Journal articles: 'Signal behavior'

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Wang, Faya. "Multipacting electron signal behavior." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 698 (January 2013): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.09.056.

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Li, Xianfeng, Sen Xu, and Xiaopeng Hua. "Pattern Recognition of Grating Perimeter Intrusion Behavior in Deep Learning Method." Symmetry 13, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13010087.

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An intrusion behavior recognition method based on deep learning is proposed in this paper in order to improve the recognition accuracy of raster perimeter intrusion behavior. The Mach–Zehnder fiber optic interferometer was used to collect the external vibration signal sensing unit, capture the external vibration signal, use the cross-correlation characteristic method to obtain the minimum frame length of the fiber vibration signal, and preprocess the intrusion signal according to the signal strength. The intrusion signals were superimposed and several sections of signals were intercepted by fixed window length; the spectrum information is obtained by Fourier transform of the intercepted stationary signals. The convolution neural network was introduced into the pattern recognition of the intrusion signals in the optical fiber perimeter defense zone, and the different characteristics of the intrusion signals were extracted, so as to realize the accurate identification of different intrusion signals. Experimental results showed that this method was highly sensitive to intrusion events, could effectively reduce the false alarm rate of intrusion signals, and could improve the accuracy and efficiency of intrusion signal recognition.

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de Pedro-Carracedo, Javier, Ana María Ugena, and Ana Pilar Gonzalez-Marcos. "Dynamical Analysis of Biological Signals with the 0–1 Test: A Case Study of the PhotoPlethysmoGraphic (PPG) Signal." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 6508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146508.

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The 0–1 test distinguishes between regular and chaotic dynamics for a deterministic system using a time series as a starting point without appealing to any state space reconstruction method. A modification of the 0–1 test allows for the determination of a more comprehensive range of signal dynamic behaviors, particularly in the field of biological signals. We report the results of applying the test and study with more details the PhotoPlethysmoGraphic (PPG) signal behavior from different healthy young subjects, although its use is extensible to other biological signals. While mainly used for heart rate and blood oxygen saturation monitoring, the PPG signal contains extensive physiological dynamics information. We show that the PPG signal, on a healthy young individual, is predominantly quasi-periodic on small timescales (short span of time concerning the dominant frequency). However, on large timescales, PPG signals yield an aperiodic behavior that can be firmly chaotic or a prior transition via an SNA (Strange Nonchaotic Attractor). The results are based on the behavior of well-known time series that are random, chaotic, aperiodic, periodic, and quasi-periodic.

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Zhang, Feng, Yi Nong Li, and Lei Wang. "Behavior Analysis of FxLMS Based on Deterministic Signal." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 3262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3262.

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In active vibration control, most of the signals to be eliminated are deterministic signals. Simulations are carried out using periodic sinusoidal reference signal based on FxLMS algorithm. Based on a deterministic reference signal input conditions, the paper provides a detailed behavior analysis due to the secondary-path model error and phase delay, the results will give theoretical basis by adjusting the FxLMS algorithm parameters to ensure convergence and to achieve the best control performance in practical applications.

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Anderson, Christopher, Amanda Zimmerman, Skylar Lewis, John Marmion, and Jeanette Gustat. "Patterns of Cyclist and Pedestrian Street Crossing Behavior and Safety on an Urban Greenway." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 12, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020201.

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Greenways are linear open spaces, which are often used as trails for pedestrians and cyclists, but junctions with roads are a safety concern and act as a potential impediment to active transportation. This study evaluated crossing behavior patterns and safety at greenway–road junctions in New Orleans, LA. Crossing behaviors, safety and motor vehicle behavior were collected using direct observation methods. Intercept surveys were conducted to assess greenway use and safety perceptions. Logistic and negative binomial regression were used to assess the relationships between crossing signal (rectangular rapid flash beacon) activation and motor vehicle behavior. Fewer unsafe crossings occurred when the crossing signals were activated for cyclists and pedestrians (p-values of 0.001 and 0.01, respectively). There was no association between pedestrian use of crossing signals and motor vehicle stopping behavior but cyclists had significantly higher odds of motor vehicles failing to stop when the signal was activated (OR 5.12, 95% CI 2.86–9.16). The activation of rectangular rapid flash beacons at urban greenway junctions with roads did not influence motor vehicle behavior. Differences in crossing safety by signal use cannot be attributed to the signal’s influence on motor vehicle stopping behavior.

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Akassou, Imane, Sabina Avosani, Valentina Caorsi, Vincenzo Verrastro, Marco Ciolli, and Valerio Mazzoni. "Intrasexual Vibrational Behavior of Philaenus spumarius in Semi-Field Conditions." Insects 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070584.

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Insects that communicate by vibrational signals live in a complex interactive network of communication. Most studies on insect intrasexual behavior, based on plant-borne vibrational signals, have targeted few individuals. Despite their importance, behaviors that occur within groups were often overlooked. The study of multiple individuals, when insects occur in high density could simulate the environment in which they live and provide more reliable information on their behavior. In semi-field conditions, we investigated the intrasexual behavior of the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius. Vibrational signals exchanged among individuals of the same sex were recorded throughout their adult stage, from late spring to early autumn, and during the day, from the morning to the evening using a laser vibrometer. Males were less active than females throughout the season and their interactions were less frequent compared to females. Intrasexual interactions were characterized by signal overlapping in both unisex groups, in addition to signal alternating only in the case of males. In conclusion, the study of signaling behavior in intrasexual groups contributed to a better understanding of P. spumarius social behavior. We discuss the hypothesis of a possible competitive behavior between males and cooperative behavior between females.

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Li, Haitao, Xiang Chen, Yingke Lei, Pengcheng Li, and Caiyi Lou. "Identification of Shortwave Radio Communication Behavior Based on Autocorrelation Spectrogram Features." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (September 22, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8614952.

