Academic literature on the topic 'Siane tribes'

The tribal people obtain their numerous requirements from the area they inhabit with the help simplest tools and without any technical aid. They face multiple challenges with the modern way of life but yet these people are the most caring and loving people. Idu Mishmi is one of the scheduled tribes in Arunachal Pradesh. It has a population that spread over Dibang Valley, Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit, and some parts of the East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh. Idu Mishmi community of the state is also one of the tribes involved in hunting and trapping activities for live subsistence and leisure purposes too. From this piece of study, the author tries to understand the hunting and trapping technique used by the Idu tribe. This hunting and trapping are obsolete nowadays. Nevertheless, Hunting and trapping shall remain strongly linked to local culture and tradition as long as tribal lives exist.

This study aimed to analyze the implementation, support, and inhibiting factors of nucu ngoruh in Dayak Siang traditional weddings. A qualitative method with observation, interviews, and documentation was utilized to get the research finding. The implementation of nucu ngoruh in traditional Dayak Siang marriages in Saripoi Village consisted of two versions. The first version of the wedding procession was making pondong, making lawang sakepeng, making hompong, and the marriage contract process. The second version of the marriage procession was pantan pulut, pali manasai, ngiap or kandan ngiap, second hompong and third hompong, which includes hompong balanga, lawang sakepeng, Manasai dance, hompong human/female, and the bride and groom sat side by side on the Mura gong. The supporting factor for nucu ngoruh was that indigenous peoples highly respected the provisions of social and divine values, so indigenous people adjusted to the provisions for the preparation of traditional goods, and the procession of traditional marriages might also be under customary rules. Finally, there were four inhibiting factors for nucu ngoruh. First, the groom was not ready either physically or mentally. The second was the lack of financial support provided. The third was the absence of people who mastered the art of sculpture was make statues to complete the implementation of the traditional Dayak Siang wedding. Fifth, there was no written text or manual procedure for implementing the traditional Dayak Siang wedding procession.

In the nineteenth and twentieth century, the Siang Valley of Arunachal Pradesh witnessed the British policy of creating native agents such as Kotokis, Jamadars and Gams to facilitate colonial political control in the valley. The injection of such native agents interfered with the indigenous political setting of the valley. The present paper tries to discern the factors behind the policy of creating native agents, its process and the effects it had on the tribal society of Siang Valley.

An experiment by Boyle, Kennedy, and Shea (2012) demonstrated that practice tracking a template created from a sine wave results in enhanced performance and transfer on a reciprocal aiming task with an index of difficulty (ID) of 6. An experiment was conducted to determine whether tracking a template constructed from recorded participants' performance with ID = 6 would provide the same benefit. Participants were assigned to one of four groups (Fitts–master, Fitts–yoked, sine–master, and sine–yoked). After acquisition, visual templates were constructed for the Fitts–yoked and sine–yoked conditions. The templates were generated from the unique displacement data of the Fitts– and sine–master participants. These made up the training template for the Fitts– and sine–yoked participants. After acquisition, all participants were asked to perform test trials under their respective acquisition conditions (Test 1) and test trials under ID = 6 reciprocal aiming conditions (Test 2). Results indicated faster movement times in the sine-wave training groups on Test 2 than in both Fitts groups. These results indicate that the presentation of a tracking template can result in lower dwell times in the Fitts–yoked pairing on Test 2. However, the findings indicate the need to use templates that guide the movement in a way that promotes an equal acceleration–deceleration profile paired with smooth target reversal.

The test studied three ways of modification effect for ramie fiber, included PVC coated, MMA graft and silane coupling. Also the diverse factors for modification were explored under the situations of hydrophilicity, biodegradability and parasitotropism. The results showed that: All modified ways for KH-570 silane coupling, PVC coated, and MMA graft could reduce bibulous rate of ramie fiber effectively, which PVC coated was best (10.42 %), while bibulous rate of MMA graft was 10.56 %. Both of all were lower than the bibulous rate of unmodified (4-5 %). Then soaked in conditions of distilled water, anaerobic sludge and anaerobic sludge, the mass loss unmodified were largest, loss of minimum were MMA grafting, MMA grafting and KH-570 coupling, with the mass loss rate were 11.67 %,21.23 % and 22.73%,respectively. With the situation of high salt concentration, the modified fiber degraded significantly that all of the degradation rate were lower than 8%. The biological properties of ramie fiber were effectively enhanced by modification way of MMA grafted, in aspects of hydrophilicity, biodegradability. Under the condition of MMA grafting, microbial growth and purifying effect, the service life of the fiber was prolonged efficacious.

