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1
Ratcliffe, Sarah, Ravin Jugdaohsingh, Julien Vivancos, Alan Marron, Rupesh Deshmukh, Jian Feng Ma, Namiki Mitani-Ueno, et al. "Identification of a mammalian silicon transporter." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 312, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): C550—C561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00219.2015.
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Silicon (Si) has long been known to play a major physiological and structural role in certain organisms, including diatoms, sponges, and many higher plants, leading to the recent identification of multiple proteins responsible for Si transport in a range of algal and plant species. In mammals, despite several convincing studies suggesting that silicon is an important factor in bone development and connective tissue health, there is a critical lack of understanding about the biochemical pathways that enable Si homeostasis. Here we report the identification of a mammalian efflux Si transporter, namely Slc34a2 (also termed NaPiIIb), a known sodium-phosphate cotransporter, which was upregulated in rat kidney following chronic dietary Si deprivation. Normal rat renal epithelium demonstrated punctate expression of Slc34a2, and when the protein was heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, Si efflux activity (i.e., movement of Si out of cells) was induced and was quantitatively similar to that induced by the known plant Si transporter OsLsi2 in the same expression system. Interestingly, Si efflux appeared saturable over time, but it did not vary as a function of extracellular [Formula: see text] or Na+ concentration, suggesting that Slc34a2 harbors a functionally independent transport site for Si operating in the reverse direction to the site for phosphate. Indeed, in rats with dietary Si depletion-induced upregulation of transporter expression, there was increased urinary phosphate excretion. This is the first evidence of an active Si transport protein in mammals and points towards an important role for Si in vertebrates and explains interactions between dietary phosphate and silicon.
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Laîné, Philippe, Raphaël Coquerel, Mustapha Arkoun, Jacques Trouverie, and Philippe Etienne. "Assessing the Effect of Silicon Supply on Root Sulfur Uptake in S-Fed and S-Deprived Brassica napus L." Plants 11, no. 12 (June 18, 2022): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11121606.
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Silicon (Si) is known to alleviate many nutritional stresses. However, in Brassica napus, which is a highly S-demanding species, the Si effect on S deficiency remains undocumented. The aim of this study was to assess whether Si alleviates the negative effects of S deficiency on Brassica napus and modulates root sulfate uptake capacity and S accumulation. For this, Brassica napus plants were cultivated with or without S and supplied or not supplied with Si. The effects of Si on S content, growth, expression of sulfate transporter genes (BnaSultr1.1; BnaSultr1.2) and sulfate transporters activity in roots were monitored. Si supply did not mitigate growth or S status alterations due to S deprivation but moderated the expression of BnaSultr1.1 in S-deprived plants without affecting the activity of root sulfate transporters. The effects of Si on the amount of S taken-up and on S transporter gene expression were also evaluated after 72 h of S resupply. In S-deprived plants, S re-feeding led to a strong decrease in the expression of both S transporter genes as expected, except in Si-treated plants where BnaSultr1.1 expression was maintained over time. This result is discussed in relation to the similar amount of S accumulated regardless of the Si treatment.
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Ashokan, Akhila, S. Anand, B. Aparna, and V. Mini. "Silicon Uptake Mechanism and its Multidimensional Influences on Stress Mitigation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 4 (March 4, 2023): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i42793.
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Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the earth crust constituting 27.7 per cent. The beneficial effects of Si includes mitigation of various forms of abiotic and biotic stresses. Rice (Oryza sativa), a typical Si accumulator, takes up Si actively in the form of silicic acid. There are three transporters involved in the uptake of Si viz, LSi1, LSi2 and LSi3. Influx transporter (LSi1) takes up silicic acid from soil solution and mediates its transport upto the exodermal layer of root system, followed by the efflux transporter (LSi2), which transports it across the aerenchyma. Further movement of Si to the aerial parts of the plant is mediated by another influx transporter, LSi6 and finally gets deposited as silica in the plant parts. Silicon present in soil solution as well as its deposition in plants helps in mitigating various stresses in rice. Si application during drought stress prevents compression of xylem vessels and thereby resulting in reduction of transpiration rate. Sufficient supply of Si stabilises the culms and serves to decrease the risk of lodging. Rice is sensitive to metal toxicities like Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Aluminium (Al). Si complexation with these metal ions decreases their translocation rate and reduces the toxic effects. Heavy metal toxicity due to accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) can be alleviated through supplementation of Si. Si also ameliorates salt stress by decreasing Na uptake and its root-to-shoot translocation. Silicon deposition in plant parts provides a mechanical barrier against pathogens and pests. The plants supplied with Si produce phenolics and phytoalexins in response to fungal infection and cuticle-Si double layer act as a defence mechanism preventing pests. The key mechanisms of Si-mediated alleviation of stresses in rice include stimulation of antioxidants, complexation of toxic metal ions with Si, immobilization of toxic metal ions and compartmentation of metal ions within plants.
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Li, Jie, Scott M. Leisner, and Jonathan Frantz. "Alleviation of Copper Toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana by Silicon Addition to Hydroponic Solutions." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133, no. 5 (September 2008): 670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.133.5.670.
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Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for plants and is the a.i. in pesticides for some pathogens and algae. Elevated doses of Cu can cause toxicity in plants. While silicon (Si) is reported to alleviate the toxicity of some heavy metals, its role in reducing the symptoms induced by excess Cu is unclear. Therefore, the role of Si in plant response to Cu stress was investigated in arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyn.]. Based on plant symptoms (a reduction of leaf chlorosis as well as increased shoot and root biomass) and a reduction of phenylalanine ammonia lyase [PAL (EC 4.3.1.5), a stress-induced enzyme] activity in the shoot, Si was found to alleviate copper stress. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that the RNA levels of two arabidopsis copper transporter genes, copper transporter 1 (COPT1) and heavy metal ATPase subunit 5 (HMA5) were induced by high levels of Cu, but were significantly decreased when Si levels were also elevated. Taken together, our findings indicate that Si addition can improve the resistance of arabidopsis to Cu stress, and this improvement operates on multiple levels, ranging from physiological changes to alterations of gene expression.
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Guo, Yongping, Qian Jiang, Dingkun Gui, and Niansong Wang. "Chinese Herbal Formulas Si-Wu-Tang and Er-Miao-San Synergistically Ameliorated Hyperuricemia and Renal Impairment in Rats Induced by Adenine and Potassium Oxonate." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 37, no. 4 (2015): 1491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000438517.
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Background/Aims: Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Here, we examined the combined protective effects of Chinese herbal formula Si-Wu-Tang and Er-Miao-San on hyperuricemia and renal impairment in rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into normal rats, hyperuricemic rats, and hyperuricemic rats orally administrated with benzbromarone (4.5 mg·kg-1·d-1), Si-Wu-Tang (3.78 g·kg-1·d-1) and Si-Wu-Tang plus Er-Miao-San (6.48 g·kg-1·d-1) for 4 weeks. Hyperuricemic rats were orally gavaged with adenine (0.1 g·kg-1·d-1) and potassium oxonate (1.5 g·kg-1·d-1) daily for 4 weeks. Serum uric acid, creatinine, total cholesterol (TCH), triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations, as well as urinary uric acid and microalbuminuria were measured weekly. Serum xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity and renal histopathology were also evaluated. The renal expression of organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) was detected by western blot. Results: Si-Wu-Tang plus Er-Miao-San lowered serum uric acid, creatinine, triglyceride and BUN levels to a greater degree than did Si-Wu-Tang alone. Si-Wu-Tang plus Er-Miao-San ameliorated microalbuminuria and renal histopathology, as well as decreased serum TCH concentration and XOD activity in hyperuricemic rats. Combination of Si-Wu-Tang and Er-Miao-San also led to a greater increase in OAT1 and OAT3 expression than did Siwutang alone. Conclusion: Si-Wu-Tang and Er-Miao-San synergistically ameliorated hyperuricemia and renal impairment in rats through upregulation of OAT1 and OAT3.
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Ferraris, R. P., S. Yasharpour, K. C. Lloyd, R. Mirzayan, and J. M. Diamond. "Luminal glucose concentrations in the gut under normal conditions." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 259, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): G822—G837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1990.259.5.g822.
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Luminal glucose (Glc) concentrations in the small intestine (SI) are widely assumed to be 50-500 mM. These values have posed problems for interpreting SI luminal osmolality and absorptive capacity, Glc transporter Michaelis-Menten constants (Km), and the physiological role of active Glc transport and its regulation. Hence we measured luminal contents, osmolality, and Glc, Na+, and K+ concentrations in normally feeding rats, rabbits, and dogs. Measured Glc concentrations were compatible with the portion of measured osmolality not accounted for by Na+ and K+ salts, amino acids, and peptides. Mean SI luminal osmolalities were less than or equal to 100 mosmol/kg hypertonic. For animals on the most nearly physiological diets, SI Glc concentrations averaged 0.4-24 mM and ranged with time and SI region from 0.2 to a maximum of 48 mM. The older published very high values are artifacts of direct infusion of concentrated Glc solutions into the gut, nonspecific Glc assays, and failure to test for quantitative recovery or to centrifuge samples in the cold. By storing food after meals and releasing it between meals, rat stomach greatly damps diurnal fluctuations in quantity and osmolality of food reaching the SI and hence also damps fluctuations in absorption rates. These new values for luminal Glc have five important physiological implications: the problem of accounting for apparently very hypertonic SI contents in the face of high osmotic water permeability disappears; the effective Km of the SI Glc transporter is now comparable to prevailing Glc concentrations; the SI no longer appears to have enormous excess absorptive capacity for Glc; regulation of Glc transport by dietary intake now makes functional sense; and the claim that high luminal Glc concentrations permit solvent drag to become the major mode of Glc absorption under normal conditions is undermined.
