequence is applied as a secondary code to generate a multiplexed satellite navigation signal having a constant envelope characteristic. Simulation results show that power efficiency performance of more than 80% can be achieved in three service signal multiplexing.

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Meng, Zhaokai, and Vladislav V. Yakovlev. "Optimizing signal collection efficiency of the VIPA-based Brillouin spectrometer." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 08, no. 04 (July 2015): 1550021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545815500212.

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Brillouin spectroscopy is an emerging tool for microscopic optical imaging as it allows for noninvasive and direct assessment of the viscoelastic properties of materials. Recent advances of background-free confocal Brillouin spectrometer allows investigators to acquire the Brillouin spectra for turbid samples as well as transparent ones. However, due to strong signal loss induced by the imperfect optical setup, the Brillouin photons are usually immersed in background noise. In this report, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated multiple approaches to enhance the signal collection efficiency. A signal enhancement by > 4 times can be observed, enabling observation of ultra-weak signals.

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Tulyakova, N. O., and O. M. Trofymchuk. "Modified algorithms for signal nonlinear trend detection." Radiotekhnika, no. 206 (September 24, 2021): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2021.3.206.13.

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There is a problem of nonlinear (abrupt) signal trend detection in many digital signals processing practical applications. In particular, in the field of biomedical signals processing, the actual task is the elimination of abrupt signal baseline distortions caused by the patient's movements. For processing such signals containing edges and other discontinues, linear filtering based on discrete Fourier or cosine transforms leads to significant smoothing of a signal. Median type algorithms related to nonlinear stable (robust) filters are successfully applied for filtering such signals, in particular, high efficiency is provided by median hybrid filters with finite impulse response (FIR). The article considers simple algorithms of the class of FIR-median hybrid filters used for signal nonlinear trend detection. It is proposed to modify these algorithms by replacing the operation of finding the median of the data in the sliding filter window with the calculation of their myriad, as well as adding weights (number of duplications) to certain window elements. Statistical estimates of filter efficiency according to the mean square error (MSE) criterion for test signals like “step” and “ramp” edges, and triangular peak and parabola have been obtained. The high efficiency of the investigated nonlinear filters for the listed test signals types and the improvements achieved as a result of the proposed filter modifications are shown based on the analysis of the filter output signals and statistical estimates of their quality. Some examples of processing biomedical signals of electroencephalograms which illustrate good quality of noise suppression and signal abrupt changes preservation, and motion artifacts removal without large signal distortions are given.

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Brunetto, Paola, Luigi Fortuna, Pietro Giannone, Salvatore Graziani, and Salvatore Strazzeri. "Optimization of IPMC Actuator Conversion Efficiency." Advances in Science and Technology 61 (September 2008): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.61.131.

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IPMCs are suitable candidates to realize artificial muscles for possible autonomous applications. In such a field power budget is of great importance. The goal of this paper is to maximize the IPMC electromechanical conversion efficiency in order to increase the performance of these transducers. More specifically, the optimal frequency, amplitude, and waveform to be used to drive the IPMC membrane has been investigated. By using a novel model of IPMC actuators, the waveform of the applied voltage signal that maximize the IPMC conversion efficiency was found. The amplitude of the first 15 harmonics of the IPMC driving signal was determined, for different constrains such as the minimum output power and the maximum input voltage. The paper reports about the proposed IPMC model, the optimization algorithm, the optimal driving signals, and the validation of the approach.

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Zhyrnov, V., S. Solonskaya, and I. Shubin. "Evaluation of radar image processing efficiency based on intelligent analysis of processes." Radiotekhnika, no. 207 (December 24, 2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2021.4.207.09.

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The paper presents results of development of the method and experimental studies of the system for automatic detection of radar signals of aerial objects and their recognition with the processing of real records in surveillance radars. The relevance of this work consists in creation of algorithms for automatic information processing to ensure effective detection of useful signals due to accumulation of signal (energy) and semantic information. The method is based on the definition of semantic components at the stage of formation and analysis of the symbolic model of signals from point and extended air objects. Signal information is described by the predicate function of process knowledge of the formation and analysis of a symbolic model of a burst of impulse signals from point-like mobile aircraft such as an airplane, a helicopter, a UAV, and from extended atmospheric formations such as angel-echoes, clouds. As a result of semantic analysis of symbolic images of signal marks, classification distinctive features of air objects were obtained. The semantic components of the decision-making algorithm, similar to the decision-making algorithms used by the operator, have been investigated. In the developed algorithm, signal information is described by a predicate function on the set of signal mark pulse amplitudes that have exceeded a certain threshold value. Recognizing of aerial objects is carried out by solving the developed equations of predicate operations. The verification of the developed method was carried out on real data obtained on a survey radar of the centimeter range (pulse duration was 1 μs, probing frequency wass 365 Hz, survey period was 10 s). Based on these data, the types of characteristic marks of radar signals are modeled. According to the results of the experiments, they were all correctly identified.

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Němcová, Andrea, Radovan Smíšek, Lucie Maršánová, Lukáš Smital, and Martin Vítek. "A Comparative Analysis of Methods for Evaluation of ECG Signal Quality after Compression." BioMed Research International 2018 (July 18, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1868519.

