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Christian, Jennifer B., Maneesh X. Juneja, Amy M. Meadowcroft, Spencer Borden, and Kimberly A. Lowe. "Prevalence, Characteristics, and Risk Factors of Elevated Triglyceride Levels in US Children." Clinical Pediatrics 50, no. 12 (August 3, 2011): 1103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922811414286.
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Limited information is available on the epidemiology of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG; 150-499 mg/dL) and severe HTG (SHTG; >500 mg/dL) in children. This study estimates the prevalence of HTG and SHTG, evaluates factors that may be associated with these conditions, and describes the use of dyslipidemic agents in children. The sample included children 12 to 19 years old who participated in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008 (n = 3248) and children 5 to 19 years of age who were part of a large managed-care claims database in the United States (n = 65 258). Results from NHANES confirm the rarity of SHTG in the US pediatric population (ie, 0.2%). Factors statistically significantly associated with having HTG or SHTG in the claims database were being male, 12 to 19 years old, having high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), having low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), diabetes, and psychological disorders. Fibrates were the most commonly prescribed triglyceride-lowering agent among children with SHTG, followed by statins and Lovaza.
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Anand, Neil, Evan Campbell, Tracey Macgann, Joanna Kelly, and Julie Calvert. "PP298 Scottish Health Technologies Group (SHTG) Adaptations: Utilizing Other Agencies’ HTAs In Scotland." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 37, S1 (December 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462321001501.
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IntroductionHealth Technology Assessment (HTA) is an important but time-consuming process to inform decision-making. Following requests from stakeholders in Scotland to provide advice on technologies that had recently undergone HTA in other jurisdictions, SHTG recognized a gap in their ‘product menu’. Colleagues within the SHTG team devised a mechanism through which an original HTA could be adapted for Scotland, taking into account local contextual factors.MethodsSHTG Adaptations comprise the following: i) assessment of the original HTA using the EUnetHTA HTA Adaptation Toolkit and checklist; ii) draft Adaptation using the outcome of the assessment and contextual information for Scotland; iii) consultation group of relevant Scottish clinicians is provided with the original HTA and draft SHTG Adaptation; iv) modified Delphi approach (max. three rounds of questioning) is used to ascertain the relevance of the original HTA to Scotland; v) the Adaptation is submitted to SHTG Council for endorsement.ResultsSHTG Adaptations have a timeline of 2–3 months, three have been published since this product was launched. The process has run smoothly with excellent clinical engagement from across NHS Scotland. Key learning focusses on the role of the SHTG Council (i.e. appraisal committee) in this process and in handling of expert opinion of evidence which has already been appraised by another agency.ConclusionsThe SHTG Adaptation is a new product which offers a timely assessment and utilization of an HTA from another agency.
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Kandulu, Jess. "OP314 What Happened Next? Assessing Health Technology Assessment Impact In Scotland." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 37, S1 (December 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462321000957.
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IntroductionThe Scottish Health Technologies Group (SHTG) set out to assess the impact of HTA products. Two questions were posed: Does advice from SHTG have influence? How is SHTG advice used?MethodsSHTG adapted a tool developed by the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA). The INAHTA framework investigates indications of impact and categorizes outputs into levels of impact. Over three years, potential users of SHTG advice were contacted six to twelve months after advice was published and asked how the advice had been used. HTA outputs were categorized into the four levels of influence they achieved: ‘major influence’, ‘some influence’, ‘some consideration’ and ‘no known influence’.ResultsHTA products were found to have been used in four main ways: ‘informed discussion’, ‘referenced’, ‘informed policy’ or ‘directly informed practice’. Levels of influence had steadily increased over the three years assessed. The findings were well received by internal audiences, with particular interest in the various ways HTA recommendations had been used. There was also feedback about ‘marking our own homework’. These results have informed a new SHTG strategy and supported clear messaging around the value of HTA.ConclusionsSHTG has found a pragmatic, resource-light way to explore the impact of HTA outputs, which has proved valuable for driving strategy and messaging.
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O’Dea, Louis St L., James MacDougall, Veronica J. Alexander, Andres Digenio, Brant Hubbard, Marcello Arca, Patrick M. Moriarty, et al. "Differentiating Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome From Multifactorial Severe Hypertriglyceridemia by Clinical Profiles." Journal of the Endocrine Society 3, no. 12 (October 11, 2019): 2397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/js.2019-00214.
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Abstract Context Differentiation between familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS, type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia), a rare metabolic disorder, and the more common multifactorial severe hypertriglyceridemia (sHTG, type 5 hyperlipoproteinemia) is challenging because of their overlapping symptoms but important in patient management. Objective To assess whether readily obtainable clinical information beyond triglycerides can effectively diagnose and differentiate patients with FCS from those with sHTG, based on well-curated data from two intervention studies of these conditions. Methods The analysis included 154 patients from two phase 3 clinical trials of patients with sHTG, one cohort with genetically confirmed FCS (n = 49) and one with multifactorial sHTG (n = 105). Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the ability of variables (patient demographics, medical history, and baseline lipids, individually or in sets) to differentiate the patient populations. Receiver operating characteristics were used to determine the variable sets with the highest accuracy (percentage of times actual values matched predicted) and optimal sensitivity and specificity. Results The primary model diagnosed 45 of 49 patients with FCS and 99 of 105 patients with sHTG correctly. Optimal sensitivity for all available parameters (n = 17) was 91.8%, optimal specificity was 94.3%, and accuracy was 93.5%. Fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) provided the highest individual predictability. However, a three-variable set of ultracentrifugally measured LDL-C, body mass index, and pancreatitis history differentiated the diseases with a near similar accuracy of 91.0%, and adding high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol for a five-variable set provided a small incremental increase in accuracy (92.2%). Conclusions In the absence of genetic testing, hypertriglyceridemic patients with FCS and sHTG can be differentiated with a high degree of accuracy by analyzing readily obtainable clinical information.
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Klingel, Reinhard, Andreas Heibges, and Cordula Fassbender. "Hypertriglyzeridämie mit Pankreatitis." Dialyse aktuell 25, no. 01 (February 2021): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1303-8379.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNGInsbesondere die schwere Hypertriglyzeridämie (SHTG) führt zu einem erhöhten Risiko für eine besonders schwer verlaufende Pankreatitis. In der Akutsituation einer SHTG-Pankreatitis müssen die Triglyzeride sehr rasch gesenkt werden, um einen weiteren Organschaden zu verhindern. Mithilfe der therapeutischen Apherese in Form des Plasmaaustausches oder der Doppelfiltrations-Plasmapherese (DFPP) gelingt dies effektiv und sicher. Für Patienten mit rezidivierender SHTG-Pankreatitis kann eine Langzeittherapie mit Apherese zusätzlich zu Diät, Lebensstilmaßnahmen und medikamentöser Therapie ein wichtiges Therapiemodul zur Prävention erneuter Ereignisse sein. In der Schwangerschaft ist jede zweite Pankreatitis durch zu hohe Triglyzeride verursacht. Bei fortbestehender Fettstoffwechselstörung kann die therapeutische Apherese eine Therapieoption sein, um ein solches für den Fötus und die Mutter lebensbedrohliches Ereignis zu verhindern.
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Hauenschild, A., H. Schnell-Kretschmer, and H. U. Klör. "Severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG) and atherosclerosis." Atherosclerosis 144 (May 1999): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(99)80529-2.
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Hauenschild, A., H. Schnell-Kretschmer, and H. U. Kloer. "Severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG) and atherosclerosis." Atherosclerosis 151, no. 1 (July 2000): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(00)80803-5.
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Kandulu, Jess, Ed Clifton, Iain Robertson, Neil Smart, and Karen Macpherson. "OP303 Do You Get The Message? Making HTA Findings Easier For Decision-Makers To Implement." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 37, S1 (December 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646232100091x.
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IntroductionOften health technology assessment (HTA) products developed by the Scottish Health Technologies Group (SHTG) did not reach clear directive conclusions because the evidence base for a technology was weak. Despite being methodologically robust, these products did not meet the needs of decision-makers and may have had negligible impact.MethodsSHTG set out to equip and empower the recommendation-making council (that is, appraisal committee) to reach clear conclusions. SHTG broadened the HTA components and types of evidence that could be considered. The increased breadth of evidence included: clinicians attending council meetings to respond to questions; patient groups making submissions and presenting at council meetings; Scotland-specific economic modelling; and consultation on draft recommendations. SHTG also restructured the council for improved deliberative decision-making.ResultsClear directive conclusions were reached in a substantially higher proportion of HTA products (eighty-eight percent in 2019 compared with eight percent in 2017). It became possible for decision-makers to implement findings. It also became feasible to assess the impact and implementation of recommendations.ConclusionsBroadening SHTG's consideration of HTA components has led to a clearer conclusion being reached and stronger messaging for decision makers. This positions SHTG to increase its influence in the use of health technologies in Scotland.
