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Blanc, Jean-Joseph, Claude Degiovanni, F. Poydenot, Robert-Max Roux, and Pierre Weydert. "Les escarpements sous-marins de la marge continentale de la Provence (S.O. du Banc des Blauquières aux Canyons de Sicié) : étude géomorphologique." Géologie Méditerranéenne 19, no. 1 (1992): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geolm.1992.1465.
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Latella, Christopher, Onno van der Groen, Cassio V. Ruas, and Janet L. Taylor. "Effect of fatigue-related group III/IV afferent firing on intracortical inhibition and facilitation in hand muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00595.2019.
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Fatiguing exercise causes a reduction in motor drive to the muscle. Group III/IV muscle afferent firing is thought to contribute to this process; however, the effect on corticospinal and intracortical networks is poorly understood. In two experiments, participants performed sustained maximal isometric finger abductions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle, with postexercise blood flow occlusion (OCC) to maintain the firing of group III/IV afferents or without occlusion (control; CON). Before and after exercise, single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) tested motor evoked potentials (MEPs), intracortical facilitation [ICF (12 ms)], and short-interval intracortical inhibition [SICI2 (2 ms), SICI3 (3 ms)]. Ulnar nerve stimulation elicited maximal M waves (MMAX). For experiment 1 ( n = 16 participants), TMS intensities were 70% and 120% of resting motor threshold (RMT) for the conditioning and MEP stimuli, respectively. For experiment 2 ( n = 16 participants), the MEP was maintained at 1 mV before and after exercise and the conditioning stimulus individualized. In experiment 1, MEP/MMAX was reduced after exercise (~48%, P = 0.007) but was not different between conditions. No changes occurred in ICF or SICI. In experiment 2, MEP/MMAX increased (~27%, P = 0.027) and less inhibition (SICI2: ~21%, P = 0.021) occurred after exercise for both conditions, whereas ICF decreased for CON only (~28%, P = 0.006). MEPs and SICI2 were modulated by fatiguing contractions but not by group III/IV afferent firing, whereas sustained afferent firing appeared to counteract postexercise reductions in ICF in FDI. The findings do not support the idea that actions of group III/IV afferents on motor cortical networks contribute to the reduction in voluntary activation observed in other studies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate, in human hand muscles, the action of fatigue-related group III/IV muscle afferent firing on intracortical facilitation and inhibition. In fatigued and nonexercised hand muscles, intracortical inhibition is reduced after exercise but is not modulated differently by the firing of group III/IV afferents. However, facilitation is maintained for the fatigued muscle when group III/IV afferents fire, but these results are unlikely to explain the reduction in voluntary activation observed in other studies.
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Godfrey, Sasha B., Peter S. Lum, Evan Chan, and Michelle L. Harris-Love. "Cortical effects of repetitive finger flexion- vs. extension-resisted tracking movements: a TMS study." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00143.2012.
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While the cortical effects of repetitive motor activity are generally believed to be task specific, the task parameters that modulate these effects are incompletely understood. Since there are differences in the neural control of flexor vs. extensor muscles, the type of muscles involved in the motor task of interest may be one important parameter. In addition, the role each muscle plays in the task, such as whether or not it is the prime mover, is another potentially important task parameter. In the present study, use-dependent cortical plasticity was examined in healthy volunteers performing a robotic waveform tracking task with either the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) or flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) acting as the prime mover. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to measure corticospinal excitability (CE) and short-interval intracortical inhibition of lower and higher threshold corticospinal neurons (SICIL and SICIH, respectively) before and after a flexion- or extension-resisted finger tracking task. After repetitive performance of the tracking task, there was a significant decrease in SICIL targeting the EDC, while no change in CE targeting EDC was observed. In contrast, the reverse pattern was observed in the FDS: a significant increase in CE with no change in SICIL. There was also a tendency toward increased SICIH targeting whichever muscle was acting as the prime mover, although this effect did not reach statistical significance. We conclude that there is a difference in patterns of use-dependent plasticity between extrinsic finger flexor and extensor muscles performing the same task.
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Boubay-Pagès, Michèle. "La pollution des eaux littorales (à propos du jugement du Tribunal administratif de Nice, 14 février 1991, relatif à la déclaration d'utilité publique de la station d'épuration du Cap Sicié - Var)." Droit et Ville 32, no. 1 (1991): 143–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/drevi.1991.1316.
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Bestani, Lucie, Nicolas Espurt, Juliette Lamarche, Marc Floquet, Jean Philip, Olivier Bellier, and Fabrice Hollender. "Structural style and evolution of the Pyrenean-Provence thrust belt, SE France." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186, no. 4-5 (July 1, 2015): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.4-5.223.
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AbstractThe Pyrenean-Provence fold-thrust belt is characterized by a geological complexity arising from superimposed tectonic history and the propagation of the deformation through a heterogeneous mechanical substratum inherited from Paleozoic and Mesozoic times. The construction of a regional balanced cross section together with field data show that the thrust system of the southeastern Provence region is characterized by a mixed thick- and thin-skinned tectonic style related to the inversion of deep-seated late Paleozoic-Triassic extensional structures and the décollement of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary cover above Triassic series. Earliest Cenomanian restoration state highlights the northward pinched-out of the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary series above the main long-wavelength Durance High uplift. Latest Santonian restoration state indicates a southward tilting of ~2° of the basin attributed to the initial growth of the Pyrenean-Provence prism controlling the external flexure of the foreland. Thrusts propagation in the northern part of the Pyrenean-Provence fold-thrust belt was recorded to be synchronous during latest Cretaceous to Eocene time and produced a ~7° southward basin tilting. This major tilting is attributed to the tectonic inversion and basement thrust stacking of the Cap Sicié-Sainte Baume units. Cross section balancing shows a total horizontal basement shortening of 40 km (~35 %) across the Pyrenean-Provence foreland. The main part of this shortening (~37 km) was accommodated by thick-skinned thrusts involving basement south of the Arc syncline. ~5 km of shortening were accommodated northward by the Arc syncline and eastern Sainte-Victoire thin-skin structures, resulting from slip transferred from the deep thick-skinned intercutaneous thrust wedge. Finally we interpret salt tectonic structures of the southeastern Provence as passive diapirism growth during Jurassic to late Cretaceous time, and then reactivated during Pyrenean-Provence compression. Late normal faulting related to hypothetical reactive diapirism during the Oligocene extension episode was predominantly localized above inherited salt structures and probably controlled by inherited basement faults.
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Fournier, François, Aurélie Tassy, Isabelle Thinon, Philippe Münch, Jean-Jacques Cornée, Jean Borgomano, Philippe Leonide, et al. "Pre-Pliocene tectonostratigraphic framework of the Provence continental shelf (eastern Gulf of Lion, SE France)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 187, no. 4-5 (2016): 187–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.187.4-5.187.
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AbstractThe seaward extension of onshore formations and structures were previously almost unknown in Provence. The interpretation of 2D high-resolution marine seismic profiles together with the integration of sea-bottom rock samples provides new insights into the stratigraphic, structural and paleogeographic framework of pre-Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) deposits of the Provence continental shelf. Seven post-Jurassic seismic units have been identified on seismic profiles, mapped throughout the offshore Provence area and correlated with the onshore series. The studied marine surface and sub-surface database provided new insights into the mid and late Cretaceous paleogeography and structural framework as well as into the syn- and post-rift deformation in Provence. Thick (up to 2000 m) Aptian-Albian series whose deposition is controlled by E-W-trending faults are evidenced offshore. The occurrence and location of the Upper Cretaceous South-Provence basin is confirmed by the thick (up to 1500 m) basinal series downlaping the Aptian-Albian unit. This basin was fed in terrigenous sediments by a southern massif (“Massif Méridional”) whose present-day relict is the Paleozoic basement and its sedimentary cover from the Sicié imbricate. In the bay of Marseille, thick syn-rift (Rupelian to Aquitanian) deposition occurred (>1000 m). During the rifting phase, syn-sedimentary deformations consist of dominant N040 to N060 sub-vertical faults with a normal component and N050 drag-synclines and anticlines. The syn-rift and early post-rift units (Rupelian to early Burdigalian) are deformed and form a set of E-W-trending en echelon folds that may result from sinistral strike-slip reactivation of N040 to N060 normal faults during a N-S compressive phase of early-to-mid Burdigalian age (18–20 Ma). Finally, minor fault reactivation and local folding affect post-rift deposits within a N160-trending corridor localized south of La Couronne, and could result from a later, post-Burdigalian and pre-Pliocene compressive phase.
