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Zhu, Jinxiu, Wenjuan Ying, Li Zhang, Gangyi Peng, Weiju Chen, Enoch Odame Anto, Xueqing Wang, et al. "Psychological symptoms in Chinese nurses may be associated with predisposition to chronic disease: a cross-sectional study of suboptimal health status." EPMA Journal 11, no. 4 (October 14, 2020): 551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13167-020-00225-y.
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Abstract Background Suboptimal health status (SHS) is a reversible state between ideal health and illness and it can be effectively reversed by risk prediction, disease prevention, and personalized medicine under the global background of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) concepts. More and more Chinese nurses have been troubled by psychological symptoms (PS). The correlation between PS and SHS is unclear in nurses. The purpose of current study is to investigate the prevalence of SHS and PS in Chinese nurses and the relationship between SHS and PS along with predisposing factors as well as to discuss the feasibility of improving health status and preventing diseases according to PPPM concepts in Chinese nurses. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with the cluster sampling method among 9793 registered nurses in Foshan city, China. SHS was evaluated with the Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire-25 (SHSQ-25). Meanwhile, the PS of depression and anxiety were evaluated with Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) self-assessment questionnaires. The relationship between PS and SHS in Chinese nurses was subsequently analyzed. Results Among the 9793 participants, 6107 nurses were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of SHS in the participants was 74.21% (4532/6107) while the symptoms of depression and anxiety were 47.62% (2908/6107) and 24.59% (1502/6107) respectively. The prevalence of SHS in the participants with depression and anxiety was significantly higher than those without the symptoms of depression (83.3% vs 16.7%, P < 0.001) and anxiety (94.2% vs 5.8%, P < 0.0001). The ratio of exercise habit was significantly lower than that of non-exercise habit (68.8% vs 78.4%, P < 0.001) in SHS group. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of SHS and PS in Chinese nurses. PS in Chinese nurses are associated with SHS. Physical exercise is a protective factor for SHS and PS so that the exercise should be strongly recommended as a valuable preventive measure well in the agreement with PPPM philosophy. Along with SDS and SAS, SHSQ-25 should also be highly recommended and applied as a novel predictive/preventive tool for the health measures from the perspectives of PPPM in view of susceptible population and individual screening, the predisposition to chronic disease preventing, personalization of intervention, and the ideal health state restoring.
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Xie, Muxing, Chunrong Jia, Yawei Zhang, Beibei Wang, Ning Qin, Suzhen Cao, Liyun Zhao, Dongmei Yu, and Xiaoli Duan. "Household Exposure to Secondhand Smoke among Chinese Children: Status, Determinants, and Co-Exposures." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 5524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155524.
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Smoking prevalence stays high among adults in China, which also makes children exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) in their households. This study aimed to investigate the status of SHS exposure among Chinese children, identify the influencing factors, and determine “co-exposure” to tobacco and other smokes in households. A total of 41,439 children aged 6–17 years were recruited from 30 provinces in Mainland China through the first Chinese Environmental Exposure-Related Human Activity Model Survey for Children (CEERHAPS-C). Information regarding children’s demographics, socioeconomic status, and exposures to SHS and solid fuel smoke (SFS) in households was collected using a comprehensive questionnaire. Factors that affected exposures to household smokes were identified using multivariable logistic regressions. The overall prevalence of household SHS exposure was 41.7%, and the average duration was 14.7 ± 14.6 min/day among the exposed participants. Prevalence of household SHS exposure increased among children in older age groups and with parents in lower education levels. Among SHS-exposed children, 34% had co-exposure to SFS, and they had a significantly higher risk of co-exposure than non-SHS exposed children (odds ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval: 1.061, 1.162). The prevalence of household SHS exposure remains high among school-age children, suggesting the need to develop and implement smoking-free home programs.
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Day, Sara, Ryan Kinsella, Sophie Jones, Victoria Tittle, Tara Suchak, and Kimberley Forbes. "Safeguarding outcomes of 16 and 17-year-old service users of Sexual Health London (SHL.uk), a pan-London online sexual health service." International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 14 (October 25, 2020): 1373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420933462.