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Tu, Yung-Chun, Shui-Jinn Wang, Tseng-Hsing Lin, Chien-Hsiung Hung, Tsung-Che Tsai, Ru-Wen Wu, Kai-Ming Uang, and Tron-Min Chen. "Hydrothermal Growth of Quasi-Monocrystal ZnO Thin Films and Their Application in Ultraviolet Photodetectors." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/261372.
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Quasi-monocrystal ZnO film grown using the hydrothermal growth method is used for the fabrication of Cu2O/ZnO heterojunction (HJ) ultraviolet photodetectors (UV-PDs). The HJ was formed via the sputtering deposition of p-type Cu2O onto hydrothermally grown ZnO film (HTG-ZnO-film). The effect of annealing temperature in the nitrogen ambient on the photoluminescence spectra of the synthesized ZnO film was studied. The optoelectronic properties of Cu2O/ZnO film with various Cu2O thicknesses (250–750 nm) under UV light (365 nm; intensity: 3 mW/cm2) were determined. The UV sensitivity of the HTG-ZnO-film-based UV-PDs and the sputtered ZnO-film-based UV-PDs were 55.6-fold (SHTG) and 8.8-fold (Ssputter), respectively. The significant gain in sensitivity (SHTG/Ssputter= 630%) of the proposed ZnO-film-based device compared to that for the device based on sputtered film can be attributed to the improved photoelectric properties of quasi-monocrystal ZnO film.
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Macpherson, Karen, Lorna Thompson, and Susan Myles. "VP197 Sustainable Production Of Rapid Health Technology Assessments And Clinical Guidelines." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646231700424x.
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INTRODUCTION:With increasing resource pressures on health systems, rapid developments in innovative technologies and limited numbers of skilled assessors, there is a need to establish sustainable methods to provide advice on healthcare technologies for decision makers. The European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) has been testing an approach of collaborative production of rapid Health Technology Assessments (HTAs) and adaptation of these locally. The Scottish Health Technologies Group (SHTG) participated in two collaborative and adaptation projects to test whether this could save time and resource, whilst providing a product as robust and relevant as if developed locally. Concurrently the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) has been exploring ways to develop clinical guidelines more efficiently, including the use of rapid HTAs to inform recommendations.METHODS:Having established the relevance of the topics to NHS Scotland, SHTG participated as peer reviewers for EUnetHTA reviews on mitral valve repair and mechanical thrombectomy. On completion, SHTG summarized their content to fit with the well-accepted rapid review report format used in Scotland. Content was supplemented with a review of economic evidence, currently not included in the European reports, local epidemiological information and recently published studies. The thrombectomy report and associated Advice Statement were used by a small expert group to update a SIGN clinical guideline recommendation.RESULTS:Providing advice through adaptation proved feasible and acceptable to stakeholders. Limited time was saved because of the supplementary work undertaken, and lessons have been learned about what should and should not be done in future .The guideline recommendation was updated and made available more quickly than similar previous updates.CONCLUSIONS:Further such collaborations and adaptations will be pursued as this appears to be a sustainable approach for the future. The process could be aided by EUnetHTA publishing forward work plans and also by the inclusion of economic information, with details of the decision-making context provided, to allow assessment of its relevance locally.
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Ewald, Nils, and Hans-Ulrich Kloer. "Treatment options for severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG): the role of apheresis." Clinical Research in Cardiology Supplements 7, S1 (February 28, 2012): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11789-012-0042-x.
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Thompson, Lorna, Jenny Harbour, and Karen Macpherson. "PD20 ‘Where's Waldo?’ Incorporating Patient Aspects Into Rapid Reviews." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318002970.
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Introduction:Patient and social aspects form a key domain within health technology assessments (HTAs) but are less well established in rapid HTA. Patient aspects can add value to HTAs by aiding in interpretation of variations in intervention effectiveness or providing context on the impact of interventions on patients’ lives. This poster describes initial experience of incorporating patient aspects into a rapid HTA for the Scottish National Health Service.Methods:A rapid review explored using qualitative literature to understand patient issues relating to transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for head and neck cancer. Literature searches identified qualitative studies or systematic reviews of qualitative studies using two search filters: one for patient perspectives and another for qualitative study designs.Results:No qualitative literature specific to the exact question posed in the HTA was identified. Instead the project focused on patient experiences of alternative treatments (radiotherapy or open surgery) and identifying patient-important outcomes, such as speech function or lack of facial disfigurement. Pragmatic decisions on study selection were required in the TORS review due to the large volume of literature identified: we only included the most recent studies and limited our selection to patients with specific forms of head and neck cancer. Selecting studies from a large volume of literature may be an issue for future rapid HTAs attempting to incorporate qualitative evidence. The qualitative studies were summarised and used to inform advice issued to NHSScotland by the Scottish Health Technologies Group (SHTG).Conclusions:Patient aspects can be incorporated into rapid HTAs using systematic and pragmatic approaches to identifying and summarizing qualitative literature. Future rapid HTAs by SHTG may include syntheses of qualitative studies rather than summaries. Patient submissions are also being piloted as a method of collating patient experiences.
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Bhatt, Deepak L., John J. P. Kastelein, Teresa Parli, R. Will Charlton, Cynthia L. Hartsfield, Shibao Feng, Hank Mansbach, and Harold Bays. "Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Severe Hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG) – Initial Baseline data from an Ongoing Phase 2 Study." Metabolism 128 (March 2022): 155012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2021.155012.
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Gelrud, Andres, Andres Digenio, Veronica Alexander, Karren Williams, Andrew Hsieh, Ioanna Gouni-Berthold, Eric Bruckert, et al. "Treatment with Volanesorsen (VLN) Reduced Triglycerides and Pancreatitis in Patients with FCS and sHTG vs Placebo: Results of the APPROACH and COMPASS †." Journal of Clinical Lipidology 12, no. 2 (March 2018): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2018.03.032.
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Brentrup, Angela, and Stephanie Schipmann. "Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma im Säuglings- und Kindesalter." OP-JOURNAL 34, no. 03 (November 2018): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0623-5848.
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ZusammenfassungDas Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) stellt ein signifikantes medizinisches, soziales und ökonomisches Problem dar und gilt als der häufigste Grund für Behinderungen und Todesfälle im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Die Verletzungsursachen hängen bei Kindern deutlich von der Altersgruppe ab. Unterschieden wird zwischen leichtem, mittelschwerem und schwerem SHT. Die Behandlung eines schweren SHTs sollte stets in Zentren erfolgen und durch die Neurochirurgie begleitet werden. Die Wahl der bildgebenden Diagnostik richtet sich nach Alter, Traumamechanismus und klinischem Befund, in der Regel bleibt in der Primärdiagnostik das CT die Methode der Wahl bei schwerem SHT. Der Schweregrad des SHTs und der klinische Status des Kindes beeinflussen die weitere Therapie (operativ/konservativ). Nach der akuten Phase der Behandlung des SHTs sollte sich eine neurologische Rehabilitationsmaßnahme anschließen, ausdrücklich bei fortbestehenden körperlichen oder geistlichen Funktionseinschränkungen. Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass neuropsychologische Störungen sich auch noch häufig bis zu 2 Jahren posttraumatisch manifestieren können.
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Macpherson, Karen, and Lorna Thompson. "EXPERIENCES IN ADAPTING EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT RAPID REVIEWS TO INFORM LOCAL DECISION MAKING." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, no. 2 (2017): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646231700040x.
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Objectives: The Scottish Health Technologies Group (SHTG) produces rapid reviews on nonmedicine technologies to inform advice for decision making in the National Health Service in Scotland (NHSScotland). This study describes our experiences and lessons learned in adapting for NHSScotland two rapid Relative Effectiveness Assessments (REAs) produced as part of the European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) project to test collaborative preparation and then local adaptation.Methods: The REAs were examined for their relevance to NHSScotland and the feasibility of their adaptation evaluated using a screening toolkit. Some supplementary literature searches were conducted and additional background information on epidemiology and the specific technologies was sought. To inform decision making within Scotland, it was also necessary to identify and review cost-effective analyses.Results: Robust evidence reviews were delivered for NHSScotland. Time saved was less than anticipated, partly due to the need to add in health economic information, and partly because of attempts to supplement and update the EUnetHTA material. The preparation of an accompanying advice statement for NHSScotland enabled the inclusion of local contextual information.Conclusions: Collaborative production and adaptation of HTAs is feasible and would be aided by the inclusion of cost-effectiveness analyses in the original work. Agencies should develop clear processes for adapting such reviews for their context with the focus on selecting appropriate topics for adaptation, avoiding unnecessary supplementation of the original work, and ensuring local ownership of final advice.