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Sakurai, Takeki, Shigeru Kobayashi, Jun Ogura, Yukio Inoue, and Hirokazu Hori. "Dissociation Processes of SiCl4 and Plasma Parameters measured by Transient Spectroscopy at the Beginning of a SiCl4?Helium dc Discharge." Australian Journal of Physics 48, no. 3 (1995): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph950515.
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We propose that the excitation or the dissociation mechanism and plasma parameters in a discharge can be estimated by. spectroscopic methods, such as the measurement of the transient behaviour of fluorescences at the beginning of a pulsed de discharge. Fluorescences emitted from excited atoms and dissociated fragments from 270 to 640 nm in wavelength are measured as a function of time at the beginning of a discharge of a He-SiCl4 gas mixture. The transient waveform of fluorescence is calculated by considering the experimental results of discharge current and voltage between electrodes measured as a function of time. From a comparison of the experimental and calculated waveforms of fluorescence it is concluded that the fragment emitting the light, SiCb, is excited in a single-step from SiCl4 by electronic collisions and the fluorescence-emitting fragments of SiCI3, SiCI, C12, CI, Si and CI+ in a discharge can never be excited by electronic collisions in a single step. Furthermore, an average electron energy in the plasma at a steady state is simply estimated from a measurement of the transient behaviour of emission lines from helium excited states. The result is in fair agreement with the value measured by using an electric probe.
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Brownstein, Callum G., Loïc Espeit, Nicolas Royer, Thomas Lapole, and Guillaume Y. Millet. "Fatigue-induced changes in short-interval intracortical inhibition and the silent period with stimulus intensities evoking maximal versus submaximal responses." Journal of Applied Physiology 129, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00282.2020.
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This study compared the change in silent period (SP) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) with conditioning stimulus and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) intensities (for SICI and SP, respectively) eliciting maximal and submaximal SICI and SP during fatiguing exercise. The results showed that changes in SICI were only detectable with intensities evoking maximal responses, with no difference between intensities for SP. These findings highlight the importance of maximizing SICI with appropriate intensities before measuring SICI during fatiguing exercise.
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Udupa, Kaviraja, Zhen Ni, Carolyn Gunraj, and Robert Chen. "Effects of short-latency afferent inhibition on short-interval intracortical inhibition." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 6 (March 15, 2014): 1350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00613.2013.
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Peripheral nerve stimulation inhibits the motor cortex, and the process has been termed short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of ∼20 ms. The objective of the present study was to test how SAI interacts with short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) under different stimulation conditions. We studied 20 healthy volunteers. Surface electromyogram was recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Using paired- and triple-pulse paradigms, we investigated how SAI interacts with SICI under these different conditions. The effects of different conditioning stimulus (CS) intensities (0.6–0.9 active motor threshold), SAI latencies (23 and 25 ms), and ISIs (2 and 3 ms) for SICI were examined in rest and active conditions. SAI had inhibitory interactions with SICI at different CS intensities for rest or active SICI, at SAI latencies of 23 and 25 ms. This interaction occurred at weak CS intensities for SICI when there was no inhibition, and SICI became facilitatory in the presence of SAI. This can be explained by SICI inhibiting SAI and not by saturation of inhibition. The interaction between SAI and SICI was greater for SICI at ISI of 3 ms than for ISI of 2 ms, suggesting that different circuits may be activated at these ISIs. We conclude that SAI and SICI have inhibitory interactions that are influenced by factors such as ISI and muscle activities, which should be considered in design and interpretation of cortical interaction studies.
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Chowdhury, Nahian S., Evan J. Livesey, and Justin A. Harris. "Stop Signal Task Training Strengthens GABA-mediated Neurotransmission within the Primary Motor Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 10 (October 2020): 1984–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01597.
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We have recently shown that the efficiency in stopping a response, measured using the stop signal task, is related to GABAA-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the primary motor cortex. In this study, we conducted two experiments on humans to determine whether training participants in the stop signal task within one session (Experiment 1) and across multiple sessions (Experiment 2) would increase SICI strength. For each experiment, we obtained premeasures and postmeasures of stopping efficiency and resting-state SICI, that is, during relaxed muscle activity (Experiment 1, n = 45, 15 male participants) and SICI during the stop signal task (Experiment 2, n = 44, 21 male participants). In the middle blocks of Experiment 1 and the middle sessions of Experiment 2, participants in the experimental group completed stop signal task training, whereas control participants completed a similar task without the requirement to stop a response. After training, the experimental group showed increased resting-state SICI strength (Experiment 1) and increased SICI strength during the stop signal task (Experiment 2). Although there were no overall behavioral improvements in stopping efficiency, improvements at an individual level were correlated with increases in SICI strength at rest (Experiment 1) and during successful stopping (Experiment 2). These results provide evidence of neuroplasticity in resting-state and task-related GABAA-mediated SICI in the primary motor cortex after response inhibition training. These results also suggest that SICI and stopping efficiency are temporally linked, such that a change in SICI between time points is correlated with a change in stopping efficiency between time points.
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Tugin, Sergei, Victor H. Souza, Maria A. Nazarova, Pavel A. Novikov, Aino E. Tervo, Jaakko O. Nieminen, Pantelis Lioumis, Ulf Ziemann, Vadim V. Nikulin, and Risto J. Ilmoniemi. "Effect of stimulus orientation and intensity on short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (SICF): A multi-channel transcranial magnetic stimulation study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 22, 2021): e0257554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257554.
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Besides stimulus intensities and interstimulus intervals (ISI), the electric field (E-field) orientation is known to affect both short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (SICF) in paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, it has yet to be established how distinct orientations of the conditioning (CS) and test stimuli (TS) affect the SICI and SICF generation. With the use of a multi-channel TMS transducer that provides electronic control of the stimulus orientation and intensity, we aimed to investigate how changes in the CS and TS orientation affect the strength of SICI and SICF. We hypothesized that the CS orientation would play a major role for SICF than for SICI, whereas the CS intensity would be more critical for SICI than for SICF. In eight healthy subjects, we tested two ISIs (1.5 and 2.7 ms), two CS and TS orientations (anteromedial (AM) and posteromedial (PM)), and four CS intensities (50, 70, 90, and 110% of the resting motor threshold (RMT)). The TS intensity was fixed at 110% RMT. The intensities were adjusted to the corresponding RMT in the AM and PM orientations. SICI and SICF were observed in all tested CS and TS orientations. SICI depended on the CS intensity in a U-shaped manner in any combination of the CS and TS orientations. With 70% and 90% RMT CS intensities, stronger PM-oriented CS induced stronger inhibition than weaker AM-oriented CS. Similar SICF was observed for any CS orientation. Neither SICI nor SICF depended on the TS orientation. We demonstrated that SICI and SICF could be elicited by the CS perpendicular to the TS, which indicates that these stimuli affected either overlapping or strongly connected neuronal populations. We concluded that SICI is primarily sensitive to the CS intensity and that CS intensity adjustment resulted in similar SICF for different CS orientations.
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Soto, Oscar, Josep Valls-Solé, Paul Shanahan, and John Rothwell. "Reduction of Intracortical Inhibition in Soleus Muscle During Postural Activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 4 (October 2006): 1711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00133.2006.