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SCHRÖDER, Heinz-C., Sanja PEROVIĆ-OTTSTADT, Matthias ROTHENBERGER, Matthias WIENS, Heiko SCHWERTNER, Renato BATEL, Michael KORZHEV, Isabel M. MÜLLER, and Werner E. G. MÜLLER. "Silica transport in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: fluorescence emission analysis using the PDMPO probe and cloning of a potential transporter." Biochemical Journal 381, no. 3 (July 27, 2004): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20040463.
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Silicon is, besides oxygen, the most abundant element on earth. Only two taxa use this element as a major constituent of their skeleton, namely sponges (phylum Porifera) and unicellular diatoms. Results from combined cytobiological and molecularbiological techniques suggest that, in the demosponge Suberites domuncula, silicic acid is taken up by a transporter. Incubation of cells with the fluorescent silica tracer PDMPO [2-(4-pyridyl)-5-{[4-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbamoyl)methoxy]phenyl}-oxazole] showed a response to silicic acid by an increase in fluorescence; this process is temperature-dependent and can be blocked by DIDS (4,4-di-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulphonic acid). The putative NBC (Na+/HCO3−) transporter was identified, cloned and analysed. The deduced protein comprises all signatures characteristic of those molecules, and phylogenetic analysis also classifies it to the NBC transporter family. This cDNA was used to demonstrate that the expression of the gene is strongly up-regulated after treatment of cells with silicic acid. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the expression of the sponge transporter occurs in those cells that are located adjacent to the spicules (the skeletal element of the animal) or in areas in which spicule formation occurs. We conclude that this transporter is involved in silica uptake and have therefore termed it the NBCSA {Na+/HCO3−[Si(OH)4]} co-transporter.
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Hu, Cai, and Jeong. "Silicon Affects Root Development, Tissue Mineral Content, and Expression of Silicon Transporter Genes in Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) Cultivars." Plants 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8060180.
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The effects of silicon (Si) on root development, mineral content, and expression of Si transporter genes in Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ‘Flame’, ‘Mable Bell’, ‘Green Star’, ‘Pink Bell’, and ‘Peach Bowl’ cultivars were investigated in this study. Stem cuttings in a propagation bench were drenched regularly with a solution containing either 0 (control) or 50 ppm of silicon (Si treatment) from potassium silicate (K2SiO3), with a 25 °C mean air temperature and 80% relative humidity (RH) under 70% shading. The results showed that the ‘Flame’ treated with Si had a significantly higher survival ratio as compared with that of the control (P ≤ 0.05) and that the Si treatment improved number of roots, length of longest root, fresh root weight, and dry root weight in all cultivars except ‘Mable Bell’. Supplementary Si increased the content of magnesium (Mg) and decreased the content of boron (B) and zinc (Zn) in the roots. The content of sulfur (S) in the shoots was increased by supplementary Si. The relative expression of Lsi1 and Lsi2 was higher in ‘Peach Bowl’, while it was lower in ‘Mable Bell’ and ‘Green Star’, which may be caused by the differing accumulation of Si in the shoot. Overall, supplementary Si had beneficial effects during cutting propagation of poinsettia cultivars, although these effects were cultivar-dependent.
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Sklan, David, Asaf Geyra, Elad Tako, Orit Gal-Gerber, and Zehava Uni. "Ontogeny of brush border carbohydrate digestion and uptake in the chick." British Journal of Nutrition 89, no. 6 (June 2003): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003853.
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Ingestion of carbohydrates from the small intestine is the major route of energy supply in animals. In mammals these functions develop both pre- and postnatally and are coordinated for the sucking period. In birds, the physiological requirements are different and hatchlings ingest diets rich in complex carbohydrates soon after hatching. The present study examined the ontogeny of intestinal carbohydrate uptake in the chicken. The expression of mRNA for a brush border enzyme, sucrase–isomaltase (SI), which is critical in disaccharide digestion, was determined, together with that of the Na–glucose transporter (SGLT)-1, which is the major apical glucose transporter, In addition, the homeobox gene cdx, which is involved in inducing SI expression in mammals was examined. It was found that the expression of cdxA mRNA and cdxA protein increased from day 15 of incubation until hatch, after which further changes were small. CdxA protein was shown to bind to the promoter region of SI in the chick indicating that cdxA is similar to the mammalian cdx2. The mRNA of SI was observed at 15 d incubation, increased from 17 d of incubation to a peak on day 19, decreased at hatch and had a further peak of expression 2 d post-hatch. In contrast, the mRNA of SGLT-1 was not detected until 19 d of incubation when a major peak of expression was observed followed by a decrease to low levels at hatch and small increases post-hatch. It appears that both SI and SGLT-1 mRNA are expressed before hatch in the chick, but the ontogeny of expression is controlled by different mechanisms.
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Rahman, Md Atikur, Sang-Hoon Lee, Yowook Song, Hyung Soo Park, Jae Hoon Woo, Bo Ram Choi, and Ki-Won Lee. "Molecular Characterization of Silicon (Si) Transporter Genes, Insights into Si-acquisition Status, Plant Growth, Development, and Yield in Alfalfa." Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 43, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5333/kgfs.2023.43.3.168.
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Al Murad, Musa, and Sowbiya Muneer. "Physiological and Molecular Analysis Revealed the Role of Silicon in Modulating Salinity Stress in Mung Bean." Agriculture 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13081493.
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Salinity stress acts as a significant deterrent in the course of optimal plant growth and productivity, and mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system, is severely affected by salinity. Silicon (Si), on the other hand, has exhibited promising outcomes with regards to alleviating salinity stress. In order to understand the critical mechanisms underlying mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) tolerance towards salt stress, this study examined the effects of different salinity concentrations on antioxidant capacity, proteome level alterations, and influence on Si-transporter and salt-responsive genes. Salinity stress was seen to effect the gaseous exchange machinery, decrease the soluble protein and phenolic content and NR activity, and increase the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. An efficient regulation of stomatal opening upon Si application hints towards proficient stomatal conductance and CO2 fixation, resulting in efficient photosynthesis leading to proficient plant growth. The soluble protein and phenolic content showed improved levels upon Si supplementation, which indicates an optimal solute transport system from source to sink. The content of superoxide radicals showed a surge under salinity stress treatment, but efficient scavenging of superoxide radicles was noted under Si supplementation. Salinity stress exhibited more damaging effects on root NR activity, which was notably enhanced upon Si supplementation. Moreover, the beneficial role of Si was further substantiated as there was notable Si accumulation in the leaves and roots of salinity-stressed mung bean plants. Furthermore, Si stimulated competent ROS scavenging by reinforcing the antioxidant enzyme activity, as well coordinating with their isozyme activity, as expressed by the varying band intensities. Similarly, the Si-mediated increase in peroxidase activity may reveal changes in the mechanical characteristics of the cell wall, which are in turn associated with salinity stress adaptation. Proteomic investigations revealed the upregulation or downregulation of several proteins, which were thereafter identified by LC−MS/MS. About 45 proteins were identified and were functionally classified into photosynthesis (24%), metabolic process (19%), redox homeostasis (12%), transmembrane transport (10%), stress response (7%), and transcription regulation (4%). The gene expression analysis of the silicon transporter genes (Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi3) and SOS pathway genes (SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3) indicated the role of silicon in mitigating salinity stress. Hence, the findings of this study can facilitate a profound understanding of the potential mechanisms adopted by mung bean due to exogenous Si application during salinity stress.
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Wild, G. E., L. E. Searles, K. G. Koski, L. A. Drozdowski, J. Begum-Hasan, and A. B. R. Thomson. "Oral polyamine administration modifies the ontogeny of hexose transporter gene expression in the postnatal rat intestine." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 293, no. 2 (August 2007): G453—G460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00077.2006.
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Gastrointestinal mucosal polyamines influence enterocyte proliferation and differentiation during small intestinal maturation in the rat. Studies in postnatal rats have shown that ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) protein and mRNA peak before the maximal expression of brush-border membrane (BBM) sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and the sugar transporters sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the oral administration of spermidine in postnatal rats upregulates the expression of ODC, thereby enhancing the expression of SI and SGLT1 in the brush-border membrane as well as basolateral membrane-facilitative GLUT2 and Na+-K+-ATPase. Northern and Western blot analyses were performed with antibodies and cDNA probes specific for SI, SGLT1, GLUT2, α1- and β1-subunits of Na+-K+-ATPase, and ODC. Postnatal rats fed 6 μmol spermidine daily for 3 days from days 7 to 9 were killed either on postnatal day 10 (Sp10) or day 13 following a 3-day washout period (Sp13). Sp10 rats showed a precocious increase in the abundance of mRNAs for SI, SGLT1, and GLUT2 and Na+-K+-ATPase activity and α1- and β1-isoform gene expression compared with controls. ODC activity and protein and mRNA abundance were also increased in Sp10 animals. The increased expression of these genes was not sustained in Sp13 rats, suggesting that these effects were transient. Thus, 3 days of oral polyamine administration induces the precocious maturation of glucose transporters in the postnatal rat small intestine, which may be mediated by alterations in ODC expression. 1 1 Supplemental material for this article is available online at the American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology website.
