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Journal articles on the topic 'Shunt capacitor Banks'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Rajabali Pour, Mohsen, and Mohammad Azimian. "Analysis of high voltage shunt capacitor bank over-voltage breakdown detection." Future Energy 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2022): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fuen.1.1.11.

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The traditional over-voltage breakdown detection method ignores the suppression of the inrush current of over-voltage breakdown, resulting in low over-voltage signal detection accuracy and a large detection deviation. As a result, a method is proposed for detecting and analyzing the ageing over-voltage breakdown of high voltage shunt capacitor banks. The breakdown model of aged components of the container group is built to determine the breakdown time of the container's overvoltage. Based on this, the annual load of the capacitor bank's aged component material is evaluated, and data on over-voltage breakdown strength is collected. The Mallet algorithm is used to decompose and convert strength data into electrical signals. The high voltage shunt capacitor's over-voltage breakdown inrush current suppressor is built by combining the second-order under damping circuit and the voltage divider. Based on this, the parameters of HV shunt capacitor overvoltage breakdown are obtained, and the detection of HV shunt capacitor overvoltage breakdown of aged HV shunt capacitor banks is completed. The simulation results show that the proposed detection method's over-voltage breakdown output is in perfect agreement with the monitoring device's actual output and has ideal application performance.

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2

Lin, Yifeng, Jingfu Gan, and Zengping Wang. "On-Line Monitoring of Shunt Capacitor Bank Based on Relay Protection Device." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041615.

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In modern power systems, the installation of a shunt capacitor bank is one of the cheapest and most widely used methods for improving the voltage profile. One shunt capacitor bank is composed of mass capacitor units and have ground, ungrounded, delta, wye connections that make configuration of capacitor banks is various. In the case of long-term operation, the failure of a single capacitor unit of a capacitor bank is likely to cause uneven voltage, which will lead to the breakdown and burning of the whole group, resulting in huge losses. The relay protection device can detect the simultaneous voltage and current of the capacitor. By utilizing these data from the relay, the abnormal state of the shunt capacitor banks at the initial stage of the fault can be found through monitoring the slight change in capacitance. Timely and early maintenance and repair would avoid capacitor bank faults and potentially greater economic losses. Capacitor banks have different connection modes. For ungrounded wye-connected capacitor banks with an unknown neutral point voltage, the capacitance parameters of each branch cannot be calculated. A parameter symmetry based on the calculation method for capacitor parameters is proposed. For long-term monitoring and observation of the capacitor capacitance value, the fault state and abnormal state of the capacitor are identified based on statistical methods. The simulation established by PSCAD verified that a relay protection device can realized an effective monitoring of the early abnormal state of the capacitor bank.

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3

Uchendu, Moses. "Placement of Distributed Generation and Shunt Capacitor in Distribution Network using Cuckoo Search Algorithm." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 17, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v17i2.2.

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This work aims at reduction in active and reactive power loss reduction in distribution networks as well as to improve the voltage stability of the networks. Optimum Distributed Generation (DG) placement and sizing is carried out in conjunction with shunt capacitor placement and sizing to determine the appropriate sizes of DG units and Capacitor banks to be placed in the networks so as not to violate certain constraints. The optimal sizes of the DG units and capacitor banks were obtained on application of a Cuckoo Search Optimization Algorithm while computations for Voltage stability was performed using the Voltage Stability Index (VSI). The obtained optimal sizes of DG units and Capacitors were individually and simultaneously placed on the distribution networks to ascertain the behaviour of the networks prior to and after their placements. The performance factors considered are power loss and voltage stability. A comparison of these performance factors under separate and simultaneous placement method was demonstrated using IEEE 33 and 69 test buses. Result show that power loss (active and reactive) reduced by 63.29% and 59.38% respectively for 33 bus system, with a 74.29% and 79.19% reduction on 69 bus system. Voltage stability also increased by 7.89% and 3.79% respectively for 33 and 69 bus system relative to values obtained for base case and separate DG and shunt capacitor placement. Keywords: Distributed generation, shunt capacitor, Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA), power loss and voltage stability.

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4

van der Sluis, L., and A. L. J. Janssen. "Clearing faults near shunt capacitor banks." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 5, no. 3 (July 1990): 1346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.57976.