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Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) decreases during voluntary contraction of the target muscle. It is unknown whether this effect also occurs with postural contractions. We have compared the effects of voluntary and postural contractions on SICI in the soleus (SOL) muscle. We applied transcranial magnetic stimuli (TMS) in subjects under three tasks: sitting at rest (Rest), sitting while activating the SOL muscle (Voluntary), or standing quietly (Postural). In control trials, we applied suprathreshold TMS to obtain unconditioned motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). In test trials, the same TMS was preceded by a subthreshold TMS at different interstimulus intervals (ISIs), to obtain a conditioned MEP. SICI and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were expressed as the decrease or increase in MEP size relative to unconditioned MEPs. There was significant effect of task in mean SICI or mean ICF in SOL. Mean SICI in SOL was 52% in Rest and decreased to 21% in Voluntary and 15% in Postural. Mean ICF in SOL was 132% and decreased to 113% in Voluntary and to 108% in Postural. Mean SICI in SOL was not different in Voluntary and Postural tasks. There was no effect of task in mean SICI or mean ICF in TA. Our results indicate that decrease of SICI with muscle contraction occurs to a similar extent with tonic voluntary and postural activation, suggesting that those contractions require a similar type of cortical involvement. However, it cannot be excluded that some part of the SICI reduction with muscle contraction depends on changes in segmental excitability.
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Felipe, Antonio, and Antonio Ferrer-Montiel. "The Spanish Ion Channel Initiative (SICI) Consortium: Ten Years (2008–2018) of a Network of Excellence on Ion Channel Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 3514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113514.
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Neige, Cécilia, Sidney Grosprêtre, Alain Martin, and Florent Lebon. "Influence of Voluntary Contraction Level, Test Stimulus Intensity and Normalization Procedures on the Evaluation of Short-Interval Intracortical Inhibition." Brain Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10070433.
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Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) represents an inhibitory phenomenon acting at the cortical level. However, SICI estimation is based on the amplitude of a motor-evoked potential (MEP), which depends on the discharge of spinal motoneurones and the generation of compound muscle action potential (M-wave). In this study, we underpin the importance of taking into account the proportion of spinal motoneurones that are activated or not when investigating the SICI of the right flexor carpi radialis (normalization with maximal M-wave (Mmax) and MEPtest, respectively), in 15 healthy subjects. We probed SICI changes according to various MEPtest amplitudes that were modulated actively (four levels of muscle contraction: rest, 10%, 20% and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) and passively (two intensities of test transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): 120 and 130% of motor thresholds). When normalized to MEPtest, SICI remained unchanged by stimulation intensity and only decreased at 30% of MVC when compared with rest. However, when normalized to Mmax, we provided the first evidence of a strong individual relationship between SICI and MEPtest, which was ultimately independent from experimental conditions (muscle states and TMS intensities). Under similar experimental conditions, it is thus possible to predict SICI individually from a specific level of corticospinal excitability in healthy subjects.
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Soto, Oscar, Josep Valls-Solé, and Hatice Kumru. "Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation During Preparation for Simple and Choice Reaction Time Tasks." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 3 (September 2010): 1392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00620.2009.
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Motor preparation for execution of both simple and choice reaction time tasks (SRT and CRT) involves enhancement of corticospinal excitability (CE). However, motor preparation also implies changes in inhibitory control that have thus far been much less studied. Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) has been shown to decrease before CE increases. Therefore we reasoned that, if SICI contributes to inhibitory control of voluntary movement during the preparatory phase, it would be larger in CRT than in SRT because of the need to keep the movement unreleased until the uncertainty resolves on which task is required. We measured changes in SICI and in CE at different time points preceding motor reaction in normal subjects. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) produced time-dependent changes in both SRT and CRT, with shortening when applied close to the presentation of the imperative signal (“early”) and lengthening when applied near the expected reaction (“late”). In addition, at all stimulation time points, reaction time was shorter with ppTMS than that with spTMS, but there was no consistent association between the amount of SICI and reaction time changes. At early stimulation time points, CE was reduced in CRT but not in SRT. However, SICI in CRT was not different from SICI in SRT. At late stimulation time points, SICI decreased just before enhancement of CE. Our findings indicate that inhibitory circuits other than SICI are responsible for setting the level of CE at earlier parts of the reaction time period. Although the decrease in SICI may contribute to the increase in CE at the last part of the premotor period, the two phenomena are not dependent on each other.
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Mouthon, A., J. Ruffieux, and W. Taube. "Modulation of intracortical inhibition during physically performed and mentally simulated balance tasks." European Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 5 (February 19, 2021): 1379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04577-1.
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Abstract Purpose Action observation (AO) during motor imagery (MI), so-called AO + MI, has been proposed as a new form of non-physical training, but the neural mechanisms involved remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether there were similarities in the modulation of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during execution and mental simulation of postural tasks, and if there was a difference in modulation of SICI between AO + MI and AO alone. Method 21 young adults (mean ± SD = 24 ± 6.3 years) were asked to either passively observe (AO) or imagine while observing (AO + MI) or physically perform a stable and an unstable standing task, while motor evoked potentials and SICI were assessed in the soleus muscle. Result SICI results showed a modulation by condition (F2,40 = 6.42, p = 0.009) with less SICI in the execution condition compared to the AO + MI (p = 0.009) and AO (p = 0.002) condition. Moreover, switching from the stable to the unstable stance condition reduced significantly SICI (F1,20 = 8.34, p = 0.009) during both, physically performed (− 38.5%; p = 0.03) and mentally simulated balance (− 10%, p < 0.001, AO + MI and AO taken together). Conclusion The data demonstrate that SICI is reduced when switching from a stable to a more unstable standing task during both real task execution and mental simulation. Therefore, our results strengthen and further support the existence of similarities between executed and mentally simulated actions by showing that not only corticospinal excitability is similarly modulated but also SICI. This proposes that the activity of the inhibitory cortical network during mental simulation of balance tasks resembles the one during physical postural task execution.
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McKay, Sharon Cline. "SISAC, SICI and ASC X12." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Serials Librarianship 2, no. 4 (March 9, 1992): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j252v02n04_04.
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Saroch, Munish, Amit Saini, and Gaveshna Gargi. "Minimal incision cochlear implantation: is it the future." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 5, no. 3 (April 26, 2019): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20191745.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The objective of the study was to compare the incision size, operative time and complications in minimal incision cochlear implantation (MICI) and standard incision cochlear implantation (SICI).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Patients who underwent cochlear implant surgery from August 2015 to August 2017. Patients in the MICI group underwent surgery with 2 cm post aural incision whereas patients in SICI group underwent surgery with inverted J incision. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of eight patients who underwent cochlear implantation during study period were divided into SICI and MICI group of four patients each. The mean size of incision in SICI group was 7.62cm (SD 0.47) and in MICI group was 2 cm. The mean operative time in SICI group was 211.25 minutes (SD 8.53) and in MICI group was 247.5 minutes (SD 11.9). One patient (25%) in SICI group had flap necrosis where as MICI group had none.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The MICI can be performed with a small incision of 2 cm. It causes less trauma to the flap with very less incidence of flap necrosis. Technique can be mastered by surgeon with less experience in Cochlear Implant surgery. Other complications are comparable to SICI though operating time is more initially. This is a small study which indicates that Minimal Incision cochlear Implantation is less traumatic and has a more favourable cosmetic outcome with benefits comparable to that of standard technique.</p>
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Bakulin, I. S., A. Kh Zabirova, A. G. Poydasheva, D. O. Sinitsyn, D. Yu Lagoda, N. A. Suponeva, and M. A. Piradov. "Reliability of intracortical inhibiton measured using threshold tracking technique." Neuromuscular Diseases 13, no. 4 (January 4, 2024): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/2222-8721-2023-13-4-10-19.
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Background. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation allows assessing intracortical inhibition. However, a high variability of motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude is a limitation of its use. Therefore, a new threshold tracking technique became of particular interest, which is based on the measurement not of the amplitude, but of the change of test stimulus intensity required to induce a MEP of a given amplitude.Aim. The assessment of absolute and relative reliability of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) using threshold tracking technique in healthy volunteers.Materials and methods. All healthy volunteers included into the study (n = 12) underwent diagnostic paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in two consecutive days. The procedure included registration of passive motor threshold; the registration of 30 MEPs with supra-threshold intensity and determination of SICI using threshold tracking technique. At the first day the procedure was performed twice (T1, T2), at the second day – once (T3). Standard error of the measurement (SEM) and SEM% were calculated to assess absolute reliability, and intra-class correlation coefficient – for the assessment of relative reliability.Results. A good or excellent relative reliability were observed for SICI averaged at intervals 1.0–3.0 ms and 1.0–7.0 ms when assessed within a day or at different days. Relative reliability of SICI at separate interstimulus intervals varied in a wide range. SEM% was more than 10 % both for averaged SICI and SICI at all interstimulus intervals. Motor threshold had excellent reliability both assessed within a day and at different days, and low SEM values (5.6 % for Т1–Т2 and 4.39 % for Т1–Т3). High SEM and SEM% were observed for average MEP amplitude, it also had a moderate relative reliability when assessed within a day and a poor one – at different days.Conclusion. Calculation of averaged SICI can be recommended in further studies because of its high reliability values.