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Gelrud, Andres, Andres Digenio, Veronica J. Alexander, Karren R. Williams, Andrew Hsieh, Ionna Gouni-Berthold, Eric Bruckert, et al. "Treatment with Volanesorsen (VLN) Reduced Triglycerides and Pancreatitis in Patients with FCS and sHTG vs Placebo: Results of the APPROACH and COMPASS Studies." Atherosclerosis Supplements 32 (June 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2018.04.476.
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Matsui, K., Y. Kiryu, T. Komatsuda, N. Kurauchi, T. Ohtani, and T. Tetsuka. "Identification of AFLP makers linked to non-seed shattering locus (sht1) in buckwheat and conversion to STS markers for marker-assisted selection." Genome 47, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-007.
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Shattering habit in buckwheat has two forms: brittle pedicel and weak pedicel. Brittle pedicel is observed in wild buckwheat, but not in cultivated buckwheat. Brittle pedicel in buckwheat is produced by two complementary, dominant genes, Sht1 and Sht2. The sht1 locus is linked to the S locus; almost all common buckwheat cultivars possess the allele sht1. To detect molecular makers linked to the sht1 locus, we used amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis in combination with bulked segregant analysis of segregating progeny of a cross between a non-brittle common buckwheat and a brittle self-compatible buckwheat line. We screened 312 primer combinations and constructed a linkage map around the sht1 locus by using 102 F2 plants. Five AFLP markers were linked to the sht1 locus. Two of these, e54m58/610 and e55m46/320, cosegregated with the sht1 locus without recombination. The two AFLP markers were converted to STS markers according to the sequence of the AFLPs. The STS markers are useful for marker-assisted selection of non-brittle pedicel plants and provides a stepping-stone for map-based cloning and characterization of the gene encoding non-brittle pedicel.Key words: Fagopyrum esculentum, brittle pedicel, self-compatibility, bulked segregant analysis.
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Blom, Dirk, Steven Freedman, Andres Gelrud, Andres Digenio, Veronica Alexander, Karren Williams, Andrew Hsieh, et al. "Treatment with volanesorsen (VLN) reduced triglycerides and pancreatitis in patients with familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) and severe hypertriglyceridemia (sHTG) vs placebo: Results of the approach and compass studies." Pancreatology 18, no. 4 (June 2018): S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2018.05.273.
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Ergun-Kunt, Goknil, Rafat Sasany, Mehmet Faruk Koca, and Mutlu Özcan. "Comparison of Silane Heat Treatment by Laser and Various Surface Treatments on Microtensile Bond Strength of Composite Resin/Lithium Disilicate." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 7808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247808.
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In the current study, we evaluated the effects of heat treatment (by Er:YAG or furnace) and various surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of silanized lithium disilicate ceramic. Seventy lithium disilicate (IPS e. max Press; Ivoclar Vivadent) and composite resin (Tetric N-Ceram; Ivoclar Vivadent) blocks were made and distributed into seven groups (n = 10) at random: S: silanization alone; ALS: airborne particle abrasion (APA) and silanization; SC: APA modified with silica and silanization; SHT1: silanization and heat treatment by Er:YAG; SHT2: silanization and heat treatment performed in the furnace (100 °C, 1 min); HF: etching with HF; and HFS: etching with HF and silanization. Every ceramic specimen was cemented to a composite resin block after surface treatment. Cemented specimens were embedded into acrylic resin and were tested with the μTBS test. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tamhane T2 tests (α = 0.05). The SHT1 group had the highest bond of strength compared to the other groups (27.46 MPa). The ALS group had the lowest strength of the groups (15.56 MPa). Between SHT2 and HFS (p = 1), the comparison of the mean µTBS values showed no significant differences. It was concluded that silane heat treatment increased the resin composite–ceramic bond strength; however, within the terms of μTBS, the Er:YAG laser treatment was more successful than other surface treatment applications.
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Blais, J. "Discrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms of Nearly Equidistributed Global Data." Journal of Geodetic Science 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10156-011-0003-1.
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Discrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms of Nearly Equidistributed Global DataDiscrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms (SHTs) are commonly defined for equiangular grids on the sphere. However, when global array data exhibit near equidistributed patterns rather than equiangular grids, discrete SHTs require appropriate adaptations for analysis and synthesis. Computational efficiency and reliability impose structural constraints on possible equidistribution characteristics of data patterns such as for instance with Chebychev quadratures and Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). Following some general introduction to discrete SHTs and equidistributions on the sphere, equitriangular (near equiareal) lattices based on the octahedron and the icosahedron are introduced for SHT analysis and synthesis. The developed formulations are described and implemented using simulated data and geopotential models such as the Earth Geopotential Model EGM 2008. Comparative results for analysis and synthesis at different levels of resolution show the potential of the spherical equitriangular approach for geodetic and other applications with nearly equidistributed global data.
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Blais, J. "Discrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms for Equiangular Grids of Spatial and Spectral Data." Journal of Geodetic Science 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10156-010-0002-7.
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Discrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms for Equiangular Grids of Spatial and Spectral DataSpherical Harmonic Transforms (SHTs) which are non-commutative Fourier transforms on the sphere are critical in global geopotential and related applications. Among the best known global strategies for discrete SHTs of band-limited spherical functions are Chebychev quadratures and least squares for equiangular grids. With proper numerical preconditioning, independent of latitude, reliable analysis and synthesis results for degrees and orders over 3800 in double precision arithmetic have been achieved and explicitly demonstrated using white noise simulations. The SHT synthesis and analysis can easily be modified for the ordinary Fourier transform of the data matrix and the mathematical situation is illustrated in a new functional diagram. Numerical analysis has shown very little differences in the numerical conditioning and computational efforts required when working with the two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform of the data matrix. This can be interpreted as the spectral form of the discrete SHT which can be useful in multiresolution and other applications. Numerical results corresponding to the latest Earth Geopotential Model EGM 2008 of maximum degree and order 2190 are included with some discussion of the implications when working with such spectral sequences of fast decreasing magnitude.
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de Azevedo-Martins, Allan C., Kary Ocaña, Wanderley de Souza, Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos, Marta M. G. Teixeira, Erney P. Camargo, João M. P. Alves, and Maria Cristina M. Motta. "The Importance of Glycerophospholipid Production to the Mutualist Symbiosis of Trypanosomatids." Pathogens 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010041.
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The symbiosis in trypanosomatids is a mutualistic relationship characterized by extensive metabolic exchanges between the bacterium and the protozoan. The symbiotic bacterium can complete host essential metabolic pathways, such as those for heme, amino acid, and vitamin production. Experimental assays indicate that the symbiont acquires phospholipids from the host trypanosomatid, especially phosphatidylcholine, which is often present in bacteria that have a close association with eukaryotic cells. In this work, an in-silico study was performed to find genes involved in the glycerophospholipid (GPL) production of Symbiont Harboring Trypanosomatids (SHTs) and their respective bacteria, also extending the search for trypanosomatids that naturally do not have symbionts. Results showed that most genes for GPL synthesis are only present in the SHT. The bacterium has an exclusive sequence related to phosphatidylglycerol production and contains genes for phosphatidic acid production, which may enhance SHT phosphatidic acid production. Phylogenetic data did not indicate gene transfers from the bacterium to the SHT nucleus, proposing that enzymes participating in GPL route have eukaryotic characteristics. Taken together, our data indicate that, differently from other metabolic pathways described so far, the symbiont contributes little to the production of GPLs and acquires most of these molecules from the SHT.
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Ovrum, A., M. Skandfer, S. A. Syurin, L. V. Talykova, and A. N. Nikanov. "EUROPEAN AND RUSSIAN METHODS FOR EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT APPLIED ON WHOLE BODY VIBRATION VALUES IN SHORT HAUL DUMP TRUCKS." Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology) 19, no. 10 (October 15, 2012): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/humeco17419.
