Academic literature on the topic 'Sickle cell pathology'

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Journal articles on the topic "Sickle cell pathology"

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Malowany, Janet I., and Jagdish Butany. "Pathology of sickle cell disease." Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology 29, no. 1 (February 2012): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semdp.2011.07.005.

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Rice-Evans, C., S. C. Omorphos, and E. Baysal. "Sickle cell membranes and oxidative damage." Biochemical Journal 237, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2370265.

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Sickle erythrocytes and their membranes are susceptible to endogenous free-radical-mediated oxidative damage which correlates with the proportion of irreversibly sickled cells. The suppression of incubation-induced oxidative stress by antioxidants, free radical scavengers and an iron chelator suggest that oxidation products of membrane-bound haemoglobin contribute towards the pathology of the disease.
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&NA;. "Liver Pathology In Sickle Cell Diseases." Advances in Anatomic Pathology 2, no. 5 (September 1995): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00125480-199509000-00009.

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Diwan, B. A., M. T. Gladwin, C. T. Noguchi, J. M. Ward, A. L. Fitzhugh, and G. S. Buzard. "Renal Pathology in Hemizygous Sickle Cell Mice." Toxicologic Pathology 30, no. 2 (February 2002): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/019262302753559597.

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Hawley, Dean A., and Leo J. McCarthy. "Sickle Cell Disease." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 30, no. 1 (March 2009): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/paf.0b013e3181873c90.

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Manci, E. A. "Pathology of Berkeley sickle cell mice: similarities and differences with human sickle cell disease." Blood 107, no. 4 (February 15, 2006): 1651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-07-2839.

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Sheshanna, Nanditha, Gurpreet Sethi, and Sumitha M. Prakash. "Sudden Death in Sickle Cell Disease: An Autopsy Diagnosis." Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 4 (2017): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10045-0069.

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ABSTRACT Sickle cell disease is a common hereditary hemoglobinopathy with high prevalence in the central and northeastern regions of India. A 24-year-old male patient with 3 days’ history of fever was brought dead to the hospital. Morphology showed clogging of blood vessels with sickled red blood cells (RBCs) in all the organs, and an autopsy diagnosis of sickle cell disease was made. As the cause may not be obvious in many cases, most patients remain undiagnosed. It is important to note the circumstances of death, gross finding, and histopathology, with hemoglobin electrophoresis if available, during autopsy to arrive at the diagnosis. This case is presented here to highlight this fact and draw attention to its pathology. How to cite this article Sheshanna N, Sethi G, Raj JA, Prakash SM, Surhonne SP. Sudden Death in Sickle Cell Disease: An Autopsy Diagnosis. J Med Sci 2017;3(4):113-115.
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Gheorghe, Gabriela, Marian Rollins-Raval, and Miguel Reyes-Múgica. "Sickle Cell Disease." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 17, no. 3 (December 8, 2008): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896908328578.

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Jacobs, A. "Sickle Cell Disease." Journal of Clinical Pathology 39, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.39.7.815-a.

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Rudy, Hayeem L., David Yang, Andrew D. Nam, and Woojin Cho. "Review of Sickle Cell Disease and Spinal Pathology." Global Spine Journal 9, no. 7 (September 17, 2018): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2192568218799074.

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Study Design:Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a relatively common blood disorder that has profound implications on the musculoskeletal system and particularly the spine; however, there is a paucity of data in the literature discussing this important topic.Objectives:(1) To elucidate common spinal pathologies affecting patients with SCD, as well as the medical and surgical treatments available for these patients. (2) To discuss indications for surgical management of spinal complications of SCD and important for orthopedic surgeons when taking patients with SCD to the operating room.Methods:A narrative review of the literature was performed.Results:Patients with SCD have a significantly higher risk of developing spinal pathologies including vertebral osteomyelitis, compression fracture, vertebral vaso-occlusive crises, and osteoporosis, among others. In addition, patients with sickle cell disease are particularly susceptible to developing perioperative and post-operative complications including surgical site infection, implant malfunction, and vertebral body compression fracture. Postoperatively patients with SCD are prone to developing complications and adequate hydration is necessary in order to reduce complications of SCD.Conclusions:Several spinal pathologies may arise secondary to SCD and distinguishing these pathologies from one another may be challenging due to similarities in symptoms and inflammatory markers. Although most patients with SCD can benefit from conservative treatment involving rest, symptomatic therapy, antibiotic therapy, and/or orthosis, surgical intervention may be indicated in certain cases. It is preferable to avoid surgery in patients with SCD due to an increased risk of complications such as wound infection and vaso-occlusive crisis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sickle cell pathology"

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Kiessling, Katrin. "The importance of amino acid transport for human red blood cells." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389052.

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Wright, Adrian C. "Three transgenic hemoglobin SAD (S-Antilles, -Punjab), partial-"knockout" murine models of human sickle cell disease : the generation and phenotypic analysis of SAD mice with (1) heterozygous-null deletion of the murine a-globin genes, (2) homozygous-null deletion of the murine a-globin genes, and (3) heterozygous null deletions of the murine a- and b-globin genes." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31559.

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To further our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of human sickle cell disease (SCD) and to develop better therapies, three transgenic mouse lines have been produced that survive on mostly human hemoglobin (Hb). These lines have been generated by crossing HbSAD (SAD) transgenic mice with other mice carrying a null deletion of the endogenous globin genes (alpha or beta), SAD/homozygous alpha-globin null (SADalpha -/-) mice display a SCD-like phenotype and have a dramatically reduced mean lifespan; therefore, this line provides a novel model for assessment of anti-sickling protocols or identifying epistatic modifiers genes. Intriguingly, SAD/heterozygous alpha-globin null (SADalpha+/-) mice have a mild phenotype compared to SAD mice. In stark contrast, the highest cellular HbSAD fraction and degree of in vivo sickling was obtained in SAD/compound heterozygous alpha- and beta-globin null (SADalpha +/-beta+/-) mice. These SADalpha +/-beta+/- mice display chronic anemia and delayed growth indicative of a severe phenotype, similar to the human HbSS phenotype.
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Diarra, Amadou. "LA DRÉPANOCYTOSE ET LES ASPECTS TRANSFUSIONNELS AU MALI: Problématique de la transfusion sanguine chez les drépanocytaires à Bamako." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/220037.