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The assessment of ECG signal quality after compression is an essential part of the compression process. Compression facilitates the signal archiving, speeds up signal transmission, and reduces the energy consumption. Conversely, lossy compression distorts the signals. Therefore, it is necessary to express the compression performance through both compression efficiency and signal quality. This paper provides an overview of objective algorithms for the assessment of both ECG signal quality after compression and compression efficiency. In this area, there is a lack of standardization, and there is no extensive review as such. 40 methods were tested in terms of their suitability for quality assessment. For this purpose, the whole CSE database was used. The tested signals were compressed using an algorithm based on SPIHT with varying efficiency. As a reference, compressed signals were manually assessed by two experts and classified into three quality groups. Owing to the experts’ classification, we determined corresponding ranges of selected quality evaluation methods’ values. The suitability of the methods for quality assessment was evaluated based on five criteria. For the assessment of ECG signal quality after compression, we recommend using a combination of these methods: PSim SDNN, QS, SNR1, MSE, PRDN1, MAX, STDERR, and WEDD SWT.

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Zhang, Anan, Cong He, Maoyi Sun, Qian Li, Hong Wei Li, and Lin Yang. "Partial discharge signal self-adaptive sparse decomposition noise abatement based on spectral kurtosis and S-transform." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-03-2017-0126.

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Purpose Noise abatement is one of the key techniques for Partial Discharge (PD) on-line measurement and monitoring. However, how to enhance the efficiency of PD signal noise suppression is a challenging work. Hence, this study aims to improve the efficiency of PD signal noise abatement. Design/methodology/approach In this approach, the time–frequency characteristics of PD signal had been obtained based on fast kurtogram and S-transform time–frequency spectrum, and these characteristics were used to optimize the parameters for the signal matching over-complete dictionary. Subsequently, a self-adaptive selection of matching atoms was realized when using Matching Pursuit (MP) to analyze PD signals, which leading to seldom noise signal element was represented in sparse decomposition. Findings The de-noising of PD signals was achieved efficiently. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method has good adaptability and significant noise abatement effect compared with Empirical Mode Decomposition, Wavelet Threshold and global signal sparse decomposition of MP. Originality/value A self-adaptive noise abatement method was proposed to improve the efficiency of PD signal noise suppression based on the signal sparse representation and its MP algorithm, which is significant to on-line PD measurement.

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GORGADZE, SVETLANA F., and ANASTASIA V. ERMAKOVA. "EFFICIENCY OF MULTIPLE ACCESS OPTIONS FOR 5G AND 6G CELLULAR NETWORKS." H&ES Research 14, no. 2 (2022): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2409-5419-2022-14-2-19-26.

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Introduction: IMT2020 (5G) networks can significantly improve the performance of previous generation mobile communication systems in terms of improving broadband multiple access (eMBB – enhanced Mobile Broadband) and providing ultra-reliable low-latency communication (ULLRC – Ultra Low Latency Rellable Communication). The purpose of the work is to review and comparative analysis of multiple access technologies for promising mobile communication networks, which are based on OFDM. Result: The general principles of signal generation and processing when using variants of signals with OFDM using various methods of digital filtering of subcarrier frequencies are considered. For those OFDM options where a cyclic prefix may not be used (FBMC, UFMC), the possibility of increasing the information transfer rate is controversial, since the impulse responses of filters, for example, with FBMC, significantly exceed the duration of information signals, which increases intersymbol interference. Practical significance: The analysis of the general principles for constructing devices for generating and processing physical layer signals for OFDM variants with various methods of additional digital filtering of subcarrier frequencies shows that in all cases there is a significant complication of digital algorithms for generating and processing signals with a practical absence or in some cases a small gain (not more than (0.5&0.8) dB in relation to signal/noise) by the magnitude of the error per information bit. Based on the results of computer simulation, it is shown that OFDM technology and its variants do not allow obtaining breakthrough solutions in the field of physical layer signal characteristics for 5G and 6G networks, and alternative options for building group signal structures should be considered.

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Lim, Jong Gyun, Won Shil Kang, Kang Yoon Lee, and Hyun Chul Ku. "Design of High-Efficiency Voltage-Mode Class-D RF Power Amplifier for Class-S Transmitter Using Signal Analysis and Additional Multi-Section Bandpass Filter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2509.

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This paper proposes a high-efficiency voltage-mode class-D (VMCD) RF power amplifier (PA) for class-S transmitter, which includes additional multi-section bandpass filter (BPF). For an accurate analysis of class-S transmitter, the output signals of band pass delta sigma modulator (BPDSM) are described with probability distribution functions (PDF) versus pulse widths of quantized signals. Usually, the results show that magnitudes of sub-harmonic terms increases for high peak-to-average power ratio signal such as long term evolution (LTE) signal. For a high efficiency and appropriate linearity of class-S transmitter, we propose a VMCD PA utilizing a multi-section BPF. The proposed architecture effectively improves the linearity without deterioration the efficiency. For the LTE signal, the efficiency is 25.82% and adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) is -52.44dBc when using a one-section BPF. By using the multi-section BPF, ACPR and efficiency have been improved up to 11.88dB and 13.44% respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed design is demonstrated for various input signals.

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Maldonado, Rafael, and Alan J. Herr. "Efficiency of T4 Gene 60Translational Bypassing." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 7 (April 1, 1998): 1822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.7.1822-1830.1998.