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Cognitive communication behavior is becoming a research hotspot in the field of communication confrontation. In theory, the behavioral intention of noncooperating parties can be obtained by analyzing communication signals. Considering the complexity of the actual electromagnetic environment, even when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low, a certain accuracy still needs to be guaranteed. In this paper, according to five types of physical burst waveforms defined by the shortwave radio interoperability standard, a signal feature extraction method based on autocorrelation spectrogram features is proposed, and a two-input convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification is designed to improve the identification ability of shortwave communication behavior. The experimental results illustrate that the five kinds of shortwave radio communication behaviors can be accurately identified even when the noise is large. The research in this paper can directly analyze the communication behavior through physical layer signal without demodulation, which has the ability to grasp the communication behavior of the shortwave radio station in real time.

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Yu, Ke, and Huapu Lu. "Effects of Countdown Signals in Red Phase on Drivers: A Comparative Study between Japan and Turkey." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/671589.

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Countdown signals can be found in many countries; however, there are only a few researches that study the impact of the signals on driver behavior. In this study, we focus particularly on the behavior of drivers reacting to countdown signals when the signal shifted from red to green. Although the countdown signal can reduce startup delay, it also causes drivers premature start. This paper determines the factors influencing the behaviors of drivers on startup delay, premature start, and headway due to countdown signals. The analysis results are compared between Japan and Turkey. From our findings, we propose countermeasures to reduce the problems caused by the countdown signals which can be a guideline for implementation or modification of countdown-signalized intersections in many countries in order to increase safety of both drivers and pedestrians as well as drivers’ satisfactions.

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Din, Zia Ud, and Leonhard E. Bernold. "Experimental study of signal behavior for wireless communication in construction." Construction Innovation 17, no. 4 (October 20, 2017): 475–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-11-2016-0061.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the effects of building components of a growing concrete structure and different building materials such as glass and steel on Wi-Fi signals propagation in a construction site. Wireless local area networks are considered effective tools to link the islands-of-communication in construction. Still, designing a Wi-Fi network that can grow with a new construction requires that one understands the performance of propagation of electromagnetic signals transmitted at 2.4 GHz. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews the theoretical behavior of electromagnetic signals when signal attenuation is caused by various construction materials changing their strengths, directions and possibly leading to total absorption. The authors used a typical building layout to conduct experimental work to measure the effect of common building features and communication technologies on signal strengths. Findings The measured data not only confirmed the theory-based predictions but also demonstrated the complexity of predicting signal propagation when obstructions inhibit the line-of-sight “travel” of electromagnetic signals. Originality/value Different to other papers, the experiments were conducted outside a concrete building mimicking the situation where the transmitter is set up at the site office.

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Glaudas, Xavier, and Christopher T. Winne. "Do warning displays predict striking behavior in a viperid snake, the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus)?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, no. 4 (April 2007): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z07-025.

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Warning displays are defined as signals designed to intimidate predators or indicate a proclivity to fight. However, support for the idea that warning behaviors signal an intent to fight is largely based on anecdotes and isolated observations, and a complete understanding of antipredator behavior will only be achieved if specific hypotheses are experimentally tested. Herein, we tested in a North American viperid snake, the cottonmouth ( Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacépède, 1789)), the hypothesis that warning displays serve as a reliable signal to potential predators that a snake will strike. The cottonmouth exhibits two stereotypical warning displays during predator confrontation, i.e., mouth gaping and tail vibrations, making it an ideal study organism to experimentally test the relationship between warning displays and defensive striking. To test this idea, we recorded the sequence of defensive behavior — gaping, tail vibrating, and striking — of cottonmouths towards a standardized predatory stimulus in the laboratory. As predicted, snakes that gaped during the trials were subsequently more likely to strike than snakes that did not. In contrast, striking behavior was independent of the occurrence of tail vibrations. Our results suggest that gaping behavior — but not tail-vibrating behavior — may provide an honest signal to would-be predators.

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SEDJELMACI, IBTICEME, and F. BEREKSI-REGUIG. "FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM SIGNAL." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 14, no. 04 (July 3, 2014): 1450055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519414500559.

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In this paper, the analysis of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is carried out according a non-linear approach. This concerns the eventual fractal behavior of such signal and the correlation of such behavior with normal and pathological ECG signals. The analysis is carried out on different ECG signals taken from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. In fact these signals are those of six subjects with different ages and presenting both normal and abnormal arrhythmias situations. The abnormal situations are atrial premature beat (APB), premature ventricular contraction (PVC), right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left bundle branch block (LBBB). The fractal behavior of these signals is analyzed according to the determination of the multifractal spectrum and the fractal dimension variations and looking for eventually a fractal signature of each heart disease and age of the subject. The obtained results show a fractal signature according to the age and the pathologies for the studied cases. However further investigations are required on larger databases to confirm such results.

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Shull, Richard L. "BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS AND SIGNAL-DETECTION THEORY." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 71, no. 3 (May 1999): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1999.71-438.

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OKURA, Izumi, Masaru HASEGAWA, and Ikuya YODA. "Driver Behavior During Signal Change Intervals." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 7 (1989): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.7.275.

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Wang, Yang, Yanyan Chen, and Ning Chen. "Modelling Signal Controlled Traffic Based on Driving Behaviors." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/219574.

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In urban traffic, of particular interest the traffic breakdown which is primarily resulted from the driving behaviors is emerged to respond to the traffic signal. To investigate the influences of driving behaviors on the traffic breakdown, a cellular automaton model has been developed by incorporating a number of driving behaviors typically manifesting during the different stages when the vehicle approaching a traffic light. Numerical simulations have been performed based on a road segment consisting of three sections and each section is associated with a set of rules. The numerical simulations have demonstrated that the proposed model is capable of producing the time-delayed traffic breakdown and the dissolution of the oversaturated traffic. Furthermore, it has been evidenced that the probability of the traffic breakdown can be increased by involving the slow-to-start behavior. However, the activation of the anticipatory behavior can effectively impede the transition from undersaturated to oversaturated traffic. Finally, the contributions of the driving behaviors on the traffic breakdown have been quantitatively examined.