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Zulfa, Umi. "SICI: Alternatif Model Pembelajaran PAI Unggulan." Nadwa 7, no. 1 (April 20, 2013): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/nw.2013.7.1.546.
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<p>This study aims to find a new PAI learning model that is more creative and innovative. Data collection methods used were observation, interview and documentation. The data analysis technique used was the qualitative analy-sis of interactive models. Based on the research methods used, the findings are: a) the policy of the PAI learning in SDIP Kroya deals with learning inside and outside the classroom, b) the implementation stages of the PAI learning are through religious values socialization, religious values inter-nalization, continuity and religious values institutionalization, c) learning outcomes indicate that the new religious values just become a custom made by students, not as strong character, d) the PAI learning model found with the name of SICI learning Model.<br /><br /><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan satu model pembelajaran PAI yang baru, yang lebih kreatif dan inovatif. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Teknik ana-lisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis kualitatif model interaktif. Berda-sarkan metode penelitian yang digunakan, diperoleh temuan penelitian bah-wa: a) kebijakan tentang pembelajaran PAI di SDIP Kroya adalah pembela-jaran yang dilakukan di dalam kelas dan luar kelas, b) pelaksanaan pem-belajaran PAI melalui tahapan sosialisasi nilai agama, internalisasi nilai agama, kontinuitas dan institusionalisasi nilai agama, c) hasil pembelajaran menunjukkan bahwa nilai-nilai agama baru sekedar menjadi kebiasaan yang dilakukan oleh subjek didik, belum sepenuhnya menjadi karakter yang kuat, d) temuan model pembelajaran PAI dengan nama Model Pembelajaran SICI.<br /><br /></p>
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Hanajima, R., Y. Terao, Y. Shirota, S. Ohminami, S. Nakatani-Enomoto, S. Okabe, H. Matsumoto, R. Tsutsumi, and Y. Ugawa. "PTMS52 Normal SICI in Parkinson's disease: SICI using anterior posterior directed induced currents in the brain." Clinical Neurophysiology 122 (June 2011): S195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(11)60705-0.
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Ozdemir, Zeynep, Erkan Acar, and Aysun Soysal. "The effects of 30 Hz, 50 Hz AND 100 Hz continuous theta burst stimulation via transcranial magnetic stimulation on the electrophysiological parameters in healthy individuals." Ideggyógyászati szemle 74, no. 1-2 (2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18071/isz.74.0041.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive procedure that uses robust magnetic fields to create an electrical current in the cerebral cortex. Dual stimulation consists of administering subthreshold conditioning stimulation (CS), then suprathreshold test stimulation (TS). When the interstimulus interval (ISI) is 1-6 msec, the motor evoked potential (MEP) decreases in amplitude; this decrease is termed “short interval intracortical inhibition” (SICI); when the ISI is 7-30 msec, an increase in MEP amplitude occurs, termed “short interval intracortical facilitation” (SICF). Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), often applied at a frequency of 50 Hz, has been shown to decrease cortical excitability. The primary objective is to determine which duration of cTBS achieves better inhibition or excitation. The secondary objective is to compare 50 Hz cTBS to 30 Hz and 100 Hz cTBS. The resting motor threshold (rMT), MEP, SICI, and SICF were studied in 30 healthy volunteers. CS and TS were administered at 80%-120% and 70%-140% of rMT at 2 and 3-millisecond (msec) intervals for SICI, and 10- and 12-msec intervals for SICF. Ten individuals in each group received 30, 50, or 100 Hz, followed by administration of rMT, MT-MEP, SICI, SICF immediately and at 30 minutes. Greater inhibition was achieved with 3 msec than 2 msec in SICI, whereas better facilitation occurred at 12 msec than 10 msec in SICF. At 30 Hz, cTBS augmented inhibition and suppressed facilitation, while 50 Hz yielded less inhibition and greater inter-individual variability. At 100 Hz, cTBS provided slight facilitation in MEP amplitudes with less interindividual variability. SICI and SICF did not differ significantly between 50 Hz and 100 Hz cTBS. Our results suggest that performing SICI and SICF for 3 and 12 msec, respectively, and CS and TS at 80%-120% of rMT, demonstrate safer inhibition and facilitation. Recently, TBS has been used in the treatment of various neurological diseases, and we recommend preferentially 30 Hz over 50 Hz cTBS for better inhibition with greater safety and less inter-individual variability.
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Scott, Joan W. "El eco de fantasía: La historia y la construcción de la identidad." La Manzana de la Discordia 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v4i1.1481.
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Este artículo fue publicado en Critical Inquiry (Universidad de Chicago), vol. 27, No. 2. 27, No. 2. (Winter, 2001), (Invierno, 2001), págs. 284-304. 284-304. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0093-1896%28200124%2927%3A2%3C284%3AFEHATC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-UTraducción: Mónica Dorado y Gabriela Castellanos.
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Pitman, Bradley M., and John G. Semmler. "Reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition after eccentric muscle damage in human elbow flexor muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 113, no. 6 (September 15, 2012): 929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00361.2012.
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The purpose of this study was to use paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the effect of eccentric exercise on short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) after damage to elbow flexor muscles. Nine young (22.5 ± 0.6 yr; mean ± SD) male subjects performed maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexor muscles until maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force was reduced by ∼40%. TMS was performed before, 2 h after, and 2 days after exercise under Rest and Active (5% MVC) conditions with motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from the biceps brachii (BB) muscle. Peripheral electrical stimulation of the brachial plexus was used to assess maximal M-waves, and paired-pulse TMS with a 3-ms interstimulus interval was used to assess changes in SICI at each time point. The eccentric exercise resulted in a 34% decline in strength ( P < 0.001), a 41% decline in resting M-wave ( P = 0.01), changes in resting elbow joint angle (10°, P < 0.001), and a shift in the optimal elbow joint angle for force production (18°, P < 0.05) 2 h after exercise. This was accompanied by impaired muscle strength (27%, P < 0.001) and increased muscle soreness ( P < 0.001) 2 days after exercise, which is indicative of muscle damage. When the test MEP amplitudes were matched between sessions, we found that SICI was reduced by 27% in resting and 23% in active BB muscle 2 h after exercise. SICI recovered 2 days after exercise when muscle pain and soreness were present, suggesting that delayed onset muscle soreness from eccentric exercise does not influence SICI. The change in SICI observed 2 h after exercise suggests that eccentric muscle damage has widespread effects throughout the motor system that likely includes changes in motor cortex.
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Mi, Yiqun P., Aaron Z. Bailey, and Aimee J. Nelson. "Short- and Long-Intracortical Inhibition in Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 43, no. 1 (November 20, 2015): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2015.310.
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AbstractBackground: Short- (SICI) and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) are involved in the control of movement and movement initiation. Alterations to the two circuits can result in direct alterations to the physiology of the muscles and can be used to explain the physiological changes to individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Objective: To probe changes in GABAergic function by characterizing the recruitment curves of SICI and LICI interval intracortical inhibition in an upper limb muscle in chronic SCI participants with injury between C3 and C7. Methods: Recruitment curves were elicited with conditioning stimulus intensities determined as a percentage of active motor threshold (AMT) (SICI, 60% to 110% AMT; LICI, 90% to 130% AMT) and recorded from the flexor carpi radialis muscle during an isometric contraction equal to 15% to 20% of maximum voluntary contraction. Results: AMT was greater and motor-evoked potential sizes were lower in SCI compared with uninjured controls. SICI magnitude was not different between groups, although the range of conditioning stimulus intensities to evoke SICI was unique to each group. LICI was reduced in the control group during active contraction and remained present in SCI. Discussion: LICI was increased in the actively contracted flexor carpi radialis muscle in individuals with SCI compared with age-matched controls. These findings indicate that GABAB function mediating LICI is different in SCI versus controls. Conclusions: Increased LICI in SCI may be attributed to the medication baclofen or to changes in the neural mechanisms controlling contraction-related modulation of the LICI circuit.