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IntroductionLa drépanocytose est l’affection génétique la plus répandue dans le monde plus particulièrement en Afrique subsaharienne, considérée à juste titre comme l’une des régions originaires de la mutation drépanocytaire avec de fortes prévalences. Elle est reconnue comme un problème de santé majeur par la communauté internationale en raison de sa morbidité et de sa mortalité élevées. Au Mali, environ 5 à 6 milles naissances de drépanocytaires sont enregistrées par an [Diallo, 2008] et ils auront besoin d’une prise en charge médicale spécifique. Le Centre de Recherche et de Lutte contre la Drépanocytose (CRLD) situé à Bamako est le seul centre de traitement spécifique dédié à la lutte contre la drépanocytose au Mali. Il reçoit des patients drépanocytaires du Mali et de la sous région. Ces patients sont pour la plupart vus au stade de complications puisqu’il n’existe pas de programme de dépistage systématique dès la naissance et à fortiori de suivi.La transfusion sanguine intervient dans une large mesure pour la prise en charge thérapeutique de ces patients. Acte thérapeutique essentiel sur le continent Africain en raison de la fréquence d’anémies de diverses origines (certaines nécessiteront un traitement de la cause).Cette transfusion sanguine comporte des risques non négligeables en Afrique, notamment dans le domaine des agents transmissibles par le sang. Un dépistage systématique des infections par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH), le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC), le virus de l’hépatite B (VHB) et le tréponème, agent de la syphilis, est en vigueur sur tous les dons de sang à Bamako, mais les prévalences élevées de ces agents infectieux dans la population générale dont sont issus les donneurs de sang incitent à penser que le risque transfusionnel résiduel doit être important. Dans le but de renforcer la sécurité transfusionnelle au Mali, nous avons entrepris des études prospectives et rétrospectives chez les donneurs de sang et chez les drépanocytaires transfusés, ceci afin d’identifier les problèmes spécifiques liés à la thérapeutique transfusionnelle chez les drépanocytaires et de proposer une meilleure stratégie pour leur prise en charge.Méthodologie :Nous avons conduit une série d’études, visant à déterminer :- les caractéristiques des donneurs, des dons de sang et de l’organisation des centres de transfusion en Afrique subsaharienne francophone ;- la séroprévalence des agents infectieux transfusionnels majeurs (VIH, VHB, VHC) pour les dons de sang effectués au CNTS du Mali et chez les patients drépanocytaires recrutés au CRLD. - la fréquence de l’allo-immunisation anti-érythrocytaire avant et après la transfusion sanguine chez les drépanocytaires.- identifier les problèmes liés au dépistage néonatal et au suivi des drépanocytaires dépistés au Mali.Les donneurs de sang (volontaires et familiaux) ont été inclus selon les critères du don en vigueur au Mali. Le diagnostic de la drépanocytose a été réalisé par une technique de chromatographie liquide à haute performance (CLHP) avant inclusion des patients.Le dépistage des infections virales a été effectué par une méthode immunoenzymatique (ELISA) et la recherche des anticorps anti-érythrocytaire par un test de Coombs indirect.Résultats :Dans les sept pays, les donneurs de la tranche d’âge 18 à 30 ans étaient les plus nombreux, représentant plus de 45 % dans tous les centres, et plus de 70%dans quatre centres sur sept. Les donneurs masculins étaient les plus nombreux (plus de 70% de l’ensemble). Les donneurs étaient majoritairement volontaires (plus de 70 %), sauf au Cameroun et au Mali où ils représentaient respectivement 25,5 et 30 %. Quatre pays, dont ces deux derniers, avaient moins de 50 % de donneurs réguliers.Sur un total de 25 543 dons de sang recueillis au CNTS de Bamako en 2007, les séroprévalences des agents infectieux dépistés étaient de :2,6 % pour le VIH; 3,3 % pour le VHC et 13,9 % pour le VHB. En fonction du type de don, il y’avait une différence statistiquement significative (p <0,05) entre ces séroprévalences et plus élevées chez les donneurs familiaux que chez les donneurs volontaires bénévoles.Chez les 133 drépanocytaires transfusés au moment de leur inclusion dans l’étude, les séroprévalences des infections virales observées étaient de :1%, 3% et 1% respectivement pour les VIH, VHB et VHC. Trois cas de séroconversion post-transfusionnelle ont été observés. Tous avaient reçu du sang de donneurs familiaux. L’allo-immunisation anti-érythrocytaire était observée chez 4,4% (4/90) des drépanocytaires avec antécédents transfusionnels au moment de leur inclusion; les anticorps observés étaient de type anti D (un cas), anti C (deux cas) et un anti c (un cas). Elle n’a été observée chez aucun patient drépanocytaire ayant reçu leur 1ère transfusion au CRLD, avec exclusivement des concentrés de globules rouges phénotypés.Concernant le dépistage néo-natal de la drépanocytose, sur un total de 2480 nouveau-nés dépistés, 16 étaient atteints de l’affection. Aucun suivi médical programmé n’a pu être réalisé.Conclusion :Les prévalences relativement élevées des agents infectieux dans les dons de sang effectués par des donneurs familiaux majoritaires et les séroconversions observées après transfusion sanguine, justifient une politique de sécurisation des procédures de transfusions chez les drépanocytaires basée notamment sur le recrutement de donneurs volontaires.L’amélioration de la survie des patients drépanocytaires passe par la mise en place de programmes de dépistage précoce et de suivi régulier, mais si cette stratégie est réalisable du point de vue du diagnostic, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’elle soulève des problèmes de financement de cette activité et de sa pérennisation ;ces aspects doivent faire l’objet de réflexions pour une solution à long terme.
Introduction Sickle cell disease is the most common genetic disorder in the world, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where sickle cell mutation with high prevalence’s is originated high. It is recognized as a major health problem by the international community due to its morbidity and mortality. In Mali, around 5-6000 newborns annually affected by sickle cell disease [Diallo, 2008] and they will require specific medical that is by the “Centre de Recherche et de Lutte contre la Drépanocytose » (CRLD) in Bamako. This is the unique Malian center where sickle cell patients from Mali and the sub-region are treated. Because of the lack of systematic screening program at birth, most of the patients are seen at the stage of complications. Blood transfusion is largely used for therapeutic management of these patients. It constitutes an essential therapeutic approach against anemia of highly prevalent in Africa various origins (some requiring also treatment of the cause). However, blood transfusion means significant risks, particularly in area of high prevalence of transfusion transmissible infectious agents. A systematic screening for viral infections like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus(HBV) and Treponema agent of syphilis is required for all blood donations in Bamako, but the high prevalence of these infectious agents in the general population, i.e. blood donors, suggest that the residual risk of transfusion must be important.In order to enhance blood transfusion safety in Mali, we undertook prospective and retrospective studies in the population of blood donor and sickle cell patient transfused to identify transfusion related adverse events and especially for SCD’ patients, suggest a better strategy for their follow-up. Methodology:We conducted a sery of studies which aims to determine:- The characteristics of donors, blood donation and the organization of blood transfusion centers in sub-Saharan French speaking Africa;- The seroprevalence of major infectious agents (HIV, HBV, and HCV) in blood donations at the CNTS in Mali and in sickle cell patients at CRLD. The frequency of anti-erythrocyte allo immunization before and after blood transfusion in sickle cell disease patients;- Identification of difficulties related to newborn screening and monitoring of sickle cell patients in Mali.Blood donors (volunteers and family) were included according to the criteria of blood donation in Mali.Hemoglobin type in sickle cell was determined by the technique of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) before patients’ inclusionScreening for viral infections was performed by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and the search for anti-erythrocyte antibodies by indirect Coombs test. ResultsIn the seven countries, donors aged from 18 to 30 years old were more represented i.e. 45% in all centers and more than 70%in four of the seven centers. More than 70% of blood donors were males. Donors were mostly volunteers (over 70%), except in Cameroon and Mali accounting for25.5% and30%, respectively four countries, including Cameroon and Mali had less than,50% of regulars donors.Of the 25 543 blood donations collected at the CNTS in Bamako in 2007, seroprevalence of infectious agents detected represented: 2.6%, 3.3%, and 13.9% for HIV, HCV, and HBV respectively. A statistical significative difference (p<0.05) was observed between family and volunteer donors in term of seroprevalence.the 133 sickle cell patients who received blood transfusion at inclusion, the seroprevalence of viral infections was1%, 3%, and 1%,for HIV, HBV, and HCV, respectively. Three cases of post-transfusion seroconversion were observed but only in sickle cell patients who received blood from family donors.Anti-erythrocyte alloimmunization was observed in 4.4% (4/90) among sickle cell patients with blood transfusion history at the time of inclusion; observed antibodies were anti type D (one case), anti C (two cases) and anti c (one case). However, no case was observed in any sickle cell patients, who received phenotyped RBC at CRLD,For neonatal screening, among the 2480 newborns, 16 were affected. However no scheduled medical follow-up was realized. Conclusion The relatively high prevalence’s of infectious agents in family donors, who represented the majority of blood donors, and of seroconversion observed after blood transfusion in sickle cell patients justify a security policy of blood transfusion procedures based, particulary for SCD patients, blood donations by volunteers. Improved survival of patients with sickle cell disease should be based on the development of early detection programs and regular monitoring. However if this strategy is feasible in terms of diagnosis ,it raises problems at funding for this activity and also of; those should be the subject of discussion for a long term solution
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Paule, Inès. "Adaptation of dosing regimen of chemotherapies based on pharmacodynamic models." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00846454.