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Liu, Qunli, Ghatu Subhash, and Harold A. Evensen. "Behavior of a Novel Iterative Deconvolution Algorithm for System Identification." Journal of Vibration and Control 11, no. 7 (July 2005): 985–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546305055537.

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This paper demonstrates the effectiveness and versatility of an iterative deconvolution algorithm in dealing with noise-rendered, truncated signals when signal averaging is not an option. An iterative deconvolution algorithm for system identification and signal restoration is presented, and its effectiveness and robustness are validated through the analysis of several artificially generated signals that are intended to mimic practically measured signals. Its application is intended for use in improving the quality of system identification by reducing the detrimental effect of information leakage caused by windowing. System identification was conducted for various scenarios, in which the input and output signals were rendered with noise and subjected to different truncation levels at the heads and/or tails. The ability of the algorithm to restore the truncated portion of signals is demonstrated. It is concluded that the algorithm has superior performance compared to currently available traditional approaches, such as the fast Fourier transform and autoregressive moving average methods.

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Jana, Sumitash, and Aditya Murthy. "Task context determines whether common or separate inhibitory signals underlie the control of eye-hand movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1695–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00085.2018.

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Whereas inhibitory control of single effector movements has been widely studied, the control of coordinated eye-hand movements has received less attention. Nevertheless, previous studies have contradictorily suggested that either a common or separate signal/s is/are responsible for inhibition of coordinated eye-hand movements. In continuation of our previous study, we varied behavioral contexts and used a stochastic accumulation-to-threshold model, which predicts a scaling of the mean reaction time distribution with its variance, to study the inhibitory control of eye-hand movements. Participants performed eye-hand movements in different task conditions, and in each condition they had to redirect movements in a fraction of trials. Task contexts where the behavior could be best explained by a common initiation signal had similar error responses for eye and hand, despite having different mean reaction times, indicating a common inhibitory signal. In contrast, behavior that could be best explained by separate initiation signals had dissimilar error responses for eye and hand indicating separate inhibitory signals. These behavioral responses were further validated using electromyography and computational models having either a common or separate inhibitory control signal/s. Interestingly, in a particular context, whereas in majority trials a common initiation and inhibitory signal could explain the behavior, in a subset of trials separate initiation and inhibitory signals predicted the behavior better. This highlights the flexibility that exists in the brain and in effect reconciles the heterogeneous results reported by previous studies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prior studies have contradictorily suggested either a single or separate inhibitory signal/s underlying inhibition of coordinated eye-hand movements. With the use of different tasks, we observed that when eye-hand movements were initiated by a common signal, they were controlled by a common inhibitory signal. However, when the two effectors were initiated by separate signals, they were controlled by separate inhibitory signals. This highlights the flexible control of eye-hand movements and reconciles the heterogeneous results previously reported in the literature.

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Devi, K. R., and Herb Schwab. "High-resolution seismic signals from band-limited data using scaling laws of wavelet transforms." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 2 (March 2009): WA143—WA152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3077622.

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Time-scale spectra, obtained from seismic data wavelet transforms, are useful in analyzing local scaling properties of seismic signals. In particular, the wavelet transform modulus maxima (WTMM) spectra, obtained by following the local extrema of wavelet transforms along a constant phase line, describe characteristics of discontinuities such as interfaces. They also show a smooth behavior as a function of scale and thus allow us to derive local scaling laws. We use scaling behavior of WTMM spectra to enhance the bandwidth of seismic data. An analysis of well-log scaling behaviors and the seismic data shows that, whereas the WTMM spectrum of well logs at each interface exhibits a power-law behavior as a function of scale, the corresponding seismic signal spectrum shows a more complicated behavior, arising from seismic wavelet effects. Under the assumption that local well-log power-law behavior holds in general, a scaling law for seismic signals can be derived in terms of parameters that describe subsurface scaling effects and the seismic wavelet. A stable estimation of these parameters can be carried out simultaneously, as a function of time and over the seismic bandwidth, using the modified scaling law. No well-log information is needed to derive the seismic wavelet. Then wavelet transforms can be corrected for seismic wavelet effects and a high-resolution signal reconstructed. This reconstructed high-resolution signal can be used to map features that might not be obvious in the original seismic data, such as small faults, fractures, and fine-scale variations within channel margins.

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Vitousek, Maren N., David M. Zonana, and Rebecca J. Safran. "An integrative view of the signaling phenotype: Dynamic links between signals, physiology, behavior and social context." Current Zoology 60, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 739–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.6.739.

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Abstract Signal traits are often linked with the physiological state and behavior of their bearer. Direct examination of the causal links among these variables has provided substantial insight into the information content of signals, and into the costs and benefits of signal expression. Yet recent empirical work suggests that the social context in which signals are developed and displayed can play a major role not only in how signals are received, but also in coordinating and mediating the signaling phenotype itself. Here we review both well-established and emerging evidence for direct feedbacks among an individual’s physiological state, behavior, and signal elaboration. We then describe an integrative view of signaling that takes into account the bidirectional relationships among components of phenotype and the social context in which signals are developed and displayed. Integrating dynamic feedback between context and phenotype within models of the evolution and maintenance of signals may yield insights into how signals evolve, how signaling phenotypes are coordinated and maintained on ecological and evolutionary time scales, and how static signals continue to convey relevant phenotypic information about their bearer through time.

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Smith, Sarah M., Amelia R. Eigerman, Kerry M. LeCure, Eseza Kironde, Auxenia Grace Privett-Mendoza, Matthew J. Fuxjager, Doris Preininger, and Lisa A. Mangiamele. "Androgen Receptor Modulates Multimodal Displays in the Bornean Rock Frog (Staurois parvus)." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab042.