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ABSTRACT Ribosomes translating bacteriophage T4 gene 60 mRNA bypass 50 noncoding nucleotides from a takeoff site at codon 46 to a landing site just upstream of codon 47. A key signal for efficient bypassing is contained within the nascent peptide synthesized prior to takeoff. Here we show that this signal is insensitive to the addition of coding information at its N terminus. In addition, analysis of amino-terminal fusions, which allow detection of all major products synthesized from the gene 60 mRNA, show that 50% of ribosomes bypass the coding gap while the rest either terminate at a UAG stop codon immediately following codon 46 or fail to resume coding. Bypassing efficiency estimates significantly lower than 50% were obtained with enzymatic reporter systems that relied on comparing test constructs to constructs with a precise excision of the gap (gap deletion). Further analysis showed that these estimates are distorted by differences between test and gap deletion functional mRNA levels. An internal translation initiation site at Met12 of gene 60(which eliminates part of the essential nascent peptide) also distorts these estimates. Together, these results support an efficiency estimate of ∼50%, less than previously reported. This estimate suggests that bypassing efficiency is determined by the competition between reading signals and release factors and gives new insight into the kinetics of bypassing signal action.

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Kocić, Anica, Nikola Čelar, Jelena Kajalić, and Stamenka Stanković. "Flashing green effects on traffic efficiency." Put i saobraćaj 66, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31075/pis.66.02.05.

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Flashing green signal, as a part of the green traffic signal, indicates that the green signal is about to end. Drivers have more time to decide whether to stop or pass the intersection since they have prior information that the yellow signal will start. The application of flashing green at the end of the green signal is optional, hence, the question is how engineers could decide to use flashing green or not? The answer to the question should be based on researches on flashing green effects on traffic efficiency and safety at signalized intersections. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of flashing green on traffic efficiency by determining the value of effective green time. The research was conducted at two intersections in Belgrade, with and without a flashing green signal. Results indicate that effective green is shorter when flashing green is applied, due to the decreased utilization of the yellow signal.

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Mazurowski, John. "Efficiency of Optical Signal Transmission and Processing." SAE International Journal of Aerospace 5, no. 1 (October 22, 2012): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-2105.

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Glesk, I., I. Andonovic, and C. Michie. "Increasing Transmission Efficiency with Advanced Signal Processing." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1, no. 08 (April 2010): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj08.270.

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Bartlett, Megan L., and Jason S. McCarley. "Ironic efficiency in automation-aided signal detection." Ergonomics 64, no. 1 (August 24, 2020): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1809716.

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Caflisch, Russel, Hung Hsu Chou, and Jonathan W. Siegel. "Accuracy, Efficiency and Optimization of Signal Fragmentation." Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 18, no. 2 (January 2020): 737–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/18m1220595.

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Levine, Corinna G., Devarati Mitra, Ajay Sharma, Carolyn L. Smith, and Ramanujan S. Hegde. "The Efficiency of Protein Compartmentalization into the Secretory Pathway." Molecular Biology of the Cell 16, no. 1 (January 2005): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-06-0508.

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Numerous proteins targeted for the secretory pathway are increasingly implicated in functional or pathological roles at alternative cellular destinations. The parameters that allow secretory or membrane proteins to reside in intracellular locales outside the secretory pathway remain largely unexplored. In this study, we have used an extremely sensitive and quantitative assay to measure the in vivo efficiency of signal sequence-mediated protein segregation into the secretory pathway. Our findings reveal that segregation efficiency varies tremendously among signals, ranging from >95 to <60%. The nonsegregated fraction is generated by a combination of mechanisms that includes inefficient signal-mediated translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum and leaky ribosomal scanning. The segregation efficiency of some, but not other signal sequences, could be influenced in cis by residues in the mature domain or in trans by yet unidentified cellular factors. These findings imply that protein compartmentalization can be modulated in a substrate-specific manner to generate biologically significant quantities of cytosolically available secretory and membrane proteins.

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Sodickson, Daniel K., Mark A. Griswold, Peter M. Jakob, Robert R. Edelman, and Warren J. Manning. "Signal-to-noise ratio and signal-to-noise efficiency in SMASH imaging." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 41, no. 5 (May 1999): 1009–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199905)41:5<1009::aid-mrm21>3.0.co;2-4.

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Choli, Morwan, Peter M. Jakob, Ralf B. Loeffler, and Claudia M. Hillenbrand. "Mixed-bandwidth acquisitions: Signal-to-noise ratio and signal-to-noise efficiency." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 32, no. 4 (September 29, 2010): 997–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22327.

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Han, Shu, Xiao Ming Liu, Yao Yao, and Yang Jun Zhou. "A Time-Efficiency Multi-Channel MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.455.

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In the research for the signal acquisition of the mechanical equipment, signals need to be obtained from the inside of the relatively closed box. Timely and reliably transmission for signals on key points is necessary, which can guarantee the validity of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper, we present a novel packet delivery mechanism called time-efficiency multi-channel MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks, which can efficiently decrease the delay time of data transmission between the sink node and terminal nodes in the star topology structure for the wireless sensor networks. All the nodes used in this protocol have a multi-channel wireless transceiver, which can switch between channels easily. Each terminal node gets the signal channel by competition with other nodes. Sink node is the master device, whose functions include receiving all the data packets from other nodes, regulating the listening priority of each channel and announcing synchronization information. Furthermore, in order to reduce the probability of channel competition with other node, a self-adapting choice mechanism is employed, which is based on received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and communication success rate. In this way, the sink node can choose the appropriate signal channel and terminal node to communicate. Finally, the protocol and its performance are analyzed, and the feasibility is evaluated.

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Romano, Gianmarco. "On Asymptotic Efficiency of the M2M4 Signal-to-Noise Estimator for Deterministic Complex Sinusoids." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 4950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21154950.