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There is high variability in response to cancer chemotherapies among patients. Its sources are diverse: genetic, physiologic, comorbidities, concomitant medications, environment, compliance, etc. As the therapeutic window of anticancer drugs is usually narrow, such variability may have serious consequences: severe (even life-threatening) toxicities or lack of therapeutic effect. Therefore, various approaches to individually tailor treatments and dosing regimens have been developed: a priori (based on genetic information, body size, drug elimination functions, etc.) and a posteriori (that is using information of measurements of drug exposure and/or effects). Mixed-effects modelling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD), combined with Bayesian maximum a posteriori probability estimation of individual effects, is the method of choice for a posteriori adjustments of dosing regimens. In this thesis, a novel approach to adjust the doses on the basis of predictions, given by a model for ordered categorical observations of toxicity, was developed and investigated by computer simulations. More technical aspects concerning the estimation of individual parameters were analysed to determine the factors of good performance of the method. These works were based on the example of capecitabine-induced hand-and-foot syndrome in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Moreover, a review of pharmacodynamic models for discrete data (categorical, count, time-to-event) was performed. Finally, PK-PD analyses of hydroxyurea in the treatment of sickle cell anemia were performed and used to compare different dosing regimens and determine the optimal measures for monitoring the treatment
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Mukisi, Mukaza Martin. "Contribution à l'étude de l'ostéonécrose drépanocytaire de la tête fémorale de l'adulte: épidémiologie, diagnostic et traitement." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210075.

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La drépanocytose est la maladie moléculaire et héréditaire (transmission mendélienne récessive et autosomique) la plus répandue au monde. Elle est un problème de santé publique par sa gravité et ses implications socio-économiques dans de nombreux pays. Seuls les sujets homozygotes (SS) ou hétérozygotes composites (SC) sont malades, les hétérozygotes (AS) ne sont que des transmetteurs du gène S. Elle est la première cause d’OstéoNécrose de la Tête Fémorale (ONTF), douloureuse évoluant vers l’arthrose, en l’absence de traitement chez un patient jeune.