Converting used tries to useful materials and avoiding harmful effects of accumulation used tires, is a great economic and environmental issue. Using of crumbing rubber of used tires CRT as filler materials shows declining in mechanical properties of CRT/polymer composites as weak bonding between CRT and polymeric matrices. This work include, CRT surface treating by three kinds of silane coupling agent, Trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate, 3-chloropropyl triethoxy silane and Silicic acid, before using as filler materials in epoxy matrix. 10 wt. % of non-treated and treated CRT/epoxy composite specimens have been prepared and tested to evaluate effect of CRT surface treatment into composite mechanical properties. The results show that modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and fracture toughness of treated CRT/epoxy composite could improve by 56%, 30%, 36% respectively comparing with that of non-treated CRT/epoxy, after treating by 3-chloropropyl triethoxy silane coupling agent, whereas surface treating by other types of silane coupling agents could produce less mechnical improvement but still better that of non-treated.

Five complete mitochondrial genomes of five species from the subfamily Agrilinae were sequenced and annotated, including Coraebus diminutus Gebhardt, 1928 (15,499 bp), Coraebus cloueti Théry, 1893 (15,514 bp), Meliboeus sinae Obenberger, 1935 (16,108 bp), Agrilus sichuanus Jendek, 2011 (16,521 bp), and Sambus femoralis Kerremans, 1892 (15,367 bp). These mitogenomes ranged from 15,367 to 16,521 bp in length and encoded 37 typical mitochondrial genes: 13 protein-coding genes (13 PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (2 rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (22 tRNAs), and a control region (CR). Most of PCGs had typical ATN start codons and terminated with TAR or an incomplete stop codon T–. Among these five mitogenomes, Leu2, Ile, Phe, Ser2, Gly, Met, and Val were the seven most frequently encoded amino acids. Interestingly, in A. sichuanus, a 774 bp insertion was present at trnW and trnC junction, which is unusual in Buprestidae. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses were performed based on three kinds of nucleotide matrixes (13 PCGs, 2 rRNAs, and 13 PCGs + 2 rRNAs) using Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood methods. The results showed that the clade of Buprestidae was well separated from outgroups and all Agrilinae species formed to a single highly supported clade. The tribe Coraebini was polyphyletic, as the genus Meliboeus (Coraebini) clustered with the genus Trachys (Tracheini). The rRNA genes had important impact for the tree topology of Agrilinae. Compared to the tribes Tracheini and Agrilini, the tribe Coraebini is a younger group.

Numerous studies have shown that, as a group, children or adults with developmental dyslexia perceive isolated syllables or words abnormally. Continuous speech containing reduced acoustic information also might prove perceptually difficult to such listeners. They might, however, exploit the intact syntactic and semantic features present in whole utterances, thereby compensating fully for impaired speech perception. "Sine-wave speech" sentences afford a test of these competing possibilities. The sentences contain only 4 frequency-modulated sine waves, lacking many acoustic cues present in natural speech. Adults with and without dyslexia were asked to orally reproduce 9 sine-wave utterances, each occurring in 4 immediately successive trials. Participants with dyslexia reported fewer words than did control listeners. Practice, phonological contrasts, and word position affected both groups similarly. Comprehension of sine-wave sentences seems impaired in many, but not all, adults with dyslexia. A reduced auditory memory capacity may contribute to this deficit.

In the bootstrap approach to integrable quantum field theories in the [Formula: see text]-dimensional Minkowski space, one conjectures the two-particle S-matrix and tries to study local observables. We find a family of two-particle S-matrices parametrized by two positive numbers, which are separated from the free field or any other known S-matrix. We propose candidates for observables in wedge-shaped regions and prove their commutativity in the weak sense. The sine-Gordon model is conjectured to be equivalent to the Thirring model, and its breather–breather S-matrix components (where the first breather corresponds to the scalar field of the sine-Gordon model) are closed under fusion. Yet, the residues of the poles in this breather–breather S-matrix have wrong signs and cannot be considered as a separate model. Our S-matrices differ from the breather–breather S-matrix in the sine-Gordon model by CDD factors which adjust the signs, so that this sector alone satisfies reasonable assumptions.