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The moment-based M2M4 signal-to-noise (SNR) estimator was proposed for a complex sinusoidal signal with a deterministic but unknown phase corrupted by additive Gaussian noise by Sekhar and Sreenivas. The authors studied its performances only through numerical examples and concluded that the proposed estimator is asymptotically efficient and exhibits finite sample super-efficiency for some combinations of signal and noise power. In this paper, we derive the analytical asymptotic performances of the proposed M2M4 SNR estimator, and we show that, contrary to what it has been concluded by Sekhar and Sreenivas, the proposed estimator is neither (asymptotically) efficient nor super-efficient. We also show that when dealing with deterministic signals, the covariance matrix needed to derive asymptotic performances must be explicitly derived as its known general form for random signals cannot be extended to deterministic signals. Numerical examples are provided whose results confirm the analytical findings.

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Mimis, Konstantinos, and Gavin Tomas Watkins. "Impact of time misalignment and input signal statistics in dynamically load-modulated amplifiers." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 7, no. 3-4 (June 2015): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715000914.

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The effect of time misalignment between the radiofrequency (RF) input and tunable matching network control signal in dynamically load-modulated power amplifiers (Pas) is investigated in theory and practice. Moreover, the impact of different input signal statistics is considered. A simple amplifier model is used for the study, based on which the impact on output power, efficiency, and linearity is explored with various generic multi-tone signals. Furthermore, to experimentally verify the results, a 10 W dynamically load-modulated RF PA is measured. As expected, proper synchronization of the signals is crucial, especially as channel bandwidth increases. Additionally, it is shown that the input signal characteristics, such as the amplitude distribution, are important. Moreover, the prototype RF PA is measured with a 1.4 MHz long-term evolution (LTE) signal delivering an average output power of 33.9 dBm with 46% efficiency. Finally, high efficiency and linearity is maintained over output power by scaling the drain supply voltage.

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Tong, Peiwen, Hui Xu, Yi Sun, Yongzhou Wang, Wei Wang, and Jiwei Li. "Electroencephalogram signal analysis with 1T1R arrays toward high-efficiency brain computer interface." AIP Advances 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 125108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0117159.

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Brain computer interface (BCI) is a promising way for automatic driving and exploring brain functions. As the number of electrodes for electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition continues to grow, the signal processing capabilities of BCI are facing challenges. Considering the bottlenecks of the Von Neumann architecture, it is increasingly difficult for the traditional digital computing pattern to meet the requirements of the EEG signal processing in terms of power consumption and efficiency. Here, we propose a 1T1R array-based EEG signal analysis system in which the biological likelihood of the memristor is used to efficiently analyze signals in the simulated domain. The identification and classification of EEG signals are achieved experimentally using the memristor array with an average recognition rate of 89.83%. The support vector machine classification implemented by the memristor crossbar array provides a 34.4 times improvement in power efficiency compared to the complementary metal oxide semiconductor-based support vector machine classifier. This work provides new ideas for the application of memristors in BCI.

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Shayeb, Ismail, Naseem Asad, Ziad Alqadi, and Qazem Jaber. "Evaluation of speech signal features extraction methods." Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.asci2151.

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Human speech digital signals are famous and important digital types, they are used in many vital applications which require a high speed processing, so creating a speech signal features is a needed issue. In this research paper we will study more widely used methods of features extraction, we will implement them, and the obtained experimental results will be compared, efficiency parameters such as extraction time and throughput will be obtained and a speedup of each method will be calculated. Speech signal histogram will be used to improve some methods efficiency.

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Liu, Xiao Ming, Shu Han, Yang Jun Zhou, and Yao Yao. "An Energy-Efficiency Wireless Sensing Method for Mechanical Failure Signal." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.451.

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Wireless sensing is an effective method for the acquisition of the mechanical failure signal. Many researchers have been studying in this field for decades. Due to the difficulty of the sensor installing and replacement caused by the special environment condition of mechanical equipment, the energy-efficiency of the wireless transceiver is necessary to guarantee the long lifetime. In this paper, we present a novel energy-efficiency wireless sensing method for mechanical failure signal. Actually, we are only concerned with the feature of signals in the failure visible phase, in the application such as the mechanical failure diagnosis or alert. Therefore, according to the signal feature, a real-time data compressing algorithm is proposed, where the compressibility of data can dynamically be adjusted, on the basis of application demand. Then the clock frequency can be adjusted intelligently and the energy conservation can be accomplished, through the handshake between the sampling node of the front end and the received node, based on the compressing situation. In the conversion of clock frequency, an improved dif-frequency preamble sense way is adopted to achieve the seamless change between different frequencies. Finally, the method is analyzed and the feasibility is evaluated.

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BOIKO, JULIY, and DMITRY NOVIKOV. "EVALUATION OF CHANNEL CODING EFFICIENCY IN OFDM TELECOMMUNICATIONS." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 301, no. 5 (October 2021): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-301-5-150-159.