La Guadeloupe compte 450.000 habitants, dont 12% sont porteurs de l’hémoglobine S. Le nombre des drépanocytaires est estimé à 1.200 dont les 3/4 sont suivis au Centre Caribéen de la Drépanocytose (CCD), créé en 1990. Le centre assure la prise en charge médicale des enfants dès leur naissance et des adultes malades. Nos activités au CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, au CCD et à l’Unité INSERM-UMR S458 depuis juillet 1992 nous ont permis d’étudier:

- le diagnostic de l’ONTF;

- l’évaluation de l’hyperpression osseuse dans l’ONTF et l’évaluation du traitement par forage simple;

- l’étude de l’impact de la prise en charge orthopédique précoce sur la survenue et l’évolution de l’ONTF.

Notre étude concerne les patients drépanocytaires adultes homozygotes (SS) et double hétérozygotes (SC):

- une série rétrospective de 1993-1994 [E-1994] portant sur 115 patients (58 SS, 57 SC) identifiés en 1984,

sans suivi médical ni orthopédique;

- une série prospective de 1995 à 2008 [E-2008] portant sur 215 patients (94 SS, 121 SC) avec prise en

charge médicale et orthopédique.

L’IRM est l’examen de référence pour le diagnostic de l’ONTF comme dans la nécrose idiopathique. En absence d’imagerie moderne, la radiographie traditionnelle réalisée de façon complète (profil et, surtout, faux profil), permet le diagnostic avant toute déformation. Seules les lésions cliniquement symptomatiques et évolutives (examen clinique itératif, contrôle radiologique, tomographie, TDM ou IRM) ont une indication opératoire.

L’hyperpression intra osseuse, dans l’ONTF drépanocytaire, est significativement liée à la douleur (que les patients soient homozygotes ou hétérozygotes). Sa diminution a un effet antalgique objectif, observée après forage. Elle permet de confirmer le diagnostic d’ostéonécrose au stade précoce, dans les régions où l’IRM est inexistante.

Un forage réalisé aux stades précoces de l’ONTF permet un arrêt rapide de l’évolution des lésions vers une arthrose, avec une efficacité certaine pour les stades I et II. Il garde une efficacité limitée pour le stade III. En plus de l’indolence apportée par la décompression, le bénéfice du forage se manifeste par l’allongement du délai avant arthroplastie (de 7,4 ± 2,7 ans). La technique est réalisable dans les régions sous équipées, où la drépanocytose est fréquente.

La description histologique aux différents stades radiologiques de l’ONTF montre toujours des lésions de nécrose médullaire et osseuse. A l’inverse des lésions idiopathiques, les lésions drépanocytaires sont caractérisées par la présence d’une inflammation, en dehors de tout processus infectieux.

Dans la littérature, la fréquente de l’ONTF drépanocytaire chez l’adulte est voisine de 40%, proche de celle observée dans [E-1994], notre population non suivie (36,5%). En comparant les études [E-1994] et [E-2008], la fréquence de l’ONTF passe de 36,5% à 14,4%. L’officialisation en 1992 d’une prise en charge médicale et d’un suivi orthopédique régulier au CCD et au CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, a permis la réduction de la fréquence de l’ONTF et d’autres morbidités.

Le rappel sur la drépanocytose révèle la complexité de la maladie, la variabilité de son expression clinique et de ses complications. L’amélioration de vie des patients nécessite une prévention primaire, secondaire et tertiaire, en l’absence d’un traitement spécifique de la maladie.

La prise en charge médicale, complétée par une prévention et un traitement précoce (orthopédique ou chirurgical) telle que réalisés au CCD en Guadeloupe, a permis une réduction significative de la survenue de la nécrose de hanche et de ses complications. Pour une prévention tertiaire des complications ostéo-articulaires, nous suggérons:

- une prise en charge médicale régulière des enfants et des adultes afin de réduire les crises vaso-occlusives;

- une éducation des patients à la recherche de signes d’appel de l'ONTF et, aussi, d’autres articulations;

- un examen clinique ostéo-articulaire lors des bilans annuels et après toute crise vaso-occlusive;

- une attention particulière à l’adolescence (passage enfant-adulte), après une grossesse;

- une prise en charge précoce, orthopédique ou chirurgicale conservatrice (forage ou ostéotomie) face à une

nécrose, afin de réduire les complications invalidantes de l’ONTF.

Sickle-cell anemia is the most widespread hereditary (autosomal recessive Mendelian transmission) molecular pathology in the world. It is a public health issue in many countries, due to its severity and socio-economic impact. Only homozygous (SS) and double heterozygous (SC) subjects are affected, heterozygous (AS) subjects merely transmitting the gene S. Sickle-cell anemia is the most frequent cause of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), a painful condition which evolves towards osteoarthritis if not treated at an early age.

Guadeloupe has a population of 450,000, 12% of whom are carriers of hemoglobin S. There are estimated to be 1,200 sickle-cell anemia sufferers, three-quarters of whom are followed in the Caribbean Sickle-Cell Center (Centre Caribéen de la Drépanocytose: CCD), which was set up in 1990. The Center provides medical care for adult patients and for children as of birth. Work has been ongoing since July 1992, in the Pointe-à-Pitre University Hospital, the CCD and the INSERM-UMR S458 research unit, focusing on:

- diagnosis of ONFH;

- bone hyperpressure measurement in ONFH and assessment of simple drilling treatment;

- the impact of early orthopedic treatment on the onset and evolution of ONFH.

The present study involved homozygous (SS) and double heterozygous (SC) adult sickle-cell anemia patients:

- a retrospective series, from 1993 to 1994 [S-1994], including 115 patients (58 SS, 57 SC) identified in 1984,

who had no medical or orthopedic care;

- a prospective series, from 1995 to 2008 [S-2008], including 215 patients (94 SS, 121 SC), with medical and orthopedic care.

MRI is the diagnostic gold-standard in ONFH, as in idiopathic necrosis. Where such modern imaging is not available, complete standard X-ray (lateral and especially false lateral) enables diagnosis to be made before deformity sets in. Surgery is indicated only for clinically symptomatic evolutive lesions on iterative clinical check-up, X-ray control, tomography, CT or MRI.