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Synopsis Multimodal communication is common in the animal kingdom. It occurs when animals display by stimulating two or more receiver sensory systems, and often arises when selection favors multiple ways to send messages to conspecifics. Mechanisms of multimodal display behavior are poorly understood, particularly with respect to how animals coordinate the production of different signals. One important question is whether all components in a multimodal display share an underlying physiological basis, or whether different components are regulated independently. We investigated the influence of androgen receptors (ARs) on the production of both visual and vocal signal components in the multimodal display repertoire of the Bornean rock frog (Staurois parvus). To assess the role of AR in signal production, we treated reproductively active adult males with the antiandrogen flutamide (FLUT) and measured the performance of each component signal in the multimodal display. Our results show that blocking AR inhibited the production of multiple visual signals, including a conspicuous visual signal known as the “foot flag,” which is produced by rotating the hind limb above the body. However, FLUT treatment caused no measurable change in vocal signaling behavior, or in the frequency or fine temporal properties of males’ calls. Our study, therefore, suggests that activation of AR is not a physiological prerequisite to the coordination of multiple signals, in that it either does not regulate all signaling behaviors in a male’s display repertoire or it does so only in a context-dependent manner.

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Shao, Yi, Xuefeng Deng, Jiaxin Song, and Hui Wu. "Lane-Changing Model of Intelligent Connected Vehicle Considering the Factor of Turn Signal." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (October 6, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4357954.

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Unsafe lane-changing behaviors can easily lead to traffic accidents. Drivers usually turn on their turn signals to signal surrounding vehicles before changing lanes. At present, there is a lack of consideration of the impact of turn signals on the lane-changing behavior of intelligent vehicles. Therefore, based on the cellular automata theory, this paper improves the lane-changing rules in the STNS model and proposes a vehicle safe lane-changing model. The model considers the priority scheduling problem of different vehicles’ driving behavior when changing lanes, the influence of driver’s subjective factors on the driving speed when changing lanes, and the relationship between vehicle speed and safe lane-changing distance. After discussion and analysis, the model can reduce the number of lane changes of vehicles, increase the average speed of vehicles, and increase the traffic flow. It provides theoretical support for the safe lane-changing behavior of intelligent networked vehicles in the new era.

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Kocić, Anica, Stamenka Stanković, Svetlana Čičević, Nikola Čelar, Jelena Kajalić, and Aleksandar Trifunović. "Flashing green signal effects on drivers’ behavior." Put i saobraćaj 67, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31075/pis.67.01.04.

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The flashing green signal indicates that the green signal will end, and its application at signalized intersections is optional. This paper presents the results of the survey conducted among Belgrade drivers. The survey was conducted in order to analyze behavior, perceptions, knowledge, and attitudes towards the flashing green signal. Results showed that drivers mostly support the flashing green implementation. Also, respondents expressed an opinion that the flashing green improves traffic efficiency and safety. A third of drivers decelerate and stop when flashing green starts. In a situation where the vehicle in front of them decelerate when flashing green starts, 13% of drivers will try to change lane and pass an intersection. This result indicates that drivers of following cars can have conflicting decisions. Results showed that half of the respondents underestimate the flashing green duration while a third of them overestimate it.

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Badiali, Massimo, Daniela Cardini, and Alessandro Emanuele. "Hipparcos telescope: behavior of the output signal." Applied Optics 28, no. 16 (August 15, 1989): 3428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.28.003428.

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Pasero, Christine L., and Peggy Compton. "When Does 'Drug-Seeking' Behavior Signal Addiction?" American Journal of Nursing 97, no. 5 (May 1997): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199705000-00020.

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Fisher, B., and N. Bershad. "ALE behavior for two sinusoidal signal models." IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 33, no. 3 (June 1985): 658–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tassp.1985.1164590.

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Olaverri, Cristina. "Behavior Signal Processing Laboratory [ITS Research Lab]." IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 8, no. 1 (2016): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mits.2015.2503110.

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Femat, Ricardo, Jose Alvarez-Ramirez, and Miguel Zarazua. "Chaotic behavior from a human biological signal." Physics Letters A 214, no. 3-4 (May 1996): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(96)00210-1.

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Arehart-Treichel, Joan. "Teen Behavior May Signal Adult Personality Disorder." Psychiatric News 40, no. 21 (November 4, 2005): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.40.21.0026.

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Osama, Mohamed. "Behavior Recognition based on Signal Processing Technology." International Journal of Hybrid Innovation Technologies 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ijhit.2653-309x.2021.1.2.05.

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Burggraaf, Julia, Jop Groeneweg, Simone Sillem, and Pieter van Gelder. "What Employees Do Today Because of Their Experience Yesterday: How Incidental Learning Influences Train Driver Behavior and Safety Margins (A Big Data Analysis)." Safety 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety7010002.

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Employee behavior plays an important role in the occurrence and prevention of incidents, affecting safety margins. In this study, we examine the potential impact of incidental learning on human behavior in the presence of variation in task design. Incidental learning is the day-to-day on-the-job learning that occurs unintentionally. This learning influences which behavior (schema) is more likely to be activated in the employee’s brain. We posit that an incorrect schema can be activated and lead to undesired behavior if the employee is often exposed to (visually) similar tasks that require different behavior. In rail transport, there is a risk of trains passing through red signals. The train driver’s behavior plays an important role in preventing these signal passed at danger (SPAD) incidents. In this study we used speed and location data to analyze train driver deceleration behavior during red signal approaches in the Netherlands. The Dutch rail system showed variation in yellow signal aspects and signal distance. An analysis using 19 months of empirical data indicated changes in behavior when the employee had been previously exposed to different behavior requirements in the same location with a similar yellow signal. These results imply that task design can be improved by taking into consideration what an employee is exposed to during other moments of the shift, and not just during the execution of the specific task.