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5

Xiong, Xiao Ping, Jing Jie Hu, and Qiang Fu. "Analysis on Unbalance Protection of SCB." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.1423.

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Shunt capacitor is a main measure to reactive power compensation of power system, which has the advantages of flexibility and economy. In order to guarantee the safety of shunt capacitor, the methods for protecting against over-voltage, under-voltage, over-current and unbalance in circuits according to the different operation modes are used. This paper in detail introduces unbalance protection ways under different connection modes of capacitor group. It is analyzed and calculated that the unbalanced current and voltage with the effects of fault capacitor units, components and fuses on capacitor bank as well through a case of unbalance computation of shunt capacitor banks (SCB) of ungrounded single star with external fuse. It is indicated by PSCAD simulation analysis that the result of theory calculation is the same as the simulation, which provides theory basis of setting the tripping point and alarm point of relay protection.

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6

Wang, Yong Yuan, Sheng Hui Liu, Wen Ze Liu, and Ke Ying Wang. "Restrike Modeling of Vacuum Circuit Breaker Switching Off Shunt Capacitor Banks with EMTP." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 2287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.2287.

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The shunt power capacitors are used as a reactive compensator while vacuum circuit breakers are used to switch shunt capacitors in power grid. To research the high over-voltage during switching off the shunt capacitors and a vacuum circuit beaker restriked, the restriking model is built with three-phase vacuum circuit breakers, considering the capacitors’ energy storage characteristic and asynchronous operating. The over-voltage is harmful to the insulation and life-circle of the equipments and even threatens power system safe and stabile operation. The variation trends of both recovery voltage between the contacts and the capacitors voltage are theoretically deduced. The model based on a 220kV substation of Guangdong grid was built and the most serious case that breakers are restriked in two phases are numbered with EMTP. Compared with theoretical results, simulation results are valid and practical.

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7

Mquqwana, Manduleli Alfred, and Senthil Krishnamurthy. "System-Based Testing of Protection for Center-Tapped Shunt Capacitor Banks." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 3791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103791.

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In power systems, capacitor banks play a significant role in improving voltage profiles, reducing losses, and adjusting power factors. Security measures must be implemented quickly and reliably to protect them from a wide range of threats. As a consequence of capacitor bank failures, finding and fixing the damaged units/elements is more difficult, which may lead to voltage control difficulties or the loss of any of these benefits. The paper shows the application of system-based testing methods for protection systems using RelaySimTest software, which works with OMICRON injection test sets. System-based testing methods are applied to test voltage differential protection for center-tapped shunt capacitor banks. The use of system-based testing methods has many advantages over conventional testing methods, which include distributed testing, transient state conditions testing, etc., which in turn result in cost savings during the commissioning and testing phase. The impact of external faults on bank installation has been tested successfully.

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8

Ebrahimi Moghadam, Majid, Hamid Falaghi, and Mahdi Farhadi. "A Novel Method of Optimal Capacitor Placement in the Presence of Harmonics for Power Distribution Network Using NSGA-II Multi-Objective Genetic Optimization Algorithm." Mathematical and Computational Applications 25, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mca25010017.

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One of the effective ways of reducing power system losses is local compensation of part of the reactive power consumption by deploying shunt capacitor banks. Since the capacitor’s impedance is frequency-dependent and it is possible to generate resonances at harmonic frequencies, it is important to provide an efficient method for the placement of capacitor banks in the presence of nonlinear loads which are the main cause of harmonic generation. This paper proposes a solution for a multi-objective optimization problem to address the optimal placement of capacitor banks in the presence of nonlinear loads, and it establishes a reasonable reconciliation between costs, along with improvement of harmonic distortion and a voltage index. In this paper, while using the harmonic power flow method to calculate the electrical quantities of the grid in terms of harmonic effects, the non-dominated sorting genetic (NSGA)-II multi-objective genetic optimization algorithm was used to obtain a set of solutions named the Pareto front for the problem. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the problem was tested for an IEEE 18-bus system. The results were compared with the methods used in eight other studies. The simulation results show the considerable efficiency and superiority of the proposed flexible method over other methods.