Intraosseous hyperpressure in sickle-cell ONFH shows a significant correlation with pain, in both homozygous and heterozygous patients. Pressure reduction is objectively pain-relieving, as seen after drilling, and can confirm diagnosis of ONFH at an early stage, in places where MRI is not available.

Drilling performed in the early stages of ONFH quickly arrests evolution towards osteoarthritis, with proven efficacy in grades I and II, and a certain degree of effectiveness in grade III. Over and above the pain-relief provided by decompression, drilling also enables hip replacement to be postponed, by 7.4±2.7 years. Moreover, the technique is feasible in those under-equipped regions in which sickle-cell disease is widespread.

Histologic description of radiologic ONFH stages consistently finds medullary and bone necrosis. In contrast to idiopathic lesions, sickle-cell related lesions show inflammation without any associated infection.

In the literature, the frequency of adult sickle-cell ONFH is reported to be nearly 40%, close to the 36.5% found in the S-1994 study of a non-treated population. In the S-2008 study of a population with medical and orthopedic care, ONFH frequency fell to 14.4%. The official provision of medical care and regular orthopedic follow-up in the CCD and Pointe-à-Pitre Hospital has reduced the frequency of ONFH and other morbidities.

A review of sickle-cell disease reveals its complexity: the variability of its clinical expression and associated complications. Improving patients’ quality of life requires primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, in the absence of specific treatment.

Medical care, supplemented by early prevention and treatment (orthopedic or surgical), as practiced in the Guadeloupe CCD, has significantly reduced the rates of ONFH and associated complications. We recommend the following CCD protocol for tertiary prevention of osteoarticular complications:

- regular medical care for children and adults, to reduce the incidence of vaso-occlusive crises;

- patient education in alarm signs of osteonecrosis of the femoral head and of other joints;

- systematic osteoarticular assessment at yearly check-up and after all vaso-occlusive crises;

- special focus on adolescence (child-to-adult transition) and following pregnancy;

- early care, both orthopedic and by conservative surgery (drilling or osteotomy), in case of necrosis, to reduce the rate of disabling complications of ONFH
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
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6

Noubouossie, Fondjie-Denis. "Contribution du test de génération de thrombine in vitro à l'étude des troubles de la coagulation dans le drépanocytose." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209459.

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La drépanocytose est associée à un état d’hypercoagulabilité qui se manifeste sur le plan clinique par un risque augmenté de thromboses artérielles et veineuses. L’exploration de la coagulation chez les patients drépanocytaires montrait surtout une activation de la coagulation et des altérations des acteurs pro- et anticoagulants du système hémostatique. Les tests de coagulation globale de routine tels que l’aPTT et le PT sont peu sensibles aux états d’hypercoagulabilité. La fonction hémostatique globale des patients drépanocytaires était donc peu connue. Le test de génération de thrombine est un test de coagulation globale, sensible aux états d’hypo- et d’hypercoagulabilité, facile à réaliser de nos jours avec une bonne reproductibilité. Nous l’avons utilisé pour démontrer que la coagulation globale des enfants drépanocytaires était caractérisée par une accélération des réactions de formation de la thrombine et par une augmentation du potentiel de thrombine endogène. Nous avons par la suite montré que les taux élevés de microparticules pro-coagulantes et du facteur VIII chez les enfants drépanocytaires seraient les facteurs déterminant l’accélération des réactions de formation de thrombine tandis que la réduction de l’activité anticoagulante du système protéine C / protéine S serait le facteur déterminant l’augmentation du potentiel de thrombine endogène. Les marqueurs de l’hémolyse corrélaient significativement avec ces facteurs ainsi qu’avec les paramètres de génération de thrombine, suggérant que l’hémolyse serait le mécanisme pathologique à la base de l’augmentation du potentiel de génération de thrombine chez les enfants drépanocytaires. Les paramètres de génération de thrombine n’étaient pas significativement différents entre l’état de stabilité clinique et l’état de crise vaso-occlusive. Chez les enfants hétérozygotes composites, ces paramètres avaient des valeurs intermédiaires entre celles des enfants contrôles et celles des enfants drépanocytaires homozygotes. Près de 40 % des enfants drépanocytaires homozygotes avaient un potentiel hémostatique supérieur à la moyenne + 2DS des enfants contrôles du même âge. Ces enfants présentant une génération de thrombine élevée se distinguaient des autres par leur plus jeune âge, une plus grande intensité de l’hémolyse, une plus courte durée de traitement par l’hydroxyurée et des vélocités du flux sanguin au doppler transcrânien plus élevées. Ces données suggèrent davantage un lien entre le potentiel de génération de thrombine et la vasculopathie cérébrale chez les enfants drépanocytaires. L’analyse de 4 enfants ayant reçu une greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques montrait une tendance à la réduction du potentiel de génération de thrombine et des autres altérations de la coagulation trois mois après la greffe. Le test de génération de thrombine permet une meilleure exploration de la coagulation globale des enfants drépanocytaires. Sa réalisation sur sang total permettrait une analyse plus globale en intégrant la participation des éléments figurés du sang particulièrement les globules rouges./