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Nava-Dino, C. G., R. Narro-Garcia, J. P. Flores De los Ríos, M. C. Maldonado-Orozco, N. L. Mendez-Mariscal, and R. G. Bautista-Margulis. "Digital Signal Analysis of Electrochemical Signals of Graphene Oxides for Display Devices." MRS Advances 3, no. 62 (2018): 3723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.612.

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ABSTRACTBy using electrochemical tests, small signal variations were study by digital signal processing techniques. Electrochemical noise and electrochemical polarization curves were very useful to obtained electrochemical behavior of alloys, but the low signal levels of measurements obtained showed that some of the information was not likely to be measured and, therefore, not being able to identify. Graphene oxides (GO) samples were prepared by ball milling procedure adding Lithium. SIGVIEW software was used for Digital Signal studies. Comparing, the signals obtained by electrochemical techniques and the research by computational tools; it was possible to find out a behavior path of samples. Display devices made by graphene were observed to provide new information about the structure of samples and how nanotechnology area can be improved. The current investigation aimed at maintaining electrochemical stability, since different deformations, as twisting and bending are quite relevant in portable electronics devices.

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Sousa, Jose Vigno Moura, Vilson Rosa de Almeida, Aratã Andrade Saraiva, Felipe Miranda de Jesus Castro, Domingos Bruno Sousa Santos, and Pedro Mateus Cunha Pimentel. "Comparison between transforms a behavior qualitative analysis of various biomedical signals." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 10 (September 27, 2020): e3179108657. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8657.

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This paper aims to compare the behave of different signals when applied to different compression techniques, to test and find the best compression techniques to each different signal, also proving that different signals behave differently in distinct types of compression, the results of this work was satisfactory to prove that different types of compression can be used on signals to achieve better results.

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Li, Min, Wuhong Wang, Zhen Liu, Mingjun Qiu, and Dayi Qu. "Driver Behavior and Intention Recognition Based on Wavelet Denoising and Bayesian Theory." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 6901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116901.

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Driver behavior and intention recognition affects traffic safety. Many scholars use the steering wheel angle, distance of the brake pedal, distance of the accelerator pedal, and turn signal as input data to identify driver behaviors and intentions. However, in terms of time, the acquisition of these parameters has a relative delay, which lengthens the identification time. Therefore, this study uses drivers’ EEG (electroencephalograph) data as input parameters to identify driver behaviors and intentions. The key to the driving intention recognition of EEG signals is to reduce their noise. Noise interference has a significant influence on EEG driving intention recognition. To substantially denoise EEG signals, this study selects wavelet transform theory and wavelet packet transform technology, collects the EEG signals during driving, uses the threshold noise reduction method on EEG signals to reduce noise, and achieves noise reduction through wavelet packet reconstruction. After the wavelet packet coefficients of EEG signals are obtained, the energy characteristics of the wavelet packet coefficients are extracted as input to the Bayesian theoretical model for driver behavior and intention recognition. Results show that the maximum recognition rate of the Bayesian theoretical model reaches 82.6%. Early driver behavior and intention recognition has important research significance for traffic safety and sustainable traffic development.

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Tulyakova, Nataliya, and Oleksandr Trofymchuk. "Адаптивний міріадний фільтр із шумо- та сигнально-залежним зміненням параметрів у часі." RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, no. 2 (May 18, 2022): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/reks.2022.2.17.

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The research subject of this article is the methods of locally adaptive filtering of non-stationary signals. The goal is to develop a locally-adaptive algorithm for non-stationary noise (from the viewpoint of its time-varying variance) suppression in signals characterized by a different behavior of the informative component, with restricted apriori information about the signal model and noise variance. The tasks are to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed local-adaptive myriad filter using numerical statistical estimates of processing quality for a complex model of one-dimensional process that contains different elementary signals in various additive Gaussian noise variance variations; to investigate the effectiveness of non-stationary noise suppression for model and real signals. The methods are integral and local indicators of filter quality according to the criteria of the mean square error have been obtained using numerical simulation (via Monte Carlo analysis). The following results have been obtained: a noise- and signal-adapting myriad filter for the suppressing of non-stationary noise with significantly varying variance in signals with different behaviors of the informative component is proposed. Statistical estimates of the filter quality, evaluated by numerical simulation, show a higher efficiency of the proposed local-adaptive myriad filter in conditions of different noise levels compared to the other highly efficient locally-adaptive filters. Practically, total preservation of a signal at very low noise levels, minimal dynamical errors caused by filtering at low and middle noise levels, and more effective noise suppression at high values of noise variance are demonstrated. The analysis of output signals and plots of parameters for local adaptation and adaptable parameters confirm the high efficiency and correct operation of the investigated locally-adaptive algorithms. The high robust properties of these nonlinear filters are shown, as well as the expedience of using to spike the elimination of the previous robust Hampel filter in which the median operation is replaced by a myriad one. Examples displaying the high quality of non-stationary noise suppression in a biomedical signal of electronystagmogram are presented. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the development of locally-adaptive myriad filters with time-varying noise- and signal-dependent parameters for de-noising processes with non-stationary signal behavior and noise variance. This filter does not require time for parameter adaptation and their exact adjustment, a priori knowledge of the signal model and noise variance, and can be applied in a quasi-real-time mode. The proposed algorithm of noise- and signal-adapting myriad filtering algorithm improves the quality of signal processing in difficult conditions of significant noise non-stationarity (variance variation).

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Tripathi, Gyanendra Nath, and Hiroaki Wagatsuma. "PCA-Based Algorithms to Find Synergies for Humanoid Robot Motion Behavior." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 13, no. 02 (May 25, 2016): 1550037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843615500371.