Arunachal Pradesh is known as land of rising Sun which is the biggest in terms of area-wise amongst the state of north east India.The region has 26 major tribe; each tribe has its own enormous indigenous knowledge on the uses of wild plants. Among the tribe, Adi community is one of the major tribe inhabited in the region which has its own habitual way of using horticultural (vegetables) resources for sustaining livelihood. Most of the plants are also ethnically important without wich diverse rituals and festivals (Solung) of adi community remain unfinished. The current servey was under taken interviewed through planned questionaire. In our investigation among 25 wild species, 5 species belong to the Solanaceae family which was found to be most widely used family followed by Apiaceae, Rutaceae, Urticaceae and Araceae. Investigation on the basis of plant parts used reveals that the edible parts of the plants such as 6 species found to be widely used though leaves followed by 3 species fruits and 3 species whole plants besides these other plant parts like young tender leaves, tender stalks, petioles, rhizome also has been observed. This study is aim to initiated the basic information of these valuable herbs vegetable species for popularizing in future. These can compete with the best vegetables if appropriate study is initiated for production and ethanomedicine improvement.

This book argues that the subject in Latin elegy, beginning with Catullus, constitutes itself in relation to the dynamically expanding space of empire from the late Republic to the end of the Augustan age. The lack of fixity in the elegiac subject and space of empire go hand in hand. Questions of geographical space become questions about the de-centered, dislocated subject; in imagining geographical space our very nature as subjects comes to the fore. Catullus, Propertius, Tibullus, and Ovid each offers his own unique expression of the gendered subject, and their poetry runs the gamut of responses to the expanding geographical empire. First comes the dream of Roman imperium sine fine, an empire that capaciously stretches to the ends of the inhabited world. And yet, imperium sine fine requires the existence of some sort of fines, even if the fantasy demands that they be overrun. Formlessness, or worse, rapidly alternating forms, gives rise to anxieties and the desire to set down some fines, to establish where, exactly, the boundaries of empire are, what belongs “inside” and what can be relegated to “outside.” But fines, cartographically speaking, are never as stable as we want them to be, and, for a rapidly expanding empire, are always under pressure. The very constitution of the gendered elegiac subject mirrors, anticipates, runs parallel to the problems and anxieties that the map of expanding empire tries to solve, yet simultaneously reveals in its production of space.

How science is opening up the mysteries of the heart, revealing the poetry in motion within the machine. Your heart is a miracle in motion, a marvel of construction unsurpassed by any human-made creation. It beats 100,000 times every day—if you were to live to 100, that would be more than 3 billion beats across your lifespan. Despite decades of effort in labs all over the world, we have not yet been able to replicate the heart's perfect engineering. But, as Sian Harding shows us in The Exquisite Machine, new scientific developments are opening up the mysteries of the heart. And this explosion of new science—ultrafast imaging, gene editing, stem cells, artificial intelligence, and advanced sub-light microscopy—has crucial, real-world consequences for health and well-being. Harding—a world leader in cardiac research—explores the relation between the emotions and heart function, reporting that the heart not only responds to our emotions, but it also creates them. The condition known as Broken Heart Syndrome, for example, is a real disorder that can follow bereavement or stress. The Exquisite Machine describes the evolutionary forces that have shaped the heart's response to damage, the astonishing rejuvenating power of stem cells, how we can avoid heart disease, and why it can be so hard to repair a damaged heart. It tells the stories of patients who have had the devastating experiences of a heart attack, chaotic heart rhythms, or stress-induced acute heart failure. And it describes how cutting-edge technologies are enabling experiments and clinical trials that will lead us to new solutions to the worldwide scourge of heart disease.