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Operating Surface Haul Trucks (SHT) exposes mineworkers to whole body vibration (WBV), but risk assessment methods are not uniform in the Barents Region. We intended to measure WBV exposure from SHT, and discuss and compare risk assessment outcome by European and Russian methods. 17 WBV measurements were performed at the operator seat interface on 14 SHTs in an open cast mine in Northwest Russia. Measurement periods ranged from 13 to 58 minutes in real work cycles during 8 hours of driving. It was found that mean WBV exposure (A(8) rms) for the 14 SHT’s was (1.0 ± 0.23) m/s 2, mean crest factor - (12.78 ± 5.26) and mean vibration dose value - (10.35 ± 2.61) m/s 1· 75. The study shows that WBV levels defining the lower limit of hazard class 3.2 (Russia) is close to the limit value 1.15 m/s 2 (European countries).
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Besseyre des Horts, Timothée, Oana Dumitrescu, Cédric Badiou, Damien Thomas, Yvonne Benito, Jerome Etienne, François Vandenesch, and Gerard Lina. "A Histidine-to-Arginine Substitution in Panton-Valentine Leukocidin from USA300 Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Does Not Impair Its Leukotoxicity." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 1 (October 12, 2009): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00843-09.
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ABSTRACT Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a synergohymenotropic toxin (SHT) produced by Staphylococcus aureus. At present, there are conflicting reports on the leukotoxic activity of PVL and its consequent role as a virulence factor in USA300. In this work, we compared the cytolytic effects induced by wild-type PVL and those of PVL harboring a histidine-to-arginine substitution at amino acid 176 in the S. aureus USA300 strain. We also investigated the capacity of wild-type and H176R LukS-PV to recruit and form pores with the F components of other SHTs. For this purpose, we assayed polymorphonuclear neutrophils for leukotoxicity after incubation with either culture supernatants from strains bearing different PVL haplotypes or recombinant toxins from different types of SHT. We show here that the H176R variation in the PVL sequence causes no change in leukotoxicity and that the R variant is as efficient as wild-type PVL at inducing pore formation in leukocytes.
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Basarir-Ozel, Birgul, Hande Bahar Turker, and Vesile Aslihan Nasir. "Identifying the Key Drivers and Barriers of Smart Home Adoption: A Thematic Analysis from the Business Perspective." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 24, 2022): 9053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159053.
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Smart homes embrace advanced technologies and the connectedness of devices that aim to increase consumers’ life quality. They are based on data integration over shared platforms collected via sensors and wireless networks. However, although consumers’ current and potential adoption of smart homes have received some research interest, there is a low number of studies considering the foreseeable future of smart homes from the business perspective. To fulfill this gap in the literature, this study presents the results of an exploratory research attempting to reveal the foresight of the business side regarding the penetration of smart home technologies (SHTs) into consumers’ lives. Based on the opinions of industry experts collected through 13 semistructured in-depth interviews, numerous drivers of and barriers to SHT adoption are uncovered and displayed in their intertwined relationship in a thematic map. In creating this map, the qualitative data gathered through the interviews are integrated with widely used theories/models of technology adoption in the literature to develop a full-fledged set of determinants. As a result, drivers of SHT adoption (five sub-themes) and barriers that hinder smart home penetration (eight subthemes) were determined. Drivers consist of relative advantage, enjoyment, image enhancement, modern and multifunctional design, and consumers’ technology innovativeness. In contrast, the main barriers are high cost, complexity, lack of compatibility, lack of trialability, lack of observability, lack of a trusted brand in the market, lack of facilitating conditions and support services, and consumers’ technology anxiety. This rich set of SHT adoption determinants can be used in future studies to examine their relative impact on consumers’ adoption of SHT.
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Tovmassian, H. M., H. Tiersch, V. O. Chavushyan, G. H. Tovmassian, S. I. Neizvestnyĭ, J. P. Torres-Papaqui, and G. M. Rudnitskiĭ. "Photometric and spectroscopic study of the Shakhbazian compact galaxy groups ShCG 254, ShCG 257, ShCG 351, and ShCG 371." Astronomy Reports 50, no. 11 (November 2006): 861–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063772906110011.
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Guyansyah, Assangga, and ML Edy Parwanto. "Protein pengikat hormon seks: sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) dan aksi steroid seks." Jurnal Biomedika dan Kesehatan 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/jbiomedkes.2019.v2.45-50.
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Jumlah gen pada manusia sekitar 30 000 gen, salah satunya yaitu gen SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin). Telah terbukti bahwa protein merupakan produk gen. Gen yang diekspresikan berarti mengkode sintesis protein. Pada studi ini mempelajari tentang protein sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) yang merupakan produk gen SHBG. Gen SHBG terletak pada kromosom 17 p 3.1 di setiap sel tubuh kita. Gen SHBG pada hepatosit mengkode protein SHBG, protein tersebut selanjutnya disekresikan ke sistem sirkulasi. Gen SHBG di dalam hepatosit memiliki kesamaan dengan gen androgen binding protein (ABP) di sel Sertoli dalam testis. Jumlah gen pada manusia sekitar 30 000 gen, salah satunya yaitu gen SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin). Telah terbukti bahwa protein merupakan produk gen. Gen yang diekspresikan berarti mengkode sintesis protein. Pada studi ini mempelajari tentang protein sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) yang merupakan produk gen SHBG. Gen SHBG terletak pada kromosom 17 p 3.1 di setiap sel tubuh kita. Gen SHBG pada hepatosit mengkode protein SHBG, protein tersebut selanjutnya disekresikan ke sistem sirkulasi. Gen SHBG di dalam hepatosit memiliki kesamaan dengan gen androgen binding protein (ABP) di sel Sertoli dalam testis. Dalam sisntesis protein SHBG maupun ABP ada 2 tahap yaitu tahap sintesis prekursor protein dan tahap selanjutnya pematangan prekursor protein di badan Golgi dengan proses glikosilasi. Protein SHBG maupun ABP memiliki funsgi sama yaitu memperantarai aksi hormon steroid seks ke sel sasaran. Ikatan antara SHBG dengan steroid tersebut bersifat reversibel dan berafinitas tinggi untuk mengikat androgen (dehidrotestosteron/DHT, testosteron, 3α-androstenediol), sedangkan ikatan terhadap estrogen aktif maupun estradiol dengan afinitas yang lebih rendah. Aksi steroid seks ke sel sasaran telah terbukti dengan 2 cara yaitu cara pertama dengan berdifusi melewati membran sel sasaran dan cara kedua dengan sistem transduksi sinyal yang diperantarai oleh reseptor SHBG (R-SHBG) pada permukaan sel sasaran. Protein SHBG di dalam sistem sirkulasi memiliki fungsi untuk mengikat hormon steroid seks dan memperantarai aksi hormon tersebut ke sel sasaran di luar testis, sedangkan ABP berfungsi memperantarai aksi hormon steroid seks di dalam testis.
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Miguel-Queralt, Solange, Michelle Knowlton, George V. Avvakumov, Rana Al-Nouno, Greg M. Kelly, and Geoffrey L. Hammond. "Molecular and Functional Characterization of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin in Zebrafish." Endocrinology 145, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 5221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0678.
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Abstract SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) transports androgens and estrogens in the blood of vertebrates including fish. Orthologs of SHBG in fish are poorly defined, and we have now obtained a zebrafish SHBG cDNA and characterized the zebrafish SHBG gene and protein through molecular biological, biochemical, and informatics approaches. Amino-terminal analysis of zebrafish SHBG indicated that its deduced precursor sequence includes a 25-residue secretion polypeptide and exhibits 22–27% homology with mammalian SHBG sequences and 41% with a deduced fugufish SHBG sequence. The 356-residue mature zebrafish SHBG (39,243 Da) sequence comprises a tandem repeat of laminin G-like domains typical of SHBG sequences; contains three N-glycosylation sites; and exists as a 105,000 ± 8700 Da homodimer. Zebrafish SHBG exhibits a high affinity and specificity for sex steroids. An RT-PCR indicated that SHBG mRNA first appears in zebrafish larva, and SHBG mRNA was localized within the liver and gut at this stage of development by whole-mount in situ hybridization. In adult fish, SHBG mRNA was found in liver, testis, and gut. In the liver, immunoreactive SHBG was present in hepatocytes and concentrated in intrahepatic bile duct cells, whereas in the testis it was confined to cells surrounding the seminiferous tubule cysts. In the intestine, immunoreactive SHBG was present in the stroma and epithelial cells of the villous projections and the surrounding muscle. The production and presence of SHBG in the gut of developing and adult zebrafish suggests a novel role for this protein in regulating sex steroid action at this site.
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Winters, Stephen J., Jyothi Gogineni, Marjan Karegar, Charles Scoggins, Chris A. Wunderlich, Richard Baumgartner, and Dushan T. Ghooray. "Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Gene Expression and Insulin Resistance." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 99, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): E2780—E2788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-2640.