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Applying principal component analysis (PCA) to find synergy signal for specific motion of Robot is a standard method. However, implementation of PCA gives synergy solely on quantitative basis. The algorithms proposed in this paper advocates the enhancement of qualitative measure of PCA to locate well-coordinated synergy signals. The two main control strategies of central nervous system (CNS) are taken into account for enhancement of algorithms. First one is the CNS strategy of separate synergy generation for individual limbs and second is the trajectory generation of complex movement using via-points. The proposed algorithms find the synergy without loss of generality of implementation. Humanoid robot NAO is used as a robotic platform to test the result of the algorithm. The synergy for a group of motors is calculated by implementing the algorithm on motors position sensor data of the robot corresponding to three motion pattern 1. Knee bend sitting–standing, 2. Sitting–standing on chair, and 3. Walking. The improvement in result is statistically measured by calculating error between original and reconstructed signal for proposed algorithms and applying Z-test tested on error signals. Another statistical measure of improvement is treated by calculating ‘Goodness of Fit’ for original and reconstructed signal.

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Weber, H., C. Widemann, and W. Mathis. "A first approach to the distortion analysis of nonlinear analog circuits utilizing X-parameters." Advances in Radio Science 11 (July 4, 2013): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-11-159-2013.

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Abstract. In this contribution a first approach to the distortion analysis of nonlinear 2-port-networks with X-parameters1 is presented. The X-parameters introduced by Verspecht and Root (2006) offer the possibility to describe nonlinear microwave 2-port-networks under large signal conditions. On the basis of X-parameter measurements with a nonlinear network analyzer (NVNA) behavioral models can be extracted for the networks. These models can be used to consider the nonlinear behavior during the design process of microwave circuits. The idea of the present work is to extract the behavioral models in order to describe the influence of interfering signals on the output behavior of the nonlinear circuits. Hereby, a simulator is used instead of a NVNA to extract the X-parameters. Assuming that the interfering signals are relatively small compared to the nominal input signal, the output signal can be described as a superposition of the effects of each input signal. In order to determine the functional correlation between the scattering variables, a polynomial dependency is assumed. The required datasets for the approximation of the describing functions are simulated by a directional coupler model in Cadence Design Framework. The polynomial coefficients are obtained by a least-square method. The resulting describing functions can be used to predict the system's behavior under certain conditions as well as the effects of the interfering signal on the output signal. 1 X-parameter is a registered trademark of Agilent Technologies, Inc.

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Kozak, Elizabeth C., and George W. Uetz. "Male courtship signal modality and female mate preference in the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata: results of digital multimodal playback studies." Current Zoology 65, no. 6 (May 21, 2019): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz025.

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Abstract Females must be able to perceive and assess male signals, especially when they occur simultaneously with those of other males. Previous studies show female Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders display receptivity to isolated visual or vibratory courtship signals, but increased receptivity to multimodal courtship. It is unknown whether this is true when females are presented with a choice between simultaneous multimodal and isolated unimodal male courtship. We used digital playback to present females with a choice simulating simultaneous male courtship in different sensory modes without variation in information content: 1) isolated unimodal visual versus vibratory signals; 2) multimodal versus vibratory signals; and 3) multimodal versus visual signals. When choosing between isolated unimodal signals (visual or vibratory), there were no significant differences in orientation latency and number of orientations, approaches or receptive displays directed to either signal. When given a choice between multimodal versus vibratory-only male courtship signals, females were more likely to orient to the multimodal stimulus, and directed significantly more orients, approaches and receptivity behaviors to the multimodal signal. When presented with a choice between multimodal and visual-only signals, there were significantly more orients and approaches to the multimodal signal, but no significant difference in female receptivity. Results suggest that signal modes are redundant and equivalent in terms of qualitative responses, but when combined, multimodal signals quantitatively enhance detection and/or reception. This study confirms the value of testing preference behavior using a choice paradigm, as female preferences may depend on the context (e.g., environmental context and social context) in which they are presented with male signals.

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Otto, Thomas U., Brice Dassy, and Pascal Mamassian. "Principles of multisensory behavior." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646271.

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The combined use of multisensory signals is often beneficial. Based on single cell recordings in the superior colliculius of cats, three basic rules were formulated to describe the effectiveness of multisensory integration: The enhancement of neuronal responses in multi- compared to uni-sensory conditions is largest when signals are presented at the same time (‘temporal rule’), occur at the same location (‘spatial rule’), and when signals are rather weak (‘principle of inverse effectiveness’). These rules are also considered to describe multisensory benefits as observed with behavioral measures, but do they capture these benefits best? To uncover the principles that rule multisensory behavior, we investigated the classical redundant signals effect, i.e., the speed-up of response times in multi- as compared to uni-sensory conditions. In a detection task, we presented both auditory and visual signals at three levels of signal strength and determined the speed-up for all nine combinations of signals. Based on a systematic analysis of empirical response time distributions as well as simulations using probability summation, we propose that two alternative rules apply. First, the ‘principle of equal effectiveness’ states that the benefit with multisensory signals (here the speed-up of reaction times) is largest when performance in the two uni-sensory conditions is similar. Second, the ‘variability rule’ states that the benefit is largest when performance in the uni-sensory conditions is variable. The generality of these rules is discussed with respect to experiments on accuracy and when maximum likelihood estimation instead of probability summation is considered as combination rule.

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Nams, Vilis O. "A technique to determine the behavior of a radio-tagged animal." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-036.

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I describe a technique to differentiate between activities of radio-tagged animals solely from radio signals. Signal amplitude and pulse interval data are transformed with time series analysis, and variables measured from the transformation are classified with discriminant function analysis. An example is given with known reference radio signals for three behaviors from striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in which 75% of the reference signals are classified correctly. If the classification is adjusted to allow for unclassifiable signals, then 23% are unclassifiable, but of the remaining 77%, 84% are classified correctly.

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Joseph, Meera, and Akinlabi Olaniyi Akindeji. "Optimizing Signal Behavior of Femtocells for Improved Network." Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering 1, no. 3 (October 16, 2016): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22149/teee.v1i3.51.