"Prefață: Consiliere și mentorare cu impact Călăuzirea spirituală: de la „avva” Antichității la mentorul de azi Sfântul apostol Pavel le scria romanilor: „Dar cum vor chema pe Acela în care n-au crezut? Și cum vor crede în Acela despre care n-au auzit? Și cum vor auzi despre El, fără ca cineva să predice? Și cum vor predica, dacă n-au fost trimiși? Astfel, credința vine din cele auzite, iar cele auzite, prin Cuvântul Lui Dumnezeu.” (Romani 10: 14-15). Nimeni n-a plecat la propovăduire de capul lui. 1. Inițial, Isus „a chemat pe cine a vrut” (chemarea; vocația divină: gr. kaleo; lat. voco/are = a chema); 2. apoi, „ei au venit la El și a rânduit dintre ei 12, ca să-i aibă cu Sine” (răspunsul personal: voluntar și prompt [lat. protinus = îndată]; asumarea vocației apostolice și „ucenicia” alături de Isus timp de trei ani; gr. mathitevo = a fi discipol; a învăța; lat. discipulus); și 3. în final, Isus „i-a trimis să predice” (misiunea apostolică; gr. apo/stello; lat. mitto/ere = a trimite; missio/onis = trimitere; gr. kirysso = a propovădui; „a face o proclamație în calitate de herald”; un „mesager al Domnului”; gr. kyr = domn) [Marcu 3:13-14]. Chemare, ucenicie, trimitere..., toate acestea s-au petrecut „la împlinirea timpului” (Galateni 4:4), într-un moment de cumpănă al omenirii, cum ar zice E. Cioran: „Pe culmile disperării”, când „Poporul care stătea în întuneric, a văzut o mare Lumină și, celor care zăceau în ținutul și în umbra morții, le-a răsărit Lumina” (Matei 4:16) „transfigurării cosmice” (Cioran) mesianice. Isus n-a venit într-o lume pregătită să-L primească, ci într-o lume bulversată, disperată și în așteptare... Nu era o lume mai dreaptă, mai bună, mai credincioasă, mai morală, mai cultă, mai catehizată, mai primitoare decât cea de azi. Dar Isus n-a ținut cont de nimic din toate astea, ci pur și simplu a venit să-și îndeplinească „misiunea”: a învățat, a vindecat boli incurabile, a înviat persoane trecute în „viața de apoi”, a iertat, a exorcizat „demonii” multor patimi, a dat sens multor vieți, a provocat, a contestat formalismele Templului, cărturarilor și fariseilor, a declanșat furia mai marilor vremii și nu a fugit de supliciul și „rușinea” crucii. Într-un fel, la (răs)crucea vremurilor de azi, lucrurile par a se suprapune cu cele din timpul lui Isus. Trăim într-o lume complet debusolată, secularizată, nihilistă, agnostică, sceptică, indiferentă, relativistă, dezumanizată, lacomă și nesătulă, buimacă, parcă „fără istorie spirituală și fără viitor”, ostilă Celui de Sus și refractară oricărei morale, o epocă a indiscreției și lipsei de pudoare, a pornografiei, traficului de carne vie, vânzărilor de armament, droguri etc., fără sentimentul păcatului (Morale sans péché, dr. Hesnard, 1954), fără pic de rușine, fără valori, direcție, sens și destinație spirituală. Dumnezeu ne-a adus de la haos (abis, „tohu wa bohu” = o lume „fără formă și goală”; „fără cap și fără coadă”) la kosmos (ordine, viață, „căpătâi”), dar noi, parcă tributari „vocației entropiei”, mergem ireversibil către neant, nonsens și autodistrugere. Dumnezeu ne-a dăruit Viața, dar noi, incapabili să-i descifrăm farmecul, bucuria, valoarea și sensul, ne-o suprimăm sau ne-o irosim în nimicnicie. Ne-a dăruit Iubirea, dar ura, intoleranța și resentimentele ne stăpânesc. „Lumina a venit în lume, dar oamenii au iubit mai mult întunericul decât lumina, pentru că faptele lor erau rele.” (Ioan 3:19). Nu suntem cu nimic mai buni peste 2000 de ani decât atunci, dimpotrivă! Dar, în loc să stăm și să ne lamentăm continuu, mai bine căutăm soluții. Omul sfințește locul! Tuturor acestor provocări vor trebui să le facă față duhovnicii, mentorii, cateheţii și toți învățătorii spirituali de azi. O teologie de manual, scolastică, teoretică, stearpă și polemicile noastre confesionaliste sunt de mult depășite. Cum „imputa” ironic un student profesorului de dogmatică: „Dom’ profesor, cred că nici Dumnezeu nu știe despre El atâtea câte ați scris dumneavoastră în manualul acesta!” Termeni, dogme, erezii, speculații filosofice, dispute – la ce servesc toate astea? „Nimic nu e mai sărac decât cugetarea care, stând afară de Dumnezeu, filosofează despre Dumnezeu.” (Diadoh, episcop al Foticeei, sec. V). Azi, e nevoie de creștini autentici și mărturisitori adevărați (gr. martirevo = a