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9

Sun, Qiuye, Jianguo Zhou, Xinrui Liu, and Jun Yang. "A Novel Load-Balancing Method and Device by Intelligent Grouping Compound Switches-Based Capacitor Banks Shunt Compensation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/347361.

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A novel compensator topology is proposed for three-phase unbalanced loads in the distribution networks. The negative and zero sequence compensation networks are proposed using delta-connected and star-connected capacitor banks. The compensation networks are paralleled with the unbalanced load to achieve a perfect balancing of active power and a complete compensation of reactive power of the unbalanced load. Intelligent grouping compound switches are implemented to control the capacitors, where, therefore, each capacitor can be switched between phases or phase and ground. Wireless sensors are also applied to acquire the load quantities. The compensation method proposed is based on symmetrical component theory. In addition, the load compensation based on instantaneous symmetrical component theory with positive sequence online extraction is proposed under unbalanced and distorted source voltages. The proposed load-balancing method and device are applied to Liaoning, Neimenggu, and Jilin provinces. The application results are provided to validate the performance of the proposed compensator topology and compensation method.

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10

Dovgun, V. P., D. E. Egorov, V. V. Novikov, and A. F. Sinjagovsky. "Shunt power factor correction devices for damping of harmonic resonance in industrial power systems." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 24, no. 4 (August 17, 2022): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2022-24-4-77-89.

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THE PURPOSE. Harmonic resonance has become a serious problem of shunt capacitor banks for reactive power and voltage support. Effective solution to damp out the capacitor-caused resonance is the series connection of capacitor bank with harmonic damping network. This paper presents a general design method for shunt capacitive compensating units with damping networks. The damping unit is designed in such a way that it provides harmonic filtering and adequate damping of the transient oscillations. METHODS. The method was developed for designing damping network in the form of ladder LC-two-port. The design is based on minimization of voltage total harmonic distortion (VTHD) in the point of common coupling. Normalized element parameters of the different order damping networks have been determined. RESULTS. Comparative study of transient behavior of shunt capacitive compensating units with damping networks illustrate the effectiveness of the propose structure. It has been observed that there is a significant reduction of transient overvoltage in switching of capacitor bank with damping network. CONCLUSION. This paper presents a new design method for capacitive compensating units with damping networks for industrial power systems with powerful nonlinear loads. The paper illustrates superior performance characteristics of proposed shunt capacitive compensating units by computer simulations.

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11

Trujillo, Camilo. "Power Shunt Capacitor Bank Management Model Based on Life Expectancy and Risk Overtime." Transactions on Energy Systems and Engineering Applications 3, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32397/tesea.vol3.n1.1.

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In this paper is presented a model to assess shunt power capacitor banks. The model seeks to support decision making by optimizing incomes and considering risk. Hence, to model incomes the revenue, maintenance cost, electrical losses, dismantling cost and risk are considered. The risk is monetized as a critical cost times probability of failure. Probability of failure is estimated using shunt bank degradation. To assess the model, the data of an operating shunt bank was used and the Colombian regulation was assumed for financial values. As a result, different maintenance strategies was evaluated in order to know the optimum one.

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12

Jouybari-Moghaddam, H., Tarlochan S. Sidhu, Mohammad R. Dadash Zadeh, and Palak P. Parikh. "Enhanced Fault-Location Scheme for Double Wye Shunt Capacitor Banks." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 32, no. 4 (August 2017): 1872–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2016.2583381.

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13

Horton, R., T. Warren, K. Fender, S. Harry, and C. A. Gross. "Unbalance protection of fuseless, split-wye, grounded, shunt capacitor banks." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 17, no. 3 (July 2002): 698–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2002.1022789.

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14

Horton, R., T. Warren, K. Fender, S. Harry, and C. A. Gross. "Unbalance Protection of Fuseless, Split-Wye, Grounded, Shunt Capacitor Banks." IEEE Power Engineering Review 22, no. 2 (February 2002): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2002.4312012.

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15

Jouybari-Moghaddam, Hessamoddin, Tarlochan S. Sidhu, Mohammad R. Dadash Zadeh, and Palak P. Parikh. "Shunt Capacitor Banks Online Monitoring Using a Superimposed Reactance Method." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9, no. 6 (November 2018): 5554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2690643.