Sickle cell disease is associated with a hypercoagulable state that express clinically by an increased risk of arterial and venous thrombosis. The exploration of coagulation in sickle cell patients showed mainly activation of coagulation and alterations pro-and anticoagulants actors of the hemostatic system. Routine global testing of coagulation such as the prothrombin time and the activated partial thromboplastin time are insensitive to hypercoagulable states. The overall hemostatic function in sickle cell disease was so little known. The thrombin generation test is a test of overall coagulation. It is sensitive to both hypo- and hypercoagulable states. It is easy to perform nowadays with good reproducibility. We used it to demonstrate that the overall coagulation of sickle cell disease children was characterized by an acceleration of the reactions of thrombin formation and an increase of the endogenous thrombin potential. We have subsequently shown that high levels of procoagulant microparticles and high levels of factor VIII in children with sickle cell disease are the factors determining the acceleration of reactions leading to thrombin formation. Our results also showed that the reduced activity of the protein C / S anticoagulant pathway is a determining factor of the increased endogenous thrombin potential in sickle cell children. Markers of hemolysis correlated significantly with these factors as well as the parameters of thrombin generation, suggesting that hemolysis is probably the pathological mechanism underlying the increased potential for thrombin generation in children with sickle cell disease. Nearly 40% of children with homozygous sickle cell disease had their hemostatic potential above the mean + 2SD that of controls children of the same age. These children with high thrombin generation differed from others by their younger age, greater intensity of hemolysis, a shorter duration of treatment with hydroxyurea. They also had higher velocity of blood flow using transcranial Doppler. These data further suggest a potential link between thrombin generation and cerebral vasculopathy in children with sickle cell disease. Analysis of four children who received hematopoietic stem cells transplantation showed a tendency towards a reversibility of thrombin generation and other alterations of coagulation three months after the transplant. Thrombin generation assay allows a better exploration of the global coagulation of sickle cell disease children. Its realization on whole blood would be a more comprehensive analysis as it would integrate the participation of blood cells particularly red blood cells.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
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7

Batina, Agasa Salomon. "Drépanocytose et transfusion sanguine: étude réalisée à Kisangani en République Démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209894.

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Introduction

La drépanocytose, affection génétique concernant 1 à 2% de la population en Afrique sub-saharienne, est une maladie chronique dont l’un des traitements essentiels est la transfusion sanguine. Kisangani, une ville du Nord-est de la République Démocratique du Congo, compte environ un million d’habitants et près de 30 000 naissances par an. Elle est caractérisée entre autre par l’endémie malarienne, la fréquence élevée dans la population des virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH), des virus des hépatites B (VHB) et C (VHC) et la carence d’autosuffisance en sang. Le don de sang est fait par des donneurs volontaires et par des donneurs de remplacement. Les tests VIH et VHB sont réalisés chez les donneurs depuis les années 80, celui de VHC depuis fin 2004. Dans ce contexte, définir des actions prioritaires pour assurer, en général et en particulier pour les patients drépanocytaires, la sécurité transfusionnelle la plus optimale possible est essentiel.

Méthodologie

Afin de déterminer les prévalences d’infections virales, les marqueurs sérologiques du VIH, VHB et VHC ont été recherchés chez 4637 donneurs de sang (2236 volontaires et 2401 de remplacement) du Centre Provincial de Transfusion et des hôpitaux de Kisangani. Chez 140 patients drépanocytaires suivis dans un centre médical de Kisangani, 127 ont été transfusés. Parmi eux, 79 sont « polytransfusés » et 94 ont été transfusés avant 2004. Outre la sérologie VIH, VHB et VHC, l’allo-immunisation anti-HLA et anti-érythrocytaire ont été recherchées et les indications de transfusion déterminées. Afin d’estimer la prévalence de la drépanocytose à la naissance, l’HbS a été identifiée systématiquement par focalisation isoélectrique sur du sang du cordon ombilical de 520 nouveau-nés suivis dans cinq maternités de Kisangani. Afin de déterminer les indications transfusionnelles dans la drépanocytose à Kisangani, un relevé de ces indications a été réalisé pour ces mêmes 127 patients drépanocytaires transfusés. Afin de comparer l’usage de la transfusion à Kisangani et à Bruxelles pour des complications non liées à l’environnement, les 140 patients drépanocytaires suivis à Kisangani ont été comparés à 195 patients suivis à Bruxelles ;parmi eux, 71 patients ont pu être appariés pour l’âge.

Résultats

La prévalence des marqueurs viraux chez les donneurs de sang est de l’ordre de 4% pour le VIH, de 5% pour le VHB et de 4% pour le VHC. Les séroprévalences de VIH (2,2 vs 4,1%) et VHB (3,0 vs 4,6%) sont moindres chez les donneurs bénévoles par rapport aux donneurs de remplacement. La prévalence du VIH et du VHB observée chez les donneurs bénévoles était plus élevée en 2006 qu’en 2004. Treize patients drépanocytaires non transfusés ne sont pas porteurs des marqueurs viraux. Six pourcent des patients qui ont une sérologie VHC positive sont des polytransfusés ;1% chez ceux qui avaient reçu une ou deux transfusions. Suite au retard d’introduction du dépistage VHC chez les donneurs, une séroprévalence pour le VHC de 7 % des malades pour seulement 0,7% pour celle du VIH et de 1,4% pour celle du VHB a été démontrée. Le fait qu’aucun patient transfusé après 2004, n’a été trouvé positif au VHC alors que 10 % l’ont été parmi ceux transfusés avant 2004 montre le bénéfice de l’introduction de moyens simples et peu coûteux. Deux (1,6 %) patients étaient porteurs d’anticorps anti-HLA et 13 (10%) des anticorps anti-érythrocytaires (2 anti-C-D, 1 anti-E et 1 anti-C-D-E). Aucun des patients n’étaient porteurs des anticorps anti-Kell (K), anti-Kidd (Jka et Jkb) ou anti-Duffy. La prévalence de la drépanocytose chez les nouveau-nés de Kisangani est d’environ 1 %. A Kisangani, outre l’anémie liée à la malaria (46 %), un facteur environnemental, 34 % des transfusions ont été administrées pour des crises douloureuses simples. En comparaison, aucun patient suivi à Bruxelles n’a été transfusé pour cette indication. Cette attitude est probablement à mettre en relation avec la méconnaissance de la maladie par le personnel médical et par les familles des malades. L’anémie chronique de ces patients est souvent mal connue et interprétée comme une anémie aiguë.

Conclusion

Un encouragement des dons bénévoles sans exclure les donneurs de remplacement est nécessaire pour continuer à accroître l’approvisionnement en sang. Afin d’améliorer la sécurité transfusionnelle, la généralisation des tests simples de dépistage des donneurs de sang comme ceux du VHC devrait constituer une priorité dans les centres de transfusion. Avec une prévalence d’environ 1%, la drépanocytose est une affection fréquente à Kisangani. Pour ces patients drépanocytaires, établir des recommandations concernant les indications transfusionnelles permettrait de leur éviter des transfusions inappropriées.