mărturisi; de aici și termenul de „martir”) într-o relație vie cu Dumnezeu, „din interiorul Lui”, în Duhul Lui, nu doar de niște transmițători de cunoștințe teologice exterioare, mereu puși pe harță pentru monopolul (exclusivismul) și „drepturile de autor” asupra „adevărului” divin. Vremea polemicilor sterile a apus. Lumea nu mai are nevoie să afle „sexul îngerilor”! E nevoie de o Întâlnire adevărată cu Dumnezeu, nu doar la nivelul minții și speculațiilor teologice, ci și la nivelul inimii și al spiritului. Un consilier sau mentor spiritual asta va trebui să facă, să-l conducă pe omul zilelor de azi la Marea Întâlnire existențială și spirituală cu Dumnezeu. „Oare poate un orb să călăuzească pe un alt orb? Nu vor cădea amândoi în groapă?” (Luca 6:39). Avem nevoie de duhovnici adevărați, de consilieri adevărați, de mentori spirituali adevărați, cu pregătire umană, teologică și viață spirituală pe măsură, care să înțeleagă omul de azi cu toate problemele, slăbiciunile și ezitările lui, nu de triumfaliști „îmbelferiţi ai spiritului”, de legaliști, formaliști, moraliști de mucava care să te trateze de pe poziții de superioritate, suficiență și omnisciență. Avem nevoie de călăuze spirituale umane, calde, autentice, vii care să „nu ne dea lecții de morală ieftină” și de „auto-izbutită soteriologie”. Nu e nevoie de „experți” care să ni se insinueze drept „modele” și „păstori” ai unei turme paraplegice și oarbe, ci de oameni adevărați cu inimă caldă și mare, cu care să putem intra într-un dialog real, de la om la om, de la suflet la suflet, cu Dumnezeul cel Viu prezent în mijlocul nostru. Predica publică e una, relația de îndrumare spirituală, de consiliere sau de mentorat este alta. Este o relație particulară, de la om la om, cu o forță de impact soteriologic imensă: o adevărată „chirurgie spirituală” în care omul își oferă mentorului spiritual inima deschisă ca „pe tavă” cu toată încrederea. De măiestria și responsabilitatea duhovnicului, consilierului sau mentorului spiritual depinde „reușita operației” și felul în care este „suturată” incizia. Din păcate, mulți au rămas profund dezamăgiți și debusolați după „întâlnirea” cu unele „pseudo-călăuze” sau „mercenari” implicați în acest câmp psihologic și spiritual extrem de fragil. Predica te poate atinge parțial, dar cuvântul adresat direct, de la inimă la inimă, n-are cum să nu-ţi trezească sentimente, întrebări, idei, aspirații puternice. Aceasta și era relația directă dintre avva (maestrul spiritual) și ucenic, încă din antichitatea creștină, și către asta tindem și acum, spre o neo-evanghelizare sau re-încreştinare autentică (nu îndoctrinare sau prozelitism) a omului, prin comunicarea față în față cu mentorul, un om mai experimentat, pregătit (psihologic și spiritual), cu învățăcelul, în curs de formare, pentru a-l smulge din marasmul și pericolele societății atee despre care vorbeam mai sus. Mai trebuie doar să înțelegem că, azi, această relație spirituală de călăuzire este cumva „pe picior de egalitate”. Nimeni nu se consideră superior nimănui, doar „maestrul” spiritual este dispus și disponibil să (se) investească în „discipol”, în beneficiul orientării lui existențiale și mântuirii. Aceasta înseamnă „artă” și autenticitate spirituală! Volumul de față, Consiliere și mentorare cu impact, ca, de altfel, întreaga colecție Autentic, urmăreşte obținerea unor mărturii adevărate ale unor persoane autentice, care să le fie de folos în orientarea și formarea oamenilor dispuși să-și caute calea și rostul lor spiritual. Așa cum, deja, ne-a obișnuit apariția primului volum, Copilărie și parentalitate cu impact, structura celui de față este la fel de coerentă, variată și interesantă cum, nu mă îndoiesc nicio clipă, vor fi și cele ce vor urma. Coordonatoarea volumului și a colecției, doamna conf. univ. dr. Patricia Runcan, un manager cultural excelent și, la rându-i, un om spiritual autentic, nu se dezice, nici de această dată, de stilul ei „nemțesc”, precis, pedant și de chemarea/menirea pe care i-a dat-o Dumnezeu: de a învăța în școală, de a mărturisi în/prin Biserică și de a scrie mesajul divin celor dispuși să-l asculte. Susțin și încurajez, cu tot sufletul, această minunată inițiativă a colecției Autentic și sper să dea roade cât mai bogate și îndelungate! Conf. univ. dr. Eugen Jurca "