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16

Rachmildha, Tri Desmana. "Optimized Combined System of Shunt Active Power Filters and Capacitor Banks." International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15676/ijeei.2011.3.3.5.

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17

Santos, H. L., J. O. S. Paulino, W. C. Boaventura, L. M. R. Baccarini, and M. L. Murta. "Harmonic Distortion Influence on Grounded Wye Shunt Capacitor Banks Protection: Experimental Results." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 28, no. 3 (July 2013): 1289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2013.2253805.

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18

Furumasu, B. C., and R. M. Hasibar. "Design and installation of 500 V back-to-back shunt capacitor banks." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 7, no. 2 (April 1992): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.127046.

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19

Gouaidia, Said. "Control of over currents and over voltages of the shunt capacitor banks." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 4 (April 7, 2023): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2023.04.47.

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20

Fan, Cai Jie, Qiong Lin Li, Shu Ming Liu, Yong Hai Xu, and Shuo Wang. "Series Reactance Rate Design of Shunt Capacitor with the Current-Limiting Reactor in Consideration Based on Particle Swarm Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2228.

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Combined with the actual situation of transformer substation, PSO model is built to optimize the shunt capacitor series reactance rate in this paper. First, system harmonic impedance is analyzed and the harmonic impedance model is built. Second, the objective function and constraints of the optimization algorithm were set. The goal is to make the current distortion rate of high side smallest under the condition of the capacitor banks working safely, the output results will be the optimal allocation of the series reactance rate. Current-limiting reactor was also considered the influence to the design of series reactance rate. At last, testify the effectiveness with comparing the effect to the traditional way of designing the series reactance rate and prove the significant influence of the current-limiting reactor.

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21

Goodarzi, Ali, Mehdi Allahbakhshi, Mohsen Tajdinian, and Marjan Popov. "Multi-criteria protection scheme for online element failure detection in shunt capacitor banks." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 14, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 4152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0347.

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22

Bastos, Alvaro Furlani, and Surya Santoso. "Condition Monitoring of Circuit Switchers for Shunt Capacitor Banks Through Power Quality Data." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 34, no. 4 (August 2019): 1499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2019.2908336.

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23

Wu, Guoxing, Jingzhuo Zhang, Peng Wang, Weixing Liao, Xinchi Ji, and Zhenyu Lai. "Application Research of 35kv Switching Shunt Capacitor Banks with Phase-Controlled Circuit Breakers." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 486 (July 10, 2019): 012124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/486/1/012124.

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24

Mohamed, Mohamed Abd-El-Hakeem, Ziad M. Ali, Mahrous Ahmed, and Saad F. Al-Gahtani. "Energy Saving Maximization of Balanced and Unbalanced Distribution Power Systems via Network Reconfiguration and Optimum Capacitor Allocation Using a Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithm." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 3205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113205.

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The main aim of this work was the maximization of the energy saving of balanced and unbalanced distribution power systems via system reconfiguration and the optimum capacitor’s bank choice, which were estimated by using a new algorithm: modified Tabu search and Harper sphere search (MTS-HSSA). The results demonstrated that the proposed method is appropriate for energy saving and improving performance compared with other methods reported in the literature for IEEE 33-bus adopted systems, including large scale systems such as IEEE 119 and the IEEE 123 unbalanced distribution system. Moreover, it can be used for unbalanced distribution systems distributed generators (DGs). The results demonstrated that the proposed method (the optimal choice of shunt capacitor (SC) banks and the optimal reconfiguration via the proposed algorithm) is appropriate for energy saving compared with different strategies for energy saving, which included distributed generation (DG) at different cost levels.

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25

Salkuti, Surender Reddy. "Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation, Capacitor Banks and D-STATCOM in Distribution Systems." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2022): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2022.7.5.039.

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This paper demonstrates the problem of simultaneous optimal allocation of distributed generations (DGs), shunt capacitor banks (CBs), and distribution FACTSs based D-STATCOMs in distribution network for the improvement of the entire system performance. Here, two objectives, total power loss minimization, and overall voltage stability index (VSI) maximization are considered. In general, minimization of power loss is the primary objective, and VSI is considered for improved voltage stability. VSI must be positive to obtain a stable operation and a higher VSI value represents better stability of the RDS. These objectives are solved subject to constraints related to power balance, DGs, CBs, D-STATCOM powers, bus voltages, and VSI. Here, single objective problem is solved using Particle swarm optimization (PSO), and the multi-objective problem is solved using multi-objective PSO (MO-PSO). Standard 33 bus RDS is considered for solving this problem. The results obtained show that proposed optimization has improved the voltage profile and overall VSI of the RDS and minimized the system power losses.