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The paper presents the results a study of methods for increasing the noise immunity of telecommunication channels with OFDM. The structure of the OFDM signal is investigated. The influence of the structure OFDM signals on the noise immunity of their transmission under the influence of the effect of intersymbol interference in a multipath channel is estimated. Recommendations are given on the choice of the OFDM signal form in order to counteract the influence of intersymbol interference by optimizing the duration of the pulse sequence. The behaviour of OFDM signals in the case of intersymbol interference in the AWGN and the Rayleigh channel is investigated. Recommendations for counteracting interference influence on the quality of communication are given. A comparison is made of the efficiency signal-code constructions based on concatenated codes in the case of their application in channels with OFDM. The article presents the results of the development models of effective coding in telecommunications with OFDM based on concatenated codes, taking into account the coding rate and the number of decoding iterations to ensure the specified noise immunity indicators. At the current stage of implementation of modern telecommunication technologies, the use of channel coding plays a key role in increasing the performance of channels that use OFDM. The main contribution of channel coding in combination with time and frequency interleaving is the formation of inter-bit communication in the data stream transmitted on separate carriers in the signal spectrum in such a way that the transmitted information data in the fading channel can be updated in the receiving equipment. In general, in this case, having frequency selectivity creates a certain advantage through frequency diversity. Thus, the presence of information about the state of the channel in the case of channel coding creates the prerequisites for obtaining a certain gain. Optimal in terms of speed and computational complexity, the selection of the scheme and algorithm for decoding the error-correcting code makes it possible to find a compromise in the design of concatenated circuits in channels with OFDM and ultimately obtain a satisfactory gain in performance.

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Plaksienko, V. S. "Linear-logical decision-making algorithm for signal processing." Vestnik of Don State Technical University 18, no. 4 (January 9, 2019): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/1992-5980-2018-18-4-385-391.

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Introduction. Heuristic synthesis is used to improve the efficiency of reception and processing of discrete signals under aprior information pressure. The analysis of the decisionmaking algorithm for the linear-logical processing of discrete signals in case of the incomplete aprior data on their parameters is presented. The work objective is to develop and analyze the efficiency of the linear-logical algorithms.Materials and Methods. New mathematical algorithms for the signal reception and processing, effective under conditions of a priori uncertainty, are proposed. They are based on the consideration of the structure of emissions and process exceedance in the signal processing channels.Research Results. Linear-logical algorithms for processing discrete signals are developed. They are based on the consideration of one, two and more detailed characteristics of emissions or exceedance of random processes.Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained can be useful in the synthesis of algorithms and devices for the signal reception and processing. Algorithms and devices are implemented both in an analog form and in the form of algorithms for computers. The simulation programs for the signal processing under conditions of the considerable uncertainty of aprior information on the signals and the channels of their distribution are developed.

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Buhaiov, М. V., V. V. Branovytskyi, and Y. O. Khorenko. "ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SPECTRAL ESTIMATION METHODS FOR DETECTION OF UAV ACOUSTIC SIGNALS." Проблеми створення, випробування, застосування та експлуатації складних інформаційних систем, no. 19 (January 15, 2021): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46972/2076-1546.2020.19.01.

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One of the most important components of counteracting small unmanned aerial vehicles is their reliable detection. You can use propeller noise to detect such objects at short distances. An energy or harmonic detector is used to receive unmanned aerial vehicles acoustic emission. At low signal-to-noise ratios , which is most common in practice, the harmonic detector provides a higher probability of detection compared to energy. The principle of the harmonic detector is based on spectral analysis of acoustic signals. A mathematical model of the acoustic signal of an aircraft-type unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed. It is shown that at short time intervals (tens of milliseconds) such signals can be considered as stationary and for its analysis can be used known methods of spectral estimation. Nonparametric, parametric and subspace methods of spectral estimation are considered for processing of acoustic emission of unmanned aerial vehicles. To conduct a comparative analysis of different methods of spectral estimation, a statistical quality index was used, which can be calculated as a variation of the estimation of power spectral density. This index characterizes the method of spectral estimation in terms of frequency resolution and the ability to detect harmonic components of the signal into noise and not create interference that exceeds the amplitude of the signal. As a result of researches it was established that at high signal-to-noise ratios parametric methods are more effective in comparison with nonparametric. However, such a statement will be valid only if the correct order of the model. It is shown that the use of spatial methods is impractical for the analysis of acoustic signals of unmanned aerial vehicles. The use of the value of the statistical quality indicator as a threshold for deciding on the presence or absence of the acoustic signal of the unmanned aerial vehicles in the adopted implementation and its further processing should be used at SNR values greater than 5 dB.

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Damkilang, Vattanaphong, and Mahasak Ketcham. "Classification of Electromyography Signal with Machine Learning." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 18, no. 08 (June 28, 2022): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v18i08.30581.

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The problem of classifying electromyography signals in each gesture occurs due to the use of a constant level of signal amplitude. This research presents an efficiency enhancement of electromyography signal classification in each gesture with machine learning. The performance efficiency of 5 models: SVM, RF, MLP, KNN, and Deep Leaning was compared. The signals were recorded by a low-cost signal sensor. Fist clenching and hand opening gestures were alternately performed every 5 second for 5 times each. Therefore, the total was 4,767 records divided into 3,274 records of hand opening gesture, 1,492 records of fist clenching gesture and 4,833 records of wrist rotating gesture. The results showed that the MLP model was found to have the highest accuracy at 81.45% for fist clenching and hand opening gestures. The Deep Learning model was found to have the highest accuracy at 89.03% for wrist rotating and hand opening gestures.

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Soejima, Yasuhiko, Jae Lee, Yudai Nagata, Hiroaki Mon, Kazuhiro Iiyama, Hajime Kitano, Michiya Matsuyama, and Takahiro Kusakabe. "Comparison of signal peptides for efficient protein secretion in the baculovirus-silkworm system." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0112-6.