This chapter provides an extended treatment of how giving and receiving food is perhaps the primal obligation-creating and -discharging of social actions. The chapter deals with what it means to be host and guest, two sides of the same Indo-European verbal root, yielding also opposites like hospitality and hostility. The chapter also deals with adoption, grafting a person into one’s kin group as an heir by means of rituals where drinking and eating figure as the sine qua non of offializing the new relation. One ceremony is of Salian Frankish origin, another one old Norwegian. The chapter ties these in with baptism and circumcision and covenant formation by means of mixing blood, or cutting flesh, human and animal. This leads to a discussion of the dismemberment of the Levite’s concubine in Judges 19. After she had been gang-raped to death her husband cuts her into twelve parts which are sent out to summon the nation and oblige them to take revenge on the tribe of Benjamin, the tribe of the inhospitable rapists. The argument is that Jesus is referring directly to Judges 19 when he divides his body into twelve parts just as the Levite did his concubine, the ceremony obliges one to carry out his mission, in effect, to take revenge.

At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1950s, some of the brightest students seldom attended classes. Instead they loitered around the Tech Model Railroad Club. The most brilliant were tapped to join the Signals and Power Committee, which rigged ever more elaborate systems of programmable track switches using nothing more sophisticated than telephone relays. Taking pride in their ad hoc wiring, which ignored all conventions of electrical engineering, they referred to themselves as hackers. Nothing was impossible for them; nothing was off limits. When MIT acquired its first computer in 1956, they infiltrated the control room, where they coerced the electronics to do tricks unintended by the manufacturer, using sine and cosine routines to code the first digital computer game. As computers became more common, so did hacking. To program home computers in the 1970s no longer required the imaginative genius of the MIT Signals and Power Committee, and by the 1980s self-professed hackers ranged from professional software developers to adolescent cyberpunks. The latter proved considerably more interesting to the public, riveted by their ability to torment corporations and governments from their bedrooms. “A hacker—computer jargon for an electronic eavesdropper who by-passes computer security systems—yesterday penetrated a confidential British Telecom message system being demonstrated live on BBC-TV,” reported the Daily Telegraph in a typical news story of 1983, the year that War Games hit the big screen. Old-school Signals and Power hackers fought valiantly against this linguistic turn, insisting that the young punks were crackers rather than hackers, but the media ignored the distinction, leading most new-school professionals to head off confusion by blandly presenting themselves as computer scientists or software engineers or information technology specialists. Aside from the occasional insider reference—ITs who troubleshoot security systems were sometimes known as “white-hat” hackers— the criminal connotation seemed permanent. Then in 2004 a Silicon Valley technology writer named Danny O’Brien gave a forty-five-minute lecture at the O’Reilly Emerging Technology Conference titled “Life Hacks: Tech Secrets of Overprolific Alpha Geeks.” Within a year technophiles worldwide, from computer scientists to iPhone addicts, were striving to become hackers again.

The quality and quantity of the macromolecular samples are important prerequisites for successful crystallizations. Proteins and nucleic acids extracted from living cells or synthesized in vitro differ from small molecules by additional properties intrinsic to their chemical nature and their larger size. They are frequently difficult to prepare at a high degree of purity and homogeneity. Besides traces of impurities, harsh treatments may decrease their stability and activity through different kinds of alterations. Consequently, the quality of biomacromolecules depends on the way they are prepared and handled. As a general rule purity and homogeneity are regarded as conditions sine qua non. Accordingly, purification, stabilization, storage, and handling of macromolecules are essential steps prior to crystallization attempts. Other difficulties in crystal growth may come from the source of the biological material. It is advisable to have at disposal a few milligrams of material when starting first crystallization trials although structures were solved with submilligram quantities of protein (1). Once crystals suitable for X-ray analysis can be produced, additional material is often needed to improve their quality and size and to prepare heavy-atom derivatives. It is thus essential that isolation procedures are able to supply enough fresh material of reproducible quality. Similar situations are encountered with multi-macromolecular assemblies (e.g. viruses, nucleosomes, ribosomal particles, or their subunits). This chapter discusses biochemical methods used to prepare and characterize macromolecules intended for crystallization assays. Practical aspects concerning manipulation and qualitative analyses of soluble proteins will be emphasized. The cases of nucleic acids and membrane proteins are described in more detail in Chapters 8 and 9. Peculiar aspects of molecular biology that are important for crystallogenesis are presented in Chapter 3. They include the design of engineered macromolecules with new physical properties or modified to simplify purification or crystallographic analysis. Finally, methods for identification of macromolecular content of crystals and measurements of their density are presented as well. Many biological functions are sustained by classes of proteins and nucleic acids universally present in living organisms so that the source of macromolecules may seem unimportant. In fact, better crystallization conditions or better diffracting crystals are frequently found by switching from one organism to another.