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Context: The plasma level of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a glycoprotein produced by hepatocytes, is subject to genetic, hormonal, metabolic, and nutritional regulation, and is a marker for the development of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Objective: Because the mechanism for these associations is unclear, and no studies of SHBG gene expression in humans have been published, SHBG mRNA was measured in human liver samples and related to anthropometric data. Setting: Inpatients at a private, nonprofit, university-associated hospital were studied. Participants: Subjects were fifty five adult men and women undergoing hepatic resection as treatment for cancer. Main Outcome Measures: Main outcome measures were SHBG mRNA and serum SHBG levels. Results: SHBG mRNA was a strong predictor of serum SHBG with higher levels of the mRNA and protein in women than in men. The relationship between SHBG mRNA and circulating SHBG differed in males and females consistent with a sex difference in post-transcriptional regulation. A strong positive correlation was found between the level of the mRNA for the transcription factor HNF4α and SHBG mRNA. Insulin resistance (IR), assessed by homeostatis model assessment, was related inversely to SHBG mRNA and to HNF4α mRNA as well as to circulating SHBG levels. These mRNAs, as well as serum SHBG, were higher when the hepatic triglyceride concentration was low, and decreased with increasing body mass index but were unrelated to age. Conclusions: Fat accumulation in liver and IR are important determinants of SHBG gene expression and thereby circulating SHBG levels that are perhaps mediated through effects on the transcription factor HNF4α. These findings provide a potential mechanism to explain why low SHBG predicts the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Beaulieu, Marie-Claude, Ahmad Nehme, Francis Fortin, Fatine Karkri, Nicole Daneault, Yan Deschaintre, Laura C. Gioia, et al. "Non-Contrast CT and CT-Angiogram for Late Window Ischemic Stroke Treatment Selection." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 47, no. 3 (January 13, 2020): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2020.15.
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ABSTRACT:Introduction:The benefit of late window endovascular treatment (EVT) for anterior circulation ischemic stroke has been demonstrated using perfusion-based neuroimaging. We evaluated whether non-contrast CT (NCCT) and CT-angiogram (CTA) alone can select late-presenting patients for EVT.Methods:We performed a retrospective comparison of all patients undergoing EVT at a single comprehensive stroke center from January 2016 to April 2017. Patients planned for EVT were divided into early (<6 hours from onset) and late (≥6 hours from onset or last time seen normal) window groups. Incidence of symptomatic hemorrhagic transformations (sHTs) at 24 hours and 3-month modified Rankin scores (mRSs) were compared.Results:During the study period, 204 (82%) patients underwent EVT in the early and 44 (18%) in the late window. Median (interquartile range) NIH Stroke Scale Score was similar between groups (early: 18 [15–23] vs. late: 17 [13–21]), as were median ASPECT scores (early: 9 [8–10] vs. late: 9 [7–9]). In the late window, 42 (95%) strokes were of unknown onset. Similar proportions of sHT occurred at 24 hours (early: 12 [6%] vs. late: 4 [9%], p = 0.43). At 3 months, the proportion of patients achieving functional independence (mRS 0–2) were comparable in the early (80/192 [42%]) and late (16/41 [39%]) windows (p = 0.76).Conclusion:NCCT- and CTA-based patient selection led to similar functional independence outcomes and low proportions of sHT in the early and late windows. In centers without access to perfusion-based neuroimaging, this pragmatic approach could be safe, particularly for strokes of unknown onset.
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Selva, David M., and Geoffrey L. Hammond. "Peroxisome-Proliferator Receptor γ Represses Hepatic Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Expression." Endocrinology 150, no. 5 (January 29, 2009): 2183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1289.
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Plasma SHBG production by the liver is influenced by its metabolic state, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α regulates SHBG expression in response to changes in lipogenesis. Peroxisome-proliferator receptors (PPARs) also regulate glucose homeostasis and fatty acid metabolism. The human SHBG promoter contains a PPAR-response element (PPAR-RE), and plasma SHBG levels increase in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients treated with the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone. In addition, plasma SHBG levels are associated with a genetic polymorphism in the PPARγ-2 coding sequence that alters its transcriptional activity. Therefore, we set out to determine whether PPARγ influences hepatic production of SHBG by using human HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells as an in vitro model. Surprisingly, treatment of HepG2 cells with rosiglitazone reduced SHBG production and SHBG promoter activity (as assessed in a luciferase reporter gene assay) by 20–25%, whereas the PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, increased both by 2- to 3-fold. The effects of PPARγ agonists and antagonists on SHBG promoter activity were substantially diminished when the PPAR-RE in the SHBG promoter was mutated. A PPARγ small interfering RNA also increased SHBG production by HepG2 cells as well as SHBG promoter activity, and the latter was accentuated by cotreatment with GW9662. Importantly, overexpression of a PPARγ-2 Pro12 variant in HepG2 cells was more effective at reducing SHBG promoter activity, when compared with PPARγ-2 Ala12, consistent with its superior PPAR-RE binding activity. We conclude that PPARγ represses human SHBG expression in liver cells, and that differences in PPARγ levels and activity contribute directly to variations in plasma SHBG levels.
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Round, Phillip, Samir Das, Tsung-Sheng Wu, Kristiina Wähälä, Filip Van Petegem, and Geoffrey L. Hammond. "Molecular interactions between sex hormone–binding globulin and nonsteroidal ligands that enhance androgen activity." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 5 (December 18, 2019): 1202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011051.
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Sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) determines the equilibrium between free and protein-bound androgens and estrogens in the blood and regulates their access to target tissues. Using crystallographic approaches and radiolabeled competitive binding-capacity assays, we report here how two nonsteroidal compounds bind to human SHBG, and how they influence androgen activity in cell culture. We found that one of these compounds, (−)3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran (DVT), present in stinging nettle root extracts and used as a nutraceutical, binds SHBG with relatively low affinity. By contrast, a synthetic compound, 3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2phenyl-1H-indole (IPI), bound SHBG with an affinity similar to that of testosterone and estradiol. Crystal structures of SHBG in complex with DVT or IPI at 1.71–1.80 Å resolutions revealed their unique orientations in the SHBG ligand-binding pocket and suggested opportunities for the design of other nonsteroidal ligands of SHBG. As observed for estradiol but not testosterone, IPI binding to SHBG was reduced by ∼20-fold in the presence of zinc, whereas DVT binding was almost completely lost. Estradiol-dependent fibulin-2 interactions with SHBG similarly occurred for IPI-bound SHBG, but not with DVT-bound SHBG. Both DVT and IPI increased the activity of testosterone in a cell culture androgen reporter system by competitively displacing testosterone from SHBG. These findings indicate how nonsteroidal ligands of SHBG maybe designed to modulate the bioavailability of sex steroids.
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Hong, Eui-Ju, Biswajyoti Sahu, Olli A. Jänne, and Geoffrey L. Hammond. "Cytoplasmic Accumulation of Incompletely Glycosylated SHBG Enhances Androgen Action in Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells." Molecular Endocrinology 25, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2010-0483.
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Abstract Human sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) accumulates within the cytoplasm of epithelial cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules of mice expressing human SHBG transgenes. The main ligands of SHBG, testosterone and its metabolite, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), alter expression of androgen-responsive genes in the kidney. To determine how intracellular SHBG might influence androgen action, we used a mouse proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cell line with characteristics of S1/S2 epithelial cells in which human SHBG accumulates. Western blotting revealed that SHBG extracted from PCT cells expressing a human SHBG cDNA (PCT-SHBG) is 5–8 kDa smaller than the SHBG secreted by these cells, due to incomplete N-glycosylation and absence of O-linked oligosaccharides. PCT-SHBG cells sequester [3H]DHT more effectively from culture medium than parental PCT cells, and the presence of SHBG accentuates androgen-dependent activation of a luciferase reporter gene, as well as the endogenous kidney androgen-regulated protein (Kap) gene. After androgen withdrawal, androgen-induced Kap mRNA levels in PCT-SHBG cells are maintained for more than 2 wk vs 2 d in parental PCT cells. Transcriptome profiling after testosterone or DHT pretreatments, followed by 3 d of steroid withdrawal, also demonstrated that intracellular SHBG enhances androgen-dependent stimulation (e.g.Adh7, Vcam1, Areg, Tnfaip2) or repression (e.g.Cldn2 and Osr2) of many other genes in PCT cells. In addition, nuclear localization of the androgen receptor is enhanced and retained longer after steroid withdrawal in PCT cells containing functional SHBG. Thus, intracellular SHBG accentuates the uptake of androgens and sustains androgens access to the androgen receptor, especially under conditions of limited androgen supply.