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26

Nam, Soon-Ryul, Sang-Hee Kang, and Jong-Keun Park. "Accurate phasor measurement for transmission line protection in the presence of shunt capacitor banks." Electric Power Systems Research 77, no. 12 (October 2007): 1646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2006.11.008.

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27

Sarkar, Parna, Arijit Baral, Konika Das (Bhatacharya), and Prasid Syam. "An ant colony system based control of shunt capacitor banks for bulk electricity consumers." Applied Soft Computing 43 (June 2016): 520–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2016.02.032.

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28

Siva Reddy, K. V., SK Moulali, K. Harinadha Reddy, Ch Rami Reddy, B. V. RajannaRajanna, G. Venkateswarlu, and Ch Amarendra. "Resonance Propagation and Elimination in Integrated and Islanded Microgrids." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i3.pp1445-1456.

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In this paper, a micro grid resonance propagation model is investigated. To actively mitigate the resonance using DG units, an enhanced DG unit control scheme that uses the concept of virtual impedance is proposed. It can be seen that a conventional voltage-controlled DG unit with an LC filter has a short-circuit feature at the chosen harmonic frequencies, whereas a current-controlled DG unit presents an open-circuit characteristic. The application of underground cables and shunt capacitor banks may introduce power distribution system resonances. This paper additionally focuses on developing a voltage-controlled DG unit-based active harmonic damping technique for grid-connected and islanding micro grid systems. An improved virtual impedance control method with a virtual damping resistor and a nonlinear virtual capacitor is proposed. The nonlinear virtual capacitor is used to compensate the harmonic dip on the grid-side inductor of a DG unit LCL filter. The virtual resistance is principally answerable for micro grid resonance damping. The effectiveness of the proposed damping method is examined using each a single DG unit and multiple parallel DG units<strong>.</strong>

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29

Medina-Gaitán, Daniel Federico A., Ian Dwrley Rozo-Rodriguez, and Oscar Danilo Montoya. "Optimal Phase-Balancing in Three-Phase Distribution Networks Considering Shunt Reactive Power Compensation with Fixed-Step Capacitor Banks." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010366.

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The black hole optimization (BHO) method is applied in this research to solve the problem of the optimal reactive power compensation with fixed-step capacitor banks in three-phase networks considering the phase-balancing problem simultaneously. A master–slave optimization approach based on the BHO in the master stage considers a discrete codification and the successive approximation power flow method in the slave stage. Two different evaluations are proposed to measure the impact of the shunt reactive power compensation and the phase-balancing strategies. These evaluations include a cascade solution methodology (CSM) approach and a simultaneous solution methodology (SSM). The CSM approach solves the phase-balancing problem in the first stage. This solution is implemented in the distribution network to determine the fixed-step capacitor banks installed in the second stage. In the SSM, both problems are solved using a unique codification vector. Numerical results in the IEEE 8- and IEEE 27-bus systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution methodology, where the SSM presents the better numerical results in both test feeders with reductions of about 32.27% and 33.52%, respectively, when compared with the CSM. To validate all the numerical achievements in the MATLAB programming environment, the DIgSILENT software was used for making cross-validations. Note that the selection of the DIgISLENT software is based on its wide recognition in the scientific literature and industry for making quasi-experimental validations as a previous stage to the physical implementation of any grid intervention in power and distribution networks.

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30

Dixit, Mukul, Prasanta Kundu, and Hitesh R. Jariwala. "Optimal integration of shunt capacitor banks in distribution networks for assessment of techno-economic asset." Computers & Electrical Engineering 71 (October 2018): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.07.014.

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31

Taylor, C. W., and A. L. Van Leuven. "CAPS: improving power system stability using the time-overvoltage capability of large shunt capacitor banks." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 11, no. 2 (April 1996): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.489335.