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Wälchli, Michael, Craig Tokuno, Benedikt Lauber, and Wolfgang Taube. "The effect of single and dual task training on the intracortical inhibition in healthy young adults." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2024): 081. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss081.
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Introduction
The evidence for changes in intracortical inhibition when executing two tasks simultaneously (i.e., dual tasking) is ambiguous as decreased (Corp et al., 2014) and increased (Corp et al., 2016) inhibition were reported. One way to bring more light into this question is to tests the effect of a single task training (STT) and a dual task training (DTT) on the short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during a single balancing task and two different dual tasks in healthy young adults.
Methods
Twenty-nine healthy young adults were randomly separated into two groups participating in STT (n = 15) or DTT (n = 14) consisting of 6 training sessions within 3 weeks. Before and after the training, a single task (balancing on a rocker board) was performed at two resistance levels (easy and hard). Additionally to the single task, either a cognitive (2-back number recall) or a motor (balancing a ball on a hand-held tray) dual task was executed simultaneously. During execution of these three tasks, SICI was measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortical area representing the right tibialis anterior.
Results
Training improvements in balance performance were group and task-specific over time (p = .018). While the STT group improved more in the single balance task (12.3% vs. 6.6% DTT), the DTT group had more sway reductions in the motor dual task condition (13.7% vs. 4.5% STT). Similar statistical outcome (p = .034) was observed for the dual task costs (DTC). There was a tendence for SICI (p = .075), mainly indicating higher increase in SICI for the DTT group in the motor dual task (16.0% vs. 5.8% STT). During the execution of the single balance task, the group-specific adaptations in SICI were less pronounced (13.7% DTT vs. 16.2% STT). When analyzing the SICI dual task difference (Δ) from single to dual task, SICI is altered group and task specific (p = .011). The DTT group could increase the dual task difference in SICI in the dual motor condition (Δ 3.2%), whereas the STT group had a decrease (Δ -9.6%).
Discussion/Conclusion
The results of this study show that DTT causes gains in balance performance and increases in SICI when the secondary task is also a motor task, but not when the second task is a cognitive one. STT is particularly beneficial in the single task. It is therefore assumed that intracortical inhibition is important during the simultaneous performance of two motor tasks, while intracortical inhibition was not modulated in a group-specific manner by the additional cognitive task.
References
Corp, D. T., Lum, J. A. G., Tooley, G. A., & Pearce, A. J. (2014). Corticospinal activity during dual tasking: A systematic review and meta-analysis of TMS literature from 1995 to 2013. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 43, 74-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.017
Corp, D. T., Rogers, M. A., Youssef, G. J., & Pearce, A. J. (2016). The effect of dual-task difficulty on the inhibition of the motor cortex. Experimental Brain Research, 234, 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4479-2
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Fong, P. Y., D. Spampinato, R. Hannah, L. Rocchi, A. Di Santo, M. Shoura, K. Bhatia, and J. Rothwell. "P87 SICI: effect of conditioning stimulus orientation." Clinical Neurophysiology 131, no. 4 (April 2020): e61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.198.
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Anker, Pálma, Norbert Kiss, István Kocsis, Éva Czemmel, Krisztina Becker, Sára Zakariás, Dóra Plázár, et al. "Report of a Novel ALOX12B Mutation in Self-Improving Collodion Ichthyosis with an Overview of the Genetic Background of the Collodion Baby Phenotype." Life 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2021): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11070624.
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Collodion baby is a congenital, transient phenotype encountered in approximately 70–90% of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis and is an important entity of neonatal erythroderma. The clinical outcome after this severe condition is variable. Genetic mutations of components of the epidermal lipoxygenase pathway have been implicated in the majority of self-improving collodion ichthyosis (SICI). In SICI, the shedding of the collodion membrane reveals clear skin or only mild residual manifestation of ichthyosis. Here we report the case of a girl born with a severe form of collodion baby phenotype, whose skin almost completely cleared within the first month of life. At the age of 3 years, only mild symptoms of a keratinization disorder remained. However, the severity of erythema and scaling showed mild fluctuations over time. To objectively evaluate the skin changes of the patient, we assessed the ichthyosis severity index. Upon sequencing of the ALOX12B gene, we identified a previously unreported heterozygous nonsense mutation, c.1607G>A (p.Trp536Ter) with the recurrent, heterozygous mutation c.1562A>G (p.Tyr521Cys). Thereby, our findings expand the genotypic spectrum of SICI. In addition, we summarize the spectrum of further genetic diseases that can present at birth as collodion baby, in particular the SICI.
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Belvisi, Daniele, Matteo Tartaglia, Giovanna Borriello, Viola Baione, Sebastiano Giuseppe Crisafulli, Valeria Zuccoli, Giorgio Leodori, et al. "Are Neurophysiological Biomarkers Able to Discriminate Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Subtypes?" Biomedicines 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020231.
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Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) subtype is retrospectively diagnosed, and biomarkers of the SPMS are not available. We aimed to identify possible neurophysiological markers exploring grey matter structures that could be used in clinical practice to better identify SPMS. Fifty-five people with MS and 31 healthy controls underwent a transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol to test intracortical interneuron excitability in the primary motor cortex and somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) to test sensory function encoded in cortical and deep grey matter nuclei. A logistic regression model was used to identify a combined neurophysiological index associated with the SP subtype. We observed that short intracortical inhibition (SICI) and STDT were the only variables that differentiated the RR from the SP subtype. The logistic regression model provided a formula to compute the probability of a subject being assigned to an SP subtype based on age and combined SICI and STDT values. While only STDT correlated with disability level at baseline evaluation, both SICI and STDT were associated with disability at follow-up. SICI and STDT abnormalities reflect age-dependent grey matter neurodegenerative processes that likely play a role in SPMS pathophysiology and may represent easily accessible neurophysiological biomarkers for the SPMS subtype.
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McCambridge, Alana B., James W. Stinear, and Winston D. Byblow. "Are ipsilateral motor evoked potentials subject to intracortical inhibition?" Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 1735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01139.2015.
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Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to examine intracortical inhibition in primary motor cortex (M1), termed short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI). To our knowledge, SICI has only been demonstrated in contralateral motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Ipsilateral MEPs (iMEPs) are assumed to reflect excitability of an uncrossed oligosynaptic pathway, and can sometimes be evoked in proximal upper-limb muscles using high-intensity TMS. We examined whether iMEPs in the biceps brachii (BB) would be suppressed by subthreshold conditioning, therefore demonstrating SICI of iMEPs. TMS was delivered to the dominant M1 to evoke conditioned (C) and nonconditioned (NC) iMEPs in the nondominant BB of healthy participants during weak bilateral elbow flexion. The conditioning stimulus intensities tested were 85%, 100%, and 115% of active motor threshold (AMT), at 2 ms and 4 ms interstimulus intervals (ISI). The iMEP ratio (C/NC) was calculated for each condition to assess the amount of inhibition. Inhibition of iMEPs was present at 2 ms ISI with 100% and 115% AMT (both P < 0.03), mediated by a reduction in persistence and size (all P < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of SICI of iMEPs. This technique may be useful as a tool to better understand the role of ipsilateral M1 during functional motor tasks.
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Kidgell, Dawson J., Robin M. Daly, Kayleigh Young, Jarrod Lum, Gregory Tooley, Shapour Jaberzadeh, Maryam Zoghi, and Alan J. Pearce. "Different Current Intensities of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Do Not Differentially Modulate Motor Cortex Plasticity." Neural Plasticity 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/603502.