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Bokor, Boris, Silvia Bokorová, Slavomír Ondoš, Renáta Švubová, Zuzana Lukačová, Michaela Hýblová, Tomáš Szemes, and Alexander Lux. "Ionome and expression level of Si transporter genes (Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi6) affected by Zn and Si interaction in maize." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 9 (November 29, 2014): 6800–6811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3876-6.
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Hu, Jiangtao, Yali Li, and Byoung Ryong Jeong. "Putative Silicon Transporters and Effect of Temperature Stresses and Silicon Supplementation on Their Expressions and Tissue Silicon Content in Poinsettia." Plants 9, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050569.
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Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element for plants. To understand Si uptake and accumulation in poinsettia, the Si transporters and their expression patterns were investigated. Nodulin 26-like intrinsic membrane proteins (NIPs) act as transporters of water and small solutes, including silicic acid. In this study, one NIP member, designated EpLsi1, was identified. Additionally, a protein from the citrate transporter family, designated EpLsi2, was identified. Sequence analyses indicated that EpLsi1 belonged to the NIP-I subgroup, which has a low Si uptake capacity. Consistently, the measured tissue Si content in the poinsettia was less than 1.73 ± 0.17 mg·g−1 dry weight, which was very low when compared to that in high Si accumulators. The expressions of EpLsi1 and EpLsi2 in poinsettia cuttings treated with 0 mg·L−1 Si decreased under temperature stresses. A short-term Si supplementation decreased the expressions of both EpLsi1 and EpLsi2 in the roots and leaves, while a long-term Si supplementation increased the expression of EpLsi1 in the leaves, bracts, and cyathia, and increased the expression of EpLsi2 in the roots and leaves. Tissue Si content increased in the roots of cuttings treated with 75 mg·L−1 Si at both 4 and 40 °C, indicating that the transport activities of the EpLsi1 were enhanced under temperature stresses. A long-term Si supplementation increased the tissue Si content in the roots of poinsettia treated with 75 mg·L−1 Si. Overall, poinsettia was a low Si accumulator, the expressions of Si transporters were down-regulated, and the tissue Si content increased with temperature stresses and Si supplementation. These results may help the breeding and commercial production of poinsettia.
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Vatansever, Recep, Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit, Ertugrul Filiz, and Nermin Gozukara. "Genome-wide exploration of silicon (Si) transporter genes, Lsi1 and Lsi2 in plants; insights into Si-accumulation status/capacity of plants." BioMetals 30, no. 2 (January 13, 2017): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-017-9992-2.
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Moiseeva, Natalia I., Lidia A. Laletina, Timur I. Fetisov, Leyla F. Makhmudova, Angelika E. Manikaylo, Liliya Y. Fomina, Denis A. Burov, et al. "Analysis of Multiple Drug Resistance Mechanism in Different Types of Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Assessment of the Expression of ABC-Transporters, MVP, YB-1, and Analysis of Their Correlation with Chemosensitivity of Cancer Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 3183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063183.
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Chemotherapy of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) is restricted by low chemosensitivity and multiple drug resistance (MDR). The purpose of our study was the analysis of MDR mechanism in different types of STS. We assessed the expression of ABC-transporters, MVP, YB-1, and analyzed their correlation with chemosensitivity of cancer cells. STS specimens were obtained from 70 patients without metastatic disease (2018–2020). Expression level of MDR-associated genes was estimated by qRT-PCR and cytofluorimetry. Mutations in ABC-transporter genes were captured by exome sequencing. Chemosensitivity (SI) of STS to doxorubicin (Dox), ifosfamide (Ifo), gemcitabine (Gem), and docetaxel (Doc) was analyzed in vitro. We found strong correlation in ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2 expression. We demonstrated strong negative correlations in ABCB1 and ABCG2 expression with SI (Doc) and SI (Doc + Gem), and positive correlation of MVP expression with SI (Doc) and SI (Doc + Gem) in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Pgp expression was shown in 5 out of 44 STS samples with prevalence of synovial sarcoma relapses and it is strongly correlated with SI (Gem). Mutations in MDR-associated genes were rarely found. Overall, STS demonstrated high heterogeneity in chemosensitivity that makes reasonable in vitro chemosensitivity testing to improve personalized STS therapy, and classic ABC-transporters are not obviously involved in MDR appearance.
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Sahebi, Mahbod, Mohamed M. Hanafi, M. Y. Rafii, Parisa Azizi, Rambod Abiri, Nahid Kalhori, and Narges Atabaki. "Screening and Expression of a Silicon Transporter Gene(Lsi1)in Wild-Type Indica Rice Cultivars." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9064129.
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Silicon (Si) is one of the most prevalent elements in the soil. It is beneficial for plant growth and development, and it contributes to plant defense against different stresses. TheLsi1gene encodes a Si transporter that was identified in a mutant Japonica rice variety. This gene was not identified in fourteen Malaysian rice varieties during screening. Then, a mutant version ofLsi1was substituted for the native version in the three most common Malaysian rice varieties, MR219, MR220, and MR276, to evaluate the function of the transgene. Real-time PCR was used to explore the differential expression ofLsi1in the three transgenic rice varieties. Silicon concentrations in the roots and leaves of transgenic plants were significantly higher than in wild-type plants. Transgenic varieties showed significant increases in the activities of the enzymes SOD, POD, APX, and CAT; photosynthesis; and chlorophyll content; however, the highest chlorophyll A and B levels were observed in transgenic MR276. Transgenic varieties have shown a stronger root and leaf structure, as well as hairier roots, compared to the wild-type plants. This suggests thatLsi1plays a key role in rice, increasing the absorption and accumulation of Si, then alters antioxidant activities, and improves morphological properties.
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Vomhof-DeKrey, Emilie E., Allie D. Stover, Mary Labuhn, Marcus R. Osman, and Marc D. Basson. "Vil-Cre specific Schlafen 3 knockout mice exhibit sex-specific differences in intestinal differentiation markers and Schlafen family members expression levels." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 28, 2021): e0259195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259195.
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The intestinal epithelium requires self-renewal and differentiation in order to function and adapt to pathological diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, short gut syndrome, and ulcers. The rodent Slfn3 protein and the human Slfn12 analog are known to regulate intestinal epithelial differentiation. Previous work utilizing a pan-Slfn3 knockout (KO) mouse model revealed sex-dependent gene expression disturbances in intestinal differentiation markers, metabolic pathways, Slfn family member mRNA expression, adaptive immune cell proliferation/functioning genes, and phenotypically less weight gain and sex-dependent changes in villus length and crypt depth. We have now created a Vil-Cre specific Slfn3KO (VC-Slfn3KO) mouse to further evaluate its role in intestinal differentiation. There were increases in Slfn1, Slfn2, Slfn4, and Slfn8 and decreases in Slfn5 and Slfn9 mRNA expression that were intestinal region and sex-specific. Differentiation markers, sucrase isomaltase (SI), villin 1, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and glucose transporters, glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), Glut2, and sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), were increased in expression in VC-Slfn3KO mice based on intestinal region and were also highly female sex-biased, except for SI in the ileum was also increased for male VC-Slfn3KO mice and SGLT1 was decreased for both sexes. Overall, the variations that we observed in these VC-Slfn3KO mice indicate a complex regulation of intestinal gene expression that is sex-dependent.
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Peiffer, Isabelle, Julie Guignot, Alain Barbat, Christophe Carnoy, Steve L. Moseley, Bogdan J. Nowicki, Alain L. Servin, and Marie-Françoise Bernet-Camard. "Structural and Functional Lesions in Brush Border of Human Polarized Intestinal Caco-2/TC7 Cells Infected by Members of the Afa/Dr Diffusely Adhering Family of Escherichia coli." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 5979–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.10.5979-5990.2000.
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ABSTRACT Diffusely adhering Escherichia coli (DAEC) strains expressing F1845 fimbrial adhesin or Dr hemagglutinin belonging to the Afa/Dr family of adhesins infect cultured polarized human intestinal cells through recognition of the brush border-associated decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) as a receptor. The wild-type Afa/Dr DAEC strain C1845 has been shown to induce brush border lesions by an adhesin-dependent mechanism triggering apical F-actin rearrangements. In the present study, we undertook to further characterize cell injuries following the interaction of wild-type Afa/Dr DAEC strains C1845 and IH11128 expressing fimbrial F1845 adhesin and Dr hemagglutinin, respectively, with polarized, fully differentiated Caco-2/TC7 cells. In both cases, bacterium-cell interaction was followed by rearrangement of the major brush border-associated cytoskeletal proteins F-actin, villin, and fimbrin, proteins which play a pivotal role in brush border assembly. In contrast, distribution of G-actin, actin-depolymerizing factor, and tubulin was not modified. Using draE mutants, we found that a mutant in which cysteine replaces aspartic acid at position 54 conserved binding capacity but failed to induce F-actin disassembly. Accompanying the cytoskeleton injuries, we found that the distribution of brush border-associated functional proteins sucrase-isomaltase (SI), dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV), glucose transporter SGLT1, and fructose transporter GLUT5 was dramatically altered. In parallel, SI and DPPIV enzyme activity decreased.