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32

Hosseinzadehdehkordi, Rashid, Mohammad Eskandari nasab, Hossein Shayeghi, Mohammad Karimi, and Payam Farhadi. "Optimal sizing and siting of shunt capacitor banks by a new improved differential evolutionary algorithm." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 24, no. 8 (June 1, 2013): 1089–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.1762.

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33

Sima, Wenxia, Mi Zou, Qing Yang, Ming Yang, and Licheng Li. "Field Experiments on 10 kV Switching Shunt Capacitor Banks Using Ordinary and Phase-Controlled Vacuum Circuit Breakers." Energies 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en9020088.

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34

Goodarzi, Ali, and Mehdi Allahbakhshi. "Online condition monitoring algorithm for element failure detection and fault location in double wye shunt capacitor banks." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 137 (May 2022): 107864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107864.

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35

Ahmed, Faraz. "Integration of Distributed Generators and Shunt Capacitor Banks to Minimize Power Loss and Enhance Voltage Stability Index." Sukkur IBA Journal of Educational Sciences and Technologies 3, no. 1 (June 7, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjest.v3i1.1122.

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A substantial quantity of real power loss is accounted for the distribution system due to its radial nature. Efficient and secure operation of a distribution system, it is necessary to minimize the active power loss and the system’s voltage stability index (VSI). Power loss and VSI in the distribution system can be minimized with the optimal integration of distributed genera

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36

Shernazarov, S. "EFFECT OF IN T OF INTERMEDI TERMEDIATE CONNEC TE CONNECTIONS ON THE TIONS ON THE GENERATOR`S ST OR`S STATIC STABILITY." Technical science and innovation 2019, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.18.2.-77-0015.

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This article provides the influence of the active, inductive capacitive load on the static stability of synchronous generators and compiled the angular characteristics of the generator power at various loads. When a resistive load is connected, an intermediate power extraction of Pr (δ) occurs. It can be defined as the difference Rg (δ) – Ph (δ) = Pr (δ), depending on the angle δ. The presence of this selection leads to an increase in the ultimate in static stability generator power. However, this reduces the possibility of transmitting power to the receiving system. Therefore, we can talk about the ambiguous (positive or negative) effect of the intermediate active load on the static stability of the generator of a single-machine power system. The reactors are connected tightly or through switches at the end points of power transmission lines with a length of over 300 km to prevent over voltages during switching to compensate for the excess reactive power generated by power lines. Capacitor batteries (CB) are sometimes installed and connected at intermediate points of power lines in order to maintain normal voltage levels when transmitting high power fluxes. It should be noted that the conclusions regarding the effect of shunt reactors and capacitor banks on static stability apply to complex power systems

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37

Velamuri, Suresh, Suresh Kumar Sudabattula, and Kowsalya M. "Simultaneous Allocation of Multiple Distributed Generators and Shunt Capacitor Banks in Radial Distribution Systems using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm." International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 16, no. 5 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetp.2020.10027030.

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38

Sudabattula, Suresh Kumar, M. Kowsalya, and Velamuri Suresh. "Simultaneous allocation of multiple distributed generators and shunt capacitor banks in radial distribution systems using grasshopper optimisation algorithm." International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 16, no. 5/6 (2020): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetp.2020.109315.

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39

Al Mamari, Adnan Saif, Siti Fauziah Toha, Salmiah Ahmad, and Ali Salim Al Mamari. "Particle swarm optimisation for reactive power compensation on Oman 6 bus electrical grid." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1912. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1912-1918.

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<span lang="EN-US">The consistent problem with operators and planners for power systems has been related to minimizing transmission losses. An important role is played by reactive power by keeping voltage stability and reliability in the system in order to support the transfer of real power. The optimal reactive power dispatch is associated with the problem of non-linear optimization along with many constraints. In this paper, a study is highlighted for an algorithm that optimizes reactive power with the help of particle swarm algorithm and compare the result with Newton-Raphson method. Reduction of system active power loss is the goal of the function in the projected algorithm. Here, the control variables identified are transformer tap positions, generator bus voltages, and shunt capacitor banks with switch. This projected algorithm is performed on Oman 6 bus electrical grid as oman electricity transmission company has an instability voltage issue in chosen 6 bus.</span>

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Tolba, Mohamed, Hegazy Rezk, Ahmed A. Zaki Diab, and Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah. "A Novel Robust Methodology Based Salp Swarm Algorithm for Allocation and Capacity of Renewable Distributed Generators on Distribution Grids." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 2556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102556.