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique that modulates the excitability of neurons within the motor cortex (M1). Although the aftereffects of anodal tDCS on modulating cortical excitability have been described, there is limited data describing the outcomes of different tDCS intensities on intracortical circuits. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the aftereffects of M1 excitability following anodal tDCS, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the effect of different intensities on cortical excitability and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI). Using a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design, with a one-week wash-out period, 14 participants (6 females and 8 males, 22–45 years) were exposed to 10 minutes of anodal tDCS at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 mA. TMS was used to measure M1 excitability and SICI of the contralateral wrist extensor muscle at baseline, immediately after and 15 and 30 minutes following cessation of anodal tDCS. Cortical excitability increased, whilst SICI was reduced at all time points following anodal tDCS. Interestingly, there were no differences between the three intensities of anodal tDCS on modulating cortical excitability or SICI. These results suggest that the aftereffect of anodal tDCS on facilitating cortical excitability is due to the modulation of synaptic mechanisms associated with long-term potentiation and is not influenced by different tDCS intensities.
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Corti, Emily J., An T. Nguyen, Welber Marinovic, Natalie Gasson, and Andrea M. Loftus. "Anodal-TDCS over Left-DLPFC Modulates Motor Cortex Excitability in Chronic Lower Back Pain." Brain Sciences 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121654.
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Chronic pain is associated with abnormal cortical excitability and increased pain intensity. Research investigating the potential for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to modulate motor cortex excitability and reduce pain in individuals with chronic lower back pain (CLBP) yield mixed results. The present randomised, placebo-controlled study examined the impact of anodal-tDCS over left-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left-DLPFC) on motor cortex excitability and pain in those with CLBP. Nineteen participants with CLBP (Mage = 53.16 years, SDage = 14.80 years) received 20-min of sham or anodal tDCS, twice weekly, for 4 weeks. Short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were assessed using paired-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation prior to and immediately following the tDCS intervention. Linear Mixed Models revealed no significant effect of tDCS group or time, on SICI or ICF. The interactions between tDCS group and time on SICI and ICF only approached significance. Bayesian analyses revealed the anodal-tDCS group demonstrated higher ICF and SICI following the intervention compared to the sham-tDCS group. The anodal-tDCS group also demonstrated a reduction in pain intensity and self-reported disability compared to the sham-tDCS group. These findings provide preliminary support for anodal-tDCS over left-DLPFC to modulate cortical excitability and reduce pain in CLBP.
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Morales-Manzanares, Roberto, Eduardo F. Morales, Roger Dannenberg, and Jonathan Berger. "SICIB: An Interactive Music Composition System Using Body Movements." Computer Music Journal 25, no. 2 (June 2001): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/014892601750302561.
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Chong, Benjamin W. X., and Cathy M. Stinear. "Modulation of motor cortex inhibition during motor imagery." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 1776–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00549.2016.
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Motor imagery (MI) is similar to overt movement, engaging common neural substrates and facilitating the corticomotor pathway; however, it does not result in excitatory descending motor output. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to assess inhibitory networks in the primary motor cortex via measures of 1-ms short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI), and late cortical disinhibition (LCD). These measures are thought to reflect extrasynaptic GABAA tonic inhibition, postsynaptic GABAB inhibition, and presynaptic GABAB disinhibition, respectively. The behavior of 1-ms SICI, LICI, and LCD during MI has not yet been explored. This study aimed to investigate how 1-ms SICI, LICI, and LCD are modulated during MI and voluntary relaxation (VR) of a target muscle. Twenty-five healthy young adults participated. TMS was used to assess nonconditioned motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, 1-ms SICI, 100- (LICI100) and 150-ms LICI, and LCD in the right abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and right abductor digiti minimi during rest, MI, and VR of the hand. Compared with rest, MEP amplitudes were facilitated in APB during MI. SICI was not affected by task or muscle. LICI100 decreased in both muscles during VR but not MI, whereas LCD was recruited in both muscles during both tasks. This indicates that VR modulates postsynaptic GABAB inhibition, whereas both tasks modulate presynaptic GABAB inhibition in a non-muscle-specific way. This study highlights further neurophysiological parallels between actual and imagined movement, which may extend to voluntary relaxation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate how 1-ms short-interval intracortical inhibition, long-interval intracortical inhibition, and late cortical disinhibition are modulated during motor imagery and voluntary muscle relaxation. We present novel findings of decreased 100-ms long-interval intracortical inhibition during voluntary muscle relaxation and increased late cortical disinhibition during both motor imagery and voluntary muscle relaxation.
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Huang, Jin, and Kenneth P. Bowman. "Climate Sensitivity and Equilibrium Climate States Of A Two-Dimensional Energy Balance Model." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500009034.
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A two-dimensional energy balance model (EBM) with a seasonal cycle and a realistic land–ocean distribution is used to study climate sensitivity and the properties of equilibrium climate states. The land–ocean distribution is represented by the heat capacity of the surface. The horizontal heat flux is parameterized by diffusion. Nonlinearity is introduced into the model by the albedo–temperature feedback. A multi-grid finite difference method is used to solve the model equation. This method shows great advantages compared to other numerical methods.The sensitivity of snow cover to changes in the solar constant is examined. It is found that the climate is more sensitive in summer due to a more effective albedo–temperature feedback. The local annual mean temperature and the amplitude of the seasonal cycle depend on the land–ocean distribution. Because Eurasia has the largest annual cycle of temperature and is the coldest in winter, winter snow appears first in Eurasia as the solar constant is reduced. Wintertime snow appears next in Greenland because of its low annual mean temperature and last in North America. Perennial snow cover appears first in Greenland because of the low annual mean temperature and the small annual cycle, and next appears in North America. Perennial snow in Eurasia appears only when the solar constant is reduced to a very low value, since the Eurasian land mass is too hot in summer for perennial snow cover. The sensitivity of the model climate to changes in the orbital parameters is also investigated and discussed.Small polar ice caps in one-dimensional mean-annual EBMs are unstable to small perturbations. The ice caps either vanish or grow to a stable finite size. This phenomenon, referred to as the small ice-cap instability (SICI), is a consequence of the multiple stable equilibrium states in one-dimensional models. The SICI may be related to glacial–interglacial transitions. However, numerical results with the two-dimensional EBM demonstrate that the existence of the SICI depends on the land–ocean distribution. The SICI exists in the southern hemisphere, but not in the northern hemisphere. This casts doubt on the role of the SICI in northern hemisphere glaciations. Experiments with a one-dimensional seasonal EBM with simplified geography have been made to analyze the two-dimensional results. Mechanisms for the existence of the SICI in seasonal EBMs are discussed.
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Huang, Jin, and Kenneth P. Bowman. "Climate Sensitivity and Equilibrium Climate States Of A Two-Dimensional Energy Balance Model." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500009034.
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A two-dimensional energy balance model (EBM) with a seasonal cycle and a realistic land–ocean distribution is used to study climate sensitivity and the properties of equilibrium climate states. The land–ocean distribution is represented by the heat capacity of the surface. The horizontal heat flux is parameterized by diffusion. Nonlinearity is introduced into the model by the albedo–temperature feedback. A multi-grid finite difference method is used to solve the model equation. This method shows great advantages compared to other numerical methods. The sensitivity of snow cover to changes in the solar constant is examined. It is found that the climate is more sensitive in summer due to a more effective albedo–temperature feedback. The local annual mean temperature and the amplitude of the seasonal cycle depend on the land–ocean distribution. Because Eurasia has the largest annual cycle of temperature and is the coldest in winter, winter snow appears first in Eurasia as the solar constant is reduced. Wintertime snow appears next in Greenland because of its low annual mean temperature and last in North America. Perennial snow cover appears first in Greenland because of the low annual mean temperature and the small annual cycle, and next appears in North America. Perennial snow in Eurasia appears only when the solar constant is reduced to a very low value, since the Eurasian land mass is too hot in summer for perennial snow cover. The sensitivity of the model climate to changes in the orbital parameters is also investigated and discussed. Small polar ice caps in one-dimensional mean-annual EBMs are unstable to small perturbations. The ice caps either vanish or grow to a stable finite size. This phenomenon, referred to as the small ice-cap instability (SICI), is a consequence of the multiple stable equilibrium states in one-dimensional models. The SICI may be related to glacial–interglacial transitions. However, numerical results with the two-dimensional EBM demonstrate that the existence of the SICI depends on the land–ocean distribution. The SICI exists in the southern hemisphere, but not in the northern hemisphere. This casts doubt on the role of the SICI in northern hemisphere glaciations. Experiments with a one-dimensional seasonal EBM with simplified geography have been made to analyze the two-dimensional results. Mechanisms for the existence of the SICI in seasonal EBMs are discussed.