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Guidance around how to safeguard young people using online sexual health services (e-SHSs) is limited. Sexual Health London (SHL.uk) is an e-SHS, integrated with London’s sexual health clinics (SHCs), offering users aged 16 years and above sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing. For a safeguarding risk assessment, under 18s must complete a safeguarding e-triage, and any concern raised results in a ‘call back’ (CB) by the SHL.uk team. The safeguarding outcomes of CBs between 8 January 2018 and 18 September 2018 were reviewed; 261/454 (57.5%) users never triggered a CB on their e-triage (non-CB group) and 193/454 (42.5%) users triggered one or more CB(s) (CB group). Safeguarding concerns disclosed predominantly related to drug/alcohol use and partner's age imbalance. Successful telephonic risk assessment took place in 84.5% CB cases. Safeguarding outcomes comprised referrals to: SHC in 35.5%; child protection team in 8.5%; social services in 7%. STI positivity was 16.4% and 15.2% in the CB and non-CB groups, respectively. Although a high number of safeguarding triggers were disclosed, only a small proportion warranted referral for further support/intervention. Using e-triage with telephony support to screen and safeguard adolescents accessing an e-SHS was acceptable to users and enabled their clinical and safeguarding needs to be safely met. e-SHS integration within a network of SHCs further supported this model.
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Merzhanov, Alexander G. "SHS technology." Advanced Materials 4, no. 4 (April 1992): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19920040412.
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Velazhahan, Rethinasamy, Shima Nasser Hamed Al-Mamari, Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi, Issa Hashil Al-Mahmooli, and S. P. Sathish Babu. "In vitro antagonistic potential, plant growth-promoting activity and indole-3-acetic acid producing trait of bacterial isolates from spent mushroom substrate of Agaricus bisporus." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 25, no. 2 (September 20, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol25iss2pp22-29.
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Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is widely used as fertilizer and to control plant diseases. The microorganisms surviving in SMS play a crucial role in plant growth promotion and biocontrol properties of SMS. In this study, an effort was made to isolate and characterize the bacterial species present in the SMS of Agaricus bisporus and to study their antagonistic potential, plant growth-promoting ability and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing trait. Six different bacterial isolates exhibiting morphological variabilities were obtained from the SMS by serial dilution technique. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, these isolates were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis (Sh1 and Sh3), S. aureus (Sh2), Bacillus albus (Sh4), Delftia lacustris (Sh6) and Comamonas aquatica (Sh7). These bacterial strains were assayed for their antagonism against Pythium aphanidermatum, a phytopathogenic oomycete. The results of in vitro dual culture assay revealed that all the 6 bacterial isolates showed low levels of suppression of P. aphanidermatum and recorded less than 5 mm inhibition zone. Among the bacterial isolates, S. epidermidis Sh3 recorded the maximum inhibition zone of 4.2 mm. Plant growth promotion test using roll paper towel method revealed that C. aquatica Sh7, B. albus Sh4, D. lacustris Sh6 and S. epidermidis Sh3 caused a significant increase in seedling vigour of cucumber compared to control. The seeds treated with the bacterial isolate C. aquatica Sh7 showed the maximum seedling vigor. Assessment of in vitro production of IAA by the bacterial isolates revealed that the bacterial isolates highly varied (ranging from 0.28 to 9.25 mg L-1) in their potential for production of IAA. The maximum amount of IAA was produced by C. aquatica Sh7 (9.25 mg L-1), while the minimum was produced by S. epidermidis Sh1 (0.28 mg L-1).
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Sumin, V. I., and Yu N. Makurin. "Self-spreading high-temperature synthesis (SHS). SHS-based technology." Refractories 34, no. 3-4 (March 1993): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01283145.
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Shuaib, Muhammad, Deependra Paneru, Abdul Hafeez, Muhammad Tahir, and Woo Kyun Kim. "The Chemical Composition of Soyhulls and Their Effect on Amino Acid and Nutrient Digestibility in Laying Hens during the Peak of Production." Animals 13, no. 17 (September 4, 2023): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13172808.