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Kato, Tomoko, Norio Harada, Eri Ikeguchi-Ogura, Akiko Sankoda, Tomonobu Hatoko, Xuejing Lu, Takuma Yasuda, Shunsuke Yamane, and Nobuya Inagaki. "Gene expression of nutrient-sensing molecules in I cells of CCK reporter male mice." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 66, no. 1 (January 2021): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-20-0134.
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted from enteroendocrine I cells in response to fat, carbohydrate, and protein ingestion. Gene expression of nutrient-sensing molecules in I cells remains unclear, primarily due to the difficulty in distinguishing I cells from intestinal epithelial cells in vivo. In this study, we generated CCK reporter male mice in which the red fluorescence protein tdTomato (Tomato) is produced by activation of the native murine Cck promoter. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of Tomato-positive cells in upper small intestine (SI), lower SI, and colon. Flow cytometer analysis revealed that Tomato-positive cells among epithelial cells of upper SI, lower SI, and colon occurred at the rate of 0.95, 0.54, and 0.06%, respectively. In upper SI and lower SI, expression levels of Cck mRNA were higher in Tomato-positive cells than those in Tomato-negative cells. The fatty acid receptors Gpr120, Gpr40, and Gpr43 and the oleoylethanolamide receptor Gpr119 were highly expressed in Tomato-positive cells isolated from SI, but were not found in Tomato-positive cells from colon. The glucose and fructose transporters Sglt1, Glut2, and Glut5 were expressed in both Tomato-positive cells and -negative cells, but these expression levels tended to be decreased in Tomato-positive cells from upper SI to colon. The peptide transporter Pept1 and receptor Gpr93 were expressed in both Tomato-positive cells and -negative cells, whereas Casr was expressed only in Tomato-positive cells isolated from SI. Thus, this transgenic mouse reveals that I cell number and gene expression in I cells vary according to region in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Lin, Chaoqun, Weina Li, and Xuezheng Fan. "S1P promotes corneal trigeminal neuron differentiation and corneal nerve repair via upregulating nerve growth factor expression in a mouse model." Open Life Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0491.
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Abstract Corneal disease was the most critical cause of vision loss. This study aimed to research a new method and provide a theoretical basis for treating corneal injury. A mice corneal epithelial injury model was constructed by the method of mechanical curettage. Models were treated with sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and si-Spns2. An immunofluorescence assay was used to detect βIII-tubulin. The expressions of neurotrophic factor, S1P transporter, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway-related proteins were detected by western blot. Hematoxylin–eosin staining was processed to detect the effect of SIP on corneal repair in mice. si-Spns2 inhibited the effect of S1P. S1P significantly repaired the corneal injury, while si-Spns2 treatment made it more severe. Moreover, S1P could significantly increase the levels of NGF, BDNF, GDNF, Spns2, and p-ERK1/2. si-Spns2 inhibits the effect of S1P in the expression of these proteins. S1P significantly increased axonal differentiation of trigeminal ganglion neurons, which was inhibited after si-Spns2 treatment. S1P promoted corneal trigeminal neuron differentiation and corneal nerve repair via upregulating nerve growth factor expression in a mouse model. Treatment of corneal injury by S1P may be an effective approach.
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Cui, Tao, Apostolos V. Tsolakis, Su-Chen Li, Janet L. Cunningham, Thomas Lind, Kjell Öberg, and Valeria Giandomenico. "Olfactory receptor 51E1 protein as a potential novel tissue biomarker for small intestine neuroendocrine carcinomas." European Journal of Endocrinology 168, no. 2 (February 2013): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-12-0814.
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ObjectiveLate diagnosis hinders proper management of small intestine neuroendocrine carcinoma (SI-NEC) patients. The olfactory receptor, family 51, subfamily E, member 1 (OR51E1) has been reported as a potential novel SI-NEC marker, without protein expression recognition. Thus, we further studied whether the encoded protein may be a novel SI-NEC clinical biomarker.DesignOR51E1 coding sequence was cloned using total RNA from SI-NEC patient specimens. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis explored OR51E1 expression in laser capture microdissected SI-NEC cells and adjacent microenvironment cells. Moreover, immunohistochemistry investigated OR51E1 protein expression on operation and biopsy material from primary SI-NECs, mesentery, and liver metastases from 70 patients. Furthermore, double immunofluorescence studies explored the potential co-localization of the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (SLC18A1, generally referred to as VMAT1) and OR51E1 in the neoplastic cells and in the intestinal mucosa adjacent to the tumor.ResultsOR51E1 coding sequence analysis showed absence of mutation in SI-NEC patients at different stages of disease. OR51E1 expression was higher in microdissected SI-NEC cells than in the adjacent microenvironment cells. Furthermore, both membranous and cytoplasmic OR51E1 immunostaining patterns were detected in both primary SI-NECs and metastases. Briefly, 18/43 primary tumors, 7/28 mesentery metastases, and 6/18 liver metastases were ‘positive’ for OR51E1 in more than 50% of the tumor cells. In addition, co-localization studies showed that OR51E1 was expressed in >50% of the VMAT1 immunoreactive tumor cells and of the enterochromaffin cells in the intestinal mucosa adjacent to the tumor.ConclusionOR51E1 protein is a potential novel clinical tissue biomarker for SI-NECs. Moreover, we suggest its potential therapeutic molecular target development using solid tumor radioimmunotherapy.
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Coskun, Devrim, Rupesh Deshmukh, S. M. Shivaraj, Paul Isenring, and Richard R. Bélanger. "Lsi2: A black box in plant silicon transport." Plant and Soil 466, no. 1-2 (July 10, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05061-1.
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Abstract Background Silicon (Si) is widely considered a non-essential but beneficial element for higher plants, providing broad protection against various environmental stresses (both biotic and abiotic), particularly in species that can readily absorb the element. Two plasma-membrane proteins are known to coordinate the radial transport of Si (in the form of Si(OH)4) from soil to xylem within roots: the influx channel Lsi1 and the efflux transporter Lsi2. From a structural and mechanistic perspective, much more is known about Lsi1 (a member of the NIP-III subgroup of the Major Intrinsic Proteins) compared to Lsi2 (a putative Si(OH)4/H+ antiporter, with some homology to bacterial anion transporters). Scope Here, we critically review the current state of understanding regarding the physiological role and molecular characteristics of Lsi2. We demonstrate that the structure–function relationship of Lsi2 is largely uncharted and that the standing transport model requires much better supportive evidence. We also provide (to our knowledge) the most current and extensive phylogenetic analysis of Lsi2 from all fully sequenced higher-plant genomes. We end by suggesting research directions and hypotheses to elucidate the properties of Lsi2. Conclusions Given that Lsi2 is proposed to mediate xylem Si loading and thus root-to-shoot translocation and biosilicification, it is imperative that the field of Si transport focus its efforts on a better understanding of this important topic. With this review, we aim to stimulate and advance research in the field of Si transport and thus better exploit Si to improve crop resilience and agricultural output.
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Chateau, Dominique. "La musique au défi de la phénoménologie de Charles Peirce (ou : y a-t-il une secondéité musicale?)." Recherches sémiotiques 37, no. 1-2 (September 24, 2018): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1051473ar.
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La discussion sur la musique qui utilise la plus célèbre des triades peirciennes – icône, indice, symbole – achoppe, ce qui ne signifie nullement que la discussion soit close. On propose ici de la transporter sur un autre plan du système du sémioticien, celui quoffre la triade phénoménologique de la priméité, secondéité et tiercéité. Plus précisément, il s’agit de se demander si on peut parler de tiercéité en musique, c’est-à-dire de pensée. On la dit volontiers asémantique ; est-ce à dire qu’elle ne communique aucune pensée ?
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Bilal, Saqib, Adil Khan, Muhammad Imran, Abdul Latif Khan, Sajjad Asaf, Ahmed Al-Rawahi, Masoud Sulaiman Abood Al-Azri, Ahmed Al-Harrasi, and In-Jung Lee. "Silicon- and Boron-Induced Physio-Biochemical Alteration and Organic Acid Regulation Mitigates Aluminum Phytotoxicity in Date Palm Seedlings." Antioxidants 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061063.