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Benussi, Alberto, Andrea Pilotto, Valentina Cantoni, Elisabetta Ferrari, Barbara Borroni, and Alessandro Padovani. "Neurophysiological Correlates of Motor and Cognitive Dysfunction in Prodromal and Overt Dementia with Lewy Bodies." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 86, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-215531.
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Background: The neurophysiological correlates of cognitive and motor symptoms in prodromal and overt dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are still to be elucidated. Objective: To evaluate if cognitive and motor features of patients with prodromal and overt DLB are associated with the impairment of specific neurotransmitter circuits, evaluated in vivo with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Methods: Fifty-one patients with DLB (twenty-five prodromal; twenty-six with dementia) underwent neuropsychological and clinical evaluation, with twenty-five patients having at least one follow-up evaluation. All patients were assessed with TMS at baseline, with protocols assessing cholinergic circuits (short latency afferent inhibition, SAI), GABAergic circuits (short interval intracortical inhibition, SICI), and glutamatergic circuits (intracortical facilitation, ICF). Results: Compared to HC, SICI, ICF, and SAI resulted significantly impaired in both prodromal and overt DLB, with the latter showing a reduced SICI and SAI also compared to prodromal DLB. There was a significant correlation between motor deficits, evaluated with the UPDRS-III, and the impairment of GABAergic (SICI) (r = 0.729, p < 0.001) and glutamatergic (ICF) (r –0.608, p < 0.001) circuits; global cognition, evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination, correlated with the impairment of cholinergic (SAI) circuits (r=–0.738, p < 0.001). Worsening of cognitive functions at follow-up was associated with reduced cholinergic functions at baseline (R2 = 0.53, p < 0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that motor and cognitive dysfunctions in prodromal and overt DLB depend on specific and independent neurotransmitter circuits.
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MIYAGAWA, Yoshiyuki, and Tetsu ONO. "Automatic check-in system using SICI. LIRACS-II." Journal of Information Processing and Management 41, no. 4 (1998): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1241/johokanri.41.265.
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Opie, George M., Michael C. Ridding, and John G. Semmler. "Task-related changes in intracortical inhibition assessed with paired- and triple-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 1470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00651.2014.
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Recent research has demonstrated a task-related modulation of postsynaptic intracortical inhibition within primary motor cortex for tasks requiring isolated (abduction) or synergistic (precision grip) muscle activation. The current study sought to investigate task-related changes in pre- and postsynaptic intracortical inhibition in motor cortex. In 13 young adults (22.5 ± 3.5 yr), paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure short (SICI)- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) (i.e., postsynaptic motor cortex inhibition) in first dorsal interosseous muscle, and triple-pulse TMS was used to investigate changes in SICI-LICI interactions (i.e., presynaptic motor cortex inhibition). These measurements were obtained at rest and during muscle activation involving isolated abduction of the index finger and during a precision grip using the index finger and thumb. SICI was reduced during abduction and precision grip compared with rest, with greater reductions during precision grip. The modulation of LICI during muscle activation depended on the interstimulus interval (ISI; 100 and 150 ms) but was not different between abduction and precision grip. For triple-pulse TMS, SICI was reduced in the presence of LICI at both ISIs in resting muscle (reflecting presynaptic motor cortex inhibition) but was only modulated at the 150-ms ISI during index finger abduction. Results suggest that synergistic contractions are accompanied by greater reductions in postsynaptic motor cortex inhibition than isolated contractions, but the contribution of presynaptic mechanisms to this disinhibition is limited. Furthermore, timing-dependent variations in LICI provide additional evidence that measurements using different ISIs may not represent activation of the same cortical process.
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Gilbert, Donald L., David A. Huddleston, Steve W. Wu, Ernest V. Pedapati, Paul S. Horn, Kathryn Hirabayashi, Deanna Crocetti, Eric M. Wassermann, and Stewart H. Mostofsky. "Motor cortex inhibition and modulation in children with ADHD." Neurology 93, no. 6 (July 17, 2019): e599-e610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007899.
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ObjectiveCompared to typically developing (TD) peers, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently demonstrate impaired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked short interval cortical inhibition (SICI) of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in resting motor cortex (M1). To determine whether perturbed M1 physiology also reflects clinically relevant behavioral dysfunction, we evaluated M1 physiology during a cognitive control task taxing motor response selection/inhibition.MethodsIn this case-control study, behavioral ratings, motor skill (assessed using standardized examination), and left M1 physiology were evaluated in 131 right-handed, 8- to 12-year-old children (66 ADHD: mean 10.5 years, 43 male; 65 TD: mean 10.6 years, 42 male). The primary outcomes were MEP amplitudes and SICI, evaluated during rest and during a modified “racecar” Slater-Hammel stop signal reaction task, with TMS pulses administered 150 ms prior to the target go action and after the dynamic stop cue.ResultsGo responses were significantly slower (p = 0.01) and more variable (p = 0.002) in ADHD. Children with ADHD showed less M1 SICI at rest (p = 0.02) and during go (p = 0.03) and stop trials (p = 0.02). Rest M1 excitability increased during response inhibition task engagement (p < 0.0001). This Task-Related Up-Modulation (TRUM) was less robust across and within groups, with diminished task upmodulation associated with significantly more severe ADHD behavioral ratings and slower stop signal reaction times.ConclusionChildren with ADHD show anomalous motor cortex physiology, with deficient SICI across behavioral states and less TRUM from rest to action selection. Associations of these physiologic measures with ADHD symptoms and cognitive control measures support further investigation into biological mechanisms.
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GÜL, Abdulkadir. "OSMANLI DEVLETİ BÜROKRASİSİNDE DERSİMLİ MEMURLAR (SİCİL-İ AHVAL DEFTERLERİNE GÖRE)." Journal of Academic Social Sciences, no. 6 (January 1, 2014): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.16992/asos.327.
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Cirillo, John, John G. Semmler, Ronan A. Mooney, and Winston D. Byblow. "Conventional or threshold-hunting TMS? A tale of two SICIs." Brain Stimulation 11, no. 6 (November 2018): 1296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.07.047.
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Biabani, Mana, Maryam Aminitehrani, Maryam Zoghi, Michael Farrell, Gary Egan, and Shapour Jaberzadeh. "The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on short-interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Reviews in the Neurosciences 29, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0023.
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Abstract Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is increasingly being used to affect the neurological conditions with deficient intracortical synaptic activities (i.e. Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy). In addition, it is suggested that the lasting effects of tDCS on corticospinal excitability (CSE) have intracortical origin. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine whether tDCS has any effect on intracortical circuits. Eleven electronic databases were searched for the studies investigating intracortical changes induced by anodal (a) and cathodal (c) tDCS, in healthy individuals, using two paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigms: short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF). Additionally, motor-evoked potential (MEP) size alterations, assessed by single-pulse TMS, were extracted from these studies to investigate the probable intracortical origin of tDCS effects on CSE. The methodological quality of included studies was examined using Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) and Downs and Black’s (D&B) assessment tools. Thirteen research papers, including 24 experiments, were included in this study scoring good and medium quality in PEDro and D&B scales, respectively. Immediately following anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) applications, we found significant decreases in SICI, but increases in ICF and MEP size. However, ICF and MEP size significantly decreased, and SICI increased immediately following cathodal tDCS (c-tDCS). The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that a-tDCS changes intracortical activities (SICI and ICF) toward facilitation, whereas c-tDCS alters them toward inhibition. It can also be concluded that increases and decreases in CSE after tDCS application are associated with corresponding changes in intracortical activities. The results suggest that tDCS can be clinically useful to modulate intracortical circuits.