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Li, Huika, Thy Pham, Brett C. McWhinney, Jacobus P. Ungerer, Carel J. Pretorius, Derek J. Richard, Robin H. Mortimer, Michael C. d’Emden, and Kerry Richard. "Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Modifies Testosterone Action and Metabolism in Prostate Cancer Cells." International Journal of Endocrinology 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6437585.
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Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is the major serum carrier of sex hormones. However, growing evidence suggests that SHBG is internalised and plays a role in regulating intracellular hormone action. This study was to determine whether SHBG plays a role in testosterone uptake, metabolism, and action in the androgen sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. Internalisation of SHBG and testosterone, the effects of SHBG on testosterone uptake, metabolism, regulation of androgen responsive genes, and cell growth were assessed. LNCaP cells internalised SHBG by a testosterone independent process. Testosterone was rapidly taken up and effluxed as testosterone-glucuronide; however this effect was reduced by the presence of SHBG. Addition of SHBG, rather than reducing testosterone bioavailability, further increased testosterone-induced expression of prostate specific antigen and enhanced testosterone-induced reduction of androgen receptor mRNA expression. Following 38 hours of testosterone treatment cell morphology changed and growth declined; however, cotreatment with SHBG abrogated these inhibitory effects. These findings clearly demonstrate that internalised SHBG plays an important regulatory and intracellular role in modifying testosterone action and this has important implications for the role of SHBG in health and disease.
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Abu-Hijleh, Tala M., Emily Gammoh, Amna S. Al-Busaidi, Zainab H. Malalla, Samira Madan, Naeema Mahmood, and Wassim Y. Almawi. "Common Variants in the Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) Gene Influence SHBG Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 68, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441570.
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Background: Decreased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). SHBG polymorphisms associated with reduced SHBG production were tested for their association with PCOS, but with inconclusive results. We tested whether altered SHBG levels and SHBG variants were associated with PCOS. Methods: The study subjects included 242 women with PCOS and 238 control women. SHBG genotyping was done by real-time PCR. Results: Higher minor allele frequency of rs13894, rs858521 and rs727428 was seen in PCOS cases, and significant differences in rs858521 and rs727428 genotypes distribution were seen between PCOS cases and controls. Multivariate regression analysis confirmed the association of only rs727428 with PCOS. Though it was not statistically significant, serum SHBG levels were reduced according to rs727428 genotypes in PCOS cases than in controls. Carriage of rs727428 minor allele was associated with significant increases in free/bioactive testosterone in PCOS cases. Seven-locus (rs9898876-rs13894-rs858521-rs1799941-rs6257-rs6259-rs727428) haploview analysis showed increased frequency of GCCGTGA, GTCGTGA and GTCATGG, and reduced frequency of GTCGTGG haplotypes in PCOS cases than in controls, thus conferring disease susceptibility and protective nature to these haplotypes, respectively. Conclusion: Specific SHBG variants affecting serum SHBG levels and SHBG haplotypes are associated with PCOS, suggesting the role for SHBG as PCOS candidate gene.
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Selva, David M., Lluis Bassas, Francina Munell, Ana Mata, Francis Tekpetey, John G. Lewis, and Geoffrey L. Hammond. "Human Sperm Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Isoform: Characterization and Measurement by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 6275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1192.
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Abstract Context: SHBG gene expression in human testis results in an SHBG isoform that accumulates in the sperm head. Objective: The objective of this study was to further characterize the SHBG isoform in human sperm and to assess its biological relevance. Design, Setting, and Patients: A time-resolved immunofluorometric assay was established to measure SHBG isoform concentrations in sperm samples from patients and sperm donors attending in vitro fertilization clinics. Results and Conclusions: Molecular characterization of SHBG transcripts in human testis and sperm and biochemical analyses of the sperm SHBG isoform indicate that its smaller size compared with plasma SHBG is due to a lack of amino-terminal residues. The SHBG isoform is lost from sperm by one freeze and thaw cycle and during capacitation, which suggests it is located in or between the outer acrosomal and sperm plasma membranes. Sperm SHBG levels were proportional to the number of sperm analyzed and within assay variability in samples taken on different occasions from seven of nine individuals. Intra- and interassay variability (coefficient of variation) was 5.8 and 8.5%, respectively. Sperm SHBG levels ranged from 6–49 pm/106 sperm in 13 donor samples and did not correlate with serum SHBG levels. Sperm SHBG levels were lowest in fertile men and highest in patients with untreated varicocele, but these differences were not significant. Patients studied for couple infertility and those with surgically treated varicocele showed intermediate values. Sperm SHBG isoform levels correlate significantly with age and sperm motility and may influence sperm function in relation to male fertility.
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Cunningham, Sean K., Therese Loughlin, Marie Culliton, and T. Joseph McKenna. "The Relationship between Sex Steroids and Sex-Hormone-Binding Globulin in Plasma in Physiological and Pathological Conditions." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 22, no. 5 (September 1985): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328502200504.
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Physiological and many pathological changes in plasma sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels have been attributed to the opposing effects of androgens which lower, and oestrogens which elevate, levels. We examined four clinical situations in which changes in SHBG levels may not be explained by sex steroid alterations. (1) Dexamethasone caused an increase in SHBG levels in hyperandrogenaemic hirsute women whether or not androgens were suppressed. (2) In male patients with untreated isolated gonadotrophin deficiency there was a highly significant correlation between SHBG levels and age, but there was no relationship between the levels of SHBG and those of plasma testosterone, androstenedione or DHEAS. (3) Two 46-XY siblings, phenotypic female subjects with complete androgen insensitivity, demonstrated a marked decline in SHBG levels between the ages of 9–13 and 12–16 years. (4) SHBG was suppressed in obese oligomenorrhoeic women while plasma concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione and oestradiol were normal and that of oestrone was elevated; however, the testosterone: SHBG ratio, an index of free testosterone, was elevated. These observations indicate that the decline in SHBG levels which normally occurs in men during the second decade of life is independent of androgen activity and is under the influence of as yet unidentified factors. Glucocorticoids in small doses increase SHBG levels independently of sex steroid alterations while elevated free testosterone concentration may contribute to suppression of SHBG in obesity.
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Boeri, Luca, Paolo Capogrosso, Walter Cazzaniga, Edoardo Pozzi, Luigi Candela, Federico Belladelli, Davide Oreggia, et al. "SHBG levels in primary infertile men: a critical interpretation in clinical practice." Endocrine Connections 9, no. 7 (July 2020): 658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-20-0183.
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Objective: We aimed to test the association between age, BMI and sex-hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) in a homogenous cohort of white-European men presenting for primary couple’s infertility. Design: Retrospective study. Methods: Data from 1547 infertile men were analysed. Health-significant comorbidities were scored with the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Fasting serum hormones were measured in every patient. Age was considered according to quartile groups (<33, 33-41, >41 years) and BMI as normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (>30 kg/m2). Descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis tested the associations between age, BMI and SHBG. Results: Median SHBG levels increased across quartiles of age and decreased along with BMI increases (all P < 0.001). For each year increase in age, SHBG increased 0.32 nmol/L; conversely, for each unit increase in BMI, SHBG decreased by 1.1 nmol/L (all P < 0.001). SHBG levels decline with increasing BMI was greater than SHBG progressive increase with age. Overall, BMI explained 3.0 times more of the variability in SHBG than did ageing. At multivariate linear model, age and BMI were the most significant factors influencing SHBG concentration (all P < 0.001), after accounting for CCI, albumin levels and smoking status. Conclusions: We found a wide distribution of SHBG concentrations across age and BMI values in primary infertile men. The association between BMI and lowered SHBG levels seems to be greater than the association of ageing with increased SHBG.
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Goto, Atsushi, Brian H. Chen, Yiqing Song, Jane Cauley, Steven R. Cummings, Ghada N. Farhat, Marc Gunter, et al. "Age, Body Mass, Usage of Exogenous Estrogen, and Lifestyle Factors in Relation to Circulating Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin Concentrations in Postmenopausal Women." Clinical Chemistry 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.207217.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Circulating concentrations of sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) have been associated with cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and hormone-dependent cancers; however, correlates of SHBG concentrations are not well understood. METHODS We comprehensively investigated correlates of SHBG concentrations among 13 547 women who participated in the Women's Health Initiative and who had SHBG measurements. We estimated study- and ethnicity-specific associations of age, reproductive history, usage of exogenous estrogen, body mass index (BMI), and lifestyle factors such as physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, coffee intake, and dietary factors with SHBG concentrations. These estimates were pooled using random-effects models. We also examined potential nonlinear associations using spline analyses. RESULTS There was no significant ethnic difference in the age-adjusted mean concentrations of SHBG. Age, exogenous estrogen use, physical activity, and regular coffee intake were positively associated with SHBG concentrations, whereas BMI was inversely associated with SHBG concentrations after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Similar patterns were observed among both ever users and never users of exogenous estrogen. The spline analysis indicated nonlinear relations of regular intake of coffee, age, and BMI with SHBG concentrations. Two or more cups/day of regular coffee consumption and age of 60 years or older were associated with higher SHBG concentrations; the inverse BMI–SHBG relation was especially strong among women whose BMI was below 30. CONCLUSIONS In this large sample of postmenopausal women, age, exogenous estrogen use, physical activity, regular coffee intake, and BMI were significant correlates of SHBG concentrations, presenting potential targets for interventions.