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AbstractThe baculovirus-silkworm expression system is widely used as a mass production system for recombinant secretory proteins. However, the final yields of some recombinant proteins are not sufficient for industrial use. In this study, we focused on the signal peptide as a key factor for improving the efficiency of protein production. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocation of newly synthesized proteins is the first stage of the secretion pathway; therefore, the selection of an efficient signal peptide would lead to the efficient secretion of recombinant proteins. The Drosophila Bip and honeybee melittin signal peptides have often been used in this system, but to the best of our knowledge, there has been no study comparing secretion efficiency between exogenous and endogenous signal peptides. In this study we employed signal peptides from 30K Da and SP2 proteins as endogenous signals, and compared secretion efficiency with those of exogenous or synthetic origins. We have found that the endogenous secretory signal from the 30K Da protein is the most efficient for recombinant secretory protein production in the baculovirus-silkworm expression system.

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Zhang, Xin, Feng Tian, Cai Hua Li, Guang Fu Sun, and Gang Ou. "Configurable Modernized Navigation Signal Generation Method and Performance Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.711.

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In order to provide higher accuracy performance in navigation and positioning requirements, modernized navigation signals with more complex structure, such as MBOC or AltBOC signal, have been actively researched and used in the modernized GPS system, like emerging Galileo and BD-2 system. For the navigation signal simulator which generates those modernized signals, traditional bipolar BPSK or QPSK signal generation method cannot permit to generate those multi-level signals successfully and different modernized signals flexibly. After analyzing the current public modernized signal structure, a novel configurable signal generation method for generating the modernized navigation signal has been proposed. The amplitude quantization word-length and phase truncation error of the LUT (look-up table) used by the method have been analyzed. Experimental simulation results demonstrate the correctness and efficiency of this new method.

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Tanaka, Toshiyuki, Mitsuo Taguchi, and Kazumasa Tanaka. "Heterodyne efficiency for a partially coherent optical signal." Applied Optics 31, no. 25 (September 1, 1992): 5391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.31.005391.

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Wang, Qike, Yidan Shang, Douglas S. Hilton, Kiao Inthavong, Dong Zhang, and Mark A. Elgar. "Antennal scales improve signal detection efficiency in moths." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1874 (March 14, 2018): 20172832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2832.

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The elaborate bipectinate antennae of male moths are thought to increase their sensitivity to female sex pheromones, and so should be favoured by selection. Yet simple filamentous antennae are the most common structure among moths. The stereotypic arrangements of scales on the surface of antennae may resolve this paradox. We use computational fluid dynamics techniques to model how scales on the filamentous antennae of moths affect the passage of different particles in the airflow across the flagellum in both small and large moths. We found that the scales provide an effective solution to improve the efficacy of filamentous antennae, by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles, which resemble pheromones, around the antennae. The smaller moths have a greater increase in antennal efficiency than larger moths. The scales also divert microparticles, which resemble dust, away from the antennal surface, thereby reducing contamination. The positive correlations between antennal scale angles and sensilla number across Heliozelidae moths are consistent with the predictions of our model.

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Mo, Huaping, John Harwood, Shucha Zhang, Yi Xue, Robert Santini, and Daniel Raftery. ": A quantitative measure of NMR signal receiving efficiency." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 200, no. 2 (October 2009): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2009.07.004.

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Yuling, Cheng. "High-efficiency coding for pal color television signal." Journal of Electronics (China) 11, no. 2 (April 1994): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02778362.

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Zhang, Xiao-long, Zhe-han Yang, Yuan-yuan Chang, Di Liu, Yun-rui Li, Ya-qin Chai, Ying Zhuo, and Ruo Yuan. "Programmable mismatch-fueled high-efficiency DNA signal converter." Chemical Science 11, no. 1 (2020): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc05084a.

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Smyth, Kermit C., and Paul J. H. Tjossem. "Signal detection efficiency in multiphoton ionization flame measurements." Applied Optics 29, no. 33 (November 20, 1990): 4891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.29.004891.

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Parker, Dennis L., and Grant T. Gullberg. "Signal-to-noise efficiency in magnetic resonance imaging." Medical Physics 17, no. 2 (March 1990): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.596503.

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Dobrzycki, Arkadiusz, Stanisław Mikulski, and Władysław Opydo. "Using ANN and SVM for the Detection of Acoustic Emission Signals Accompanying Epoxy Resin Electrical Treeing." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081523.

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Electrical treeing is one of the effects of partial discharges in the solid insulation of high-voltage electrical insulating systems. The process involves the formation of conductive channels inside the dielectric. Acoustic emission (AE) is a method of partial discharge detection and measurement, which belongs to the group of non-destructive methods. If electrical treeing is detected, the measurement, recording, and analysis of signals, which accompany the phenomenon, become difficult due to the low signal-to-noise ratio and possible multiple signal reflections from the boundaries of the object. That is why only selected signal parameters are used for the detection and analysis of the phenomenon. A detailed analysis of various acoustic emission signals is a complex and time-consuming process. It has inspired the search for new methods of identifying the symptoms related to partial discharge in the recorded signal. Bearing in mind that a similar signal is searched, denoting a signal with similar characteristics, the use of artificial neural networks seems pertinent. The paper presents an effort to automate the process of insulation material condition identification based on neural classifiers. An attempt was made to develop a neural classifier that enables the detection of the symptoms in the recorded acoustic emission signals, which are evidence of treeing. The performed studies assessed the efficiency with which different artificial neural networks (ANN) are able to detect treeing-related signals and the appropriate selection of such input parameters as statistical indicators or analysis windows. The feedforward network revealed the highest classification efficiency among all analyzed networks. Moreover, the use of primary component analysis helps to reduce the teaching data to one variable at a classification efficiency of up to 1%.