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The current study aimed to understand the synergistic impacts of silicon (Si; 1.0 mM) and boron (B; 10 µM) application on modulating physio-molecular responses of date palm to mitigate aluminum (Al3+; 2.0 mM) toxicity. Results revealed that compared to sole Si and B treatments, a combined application significantly improved plant growth, biomass, and photosynthetic pigments during Al toxicity. Interestingly, Si and B resulted in significantly higher exudation of organic acid (malic acids, citric acids, and acetic acid) in the plant’s rhizosphere. This is also correlated with the reduced accumulation and translocation of Al in roots (60%) and shoots (56%) in Si and B treatments during Al toxicity compared to in sole Al3+ treatment. The activation of organic acids by combined Si + B application has significantly regulated the ALMT1, ALMT2 and plasma membrane ATPase; PMMA1 and PMMA3 in roots and shoots. Further, the Si-related transporter Lsi2 gene was upregulated by Si + B application under Al toxicity. This was also validated by the higher uptake and translocation of Si in plants. Al-induced oxidative stress was significantly counteracted by exhibiting lower malondialdehyde and superoxide production in Si + B treatments. Experiencing less oxidative stress was evident from upregulation of CAT and Cyt-Cu/Zn SOD expression; hence, enzymatic activities such as polyphenol oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly activated. In the case of endogenous phytohormones, Si + B application demonstrated the downregulation of the abscisic acid (ABA; NCED1 and NCED6) and salicylic acid (SA; PYL4, PYR1) biosynthesis-related genes. Consequently, we also noticed a lower accumulation of ABA and rising SA levels under Al-stress. The current findings illustrate that the synergistic Si + B application could be an effective strategy for date palm growth and productivity against Al stress and could be further extended in field trails in Al-contaminated fields.
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Vatansever, Recep, Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit, Ertugrul Filiz, and Nermin Gozukirmizi. "Erratum to: Genome-wide exploration of silicon (Si) transporter genes, Lsi1 and Lsi2 in plants; insights into Si-accumulation status/capacity of plants." BioMetals 30, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-017-9995-z.
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Kenla, Timothée J. N., Michel D. Kongue Tatong, Ferdinand Mouafo Talontsi, Birger Dittrich, Holm Frauendorf, and Hartmut Laatsch. "Si-enterobactin from the endophytic Streptomyces sp. KT-S1-B5 – a potential silicon transporter in Nature?" Chemical Communications 49, no. 69 (2013): 7641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc44437f.
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Houmard, J. A., M. H. Shinebarger, P. L. Dolan, N. Leggett-Frazier, R. K. Bruner, M. R. McCammon, R. G. Israel, and G. L. Dohm. "Exercise training increases GLUT-4 protein concentration in previously sedentary middle-aged men." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 264, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): E896—E901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.6.e896.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if 14 wk of exercise training would increase insulin-sensitive glucose transporter protein (GLUT-4) concentration in skeletal muscle of previously sedentary middle-aged men (47.2 +/- 1.3 yr; n = 13). Muscle samples (lateral gastrocnemius) and insulin action [insulin sensitivity index (ISI), minimal model] were obtained in the sedentary condition and 48 h after the final training bout. GLUT-4 protein concentration increased (P < 0.001, 2,629 +/- 331 to 4,140 +/- 391 absorbance units/100 micrograms protein) with exercise training by 1.8-fold. ISI increased by twofold (P < 0.05, 2.1 +/- 0.5 to 3.4 +/- 0.7 SI x 10(5) min/pM) with training. The percentage of GLUT-4 rich type IIa muscle fibers increased by approximately 10% (P < 0.01), which may have contributed to the elevation in transporter protein. GLUT-4 concentration and citrate synthase activity (1.7-fold, P < 0.001) also increased by similar increments. These findings indicate that GLUT-4 protein concentration is elevated in middle-aged individuals with exercise training.
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Cadiz, Fabian, Alistair C. H. Rowe, and Daniel Paget. "Le spin des électrons se transporte-t-il comme leur charge ?" Reflets de la physique, no. 65 (April 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/refdp/202065006.
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Pour répondre aux besoins croissants de la microélectronique, il a été proposé de transmettre l’information par le spin de l’électron, cette variable quantique dont l’analogue classique est la rotation sur lui-même. Il serait naturel de penser que la charge de l’électron et son spin se transportent de manière identique, si l’on excepte la tendance de toute orientation de spin à disparaitre par relaxation. Et pourtant, plusieurs études fondamentales montrent que le spin peut se transporter de façon indépendante de l’électron qui le porte, et donc « vivre sa vie » comme une particule autonome. Cet article est consacré à ces résultats fortement contre-intuitifs.
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Nawaz, Muhammad Amjad, Farrukh Azeem, Alexander Mikhailovich Zakharenko, Xiao Lin, Rana Muhammad Atif, Faheem Shehzad Baloch, Ting-Fung Chan, et al. "In-silico Exploration of Channel Type and Efflux Silicon Transporters and Silicification Proteins in 80 Sequenced Viridiplantae Genomes." Plants 9, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111612.
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Silicon (Si) accumulation protects plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. It is transported and distributed within the plant body through a cooperative system of channel type (e.g., OsLsi1) and efflux (Lsi2s e.g., OsLsi2) Si transporters (SITs) that belong to Noduline-26 like intrinsic protein family of aquaporins and an uncharacterized anion transporter family, respectively. Si is deposited in plant tissues as phytoliths and the process is known as biosilicification but the knowledge about the proteins involved in this process is limited. In the present study, we explored channel type SITs and Lsi2s, and siliplant1 protein (Slp1) in 80 green plant species. We found 80 channel type SITs and 133 Lsi2s. The channel type SITs characterized by the presence of two NPA motifs, GSGR or STAR selectivity filter, and 108 amino acids between two NPA motifs were absent from Chlorophytes, while Streptophytes evolved two different types of channel type SITs with different selectivity filters. Both channel type SITs and Lsi2s evolved two types of gene structures each, however, Lsi2s are ancient and were also found in Chlorophyta. Homologs of Slp1 (225) were present in almost all Streptophytes regardless of their Si accumulation capacity. In Si accumulator plant species, the Slp1s were characterized by the presence of H, D-rich domain, P, K, E-rich domain, and P, T, Y-rich domain, while moderate Si accumulators lacked H, D-rich domain and P, T, Y-rich domains. The digital expression analysis and coexpression networks highlighted the role of channel type and Lsi2s, and how Slp1 homologs were ameliorating plants’ ability to withstand different stresses by co-expressing with genes related to structural integrity and signaling. Together, the in-silico exploration made in this study increases our knowledge of the process of biosilicification in plants.
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CZERNIAK, E., A. SPRIET, S. DURON, J.-B. . POHL, P. MAILLEUCHET, and M. MONTEIL. "Prise de risque au cours des évacuations aériennes médicalisées : influence de l’équipe médicale ? Enquête par questionnaire au sein de l’aéronautique d’État." Médecine et Armées Vol. 42 No. 2, Volume 42, Numéro 2 (April 1, 2014): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.6986.
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L’utilisation d’un vecteur aérien pour transporter un patient, un blessé, est aujourd’hui usuelle. La quasi-banalisation de cette mission ne doit pas dissimuler le risque qui en découle. Le but de cette étude est d’identifier si la présence à bord d’une équipe médicale ou d’un patient, un blessé peut conduire les équipages de conduite à prendre plus de risques. Un auto-questionnaire anonyme a dans ce sens été adressé à presque 900 pilotes et copilotes de l’aéronautique étatique (ministère de la Défense et ministère de l’Intérieur). Outre l’intérêt du personnel navigant concerné, cette étude a mis en évidence une influence de l’équipe médicale sur les décisions de l’équipage dans la conduite de la mission.
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He, Yifan, Qianqian Song, Yuefeng Wu, Shutao Ye, Shipin Chen, and Hui Chen. "TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Crucial Biological Pathways Involved in Self-Incompatibility Responses in Camellia oleifera." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 14, 2020): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21061987.
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Camellia oleifera is a valuable woody oil plant belonging to the Theaceae, Camellia oil extracted from the seed is an excellent edible oil source. Self-incompatibility (SI) in C. oleifera results in low fruit set, and our knowledge about the mechanism remains limited. In the present study, the Tandem mass tag (TMT) based quantitative proteomics was employed to analyze the dynamic change of proteins response to self- and cross-pollinated in C. oleifera. A total of 6,616 quantified proteins were detected, and differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) analysis identified a large number of proteins. Combined analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and DAPs of self- and cross-pollinated pistils based on transcriptome and proteome data revealed that several candidate genes or proteins involved in SI of C. oleifera, including polygalacturonase inhibitor, UDP-glycosyltransferase 92A1-like, beta-D-galactosidase, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, ABC transporter G family member 36-like, and flavonol synthase. Venn diagram analysis identified 11 proteins that may participate in pollen tube growth in C. oleifera. Our data also revealed that the abundance of proteins related to peroxisome was altered in responses to SI in C. oleifera. Moreover, the pathway of lipid metabolism-related, flavonoid biosynthesis and splicesome were reduced in self-pollinated pistils by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. In summary, the results of the present study lay the foundation for learning the regulatory mechanism underlying SI responses as well as provides valuable protein resources for the construction of self-compatibility C. oleifera through genetic engineering in the future.
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Feng, Guangyan, Pengqing Xiao, Xia Wang, Linkai Huang, Gang Nie, Zhou Li, Yan Peng, Dandan Li, and Xinquan Zhang. "Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis Uncovers Distinct Expression Patterns Associated with Early Salinity Stress in Annual Ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 3279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063279.