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The high demand for network coverage in an indoor setting brought about the acceptance of femtocell technology as a solution using the backhaul connectivity in the existing network. The quality of signal, voice calling, Internet, security and data are improved through the use femtocell at the indoor environment. Here the service provider attempts to reduce their operation cost by presenting self-organizing mechanisms for optimization of the network. The remarkable part is that, femtocells improves coverage, enhances the data rate at the indoor environment. Therefore, the challenges of the femtocell also known as interference deteriorates the capacity and quality performance of the whole cellular network. In this paper we simulate the bit error rate against signal behaviour at the indoor environment and we also simulate the transmitting power over signal for both macrocells and femtocells. We focus on the transmitting power that might cause interference within the cellular network.

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Picetti, Roberto, Adolfo Saiardi, Tarek Abdel Samad, Yuri Bozzi, Ja-Hyun Baik, and Emiliana Borrelli. "Dopamine D2 Receptors in Signal Transduction and Behavior." Critical Reviews™ in Neurobiology 11, no. 2-3 (1997): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v11.i2-3.20.

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Soares, V., A. M. Luiz, and R. Nicolsky. "Hysteretic behavior of signal amplification using SNS junctions." Physica C: Superconductivity 354, no. 1-4 (May 2001): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(01)00057-0.

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Chen, Zikuan, and Vince D. Calhoun. "Magnitude and phase behavior of multiresolution BOLD signal." Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B: Magnetic Resonance Engineering 37B, no. 3 (July 16, 2010): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmr.b.20164.

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Bondar, C. A., K. Zeron, and John S. Richardson. "Risk-sensitive foraging by juvenile signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 11 (November 2006): 1693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-161.

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Feeding behavior of carnivorous and herbivorous organisms is commonly explained in terms of nutritional requirements. However, feeding behavior of omnivorous organisms is difficult to predict and may not be based on nutritional requirements alone. To assess the plasticity of feeding behaviors exhibited by an omnivore, we conducted a feeding experiment using juvenile signal crayfish ( Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852)), both alone and in the presence of conspecifics and predators. Crayfish were presented with three types of food (chironomids, mayflies, and woody debris) in experimental enclosures, and the food type consumed and time to consumption were recorded. Although the same overall food choice (chironomid larvae) was made in all trials, the time it took for the juvenile crayfish to make a food selection was longer in the presence of adult conspecifics (both male and female) and adult cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836)). Food selection also took longer, although not significantly, in the presence of conspecific juvenile crayfish, and no changes in behavior were noted in the presence of young-of-the-year (YOY) cutthroat trout. The altered behavior of the juvenile crayfish observed in the presence of adult fish and crayfish can lead to context-dependent effects of this omnivore on its community. Ecologists must be increasingly aware that the feeding of omnivores may not be solely based on nutritional criteria.

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Kwon, Soyang, Patricia Zavos, Katherine Nickele, Albert Sugianto, and Mark V. Albert. "Hip and Wrist-Worn Accelerometer Data Analysis for Toddler Activities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 21, 2019): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142598.

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Although accelerometry data are widely utilized to estimate physical activity and sedentary behavior among children age 3 years or older, for toddlers age 1 and 2 year(s), accelerometry data recorded during such behaviors have been far less examined. In particular, toddler’s unique behaviors, such as riding in a stroller or being carried by an adult, have not yet been examined. The objective of this study was to describe accelerometry signal outputs recorded during participation in nine types of behaviors (i.e., running, walking, climbing up/down, crawling, riding a ride-on toy, standing, sitting, riding in a stroller/wagon, and being carried by an adult) among toddlers. Twenty-four toddlers aged 13 to 35 months (50% girls) performed various prescribed behaviors during free play in a commercial indoor playroom while wearing ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers on a hip and a wrist. Participants’ performances were video-recorded. Based on the video data, accelerometer data were annotated with behavior labels to examine accelerometry signal outputs while performing the nine types of behaviors. Accelerometer data collected during 664 behavior assessments from the 21 participants were used for analysis. Hip vertical axis counts for walking were low (median = 49 counts/5 s). They were significantly lower than those recorded while a toddler was “carried” by an adult (median = 144 counts/5 s; p < 0.01). While standing, sitting, and riding in a stroller, very low hip vertical axis counts were registered (median ≤ 5 counts/5 s). Although wrist vertical axis and vector magnitude counts for “carried” were not higher than those for walking, they were higher than the cut-points for sedentary behaviors. Using various accelerometry signal features, machine learning techniques showed 89% accuracy to differentiate the “carried” behavior from ambulatory movements such as running, walking, crawling, and climbing. In conclusion, hip vertical axis counts alone may be unable to capture walking as physical activity and “carried” as sedentary behavior among toddlers. Machine learning techniques that utilize additional accelerometry signal features could help to recognize behavior types, especially to differentiate being “carried” from ambulatory movements.

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Trivelpiece, Wayne Z., John L. Bengtson, Susan G. Trivelpiece, and Nicholas J. Volkman. "Foraging Behavior of Gentoo and Chinstrap Penguins as Determined by New Radiotelemetry Techniques." Auk 103, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.4.777.

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Abstract Analysis of radio signals from transmitters affixed to 7 Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and 6 Chinstrap (P. antarctica) penguins allowed us to track penguins at sea. Signal characteristics allowed us to distinguish among 5 foraging behaviors: porpoising, underwater swimming, horizontal diving, vertical diving, and resting or bathing. Gentoo Penguins spent a significantly greater portion of their foraging trips engaged in feeding behaviors than Chinstraps, which spent significantly more time traveling. Gentoos had significantly longer feeding dives than Chinstraps (128 s vs. 91 s) and significantly higher dive-pause ratios (3.4 vs. 2.6). These differences in foraging behavior suggest Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins may have different diving abilities and may forage at different depths.