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) multi-physics finite element model (FEM) to predict the fatigue life of a laser welded lap joint of dual phase (DP) 980 steel sheets based upon the level of residual stress. A FEM-based thermal analysis is first performed to numerically predict the welding-induced temperature field combined with the corresponding experimental verification. The temperature histories are then loaded into the mechanical model as thermal loading to numerically calculate the evolution curves of thermally induced stress in order to calculate the level of residual stresses after cooling to room temperature. In order to calculate the equivalent fatigue strength in the laser-welded lap joint, the resultant multi-axial stress (including the induced residual stress (RS) result) is loaded into the equivalent uni-axial stress equation via the Sine Method (SM) in order to achieve the stress curve as a function of the loading cycles. A series of fatigue tests of lap joints are also performed in order to achieve the S-N curves, from which an empirical function between the alternating stress and loading cycle is derived in order to predict the fatigue life of the DP980 lap joint. Finally, the maximum fatigue strength can be predicted numerically through the proposed FEM instead of using experimental trials. The numerical results show that a greater temperature gradient and residual stress are mainly located within the fusion zone (FZ) and close to the heat affected zone (HAZ). The residual stress plays an important role in deciding the final fatigue strength and failure of the DP980 lap joint. An X-ray diffraction technique is used to experimentally measure the residual stress distribution within the weld, for which the numerically predicted results exhibit a good agreement. Also, the numerical simulation and experimental measurements of the fatigue life versus the applied load show a good correlation of results.

Abstract Condensation is one of the most effective ways of transferring heat and it is widely used in power generation units, refrigeration and air-conditioning system, water desalination systems, petroleum industry, chemical production plant, electronics thermal management, etc. Condensation heat transfer depends on many factors including surface material, surface morphology, degree of sub-cooling, characteristics of the fluid used, presence of impurities, etc. Among different properties, surface modification is an easy and effective way to enhance the condensation heat transfer behavior. Condensation behavior on coated, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, sine shaped groove, etc. has already been researched comprehensively but the effect of wedge shaped groove (mimic to leaf vein structure) on copper plate is yet to be explored. Surfaces of some plants and animals have natural ability to harvest water from the environment in an effective and efficient way. In this research, it is tried to mimic the leaf vein structure (wedge shaped groove) on copper plate and then carried out condensation heat transfer experiment. Due to fabrication of wedge shaped groove on copper plate, contact angle and droplet parameters like droplet size, droplet frequency, droplet growth rate, droplet coalescence rate, droplet drainage rate, etc. are affected. Condensation heat transfer behavior like condensation heat transfer co-efficient, contact angle, droplet diameter, droplet growth rate, droplet frequency, sliding velocity of condensate, etc. have been studied for both flat and wedge shaped micro grooved copper plate in this article. Due to the fabrication of leaf vein structure on copper plate it is observed that contact angle has increased significantly and active nucleation site of droplets has decreased which enhanced dropwise condensation. Falling droplet diameter and surface rejuvenation time has increased for modified copper plate. This larger diameter droplets slided faster in wedge shaped copper plate compared to flat copper plate due to gravity. But the condensate drainage rate is less for modified copper plate due to the increment of falling droplet diameter and surface rejuvenation time. A comparative study of droplet parameters and condensation heat transfer parameters have also been shown in this article. It is observed from the droplet nucleation process, coalescence rate and droplet drainage process that dropwise condensation is more stable in case of wedge shaped groove copper plate compared to flat copper plate thus the surface modification is effective in condensation process of copper plate like nature. Results obtained from this condensation heat transfer experiment shows that heat transfer co-efficient of wedge shaped groove copper plate is 20–50% greater compared to flat copper plate. Plausible reason of this enhancement has been broadly discussed in this paper.