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Soil salination is likely to reduce crop production worldwide. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) is one of the most important forages cultivated in temperate and subtropical regions. We performed a time-course comparative transcriptome for salinity-sensitive (SS) and salinity-insensitive (SI) genotypes of the annual ryegrass at six intervals post-stress to describe the transcriptional changes and identify the core genes involved in the early responses to salt stress. Our study generated 215.18 Gb of clean data and identified 7642 DEGs in six pairwise comparisons between the SS and SI genotypes of annual ryegrass. Function enrichment of the DEGs indicated that the differences in lipid, vitamins, and carbohydrate metabolism are responsible for variation in salt tolerance of the SS and SI genotypes. Stage-specific profiles revealed novel regulation mechanisms in salinity stress sensing, phytohormones signaling transduction, and transcriptional regulation of the early salinity responses. High-affinity K+ (HAKs) and high-affinity K1 transporter (HKT1) play different roles in the ionic homeostasis of the two genotypes. Moreover, our results also revealed that transcription factors (TFs), such as WRKYs, ERFs, and MYBs, may have different functions during the early signaling sensing of salt stress, such as WRKYs, ERFs, and MYBs. Generally, our study provides insights into the mechanisms of the early salinity response in the annual ryegrass and accelerates the breeding of salt-tolerant forage.
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Lü, Yang, Wei-Jia Wu, Ming-Yu Zhu, Zi-Yi Rong, Tian-Zhi Zhang, Xin-Ping Tan, Ying He, et al. "Comparative Response of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi versus Endophytic Fungi in Tangor Citrus: Photosynthetic Efficiency and P-Acquisition Traits." Horticulturae 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020145.
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Citrus plants are prone to phosphorus (P) deficiency, especially in acidic soil, making them more dependent on root-associated endophytic fungi for growth and development. Beni-Madonna, a hybrid of Citrus nanko × C. amakusa, is a citrus known as “tangor” that is highly popular in China and other parts of the world due to its deep red color and jelly-like flesh. In this study, the inoculation response to two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Diversispora versiformis, Dv; Funneliformis mosseae, Fm) and an endophytic fungus (Serendipita indica, Si) with regard to the growth, leaf gas exchange, light energy efficiency, P levels, acid phosphatase activity, and expression of the purple acid phosphatase (PAP) and phosphate transporter (PT) genes through a potted experiment using Beni-Madonna (tangor) citrus plants grafted on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) was studied. Two years following inoculation, the root fungal colonization rates of inoculated plants were significantly increased, accompanied by an increase in plant height and stem diameter, with Si presenting the best effect. Fungal inoculations also significantly increased the leaf chlorophyll index, nitrogen-balance index, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthetic efficiency, and quantum yield of PSII, while it reduced photoinhibition and heat dissipation, with Si having the best effect on light energy efficiency. Si significantly increased leaf and root P levels, as well as root CsPAP1‒3, CsPT2, CsPT3, and CsPT7 expression and soil acid phosphatase activity; Fm in mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased leaf and root P levels, as well as root CsPT1 and CsPT7 expression and root/soil acid phosphatase activity. These observations suggested an advantage of Si over the other two AMF in terms of improved plant growth and P acquisition, while Fm displayed prominent effects on increased photosynthetic efficiency.
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Mitani-Ueno, Namiki, Naoki Yamaji, and Jian Feng Ma. "High Silicon Accumulation in the Shoot is Required for Down-Regulating the Expression of Si Transporter Genes in Rice." Plant and Cell Physiology 57, no. 12 (October 13, 2016): 2510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcw163.
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Khan, Taimoor, Saqib Bilal, Sajjad Asaf, Safiya Salim Alamri, Muhammad Imran, Abdul Latif Khan, Ahmed Al-Rawahi, In-Jung Lee, and Ahmed Al-Harrasi. "Silicon-Induced Tolerance against Arsenic Toxicity by Activating Physiological, Anatomical and Biochemical Regulation in Phoenix dactylifera (Date Palm)." Plants 11, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 2263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172263.
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Arsenic is a toxic metal abundantly present in agricultural, industrial, and pesticide effluents. To overcome arsenic toxicity and ensure safety for plant growth, silicon (Si) can play a significant role in its mitigation. Here, we aim to investigate the influence of silicon on date palm under arsenic toxicity by screening antioxidants accumulation, hormonal modulation, and the expression profile of abiotic stress-related genes. The results showed that arsenic exposure (As: 1.0 mM) significantly retarded growth attributes (shoot length, root length, fresh weight), reduced photosynthetic pigments, and raised reactive species levels. Contrarily, exogenous application of Si (Na2SiO3) to date palm roots strongly influenced stress mitigation by limiting the translocation of arsenic into roots and shoots as compared with the arsenic sole application. Furthermore, an enhanced accumulation of polyphenols (48%) and increased antioxidant activities (POD: 50%, PPO: 75%, GSH: 26.1%, CAT: 51%) resulted in a significant decrease in superoxide anion (O2•−: 58%) and lipid peroxidation (MDA: 1.7-fold), in silicon-treated plants, compared with control and arsenic-treated plants. The Si application also reduced the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA: 38%) under normal conditions, and salicylic acid (SA: 52%) and jasmonic acid levels (JA: 62%) under stress conditions as compared with control and arsenic. Interestingly, the genes; zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED-1) involved in ABA biosynthesis were upregulated by silicon under arsenic stress. Likewise, Si application also upregulated gene expression of plant plasma membrane ATPase (PMMA-4), aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT) responsible for maintaining cellular physiology, stomatal conductance, and short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) involved in nutrients translocation. Hence, the study demonstrates the remarkable role of silicon in supporting growth and inducing arsenic tolerance by increasing antioxidant activities and endogenous hormones in date palm. The outcomes of our study can be employed in further studies to better understand arsenic tolerance and decode mechanism.
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Oh, Han Sang, Sung-eun Lee, Chae-seong Han, Joon Kim, Onyou Nam, Seungbeom Seo, Kwang Suk Chang, EonSeon Jin, and Yong-sic Hwang. "Silicon transporter genes of Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Bacillariophyceae) are differentially expressed during the progression of cell cycle synchronized by Si or light." ALGAE 33, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2018.33.5.8.
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Ezeh, Uche, Ida Y.-D. Chen, Yen-Hao Chen, and Ricardo Azziz. "Adipocyte Insulin Resistance in PCOS: Relationship With GLUT-4 Expression and Whole-Body Glucose Disposal and β-Cell Function." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 7 (May 8, 2020): e2408-e2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa235.
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Abstract Context Impaired sensitivity to the antilipolytic action of insulin in adipose tissue (AT) may play a role in determining metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Objectives To test the hypothesis that insulin resistance (IR) in AT is associated with whole-body insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in PCOS. Research Design and Setting Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods Eighteen participants with PCOS and 18-matched control participants underwent a modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (mFSIVGTT); subgroups underwent single-slice computed tomography scans determining AT distribution and adipocyte glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) expression. Main Outcome Measures IR in AT in basal (by the adipose insulin resistance index [Adipo-IR]) and dynamic (mFSIVGTT-derived indices of insulin-mediated nonesterified fatty acids [NEFA] suppression [NEFAnadir, TIMEnadir, and %NEFAsupp]) states; whole-body insulin-mediated glucose uptake and insulin secretion in basal (by homeostatic model assessment [HOMA]-IR and HOMA-β%) and dynamic (mFSIVGTT-derived insulin sensitivity index [Si], acute insulin response to glucose [AIRg], and disposition index [Di]) states. Results Participants with PCOS had higher HOMA-IR and HOMA-β%, lower Si and Di, higher longer TIMEnadir, higher Adipo-IR and NEFAnadir, and a trend toward lower GLUT-4, than the control group participants. Adipo-IR was associated with dynamic state IR in AT (NEFAnadir TIMEnadir, and %NEFAsupp), but only in PCOS, and with HOMA-IR and HOMA-β% in both groups. NEFAnadir and TIMEnadir were negatively and %NEFAsupp positively associated with Si only in PCOS, but not with AIRg and Di, or GLUT-4 expression. Conclusion Women with PCOS demonstrated increased IR in AT, which is closely associated with whole-body IR but not with dynamic state β-cell function or adipocyte GLUT-4 gene expression.
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Agarwal, Nikita, Noa Khen, Nikolai Kolba, and Elad Tako. "Quinoa Fiber and Quercetin Alter the Composition and Function of the Cecal Microbiome and Improve Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Morphology In-Vivo (Gallus gallus)." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab037_002.