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Niang, Oumar, Abdoulaye Thioune, Éric Deléchelle, and Jacques Lemoine. "Spectral Intrinsic Decomposition Method for Adaptive Signal Representation." ISRN Signal Processing 2012 (December 13, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/457152.

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We propose a new method called spectral intrinsic decomposition (SID) for the representation of nonlinear signals. This approach is based on the spectral decomposition of partial differential equation- (PDE-) based operators which interpolate the characteristic points of a signal. The SID’s components which are the eigenvectors of these PDE interpolation operators underlie the new signal decomposition-reconstruction method. The usefulness and the efficiency of this method is illustrated, in signal reconstruction or denoising aim, in some examples using artificial and pathological signals.

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Altay, Y. A., and P. A. Kulagin. "Evaluation of a damping coefficient influence made by notch filters on efficiency of ECG signals processing." CARDIOMETRY, no. 19 (August 21, 2021): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2021.19.2037.

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Introduction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectof damping coefficient ξ provided by narrow-band notch filterson the quality indicators of the ECG signal processing accompaniedby development of a special software package forexperimental testing of the cascade filtering system of naturalelectrical noise and its harmonics.Materials and Methods. For the formation of additive componentsof signal and noise, test ECG signals from the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology were selected as a model, andelectrical noise was synthesized taking into account their harmonicnature. The transfer function of the notch filtering systemwas tuned and calculated. Quantitative quality metrics was usedto determine the processing efficiency at the input and output ofthe signal filtering system. To assess the effect of damping coefficientsmade on the ECG signal processing system, the method ofthe linear regression analysis was applied. Methods of structuraland procedural programming were used to create a softwarepackage for processing a full-scale noisy signal recording.Results. An increase in the efficiency of the ECG signal processingsystem was revealed when calculating quantitative indicatorscharacterizing the quality solution to the signal filteringproblem. It has been found that at values of the dampingcoefficient ξ = 0.1, the efficiency of the analysis of ECG signalprocessing in terms of accuracy and noise resistance increases,and the filtering error decreases due to the improvement ofthe selectivity of the notch filter at the resonant frequency. Theeffect of the damping coefficient on the quality indicators ofECG signal processing was established, and regression equationswere obtained to characterize the adequacy of the designedmodel for the confidence interval (P = 0.99) at p <0.01.The performance of the developed software package has beendemonstrated, which combines a cascade filtering system witha damping coefficient ξ = 0.1, to eliminate the natural electricalinterference of the ECG signal and its harmonics.Conclusion. The evidence data obtained in our work, both calculated(theoretical) and practical (experimental) data, confirmthe efficiency of the proposed processing approach to the selectionof informative components ECG signal under the influenceof high-frequency electrical interference and its harmonics.The sequential incorporation of two narrow-band notchfilters with a damping coefficient ξ = 0.1 to suppress interferenceat a frequency of 50 Hz and its harmonics at a frequencyof 100 Hz opens up new possibilities for processing ECG signals.

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Yan, Tao, Jiaolong Wei, Zuping Tang, Zhihui Zhou, and Xuan Xia. "General AltBOC Modulation with Adjustable Power Allocation Ratio for GNSS." Journal of Navigation 69, no. 3 (November 20, 2015): 531–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346331500079x.

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Alternative Binary Offset Carrier (AltBOC) modulation signal has the constraint of an equal power allocation scheme. Thus, it is not flexible enough to meet different requirements. To solve this problem, we propose a General AltBOC (GAltBOC) modulation. The proposed technique can achieve the same function as AltBOC. Meanwhile, its power allocation ratio can be adjusted when required. The detailed derivation of the GAltBOC modulation is presented, and three representative cases as well as the signal properties are discussed. To further improve the combination efficiency, we develop the Interlacing GAltBOC (IGAltBOC) modulation based on the GAltBOC modulation. The Power Spectrum Density (PSD) and correlation functions of the proposed signals are verified by simulation. The code tracking error and implementation complexities are analysed and compared with existing methods. Results show the proposed signals indeed enhance the flexibility of power allocation ratio with the same level code tracking accuracy. Compared with AltBOC modulation, the proposed signal can reach a higher combination efficiency at the expense of relatively higher implementation complexity. Compared with Asymmetric Constant Envelope Double-sideband (ACED) modulation, the proposed signals have significantly lower complexity of signal generation, which is helpful in simplifying the signal generation in the payload transmitter.

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Renoult, Julien P., and Tamra C. Mendelson. "Processing bias: extending sensory drive to include efficacy and efficiency in information processing." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1900 (April 3, 2019): 20190165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0165.

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Communication signals often comprise an array of colours, lines, spots, notes or odours that are arranged in complex patterns, melodies or blends. Receiver perception is assumed to influence preference and thus the evolution of signal design, but evolutionary biologists still struggle to understand how perception, preference and signal design are mechanistically linked. In parallel, the field of empirical aesthetics aims to understand why people like some designs more than others. The model of processing bias discussed here is rooted in empirical aesthetics, which posits that preferences are influenced by the emotional system as it monitors the dynamics of information processing and that attractive signals have effective designs that maximize information transmission, efficient designs that allow information processing at low metabolic cost, or both. We refer to the causal link between preference and the emotionally rewarding experience of effective and efficient information processing as the processing bias, and we apply it to the evolutionary model of sensory drive. A sensory drive model that incorporates processing bias hypothesizes a causal chain of relationships between the environment, perception, pleasure, preference and ultimately the evolution of signal design, both simple and complex.