La mobilità svolge un ruolo vitale per il mercato interno, per l’occupazione e, più in generale per la qualità della vita dei cittadini. Rivolgendo l'attenzione al contesto mondiale, europeo e nazionale si vede come sia divenuta una necessità sempre crescente: la mobilità media per persona in Europa, misurata in passeggeri-chilometro per abitante, è aumentata del 7% tra il 2000 e il 2008 e si prevede che nel 2050 i passeggeri-km nell’Europa OECD saranno il doppio rispetto al 2000. Per ciò che riguarda il trasporto merci la domanda ha continuato a crescere oltre il PIL negli ultimi dieci anni (EC, 2011). L’attuale modello di trasporto è basato però sull'uso dei combustibili fossili e sul predominio del trasporto su strada, sia per le merci che per i passeggeri (EC, 2011) e inoltre una larga parte della mobilità oggi esistente potrebbe essere evitata (McLellan & Marshall, 1998). Di conseguenza, tale modello è responsabile del 23% dell’energia consumata in Europa. Circa i tre quarti dipendono dal trasporto su strada (IPCC, 2007) e il consumo energetico, in questo settore, si stima che aumenterà circa dell’80% entro il 2030. In conseguenza del fatto che l’energia consumata in questo settore proviene per il 96% dal petrolio e dai suoi derivati (IPCC, 2007; EC, 2011) questo stesso è responsabile di elevate emissioni di CO2 e altre sostanze clima-alteranti, dell'aumento della temperatura e di rilevanti problemi di salute nelle popolazioni esposte (U.S. EPA, 2010). La forte dipendenza dal petrolio potrebbe inoltre portare a conseguenze severe sulle possibilità di approvvigionamento di merci e spostamento dei cittadini, sulla sicurezza economica e la competitività globale ed europea nei decenni futuri (EC, 2011; U.S. Joint Forces Command, 2010). La maggior parte degli spostamenti sono interni alle aree urbane e, per il settore dei trasporti, queste sono le aree che influiscono di più sui cambiamenti climatici e sui consumi energetici globali. La città può essere assimilata ad un organismo (Samaniego & Moses, 2008) e gli spostamenti che si compiono in essa, affinché siano efficaci, devono avvenire attraverso una rete che rappresenti una configurazione ordinata di relazioni -o connettività- (Capra, 1996) che implica una certa forma, una struttura definita (con il rispettivo schema) e uno o più processi specifici (Samaniego & Moses, 2008). Le caratteristiche che osserviamo oggi negli organismi sono il risultato di milioni di anni di evoluzione verso l’ottimizzazione delle strutture: minimizzazione dell’energia spesa per la distribuzione delle risorse e massimizzazione del rendimento. Tendono quindi a minimizzare il loro grado di entropia. Per arrivare ad una configurazione del tessuto connettivo urbano che possa minimizzare il suo grado di entropia è necessario innanzi tutto individuare un insieme di indicatori sulla base dei quali sia possibile caratterizzare lo spazio stesso e che rendano possibili analisi dinamiche della morfologia urbana. In quest’ottica, questo contributo si pone quindi come obiettivo quello di individuare un primo set di indicatori significativi derivati dal confronto tra le caratteristiche delle reti vascolari di un organismo e il tessuto connettivo urbano. The mobility plays a very important role for the internal market, employment and, more generally, the citizens’s life quality that takes great advantages from an effective and sustainable transport system. In the last twenty years, mobility has become an ever increasing necessity: the average mobility per capita in Europe, measured in passenger-kilometres per capita, is increased by 7% between 2000 and 2008 and it is expected that in 2050 the passenger-km OECD Europe will double compared to 2000. Furthermore demand for resources and food is continued to grow well beyond the GDP over the past decade (EC, 2011), enhancing thus the freight. The current transport model that responds to this mobility demand, which also includes a large part of trips that could be avoided (McLellan & Marshall, 1998), is based on the dominance of road transport and use of fossil fuels (EC, 2011), both for freight and transport of passengers. As a conseguence this transport model is accountable for 23% of energy consumed in Europe, and about three quarters of which depends on road transport (IPCC, 2007) It is estimated that energy consumption in this sector will increase by around 80% for 2030. In this sector, the energy consumed originates of 96% from oil and its products (IPCC, 2007; EC, 2011; Lerch, 2011). Therefore, the transport sector is responsible for high emissions of CO2 and other climate-altering gases, for the temperature increase and for significant health problems in population directly exposed to oil-derived pollutants(U.S. EPA, 2010). The strong dependence on oil may also have important consequences on the resource supply and mobility of citizens for the next decades (EC, 2011; U.S. Joint Forces Command, 2010). The majority of trips are internal to the urban areas that are affected by this congestion, local air pollution, road accidents and social harms. Finally, urban trips have a major influence on climate change and energy consumption at the global level. Samaniego & Moses (2008) show the similarities existing between cities and organisms. Urban trips are effective if are done through a network representing an ordered configuration of relationships -connectivity-(Capra, 1996) which implies a particular shape, definite structure and one or more specific processes. The characteristics that are observed in organisms today are the result of millions of years of evolution that led to optimized structures that tend to minimize the energy cost for resource allocation thus maximizing their productivity. Therefore, the organisms tend to minimize their degree of entropy. To arrive at a configuration of urban connective tissue that can minimize its level of entropy is first necessary to identify a set of indicators on the basis of which it is possible to characterize the space and make possible dynamic analysis of urban morphology. In this context, the aim of this contribution is to identify a first set of meaningful indicators derived from a comparison of the characteristics of the vascular networks of an organism with the urban connective tissue.