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Park, Gihong, Kyungchul Song, Youngha Choi, Jun Suk Oh, Han Saem Choi, Junghwan Suh, Ahreum Kwon, Ho-Seong Kim, and Hyun Wook Chae. "Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Is Associated with Obesity and Dyslipidemia in Prepubertal Children." Children 7, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7120272.
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Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is associated with age, sex, and puberty. The association of SHBG with various diseases has been suggested nowadays, however, the relationships in prepubertal children have not been sufficiently investigated. This study analyzed the relationship of SHBG with body mass index (BMI) and plasma lipid levels in prepubertal children. We evaluated the association of SHBG with BMI among the 693 prepubertal children subdivided into normal, overweight, and obese groups, with plasma lipid levels among the children subdivided into normal and dyslipidemia groups. The obese and overweight group had lower SHBG levels than the normal BMI group in both sexes. The dyslipidemia group included subjects with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high triglycerides (TG), or a high atherogenic index of plasma (AIP); this group had lower SHBG than the normal lipid group. SHBG was positively correlated with HDL-C, and negatively correlated with TG and AIP. After adjusting for BMI, SHBG was positively correlated with HDL-C and negatively correlated with TG and AIP in all groups. In conclusion, SHBG levels are closely correlated with BMI in prepubertal children. SHBG may play a meaningful role in the decrease in HDL-C and increase in TG during prepubertal age.
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Slaats, E. H., J. C. Kennedy, and H. Kruijswijk. "Interference of sex-hormone binding globulin in the "Coat-A-Count" testosterone no-extraction radioimmunoassay." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.2.300.
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Abstract We evaluated a "no-extraction" assay system for serum testosterone [Diagnostic Products "Coat-A-Count" testosterone (direct)] with respect to the influence of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG). We conclude that the SHBG concentration strongly affects this estimation. The quantity of testosterone measured in the presence of 90 nmol of SHBG per liter (the upper reference limit of SHBG for women) was only about 40% of that measured at the lower limit of the SHBG reference interval (30 nmol/L). For SHBG concentrations less than 30 nmol/L one can expect the testosterone concentrations measured to be relatively too high.
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Lee, W. M., A. S. T. Wong, A. W. K. Tu, C.-H. Cheung, J. C. H. Li, and G. L. Hammond. "Rabbit sex hormone binding globulin: primary structure, tissue expression, and structure/function analyses by expression in Escherichia coli." Journal of Endocrinology 153, no. 3 (June 1997): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1530373.
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Abstract Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is a homodimeric plasma protein found in mammals that binds sex steroids with high affinity and regulates their bioavailability. The protein is identical in structure and properties to the androgen binding protein (ABP) found in the male reproductive tract. We have isolated a 1245-base pair rabbit SHBG cDNA encoding a reading frame for a signal peptide followed by a protein of 367 amino acids, which shares 79·0, 68·1 and 63·2% amino acid identity with the corresponding human, rat and mouse proteins respectively. Northern blot and hot-nested PCR analyses indicated that rabbit SHBG is produced from a 1·6 kilobase mRNA in the liver of both sexes and in the testis. The rabbit SHBG cDNA was inserted into pGEX-1λT for expression of a glutathione S-transferase/SHBG fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The bacterial product bound 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the same manner as the corresponding protein in serum. The dissociation constants (Kd) for rabbit and human SHBGs produced in E. coli were 11·1 ± 1·1 nm and 2·1 ± 0·6 nm respectively, and rabbit SHBG formed a less stable protein-steroid complex (t½=5 min) than human SHBG (t½>60 min). Unlike human SHBG, rabbit SHBG does not bind estradiol with high affinity. To aid in the identification of differences in the sequences of rabbit and human SHBG, which determine species differences in steroid-binding affinity and specificity, chimeras containing the 5′-terminal half of SHBG from one species and 3′-terminal half of SHBG from the other species were constructed and expressed. It was found that the chimeric proteins assumed similar steroid-binding affinity and specificity as the wild-type proteins when the amino (N)-terminal half of SHBG was derived from the same species. Replacement of the carboxyl (C)-terminal half of rabbit SHBG by the corresponding region of the human molecule increased the integrity of its steroid-protein complex. This supports the concept that amino acids within the N-terminal half of SHBG constitute the steroid-binding domain while the C-terminal half of the molecule may provide structural stability to the protein and its steroid-binding site. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 153, 373–384
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Dalmazzo, Andressa, João D. A. Losano, Daniel S. R. Angrimani, Isabel V. A. Pereira, Marcelo D. Goissis, Maria C. P. Francischini, Everton Lopes, et al. "Immunolocalisation and expression of oxytocin receptors and sex hormone-binding globulin in the testis and epididymis of dogs: correlation with sperm function." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 9 (2019): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18452.
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The aim of this study was to confirm gene and protein expression of oxytocin receptor (OTR) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in the testis and epididymis of dogs, correlating these data with sperm quality and production and testosterone concentrations. Positive correlations were found between OTR and SHBG expression in both the testis and epididymis. Testicular OTR expression was positively associated with plasma membrane and acrosome integrity in canine spermatozoa, whereas SHBG expression in the testis was positively correlated with various sperm characteristics, such as sperm concentration, total and progressive motility, plasma membrane integrity and acrosome integrity. Testicular expression of both OTR and SHBG was negatively correlated with low sperm mitochondrial activity. In the epididymis, SHBG expression was only positively correlated with plasma membrane integrity. Analysis of protein expression revealed that testicular OTR was positively correlated with testosterone concentrations and negatively correlated with the absence of sperm mitochondrial activity. In addition, SHBG expression in the testes was associated with epididymis SHBG expression and morphologically normal cells. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis revealed the presence of both OTR and SHBG in testicular smooth muscles and Leydig cells. However, in the epididymis, OTR was only located in smooth muscle cells, whereas neither IHC nor western blotting detected SHBG. Together, the results of this study suggest that OTR and SHBG play key roles in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation, being essential for male reproductive success.
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Sofer, Yael, Nava Nevo, Michal Vechoropoulos, Gabi Shefer, Etty Osher, Nathan Landis, Karen Tordjman, Geoffrey L. Hammond, and Naftali Stern. "Human sex hormone-binding globulin does not provide metabolic protection against diet-induced obesity and dysglycemia in mice." Endocrine Connections 7, no. 1 (January 2018): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-17-0240.
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Background Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the main transporter of sex hormones in most vertebrates. Low SHBG levels have been linked to increased risk for diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Polymorphisms of the SHBG gene linked to low SHBG protein levels also strongly predicted increased risk of type 2 diabetes, thus raising the possibility that SHBG may play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes. Aim To examine whether expression of human SHBG in mice may ameliorate the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods Transgene mice expressing a human SHBG transgene (SHBG+) (N = 10/11; males/females) and their wild type littermates (N = 12/8; males/females) were fed HFD for 4.5 months. Results HFD induced comparable obesity in control and SHBG+ mice. Male transgenes had higher muscle mass after 2–3.5 months HFD (0.43 ± 0.028 (n = 4) vs 0.38 ± 0.053 g (n = 7), P = 0.05). Fasting blood glucose, as well as insulin or HOMA-IR, was not different in transgenic vs wild-type males after 4–5 months HFD. Female transgenes had higher fasting glucose (152 ± 29 (n = 7) vs 115 ± 27 mg/dL, P = 0.01 (n = 8)), but mean insulin and HOMA-IR were not different. Likewise, insulin tolerance test and intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT) were not different. Finally, SHBG+ mice were not different from controls in terms of liver enzymes, serum triglyceride levels and blood pressure. Conclusion In mice with diet-induced obesity, human SHBG did not protect against development of obesity or dysglycemia.