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A novel methodology based on the recent metaheuristic optimization algorithm Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) for locating and optimal sizing of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) and shunt capacitor banks (SCBs) on radial distribution networks (RDNs) is proposed. A multi-objective function index (MOFI) approach is used for assuring the power quality (PQ) through enhancing the voltage level in addition to minimizing the power losses of the system and the whole operating cost of the grid. The proposed methodology is tested via 33-Bus standard radial distribution networks at different scenarios to prove their validity and performance. The obtained results are compared with the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), and the hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSOGSA). The SSA optimizer proved its superiority with high attitude and accuracy for solving the problems of RDGs’ and SCBs’ locations and capacities simultaneously. An Egyptian practical case study at different load levels via different scenarios including the control operation within 24 h is considered.

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Mounika, G. "Closed Loop Reactive Power Compensation on a Single-Phase Transmission Line." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 2149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35486.

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Nowadays the power consumption is increasing significantly. Due to this, the transmission lines are heavily loaded and in turn results in instability of the line. So orderly transmission of power is essential. For the proper operation of the load the voltage has to be maintained within the acceptable limit. Due to the changes in load, the voltage level of the line also changes. The voltage levels can be improved by using the reactive power compensator like capacitor banks, series compensator, STAT COM and svc. Here, we considered the SVC as reactive power compensator. This paper presents the reactive power compensation for a 230v transmission line model with variable inductive load using SVC and designed in Simulink. Here we considered the SVC model which contains of anti-thyristors in series to the inductor and a shunt capacitor. The required reactance is fed from the inductor to the transmission line by changing the gate triggering pulse to the thyristor pair. So, the main disadvantage of the open loop var compensation using svc is the triggering to the thyristor pair has to be changed every time depending on the load. This can overcome by implementing it using the feedback loop. Here for the feedback, we used the PI controller. under The PI controller gives the required gating pulse to the thyristor pair. The performance of this model is studied variable load conditions.

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Chang, Gary W., Wen-Chang Chang, Ching-Sheng Chuang, and Dong-Yeen Shih. "Fuzzy Logic and Immune-Based Algorithm for Placement and Sizing of Shunt Capacitor Banks in a Distorted Power Network." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 26, no. 4 (October 2011): 2145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2011.2167246.

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Patcharoen, Theerasak, and Atthapol Ngaopitakkul. "Transient Inrush and Fault Current Signal Extraction Using Discrete Wavelet Transform for Detection and Classification in Shunt Capacitor Banks." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 56, no. 2 (March 2020): 1226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2019.2963251.

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Masoum, M. A. S., M. Ladjevardi, E. F. Fuchs, and W. M. Grady. "Application of local variations and maximum sensitivities selection for optimal placement of shunt capacitor banks under nonsinusoidal operating conditions." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 26, no. 10 (December 2004): 761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2004.05.008.

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Balu, Korra, and Vivekananda Mukherjee. "Siting and Sizing of Distributed Generation and Shunt Capacitor Banks in Radial Distribution System Using Constriction Factor Particle Swarm Optimization." Electric Power Components and Systems 48, no. 6-7 (April 20, 2020): 697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2020.1797935.

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Zeinalzadeh, Arash, Younes Mohammadi, and Mohammad H. Moradi. "Optimal multi objective placement and sizing of multiple DGs and shunt capacitor banks simultaneously considering load uncertainty via MOPSO approach." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 67 (May 2015): 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.12.010.

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Sokolov, Denis, and Alexander Agunov. "THE ANALYSIS OF POWER LOSS IN THE CATENARY SYSTEM UNDER SHUNT CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 4 (December 17, 2017): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2017-4-199-207.