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Abstract Objectives Assessment and comparison of the effects of various concentrations of soluble extracts of quinoa fiber (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and quercetin-3-glucoside on the zinc and iron status, brush border membrane (BBM) functionality, intestinal morphology, and cecal bacterial populations in-vivo (Gallus gallus). Methods The study utilized Gallus gallus intra-amniotic feeding, a clinically validated method to assess the effects of quinoa, quercetin, and control using seven groups (no injection, 18 Ω H2O, 5% inulin, 1% quercetin 3-glucoside, 2.5% quinoa fiber, 5% quinoa fiber, 1% quercetin 3-glucoside + 5% quinoa fiber). Upon hatch, the cecum, duodenum, pectoral muscle, liver, and blood samples were collected for the estimation of the relative abundance of the gut microbiome, mRNA gene expression Zn and Fe-related transporter proteins and brush border membrane functionality and morphology, glycogen, relative expression of lipid-related genes and hemoglobin levels, respectively. Results The results demonstrated an increase (P < 0.05) in villi height, weight, and surface area in the groups administered with quercetin, and a dose-dependent increase was observed with quinoa soluble fiber treatment. Additionally, an increase in ferroportin and duodenal cytochrome B (DcytB) was observed in the group injected with both quinoa and quercetin. Similarly, zinc transporter 7 (ZnT7) and sucrose-isomaltase (SI) gene expression was upregulated in this group. Further, the administration of quinoa soluble fiber altered the composition and function of the cecal microbiome. Conclusions The evidence suggests that quinoa and quercetin have a synergistic effect, together they are found to improve BBM morphology and functionality, affect the intestinal microbiome, increase short-chain fatty acid production, and thereby improving mineral solubility. Quinoa fibers, a polyphenol-rich superfood, may help fight micronutrient deficiencies in target populations. Funding Sources N/A.
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Zhou, Xiaoming, Hong Wang, Nancy L. Koles, Aihong Zhang, and Naomi E. Aronson. "Leishmania infantum-chagasi activates SHP-1 and reduces NFAT5/TonEBP activity in the mouse kidney inner medulla." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 307, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): F516—F524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00006.2014.
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Visceral leishmaniasis patients have been reported to have a urine concentration defect. Concentration of urine by the renal inner medulla is essentially dependent on a transcription factor, NFAT5/TonEBP, because it activates expression of osmoprotective genes betaine/glycine transporter 1 (BGT1) and sodium/myo-inositol transporter (SMIT), and water channel aquaporin-2, all of which are imperative for concentrating urine. Leishmania parasites evade macrophage immune defenses by activating protein tyrosine phosphatases, among which SHP-1 is critical. We previously demonstrated that SHP-1 inhibits tonicity-dependent activation of NFAT5/TonEBP in HEK293 cells through screening a genome-wide small interfering (si) RNA library against phosphatases (Zhou X, Gallazzini M, Burg MB, Ferraris JD. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 7072–7077, 2010). We sought to examine whether Leishmania can activate SHP-1 and inhibit NFAT5/TonEBP activity in the renal inner medulla in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis by injection of female BALB/c mice with a single intravenous dose of 5 × 105 L. chagasi metacyclic promastigotes. We found that SHP-1 is expressed in the kidney inner medulla. L. chagasi activates SHP-1 with an increase in stimulatory phosphorylation of SHP-1-Y536 in the region. L. chagasi reduces expression of NFAT5/TonEBP mRNA and protein as well as expression of its targeted genes: BGT1, SMIT, and aquaporin-2. The culture supernatant from L. chagasi metacyclic promastigotes increases SHP-1 protein abundance and potently inhibits NFAT5 transcriptional activity in mIMCD3 cells. However, L. chagasi in our animal model has no significant effect on urinary concentration. We conclude that L. chagasi, most likely through its secreted virulence factors, activates SHP-1 and reduces NFAT5/TonEBP gene expression, which leads to reduced NFAT5/TonEBP transcriptional activity in the kidney inner medulla.
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Hu, Shengjie, Songyi Lin, Qi Feng, Xueqing He, Haowei Xu, Lei Chen, and Na Sun. "Iron Complexes with Antarctic Krill–Derived Peptides Show Superior Effectiveness to Their Original Protein–Iron Complexes in Mice with Iron Deficiency Anemia." Nutrients 15, no. 11 (May 28, 2023): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15112510.
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Antarctic krill protein–iron complex and peptide–iron complex were acquired to investigate their iron bioavailability, expression of iron-regulated genes, and in vivo antioxidant capacity. Results indicated that the Antarctic krill peptide–iron complex significantly increased the hemoglobin (Hb), serum iron (SI), and iron contents in the liver and spleen in iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) mice (p < 0.05) compared with those of the Antarctic krill protein–iron complex. Despite the gene expressions of the divalent metal transporter 1(DMT1), the transferrin (Tf), and the transferrin receptor (TfR) being better regulated by both Antarctic krill peptide–iron complex and protein–iron complex, the relative iron bioavailability of the Antarctic krill peptide–iron complex group (152.53 ± 21.05%) was significantly higher than that of the protein–iron complex group (112.75 ± 9.60%) (p < 0.05). Moreover, Antarctic krill peptide–iron complex could enhance the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduce the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in IDA mice compared with the protein–iron complex, and reduce the cell damage caused by IDA. Therefore, these results indicated that Antarctic krill peptide–iron complex could be used as a highly efficient and multifunctional iron supplement.
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Thamotharan, Shanthie, Nupur Raychaudhuri, Masatoshi Tomi, Bo-Chul Shin, and Sherin U. Devaskar. "Hypoxic adaptation engages the CBP/CREST-induced coactivator complex of Creb-HIF-1α in transactivating murine neuroblastic glucose transporter." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 304, no. 6 (March 15, 2013): E583—E598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2012.
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We have shown in vitro a hypoxia-induced time-dependent increase in facilitative glucose transporter isoform 3 (GLUT3) expression in N2A murine neuroblasts. This increase in GLUT3 expression is partially reliant on a transcriptional increase noted in actinomycin D and cycloheximide pretreatment experiments. Transient transfection assays in N2A neuroblasts using murine glut3-luciferase reporter constructs mapped the hypoxia-induced enhancer activities to −857- to −573-bp and −203- to −177-bp regions. Hypoxia-exposed N2A nuclear extracts demonstrated an increase in HIF-1α and p-Creb binding to HRE (−828 to −824 bp) and AP-1 (−187 to −180 bp) cis-elements, respectively, in electromobility shift and supershift assays, which was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In addition, the interaction of CBP with Creb and HIF-1α and CREST with CBP in hypoxia was detected by coimmunoprecipitation. Furthermore, small interference (si)RNA targeting Creb in these cells decreased endogenous Creb concentrations that reduced by twofold hypoxia-induced glut3 gene transcription. Thus, in N2A neuroblasts, phosphorylated HIF-1α and Creb mediated the hypoxia-induced increase in glut3 transcription. Coactivation by the Ca++-dependent CREST and CBP proteins may enhance cross-talk between p-Creb-AP-1 and HIF-1α/HRE of the glut3 gene. Collectively, these processes can facilitate an adaptive response to hypoxic energy depletion targeted at enhancing glucose transport and minimizing injury while fueling the proliferative potential of neuroblasts.
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Cornwell, Alex, Samantha Fedotova, Sara Cowan, and Alireza Badiei. "Cystathionine γ-lyase and hydrogen sulfide modulates glucose transporter Glut1 expression via NF-κB and PI3k/Akt in macrophages during inflammation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): e0278910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278910.
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Macrophages play a crucial role in inflammation, a defense mechanism of the innate immune system. Metabolic function powered by glucose transporter isoform 1 (Glut1) is necessary for macrophage activity during inflammation. The present study investigated the roles of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and its byproduct, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in macrophage glucose metabolism to explore the mechanism by which H2S acts as an inflammatory regulator in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS) induced macrophages. Our results demonstrated that LPS-treated macrophages increased Glut1 expression. LPS-induced Glut1 expression is regulated via nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and is associated with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase PI3k activation. Small interfering (si) RNA-mediated silencing of CSE decreased the LPS-induced NF-κB activation and Glut1 expression, suggesting a role for H2S in metabolic function in macrophages during pro-inflammatory response. Confoundingly, treatment with GYY4137, an H2S-donor molecule, also displayed inhibitory effects upon LPS-induced NF-κB activation and Glut1 expression. Moreover, GYY4137 treatment increased Akt activation, suggesting a role in promoting resolution of inflammation. Our study provides evidence that the source of H2S, either endogenous (via CSE) or exogenous (via GYY4137), supports or inhibits the LPS-induced NF-κB activity and Glut1 expression, respectively. Therefore, H2S may influence metabolic programming in immune cells to alter glucose substrate availability that impacts the immune response.
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Aoki, Kai, Takuji Suzuki, Fang Hui, Takuro Nakano, Koki Yanazawa, Masato Yonamine, Shinichiro Fujita, et al. "Acute Low-Intensity Treadmill Running Upregulates the Expression of Intestinal Glucose Transporters via GLP-2 in Mice." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051735.
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The effects of exercise on nutrient digestion and absorption in the intestinal tract are not well understood. A few studies have reported that exercise training increases the expression of molecules involved in carbohydrate digestion and absorption. Exercise was also shown to increase the blood concentration of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which regulates carbohydrate digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Therefore, we investigated the effects of exercise on the expression of molecules involved in intestinal digestion and absorption, including GLP-2. Six-week-old male mice were divided into a sedentary (SED) and low-intensity exercise (LEx) group. LEx mice were required to run on a treadmill (12.5 m/min, 1 h), whereas SED mice rested. All mice were euthanized 1 h after exercise or rest, and plasma, jejunum, ileum, and colon samples were collected, followed by analysis via IHC, EIA, and immunoblotting. The levels of plasma GLP-2 and the jejunum expression of the GLP-2 receptor, sucrase-isomaltase (SI), and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) were higher in LEx mice. Thus, we showed that acute low-intensity exercise affects the expression of molecules involved in intestinal carbohydrate digestion and absorption via GLP-2. Our results suggest that exercise might be beneficial for small intestine function in individuals with intestinal frailty.