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Misao, Ryou, Yoshihito Nakanishi, Jiro Fujimoto, Masashi Hori, Satoshi Ichigo, and Teruhiko Tamaya. "Expression of sex hormone-binding globulin mRNA in human ovarian cancers." European Journal of Endocrinology 133, no. 3 (September 1995): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1330327.
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Misao R, Nakanishi Y, Fujimoto J. Hori M, Ichigo S, Tamaya T. Expression of sex hormone-binding globulin mRNA in human ovarian cancers. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:327–34. ISSN 0804–4643 To know the role of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in the intracellular steroidal actions in human ovarian cancers, the expression of SHBG mRNA as a substitute for intracellular SHBG expression was investigated in normal ovarian tissues and ovarian tumors. In the present study, we used competitive reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction–Southern blot analysis to evaluate SHBG mRNA levels. The expression of SHBG mRNA was detected in all normal ovaries and benign and malignant ovarian tumors analyzed. There were no significant differences in the mean SHBG mRNA levels among the three types of tissue. The expression in normal ovaries was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in premenopause, suggesting the predominance of a sex steroid hormone effect on ovarian SHBG synthesis. Relative overexpression of SHBG mRNA was observed in six out of 22 cases (27%) of ovarian cancer (three cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma, two cases of serous cystadenocarcinoma and one case of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma) in comparison with normal ovaries and benign ovarian tumors. There was no difference in expression among the clinical stages of ovarian cancers. These data suggest that normal human ovaries and ovarian tumors might synthesize SHBG intracellularly, ovarian cancers might conserve an estrogen-associated property via SHBG and the regulation of intracellular SHBG expression might be changed in some cancers. Ryou Misao, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasamachi, Gifu 500, Japan
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Eriksson, A. L., M. Lorentzon, D. Mellström, L. Vandenput, C. Swanson, N. Andersson, G. L. Hammond, et al. "SHBG Gene Promoter Polymorphisms in Men Are Associated with Serum Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Androgen and Androgen Metabolite Levels, and Hip Bone Mineral Density." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 5029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0679.
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Abstract Context: SHBG regulates free sex steroid levels, which in turn regulate skeletal homeostasis. Twin studies have demonstrated that genetic factors largely account for interindividual variation in SHBG levels. Glucuronidated androgen metabolites have been proposed as markers of androgenic activity. Objective: Our objective was to investigate whether polymorphisms in the SHBG gene promoter [(TAAAA)n microsatellite and rs1799941 single-nucleotide polymorphism] are associated with serum levels of SHBG, sex steroids, or bone mineral density (BMD) in men. Design and Study Subjects: We conducted a population-based study of two cohorts of Swedish men: elderly men (MrOS Sweden; n ≅ 3000; average age, 75.4 yr) and young adult men (GOOD study; n = 1068; average age, 18.9 yr). Main Outcome Measures: We measured serum levels of SHBG, testosterone, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol glucuronides, androsterone glucuronide, and BMD determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: In both cohorts, (TAAAA)n and rs1799941 genotypes were associated with serum levels of SHBG (P < 0.001), dihydrotestosterone (P < 0.05), and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol glucuronides (P < 0.05). In the elderly men, they were also associated with testosterone and BMD at all hip bone sites. The genotype associated with high levels of SHBG was also associated with high BMD. Interestingly, male mice overexpressing human SHBG had increased cortical bone mineral content in the femur, suggesting that elevated SHBG levels may cause increased bone mass. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that polymorphisms in the SHBG promoter predict serum levels of SHBG, androgens, and glucuronidated androgen metabolites, and hip BMD in men.
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Parwanto, Mauritius Lambertus Edy. "The negative correlation between testosterone levels and age in healthy Indonesian men residing in the special capital province of Jakarta, Indonesia." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 8 (July 26, 2017): 3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173535.
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Background: Testosterone levels in the circulation determined by production and secretion by Leydig cell in the testes. The action mechanism of testosterone to target cells mediated by sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). The levels of testosterone and SHBG in circulation determine men's health. The objective in this study to know the relationship between testosterone, SHBG and insulin with age in healthy Indonesian men residing in the special capital province of Jakarta, Indonesia.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study involving 250 healthy Indonesian men residing in the special capital province of Jakarta, Indonesia. Consecutive sampling was done in this study. Testosterone, SHBG and insulin in the serum were measured by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). Glucose, triglycerides and albumin were measured using a spectrophotometer. Regression analysis was done to know the correlation between testosterone, SHBG and insulin with age.Results: The levels of TT, free testosterone (FT), SHBG and percentage of free testosterone (%FT) in healthy Indonesian men were negatively correlated with age (p<0.05). Free testosterone index (FTI) and insulin are not correlated with age (p>0.05). The levels of SHBG, FT, %FT and FTI were correlated positively with TT (p<0.05), but insulin did not correlate with TT (p>0.05). The %FT and FTI were positively correlated with FT (p<0.05), but SHBG and insulin levels did not correlate with FT (p>0.05). SHBG levels are not correlated with insulin (p>0.05). The rate of decline in TT levels in this study 9.8% per decade, while in SHBG levels 8.19% per decade.Conclusions: The levels of TT, FT, % FT and SHBG in this study were negatively correlated with age, but the FTI and insulin did not correlate with age. The rate of decline in TT levels in this study 9.8% per decade, while in SHBG levels 8.19% per decade.
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Xita, Nectaria, Ioannis Georgiou, Leandros Lazaros, Vasiliki Psofaki, George Kolios, and Agathocles Tsatsoulis. "The synergistic effect of sex hormone-binding globulin and aromatase genes on polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype." European Journal of Endocrinology 158, no. 6 (June 2008): 861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-07-0905.
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ObjectiveExperimental evidence suggests that fetal exposure to androgen excess may program the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in utero. The aim of this study was to examine whether the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)(TAAAA)n and the cytochrome P450, family 19 (CYP19)(TTTA)n polymorphisms, known to influence sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels and aromatase activity respectively, play a synergistic role in the development of PCOS.Design and methodsWe studied 180 women with PCOS and 160 healthy women of reproductive age. The body mass index (BMI) was recorded and the hormonal profile determined from the third to fifth day of menstrual cycle. DNA was extracted from blood leucocytes and the SHBG(TAAAA)n and CYP19(TTTA)n polymorphisms were genotyped.ResultsGenotype analysis revealed 6 SHBG(TAAAA)n alleles with 6–11 repeats and 6 CYP19(TTTA)n alleles with 7–12 repeats. Women were subdivided into four groups: those with short SHBG (≤8 TAAAA repeats) and CYP19 alleles (≤9 TTTA repeats), those with short SHBG–long CYP19 alleles, those with long SHBG–short CYP19 alleles, and those with long SHBG and CYP19 alleles. Women with PCOS tended to have at greater frequency, long SHBG–short CYP19 alleles compared with controls (57.3 vs 42.4%, P=0.07). Importantly, PCOS women with long SHBG–short CYP19 alleles had the lowest SHBG levels (P=0.02) and the highest total testosterone (P=0.008), free androgen index (P=0.002), DHEAS (P=0.02), and testosterone/estradiol ratio (P=0.03), compared with those with other genotypes. This association was independent of age, BMI, and insulin resistance indexes.ConclusionWe speculate that the SHBG and CYP19 genes may have a synergistic role in the developmental programming of PCOS, by affecting androgen bioavailability and aromatization respectively.
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Siddiqui, Khalid, Khalid Al-Rubeaan, Shaik Nawaz, Khaled Aburisheh, Anas Alaabdin, and Ibrahim Tolba. "Serum Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) Relation with Different Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Men with Type 2 Diabetes." Hormone and Metabolic Research 50, no. 02 (December 15, 2017): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-123348.
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AbstractSex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is demonstrated to be decreased in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of SHBG in relation to MetS components among men with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This cross-sectional study was carried out among 429 Saudi T2D male patients aged >30 years. Metabolic syndrome was defined using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, albumin, and lipid parameter were measured. Gonadal hormones, namely total testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and SHBG were determined using ELISA. The SHBG levels of the MetS group was significantly lower than non-MetS group 47.25±31.03 nmol/l vs. 56.55±37.84 nmol/l; p=0.013. As the MetS score increases, SHBG and HDL levels decrease while weight, BMI, waist circumference, SBP, DBP, FBG, HbA1c, TC, and TG levels increase. SHBG correlated with age, BMI, TG, HDL, TT, free testosterone, and bio-available testosterone. This is the first study that provides detailed analyses of SHBG with MetS components in male diabetic subjects. The mean serum SHBG levels gradually declined with the addition of MetS components in T2D men. TT, free testosterone, and bio-available testosterone remained independently associated with SHBG by multivariable regression analysis.