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Objective: To analyze the loss of power in cable wires of the railroad alternate current catenary system both in the presence and in the absence of equalizing gear in the middle of inter-substation zone, taking into account train traffic. Methods: Passing of one train and two others following each other along the inter substation zone was considered. The comparison of power losses in cable wires of the catenary system was conducted both in the presence and in the absence of equalizing gear. The difference of losses was determined. The simulation of one train passing along the inter-substation zone was fulfilled in the environment of MATLAB-Simulink. Results: It was shown, that the average values of power losses in cable wires of the catenary system were equal with one train passing along the inter substation zone both in the presence and in the absence of equalizing gear. In case of two trains passing along the inter substation zone, following each other with equalizing gear capacity, selected by the average idle current of one train, the losses of power in cable wires of the catenary system decreased with equalizing gear installation, however, in that case, reactive power was partially compensated. The simulation of one train passing along the inter-substation zone in the environment of MATLAB-Simulink, taking into account power losses in the catenary system and railroad substations resistance, substantiates the assumptions taken in the analytical estimation. Practical importance: Despite the fact, that active development of filter compensating devices is conducted in the sphere of reactive power compensation on the railroad transport, capacitor banks are still used on alternate current railroads. The given study is aimed at the improvement of the current procedure of selecting optimum power of equalizing gears.

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Tamura, Y., Y. Tayama, K. Sakamoto, Y. Nakanishi, and S. Yokokawa. "Possibility of Jump Phenomena from Operable Load Flow Solution to Nonoperable Solution by the Impact of Switching-in of Shunt Capacitor Banks." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 9 (August 1989): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)53300-5.

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Simões Louzeiro, Rennivan, Livia Da Silva Oliveira, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Roger Santos Koga. "Study and Simulation of Voltage Profile Recovery on a 200 km Transmission Line Using Shunt Static Var Compensator (SVC)." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 1038–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1965.

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This article aims to clarify how Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) technology, for static operating devices, conditioned on application to long-distance transmission lines can solve problems related to voltage drop on paths known as “weak zones” of the power transmission system. Some technical aspects of the construction of the SVC Static Reactive Compensator in conjunction with thyristor switching devices such as TCR and TSC are described. The proposed scenario is similar to the Brazilian interconnected system, where much of the generator park is hundreds of miles from the country's major consumer centers, leading to the structure of this system longer transmission lines and consequently greater losses in the transmission paths. For the proposed simulations the MATLAB Simulink ® environment was used considering different voltage unbalance operating ranges caused by three-phase faults in the transmission lines. The conclusions show that the distance from the lines to the load has a great influence on the oscillatory effects of voltage, and the fact that the “loading” transmission lines can compensate for much of the path by generating wars through the circuit's natural capacitance. The allocation of capacitor and shunt reactor banks is a reliable option for the transmission system and can act as a support mechanism for voltage control maneuvers to circumvent abrupt changes in reactive demand. From the simulations output comparison, the transient effects showed greater stability in the voltage signal recovery in the stretches where the compensation blocks were located near the lowering substation bus, thus demonstrating the capacity of the applied technology.

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Radwan, Ali A., Ahmed A. Zaki Diab, Abo-Hashima M. Elsayed, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Pierluigi Siano. "Active Distribution Network Modeling for Enhancing Sustainable Power System Performance; a Case Study in Egypt." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 8991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218991.

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The remarkable growth of distributed generation (DG) penetration inside electrical power systems turns the familiar passive distribution networks (PDNs) into active distribution networks (ADNs). Based on the backward/forward sweep method (BFS), a new power-flow algorithm was developed in this paper. The algorithm is flexible to handle the bidirectional flow of power that characterizes the modern ADNs. Models of the commonly used distribution network components were integrated with the developed algorithm to form a comprehensive tool. This tool is valid for modeling either balanced or unbalanced ADNs with an unlimited number of nodes or laterals. The integrated models involve modeling of distribution lines, losses inside distribution transformers, automatic voltage regulators (AVRs), DG units, shunt capacitor banks (SCBs) and different load models. To verify its validity, the presented algorithm was first applied to the unbalanced IEEE 37-node standard feeder in both passive and active states. Moreover, the algorithm was then applied to a balanced 22 kV real distribution network as a case study. The selected network is located in a remote area in the western desert of Upper Egypt, far away from the Egyptian unified national grid. Accordingly, the paper examines the current and future situation of the Egyptian electricity market. Comparison studies between the performance of the proposed ADNs and the classical PDNs are discussed. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ADNs in preserving the network assets, improving the system performance and minimizing the power losses.

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