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This study investigates the chemical composition of soyhulls (SHs) as an alternative feed ingredient and their effect on nutrient and amino acid (AA) digestibility in laying hens during peak production. A total of 200 golden brown hens (28 weeks old) were subjected to random allocation across 5 dietary treatments: a corn–soybean meal (SBM) reference diet and 4 test diets with 25% SHs from different mills (SH1, SH2, SH3, and SH4). Each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds per replicate. Digesta samples were collected during three phases (28–32, 32–36, and 36–40 weeks of age) to measure apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, and the standard ileal digestibility (SID) of AAs. The SBM diet had 30.0% crude protein (CP) and 3.78% crude fiber (CF), while the SH diets had 21.0 to 21.5% CP and 11.6% CF. The findings revealed that the AME was lower (p < 0.05) with SH diets (2404 kcal/kg) compared to the SBM diet (2627 kcal/kg) in all three phases. The SH diets had a lower AID of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), and crude fiber (CF) than the SBM diet by an average of 2.88, 2.25, 4.93, 4.99, and 3.36%, respectively. The AID of nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was higher in the SH diets than the SBM diet by 3.42% in all three phases (p < 0.05). The SH diets had lower uric acid excretion (about 66.93 mg/100 mL) than the SBM diet (about 76.43 mg/100 mL) on average in all three phases. The SH diets had a lower SID of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, cysteine, valine, and tyrosine than the SBM diet by 2 to 10%, while the SID of methionine was higher in the SH diets than the SBM diet by 2.2% on average in all three phases (p < 0.05). The SH from Sadiq Brother Feed (SH1) had the highest AME and AID of DM, ash, CP, EE, CF, and the SID of AA among the SH diets. These results indicate that SH can partially replace SBM in laying hen diets, but the source and quality of SH should be considered.
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Berthaud, Christine. "Recherches en SHS." Documents numériques, no. 53 (January 1, 2009): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35562/arabesques.2167.
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Maksimov, Yu M., A. I. Kirdyashkin, Vladimir K. Baev, and Aleksandr N. Gushin. "Porous SHS-Ceramics." Advances in Science and Technology 63 (October 2010): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.63.297.
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In the work, interrelations between morphology of porous metalloceramics and thermal modes of SHS wave have been revealed on the basis of complex investigations including high-speed microvideo filming and dynamic pyrometry of processes, the physical and chemical analysis of products by the example of various intermetallic and hybrid (Ni, Co, Сr-Al, Ti-B-Cu, Ti-Si), metallothermic (FeTiO3-Al, Si, C; FeO-Al2O3-MgO-Al, etc.) systems.
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Merzhanov, A. G., A. S. Rogachev, Vladimir N. Sanin, Vladimir A. Shcherbakov, A. E. Sytschev, and V. I. Yukhvid. "SHS under Microgravity." Key Engineering Materials 217 (October 2001): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.217.55.
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B, Sugavanesh, Hari Prasath R, and Selvakumar S. "SHS-HTTPS enforcer." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 38, no. 6 (November 11, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2532780.2532802.
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Bayly, Jennifer Ellen, Debra Bernat, Lauren Porter, Kellie O’Dare, and Kelvin Choi. "Prevalence and characteristics of secondhand smoke and secondhand vapour exposure among youth." Tobacco Control 28, no. 3 (July 18, 2018): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054265.
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BackgroundIt is well established that secondhand smoke (SHS) is harmful, and concern about the potential dangers associated with secondhand vapour (SHV) (ie, vapour from electronic vapour products, EVP) is growing. The present study examines the prevalence and characteristics associated with SHS and SHV exposure.MethodsData from youth aged 11–17 who completed the 2016 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (n=58 616) were analysed. Demographics, past 30 day SHS and SHV exposure, environmental factors, cigarette and EVP use status, SHS and SHV harm perceptions, and tobacco susceptibility were assessed. Weighted multivariable logistic regressions were performed to examine characteristics associated with SHS and SHV exposure, and SHS and SHV exposure with tobacco susceptibility.ResultsOverall, 42% of Florida youth reported SHS exposure and 29% reported SHV exposure during the past 30 days. Living in a home where tobacco use was permitted (vs not permitted) was positively associated with SHS (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.57) and SHV exposure (AOR 1.56). Perceived SHS as harmful (vs not harmful) was positively associated with SHS (AOR 1.73) and SHV exposure (AOR 1.97), while perceived SHV as harmful was negatively associated with SHS (AOR 0.86) and SHV exposure (AOR 0.56). SHS and SHV exposure was significantly associated with susceptibility to cigarette and EVP use (AOR 1.40 and 2.08, respectively).ConclusionsAlmost one-third of Florida youth reported SHV exposure. Factors associated with SHS and SHV exposure are somewhat similar, and exposure to SHS and SHV is associated with tobacco susceptibility in youth. Promoting tobacco-free homes is needed to protect youth from SHS and SHV exposure.
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Hu, Jinge, and Zhaohui Yao. "Drag reduction of turbulent boundary layer over sawtooth riblet surface with superhydrophobic coat." Physics of Fluids 35, no. 1 (January 2023): 015104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0132403.