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Maksymiv, I., S. Altunin, A. Bondariev, and I. Horbatyi. "The influence of detector's parameters on the efficiency of radio signals with complex phase modulation receiving." Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре, no. 5-6 (2018): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15222/tkea2018.5-6.24.

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The paper presents the results of simulation of a detector, implemented on the basis of a phase locked loop device (PLL), the mathematical modeling of signals with 8-QAM modulation, and investigates the influence of PLL parameters on the receiving quality of these signals with the interference in the communication channel. As a result of the study, the optimal parameters were found to provide the maximum noise-immunity for the communication system, which uses complex types of signals phase modulation. Two methods of signal detector composition were considered and compared in terms of noise-immunity. The first one is classic detector based on PLL synchronization and the second one — modified detector with specific additional filters. Modified detector was chosen for maintaining the further experiments due to its potential higher noise-immunity. The second part of the work was dedicated to the research of detection efficiency of modified detector using complex phase modulated signal 8-QAM. The simulation of this signal and the model adequacy check were carried out using Matlab software. The next step was the research of influence of filter parameters on the modified detector's noise-immunity during the 8-QAM signal detection. The results of simulation show the optimum parameters at which the maximum noise-immunity of phase detector was achieved. These parameters may be useful for further researches or for the process of phase detector design.

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Rane, Neena S., Oishee Chakrabarti, Lionel Feigenbaum, and Ramanujan S. Hegde. "Signal sequence insufficiency contributes to neurodegeneration caused by transmembrane prion protein." Journal of Cell Biology 188, no. 4 (February 15, 2010): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200911115.

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Protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by signal sequences that vary widely in primary structure. In vitro studies suggest that such signal sequence variations may correspond to subtly different functional properties. Whether comparable functional differences exist in vivo and are of sufficient magnitude to impact organism physiology is unknown. Here, we investigate this issue by analyzing in transgenic mice the impact of signal sequence efficiency for mammalian prion protein (PrP). We find that replacement of the average efficiency signal sequence of PrP with more efficient signals rescues mice from neurodegeneration caused by otherwise pathogenic PrP mutants in a downstream hydrophobic domain (HD). This effect is explained by the demonstration that efficient signal sequence function precludes generation of a cytosolically exposed, disease-causing transmembrane form of PrP mediated by the HD mutants. Thus, signal sequences are functionally nonequivalent in vivo, with intrinsic inefficiency of the native PrP signal being required for pathogenesis of a subset of disease-causing PrP mutations.

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El Mattar, Sara, and Abdennaceur Baghdad. "High-efficiency 2.45 and 5.8 GHz dual-band rectifier design with modulated input signals and a wide input power range." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2419-2427.

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<span lang="EN-US">This paper presents a new rectifier design for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting by adopting a particular circuit topology to achieve two objectives at the same time. First, work with modulated input signal sources instead of only continuous waveform (CW) signals. Second, operate with a wide input power range using the Wilkinson power divider (WPD) and two different rectifier diodes (HSMS2852 and SMS7630) instead of using active components. According to the comparison with dual-band rectifiers presented in the literature, the designed rectifier is a high-efficiency rectifier for wide RF power input ranges. A peak of 67.041% and 49.089% was reached for 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, respectively, for CW as the input signal. An efficiency of 72.325% and 45.935% is obtained with a 16 QAM modulated input signal for the operating frequencies, respectively, 69.979% and 54.579% for 8PSK. The results obtained demonstrate that energy recovery systems can use modulated signals. Therefore, the use of a modulated signal over a CW signal may have additional benefits.</span>

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Rachid, Belhadef, Ahmed Hafaifa, and Mohamed Boumehraz. "Vibrations Detection in Industrial Pumps Based on Spectral Analysis to Increase Their Efficiency." Management Systems in Production Engineering 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-09-01-2016.

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Abstract Spectral analysis is the key tool for the study of vibration signals in rotating machinery. In this work, the vibration analysis applied for conditional preventive maintenance of such machines is proposed, as part of resolved problems related to vibration detection on the organs of these machines. The vibration signal of a centrifugal pump was treated to mount the benefits of the approach proposed. The obtained results present the signal estimation of a pump vibration using Fourier transform technique compared by the spectral analysis methods based on Prony approach.

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Michaeli, Linus, Ján Šaliga, Pavol Dolinský, and Imrich Andráš. "Optimization Paradigm in the Signal Recovery after Compressive Sensing." Measurement Science Review 19, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2019-0006.

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Abstract Compressive sensing is a processing approach aiming to reduce the data stream from the observed object with the inherent sparsity using the optimal signal models. The compression of the sparse input signal in time or in the transform domain is performed in the transmitter by the Analog to Information Converter (AIC). The recovery of the compressed signal using optimization based on the differential evolution algorithm is presented in the article as an alternative to the faster pseudoinverse algorithm. Pseudoinverse algorithm results in an unambiguous solution associated with lower compression efficiency. The selection of the mathematically appropriate signal model affects significantly the compression efficiency. On the other hand, the signal model influences the complexity of the algorithm in the receiving block. The suitability of both recovery methods is studied on examples of the signal compression from the passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors or the ECG bioelectric signals.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Signal efficiency'

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