Abstract

Introduction

Sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic disorder that affects 1% to 2% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa, is a chronic disease in which blood transfusion is one of the essential treatments. Kisangani, a town in north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, has about one million inhabitants and nearly 30 000 births per year. It is characterized among others by the endemic malarial, a high frequency in the population of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus, but also a lack of self-sufficiency in blood. Blood donation is given by volunteers and replacement donors. HBV and HIV screening tests are performed in donors since the 80s, while for HCV it is available only since late 2004. In that context in view to ensure blood transfusion safety, it is essential to define priority actions, in general and especially for patients with sickle cell disease.

Methodology

To determine the prevalence of viral infections, serological markers for HIV, HBV and HCV were investigated in 4637 blood donors (2236 volunteers and 2401 replacement) of the Provincial Center of Transfusion and hospitals in Kisangani. Among 140 SCD-patients followed in a medical centre in Kisangani, 127 were transfused; 79 were considered as “multiple-transfused” and 94 were transfused before 2004. HIV, HBV and HCV seroprevalences, alloimmunization anti-HLA and against red blood cells were determined as well as the indications for transfusion.

To estimate the prevalence of SCD at birth, HbS was identified by isoelectric focusing on umbilical cord blood of 520 newborns in five maternities of Kisangani.

To determine the indications for transfusion in SCD patients at Kisangani, these indications were recorded for the 127 SCD transfused patients.

To compare the use of transfusion in Kisangani and in Brussels for clinical events unrelated to the environment, the 140 SCD-patients followed in Kisangani were compared with the 195 SCD-patients followed in Brussels and 71 patientsin both groups could be matched for age.

Results

The prevalence of viral markers among blood donors is around 4% for HIV, 5% for HBV and 4% for HCV. The seroprevalence of HIV (2.2 vs. 4.1%) and HBV (3.0 vs. 4.6%) were lower among volunteer donors compared to replacement donors. The prevalence of HIV and HBV infection observed among blood donors was higher in 2006 than in 2004.

Thirteen non-transfused sickle cell patients were not carriers of any serological viral marker. The SCD-patients HCV(+) were “multiple-transfused” patients (6%) or those who received one or two transfusions (1%). Following the delayed introduction of HCV donor screening, a HCV seroprevalence of 7% of patients for only 0.7% for the HIV and 1.4% for the HBV was demonstrated. The fact that no patients transfused after 2004 were HCV(+) compared to 10% of those transfused before 2004 shows the benefit of the introduction of a simple and inexpensive screening test. Two (1.6%) patients had anti-HLA antibodies and 13 (10%) red blood cells antibodies (2 anti-CD, 1 anti-E and an anti-C-D-E). None of the patients displayed Kell (K), Kidd (Jka and Jkb) or Duffy red cells antibodies.

The prevalence of sickle cell disease in newborns of Kisangani is about 1%. In Kisangani, in addition to anaemia due to malaria (46%), an environmental factor, 34% of transfusions were administered for uncomplicated painful crises. In comparison, no patient followed in Brussels were transfused for that indication. This attitude is likely to be related with the ignorance of the disease by the medical staff and patients’ families. The chronic anaemia of those patients is often poorly understood and interpreted as acute anaemia.

Conclusion

Encouragement of voluntary donations without excluding the replacement donors is needed to pursue to increase the blood supply. To improve blood safety, the generalization of simple tests for screening blood donors as those for HCV should be a priority in transfusion centres. With a prevalence of about 1%, the SCD is a common disease in Kisangani. For those SCD-patients, establish guidelines for indications of transfusion would avoid inappropriate transfusion.


Doctorat en Sciences médicales
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8

Natarajan, Maya. "Receptor mediated adhesion of sickle erythrocytes and damage to IL-1 beta stimulated endothelial cells under flow conditions in vitro." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/16917.

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Enhanced, abnormal adherence of sickle erythrocytes to the endothelium lining blood vessels is hypothesized to contribute to vasoocclusion in sickle cell patients, but the specific molecular mechanisms by which these erythrocyte-endothelial interactions occur have not yet been fully elucidated. Alteration of endothelial function, or frank endothelial damage, may also be involved in the pathogenesis of vascular occlusion. In this thesis, these two different aspects of vascular occlusion, namely adhesion and damage, were studied. A parallel plate flow chamber and computerized phase contrast microscopy coupled to digital image processing were used to visualize and analyze the adhesion of sickle red cells to 1, 4 and 24 hour IL-1$\beta$ stimulated endothelial cells. In addition, damage to activated endothelial cells due to short and long term perfusion of sickle erythrocytes was determined. Adhesion studies. Pretreatment of monolayers with 50pg/ml of IL-1$\beta$ for 1, 4 and 24 hours caused approximately 16-fold increases in adhesion of sickle cells to activated endothelium at all time points. RGD peptides, enzymes and monoclonal antibodies were used to determine the pathways involved in these sickle erythrocyte-endothelial interactions. Results indicate that there were different endothelial adhesion receptors involved at the different time points: an $\alpha$v$\beta$3 pathway after 1 hour of IL-1$\beta$ stimulation, another pathway, partially mediated by E-selectin, after 4 hours of IL-1$\beta$ stimulation, and a VCAM-1 pathway after prolonged exposure ($>$9 hours) of endothelial cells to IL-1$\beta$. The $\alpha$4$\beta$1 integrin and SLe$\sp{\rm x}$/SLe$\sp{\rm a}$ carbohydrates were established as the sickle cell determinants in these interactions. Damage studies. Perfusion of sickle cells over 4 and 24 hour IL-1$\beta$ stimulated endothelial monolayers for short periods of time resulted in damage to the endothelium. About 6-8% damage was observed on 4 and 24 hour IL-1$\beta$ stimulated endothelial cells due to the perfusion of sickle cells. In addition, there was a definite correlation between damage and adhesion on the 24 hour activated cells, but this correlation was much weaker on the 4 hour stimulated cells. Perfusion of sickle cells over 4 and 24 hour IL-1$\beta$ activated endothelial monolayers for long periods of time resulted in hemolysis and indicated that modifications to the apparatus were required in order to obtain meaningful results.
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Books on the topic "Sickle cell pathology"

1

Ferrari, Lynne R. Sickle Cell Disease. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0051.