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Koene, Ansgar R. "A Model for Perceptual Averaging and Stochastic Bistable Behavior and the Role of Voluntary Control." Neural Computation 18, no. 12 (December 2006): 3069–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2006.18.12.3069.

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We combine population coding, winner-take-all competition, and differentiated inhibitory feedback to model the process by which information from different, continuously variable signals is integrated for perceptual awareness. We focus on “slant rivalry,” where binocular disparity is in conflict with monocular perspective in specifying surface slant. Using a robust single parameter set, our model successfully replicates three key experimental results: (1) transition from signal averaging to bistability with increasing signal conflict, (2) change in perceptual reversal rates as a function of signal conflict, and (3) a shift in the distribution of percept durations through voluntary control exertion. Voluntary control is implemented through the use of a single top-down bias input. The transition from signal averaging to bistability arises as a natural consequence of combining population coding and wide receptive fields, common to higher cortical areas. The model architecture does not contain any assumption that would limit it to this particular example of stimulus rivalry. An emergent physiological interpretation is that differentiated inhibitory feedback may play an important role for increasing percept stability without reducing sensitivity to large stimulus changes, which for bistable conditions leads to increased alternation rate as a function of signal conflict.

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Twyman, Janet S., Happy Johnson, Jennifer D. Buie, and C. Michael Nelson. "The Use of a Warning Procedure to Signal a More Intrusive Timeout Contingency." Behavioral Disorders 19, no. 4 (August 1994): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874299401900407.

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The effects of a warning procedure signaling exclusionary timeout as a consequence for inappropriate behavior during contingent observation timeout was evaluated for nine elementary students with emotional and behavioral disabilities. During baseline conditions, students exhibiting inappropriate contingent observation timeout behavior received three warnings before exclusionary timeout was implemented. During intervention conditions, exclusionary timeout was contingent upon the first occurrence of inappropriate contingent observation behavior (with no warnings given). Data were collected on the frequency of (a) contingent observation directions, (b) “calls” for appropriate contingent observation behavior (which served as warnings for the exclusionary timeout contingency), and (c) exclusionary timeouts. An ABAB design (A = warning, B = no warning) established that substantially fewer inappropriate contingent observation timeout behaviors occurred under the no-warning condition. The number of exclusionary timeouts given remained relatively stable across all conditions. The use of warnings was associated with a decrease in appropriate contingent observation timeout behaviors, though not to the point where the more intrusive contingency was implemented. These findings suggest that use of the warning procedure actually resulted in more negative interactions (calls) between the staff and the students.

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Qi, Xiaoli, Wenjuan Lin, Donglin Wang, Yuqin Pan, Weiwen Wang, and Meng Sun. "A role for the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signal pathway in depressive-like behavior." Behavioural Brain Research 199, no. 2 (May 2009): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.051.

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Negrete-Martínez, J. "A Robotic Brain Scheme: Proposal Originated by a Modular Robotic Control." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 4, no. 1 (2007): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/560596.

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A robot brain scheme has been implemented, based on and controlled by analog circuits and micro-controllers. The modules have been classified as: (a) world signal processing, (b) world signal relevance assessing, (c) pre-motor decisions, (d) motor behavior, and (e) planning and sequencing motor behaviors. There are two types of pre-motor processing: main and world signal tracking. Motor behavior includes all the final motion units. Each of these five classes roughly corresponds to areas in a vertebrate’s brain and proved to be an effective robotic brain scheme as they assist in the development of greater complexity in robotic brains and a means to compare different implementations. The scheme stresses the importance of motor behavior modules fed by pre-motor decision modules. The pre-motor decision modules aim the movement while the motor behavior module creates the behavior. Finally, the planning and sequencing modules are imperative implementations in a robotic brain.

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Schultz, Wolfram. "Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1.

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Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27, 1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse suggest that midbrain dopamine systems are involved in processing reward information and learning approach behavior. Most dopamine neurons show phasic activations after primary liquid and food rewards and conditioned, reward-predicting visual and auditory stimuli. They show biphasic, activation-depression responses after stimuli that resemble reward-predicting stimuli or are novel or particularly salient. However, only few phasic activations follow aversive stimuli. Thus dopamine neurons label environmental stimuli with appetitive value, predict and detect rewards and signal alerting and motivating events. By failing to discriminate between different rewards, dopamine neurons appear to emit an alerting message about the surprising presence or absence of rewards. All responses to rewards and reward-predicting stimuli depend on event predictability. Dopamine neurons are activated by rewarding events that are better than predicted, remain uninfluenced by events that are as good as predicted, and are depressed by events that are worse than predicted. By signaling rewards according to a prediction error, dopamine responses have the formal characteristics of a teaching signal postulated by reinforcement learning theories. Dopamine responses transfer during learning from primary rewards to reward-predicting stimuli. This may contribute to neuronal mechanisms underlying the retrograde action of rewards, one of the main puzzles in reinforcement learning. The impulse response releases a short pulse of dopamine onto many dendrites, thus broadcasting a rather global reinforcement signal to postsynaptic neurons. This signal may improve approach behavior by providing advance reward information before the behavior occurs, and may contribute to learning by modifying synaptic transmission. The dopamine reward signal is supplemented by activity in neurons in striatum, frontal cortex, and amygdala, which process specific reward information but do not emit a global reward prediction error signal. A cooperation between the different reward signals may assure the use of specific rewards for selectively reinforcing behaviors. Among the other projection systems, noradrenaline neurons predominantly serve attentional mechanisms and nucleus basalis neurons code rewards heterogeneously. Cerebellar climbing fibers signal errors in motor performance or errors in the prediction of aversive events to cerebellar Purkinje cells. Most deficits following dopamine-depleting lesions are not easily explained by a defective reward signal but may reflect the absence of a general enabling function of tonic levels of extracellular dopamine. Thus dopamine systems may have two functions, the phasic transmission of reward information and the tonic enabling of postsynaptic neurons.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Signal behavior'

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