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Premkumar, Albert, Muhammad Tariq Javed, Katharina Pawlowski, and Sylvia M. Lindberg. "Silicate Inhibits the Cytosolic Influx of Chloride in Protoplasts of Wheat and Affects the Chloride Transporters, TaCLC1 and TaNPF2.4/2.5." Plants 11, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11091162.
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Chloride is an essential nutrient for plants, but high concentrations can be harmful. Silicon ameliorates both abiotic and biotic stresses in plants, but it is unknown if it can prevent cellular increase of chloride. Therefore, we investigated the influx of Cl− ions in two wheat cultivars different in salt sensitivity, by epifluorescence microscopy and a highly Cl−-sensitive dye, MQAE, N-[ethoxycarbonylmethyl]-6-methoxy-quinolinium bromide, in absence and presence of potassium silicate, K2SiO3. The Cl−-influx was higher in the salt-sensitive cv. Vinjett, than in the salt-tolerant cv. S-24, and silicate pre-treatment of protoplasts inhibited the Cl−-influx in both cultivars, but more in the sensitive cv. Vinjett. To investigate if the Cl−-transporters TaCLC1 and TaNPF2.4/2.5 are affected by silicate, expression analyses by RT-qPCR were undertaken of TaCLC1 and TaNPF 2.4/2.5 transcripts in the absence and presence of 100 mM NaCl, with and without the presence of K2SiO3. The results show that both transporter genes were expressed in roots and shoots of wheat seedlings, but their expressions were differently affected by silicate. The TaNPF2.4/2.5 expression in leaves was markedly depressed by silicate. These findings demonstrate that less chloride accumulates in the cytosol of leaf mesophyll by Si treatment and increases salt tolerance.
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Kong, Weilong, Baoguang An, Yue Zhang, Jing Yang, Shuangmiao Li, Tong Sun, and Yangsheng Li. "Sugar Transporter Proteins (STPs) in Gramineae Crops: Comparative Analysis, Phylogeny, Evolution, and Expression Profiling." Cells 8, no. 6 (June 8, 2019): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8060560.
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Sugar transporter proteins (STPs), such as H+/sugar symporters, play essential roles in plants’ sugar transport, growth, and development, and possess an important potential to enhance plants’ performance of multiple agronomic traits, especially crop yield and stress tolerance. However, the evolutionary dynamics of this important gene family in Gramineae crops are still not well-documented and functional differentiation of rice STP genes remain unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a comparative genomic study of STP genes in seven representative Gramineae crops, which are Brachypodium distachyon (Bd), Hordeum vulgare (Hv), Setaria italica (Si), Sorghum bicolor (Sb), Zea mays (Zm), Oryza rufipogon (Or), and Oryza sativa ssp. japonica (Os). In this case, a total of 177 STP genes were identified and grouped into four clades. Of four clades, the Clade I, Clade III, and Clade IV showed an observable number expansion compared to Clade II. Our results of identified duplication events and divergence time of duplicate gene pairs indicated that tandem, Whole genome duplication (WGD)/segmental duplication events play crucial roles in the STP gene family expansion of some Gramineae crops (expect for Hv) during a long-term evolutionary process. However, expansion mechanisms of the STP gene family among the tested species were different. Further selective force studies revealed that the STP gene family in Gramineae crops was under purifying selective forces and different clades and orthologous groups with different selective forces. Furthermore, expression analysis showed that rice STP genes play important roles not only in flower organs development but also under various abiotic stresses (cold, high-temperature, and submergence stresses), blast infection, and wounding. The current study highlighted the expansion and evolutionary patterns of the STP gene family in Gramineae genomes and provided some important messages for the future functional analysis of Gramineae crop STP genes.
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Zhou, Mingao, Xiaoxiao Deng, Yifei Jiang, Guoning Zhou, and Jianmin Chen. "Genome-Wide Identification and an Evolution Analysis of Tonoplast Monosaccharide Transporter (TMT) Genes in Seven Gramineae Crops and Their Expression Profiling in Rice." Genes 14, no. 6 (May 24, 2023): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14061140.
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The tonoplast monosaccharide transporter (TMT) family plays essential roles in sugar transport and plant growth. However, there is limited knowledge about the evolutionary dynamics of this important gene family in important Gramineae crops and putative function of rice TMT genes under external stresses. Here, the gene structural characteristics, chromosomal location, evolutionary relationship, and expression patterns of TMT genes were analyzed at a genome-wide scale. We identified six, three, six, six, four, six, and four TMT genes, respectively, in Brachypodium distachyon (Bd), Hordeum vulgare (Hv), Oryza rufipogon (Or), Oryza sativa ssp. japonica (Os), Sorghum bicolor (Sb), Setaria italica (Si), and Zea mays (Zm). All TMT proteins were divided into three clades based on the phylogenetic tree, gene structures, and protein motifs. The transcriptome data and qRT-PCR experiments suggested that each clade members had different expression patterns in various tissues and multiple reproductive tissues. In addition, the microarray datasets of rice indicated that different rice subspecies responded differently to the same intensity of salt or heat stress. The Fst value results indicated that the TMT gene family in rice was under different selection pressures in the process of rice subspecies differentiation and later selection breeding. Our findings pave the way for further insights into the evolutionary patterns of the TMT gene family in the important Gramineae crops and provide important references for characterizing the functions of rice TMT genes.
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Zhong, Huailing, Kasper B. Hansen, Noel J. Boyle, Kiho Han, Galina Muske, Xinyan Huang, Jan Egebjerg, and Connie Sánchez. "An allosteric binding site at the human serotonin transporter mediates the inhibition of escitalopram by R-citalopram: Kinetic binding studies with the ALI/VFL–SI/TT mutant." Neuroscience Letters 462, no. 3 (September 2009): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.030.
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Yu, En, Naoki Yamaji, and Jian Feng Ma. "Altered Root Structure Affects Both Expression and Cellular Localization of Transporters for Mineral Element Uptake in Rice." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 3 (November 20, 2019): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz213.
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Abstract One of the most important roles of plant roots is to take up mineral elements for their growth. Although several genes involved in root growth have been identified, the association between root structure and mineral element uptake is less investigated. In this study, we isolated a rice mutant (dice1, defective in cell elongation 1) with short-root phenotype. This mutant was characterized by partial defect in the formation of root outer cell layers. Mapping of the responsible gene revealed that the short-root phenotype in the mutant was caused by a single-nucleotide substitution of a gene encoding a membrane-anchored endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (OsGlu3). The growth of both the roots and shoots was partially recovered with increasing strength of nutrient solution and glucose in the mutant. The mutant showed a decreased uptake (normalized by root dry weight) for Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, As and Ge but increased uptake for K and Ca. The expression level of some transporter genes including OsLsi1 and OsLsi2 for Si uptake and OsNramp5 for Mn uptake was significantly decreased in the mutant compared with the wild-type (WT) rice. Furthermore, the cellular localization of OsLsi1 was altered; OsLsi1 localized at the root exodermis of the WT rice was changed to be localized to other cell layers of the mutant roots. However, this localization became normal in the presence of exogenous glucose in the mutant. Our results indicate that a normal root structure is required for maintaining the expression and localization of transporters involved in the mineral element uptake.
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Thompson, Elizabeth M., Jennifer L. Sollinger, Emmanuel C. Opara, and Christopher A. Adin. "Selective Osmotic Shock for Islet Isolation in the Cadaveric Canine Pancreas." Cell Transplantation 27, no. 3 (March 2018): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689717752947.
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Currently, islet isolation is performed using harsh collagenases that cause nonspecific injury to both islets and exocrine tissue, negatively affecting the outcome of cell transplantation. We evaluated a novel islet isolation protocol utilizing high concentrations of glucose to cause selective osmotic shock (SOS). Islets have a membrane glucose transporter that allows adaptation to changes in glucose concentrations while exocrine tissue can be selectively destroyed by these osmolar shifts. Canine pancreata were obtained within 15 min after euthanasia from animals ( n = 6) euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. Each pancreas was divided into 4 segments that were randomized to receive 300 mOsm glucose for 20 min (group 1), 600 mOsm for 20 min (group 2), 300 mOsm for 40 min (group 3), or 600 mOsm for 40 min (group 4). Islet yield, purity, and viability were compared between groups. Mean ± standard error of the mean islet yield for groups 1 to 4 was 428 ± 159, 560 ± 257, 878 ± 443, and 990 ± 394 islet equivalents per gram, respectively. Purity ranged from 37% to 45% without the use of density gradient centrifugation and was not significantly different between groups. Islet cell viability was excellent overall (89%) and did not differ between treatment protocol. Islet function was best in groups treated with 300 mOsm of glucose (stimulation index [SI] = 3.3), suggesting that the lower concentration of glucose may be preferred for use in canine islet isolation. SOS provides a widely available means for researchers to isolate canine islets for use in islet transplantation or in studies of canine islet physiology.