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Coxon, James P., Nicola M. Peat, and Winston D. Byblow. "Primary motor cortex disinhibition during motor skill learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00893.2013.
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Motor learning requires practice over a period of time and depends on brain plasticity, yet even for relatively simple movements, there are multiple practice strategies that can be used for skill acquisition. We investigated the role of intracortical inhibition in the primary motor cortex (M1) during motor skill learning. Event-related transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess corticomotor excitability and inhibition thought to involve synaptic and extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Short intracortical inhibition (SICI) was assessed using 1- and 2.5-ms interstimulus intervals (ISIs). Participants learned a novel, sequential pinch-grip task on a computer in either a repetitive or interleaved practice structure. Both practice structures showed equivalent levels of motor performance at the end of acquisition and at retention 1 wk later. There was a novel task-related modulation of 1-ms SICI. Repetitive practice elicited a greater reduction of 1- and 2.5-ms SICI, i.e., disinhibition, between rest and task acquisition, compared with interleaved practice. These novel findings support the use of a repetitive practice structure for motor learning because the associated effects within M1 have relevance for motor rehabilitation.
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Huang, Han-Wei, Jing-Jane Tsai, Pei-Fang Su, Yu-Lin Mau, Yi-Jen Wu, Wen-Chi Wang, and Chou-Ching K. Lin. "Cortical Excitability by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Biomarkers for Seizure Controllability in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy." NeuroTarget 14, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47924/neurotarget202121.
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Objetivo: Investigar si los indicadores de excitabilidad cortical son buenos biomarcadores para el control de las convulsiones en epilepsia del lóbulo temporal (ELT). Materiales y Métodos: Fueron reclutados tres grupos de sujetos: aquellos con pobre control (PC) ELT (N=41), buen control (WC) ELT (N=71), y controles sanos (N=44). Se obtuvieron curvas de recuperación de corta y larga latencia por pulsos pareados de estimulación magnética transcraneal. Se utilizaron modelos lineales de efectos mixtos para estudiar los efectos de agrupación, intervalo entre estímulos (IEE), y drogas antiepilépticas sobre inhibición intracortical de intervalo largo (LICI), inhibición intracortical de intervalo corto (SICI) y facilitación intracortical (ICF). Resultados: El modelo de efectos mixtos que no incorporo drogas antiepilépticas mostro que la agrupación y el intervalo entre estímulos, fueron factores significativos para la inhibición intracortical de intervalo largo (LICI), de intervalo corto (SICI) y la facilitación intracortical (ICF). La inhibición intracortical de intervalo prolongado en el grupo de controles sanos fue mayor que en los dos grupos con epilepsia, y la diferencia fue significativa en el intervalo entre estímulos de 50, 150, y 200 mseg. En contraste, SICI/ICF en el grupo de pobre control fue mayor que en el grupo de controles sanos y el grupo de buen control, y la diferencia fue significativa en un intervalo entre estímulos de 15 mseg. Sin embargo, debido a la gran variabilidad fue difícil identificar un valor de corte con buena sensibilidad y especificidad. Con la incorporación de drogas antiepilépticas en el modelo de efectos mixtos no se obtuvieron cambios en los resultados. Conclusiones: Aunque los parámetros de LICI y SICI/ICF fueron significativamente diferentes, estos pueden no ser los biomarcadores adecuados para el control de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal.
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Jiang, Beiping, Wei Hong, Fangxi Xie, Yan Su, Yu Liu, and Shuang Feng. "Study on combustion control of a methanol SICI engine." Fuel 306 (December 2021): 121584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121584.
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Hanajima, R. "IS 7. News about short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI)." Clinical Neurophysiology 124, no. 10 (October 2013): e41-e42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.026.
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Pangestu, Prabowo Adi, and Anita Diana. "PENGGABUNGAN METODE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS DAN SIMPLE ADDITIVE WEIGHTING UNTUK PEMILIHAN SUPPLIER PADA SICI BUSANA." IDEALIS : InDonEsiA journaL Information System 3, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36080/idealis.v3i1.1683.
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Pemilihan supplier merupakan salah satu kunci dalam aktivitas pembelian bagi perusahaan, aktivitas pembelian merupakan aktivitas yang memiliki nilai penting bagi perusahaan karena kesalahan dalam pemilihan supplier dapat berdampak pada terganggunya kelangsungan proses produksi. Dengan adanya sistem pendukung keputusan diharapkan dapat membantu dalam proses pemilihan supplier dengan penilaian supplier dengan tepat dan akurat, Menghasilkan rancangan sistem penunjang keputusan pemilihan supplier yang dapat memberikan penilaian yang efektif bagi masing-masing alternatif, dan Menyediakan laporan hasil proses pemilihan supplier untuk mempermudah analisa kriteria keputusan. Sistem penunjang keputusan pemilihan supplier akan membantu pihak Sici Busana dalam melakukan proses pengambilan keputusan pemilihan supplier yang sesuai kriteria secara efektif sehingga dapat memberikan hasil maksimal bagi pihak Sici Busana.
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Tang, Wen-Tzu, Miao-Ju Hsu, Yi-Ming Huang, Yu-Ting Hsu, Li-Ling Chuang, and Ya-Ju Chang. "Low-Intensity Electrical Stimulation to Improve the Neurological Aspect of Weakness in Individuals with Chronic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Lesion." BioMed Research International 2020 (March 23, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7436274.
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Purpose. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of low-intensity electrical stimulation on the voluntary activation level (VA) and the cortical facilitation/inhibition of quadriceps in people with chronic anterior cruciate ligament lesion. Methods. Twenty former athletes with unilateral ACL deficiencies (ACL group) and 20 healthy subjects (healthy control group) participated in the study. The quadriceps VA level, motor-evoked potential (MEP), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation were tested before and after 30 minutes of low-intensity electrical stimulation (ES). Results. Before ES, the quadriceps VA in the ACL lesion legs of the ACL group was lower compared to the legs of the healthy control group (P<0.05). The MEP sizes in the ACL lesion legs and the healthy control were not significantly different. The ACL lesion legs showed lower SICI and higher ICF compared to the healthy control group (P<0.05). After ES, the quadriceps VA level increased and the SICI-ICF was modulated only in the ACL lesion legs (P<0.05) but not in the healthy controls. Conclusions. Low-intensity ES can normalize the modulation of intracortical inhibition and facilitation, thereby ameliorating the activation failure in individuals with ACL lesion.
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Mello, Eduardo Arruda, Leonardo G. Cohen, Sarah Monteiro dos Anjos, Juliana Conti, Karina Nocelo F. Andrade, Fernanda Tovar Moll, Theo Marins, Corina A. Fernandes, Waldyr Rodrigues, and Adriana Bastos Conforto. "Increase in Short-Interval Intracortical Facilitation of the Motor Cortex after Low-Frequency Repetitive Magnetic Stimulation of the Unaffected Hemisphere in the Subacute Phase after Stroke." Neural Plasticity 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/407320.
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Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere (UH-LF-rTMS) in patients with stroke can decrease interhemispheric inhibition from the unaffected to the affected hemisphere and improve hand dexterity and strength of the paretic hand. The objective of this proof-of-principle study was to explore, for the first time, effects of UH-LF-rTMS as add-on therapy to motor rehabilitation on short-term intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) of the motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere (M1UH) in patients with ischemic stroke. Eighteen patients were randomized to receive, immediately before rehabilitation treatment, either active or sham UH-LF-rTMS, during two weeks. Resting motor threshold (rMT), SICI, and ICF were measured inM1UHbefore the first session and after the last session of treatment. There was a significant increase in ICF in the active group compared to the sham group after treatment, and there was no significant differences in changes in rMT or SICI. ICF is a measure of intracortical synaptic excitability, with a relative contribution of spinal mechanisms. ICF is typically upregulated by glutamatergic agonists and downregulated by gabaergic antagonists. The observed increase in ICF in the active group, in this hypothesis-generating study, may be related toM1UHreorganization induced by UH-LF-rTMS.