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Sickle cell anemia is a disease that combines molecular biology, clinical features, biochemistry, pathology, natural selection, population genetics, gene expression, and genomics and is the world’s most common life-threatening monogenic disorder. Clinical features include anemia; painful crisis especially in fingers, chest, and long bones; hemolysis; splenic infarction resulting in functional asplenia; and microinfarction leading to neurologic and renal impairment. The maintenance of adequate body temperature with active warming devices and warmed intravenous fluids, monitoring hydration and urine output, providing supplemental oxygen, and limiting surgical and anesthesia times to reduce pulmonary complications constitute the best management for patients with sickle cell disease.
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2

Tsuyoshi, Ohnishi S., and Ohnishi Tomoko, eds. Membrane abnormalities in sickle cell disease and in other red blood cell disorders. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sickle cell pathology"

1

"Sickle Cell Nephropathy." In Diagnostic Pathology: Kidney Diseases, 556–59. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-37707-2.50122-1.

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2

Dravid, NV. "Sickle Cell Anemia." In Manual of Autopsy Pathology, 31. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10461_8.

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"Sickle Cell Anemia." In Diagnostic Pathology: Blood and Bone Marrow, 116–19. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-39254-9.50030-1.

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Nayak, Ramadas, Sharada Rai, and Astha Gupta. "Sickle cell disease." In Essentials in Hematology and Clinical Pathology, 75. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11513_8.

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Nayak, Ramadas, and Sharada Rai. "Sickle Cell Disease." In Essentials in Hematology and Clinical Pathology, 69. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12955_9.

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Maheshwari, Nanda. "Sickle Cell Preparation." In Clinical Pathology, Haematology and Blood Banking (For DMLT Students), 53. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10143_14.

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Raptis, Constantine. "Pulmonary Complications of Sickle Cell Anemia." In Chest Imaging, 141–45. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0025.

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“Sickle cell disease” describes the spectrum of pathology in patients with at least one HbS chain and one other abnormal β‎ globin chain. Although patients with sickle cell disease often present with a simple community acquired pneumonia, acute chest syndrome must be considered in patients presenting with chest pain and fever, as it carries an increased risk of mortality, especially in adults. A few other entities, including rib infarction and subdiaphragmatic pathologies, can mimic the symptoms of acute chest syndrome. Finally, the findings of sickle cell disease on chest radiography will be discussed. Radiologists must be familiar with these findings in order to accurately interpret imaging studies, especially when the history of sickle cell is not provided.
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Öztaş, Yeşim, and İffet İpek Boşgelmez. "Oxidative stress in sickle cell disease and emerging roles for antioxidants in treatment strategies." In Pathology, 65–75. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00006-8.

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Inusa, Baba, Maddalena Casale, and Nicholas Ward. "Introductory Chapter: Introduction to the History, Pathology and Clinical Management of Sickle Cell Disease." In Sickle Cell Disease - Pain and Common Chronic Complications. InTech, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/65648.

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10

"Haematology." In Oxford Handbook for Medical School, edited by Kapil Sugand, Miriam Berry, Imran Yusuf, Aisha Janjua, Chris Bird, David Metcalfe, Harveer Dev, et al., 369–94. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199681907.003.0018.

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Haematology is the speciality encompassing diseases of the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. It requires skills in both medicine and pathology. Haematology departments are also responsible for providing a hospital’s laboratory and transfusion service. Common diagnoses include myeloma, lymphoma, leukaemia, idiopathic thrombocytopaenia, sickle cell disease, clotting and bleeding disorders, and transfusion-related conditions. Important haematological investigations include the blood film, bone marrow studies with increasing use of cytogenetics, and clotting studies. A summary of important red cell morphologies is included, in addition to summaries of haematopoietic cell lineage and clotting pathways (and their related disorders). Venous thromboembolic disease is discussed, as well as the variety of anticoagulant therapies currently available. Important elements of transfusion immunology and medicine are outlined with a clinical guide to transfusion reactions and their management. The section on haematology in the emergency department describes emergency management of neutropaenic sepsis. A practical guide to the interpretation of investigations is included.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sickle cell pathology"

1

Chamone, D. A. F., A. Y. Hoshikawa-Fujimura, C. Massumoto, G. Bellotti, F. Arashiro, and M. Jamra. "ABNORMALITIES OF PLATELET AGGREGATION AND ENHANCED FACTOR X ACTIVATOR ACTIVITY OF WASHED PLATELETS IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644544.

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The occurence of microvascular occlusion is one of the most prominent pathologic features of sickle cell anemia. The mechanism of vaso occlusion has generally been attributed to the abnormal shape and reduced deformability of the sickled erithrocy tes. However, the involvement of vascular endothelium, platelets and their interactions with coagulation factors may also be of pathogenic significance in microvascular occlusive crises.We investigated the interaction between vascular endothelium, platelets and blood coagulation factors in 23 patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and in normal volunteers.Factor X activator activity in washed platelets was performed according to Semeraro and Vermylen (1977), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-keto-PGF1β were determined using specific radioimmunoassays.. PAF-acether from platelets was determined according to Chignard et al (Nature, 1979, 279:799). Platelet aggregation was performed with a Chrono-Log Aggregometer (Model 440) on platelet rich plasma (PRP) using the Born method. Prostacyclin release from endothelium was performed according to Mon-cada et al (Lancet i:18, 1977).Our results showed that platelets from patients with SCD ha ve enhanced factor X activator activity (p < 0.0001), produce mo re PAF-acether than controls (p < 0.02) and showed hyperaggregability in these patients as compared to normal volunteers (p < 0.00001).We concluded that platelets from homozygous sicklers have enhanced factor X activator activity as well as increased capacity for PAF-acether production. These abnormalities may contribute to the incidence of vaso occlusive crises in these patients.
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