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The application of drag reduction tech holds great significance to energy saving. To achieve better drag reduction, we investigated the flow characteristics of the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) over a composite surface made of sawtooth riblets with superhydrophobic coat (rib&SHS), a superhydrophobic surface (SHS), and a smooth surface using particle image velocimetry. The results showed that the drag reduction rate of the composite surface was higher than that of the superhydrophobic surface at the same Reynolds number. When the Reynolds number reached 2015, the drag reduction effect of SHS was almost ineffective (drag reduction was only 1.2%), whereas rib&SHS maintained satisfactory results (drag reduction was 20.2%). By proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), the second-order POD mode showed the tilt angles of the interface of Q2 and Q4 events inside the TBL over rib&SHS, and SHS were reduced compared with the smooth surface in the drag reduction cases. With drag reduction of rib&SHS and SHS, the hairpin vortexes were lifted away from the wall and the distances of vortexes within hairpin vortex packets decreased. Compared with SHS, rib&SHS had a greater effect on hairpin vortexes and hairpin vortex packets because the riblets made the Q2 events of rib&SHS weaker than that of SHS. So, the rib&SHS has a higher drag reduction rate and a larger drag reduction Reynolds number range than the SHS. It can be used to guide the drag reduction design of underwater vehicles.
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Saho, Hikari, Ayano Taniguchi-Tabata, Daisuke Ekuni, Aya Yokoi, Kouta Kataoka, Daiki Fukuhara, Naoki Toyama, et al. "Association between Household Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Dental Caries among Japanese Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 8623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228623.
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The long-term effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) on dental caries among Japanese young adults remain unclear. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate whether household exposure to SHS is associated with dental caries in permanent dentition among Japanese young adults. The study sample included 1905 first-year university students (age range: 18–19 years) who answered a questionnaire and participated in oral examinations. The degree of household exposure to SHS was categorized into four levels according to the SHS duration: no experience (−), past, current SHS < 10 years, and current SHS ≥ 10 years. Dental caries are expressed as the total number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) score. The relationships between SHS and dental caries were determined by logistic regression analysis. DMFT scores (median (25th percentile, 75th percentile)) were significantly higher in the current SHS ≥ 10 years (median: 1.0 (0.0, 3.0)) than in the SHS—(median: 0.0 (0.0, 2.0)); p = 0.001). DMFT ≥ 1 was significantly associated with SHS ≥ 10 years (adjusted odds ratio: 1.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.20–1.87, p < 0.001). Long-term exposure to SHS (≥10 years) was associated with dental caries in permanent dentition among Japanese young adults.
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Barisic, A., ST Leatherdale, R. Burkhalter, M. Math, and R. Ahmed. "Are Canadian youth still exposed to second-hand smoke in homes and in cars?" Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada 34, no. 2/3 (July 2014): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.34.2/3.06.
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Introduction The objective of this manuscript is to examine the prevalence of youth exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) in homes and cars, changes in SHS exposure over time, and factors associated with beliefs youth hold regarding SHS exposure among a nationally representative sample of Canadian youth. Methods Descriptive analysis of SHS exposure in homes and cars was conducted using data from the Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (2004, 2006 and 2008). Logistic regression was conducted to examine factors associated with beliefs youth had about SHS exposure in 2008. Results In 2008, 21.5% of youth reported being exposed to SHS in their home on a daily or almost daily basis, while 27.3% reported being exposed to SHS while riding in a car at least once in the previous week. Between 2004 and 2008, the prevalence of daily SHS exposure in the home and cars decreased by 4.7% and 18.0% respectively. Conclusion Despite reductions in SHS exposure over time, a substantial number of Canadian youth continue to be exposed to SHS in homes and cars. Further effort is required to implement and evaluate policies designed to protect youth from SHS.
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Vincent, Valérie, and Geneviève Therriault. "« En faire toujours plus » : un besoin pédagogique et des pratiques enseignantes conséquentes ? Étude de cas à l’aune du rapport au savoir et des croyances d’un enseignant de sciences humaines et sociales au secondaire." Partie 2 : contextes didactique et disciplinaire 10, no. 2-3 (September 24, 2021): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1081787ar.
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« Les résultats des élèves sont satisfaisants, mais j’ai besoin d’en faire toujours plus pour le développement de leurs connaissances et l’évolution de mes pratiques ». Léo est un enseignant du secondaire en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), suivi lors d’une étude de cas et d’un mentorat centré sur l’arrimage entre ses croyances épistémologiques, ses conceptions de l’enseignement/apprentissage et ses pratiques. Ce suivi est réalisé dans le cadre d’un postdoctorat au Québec, centré sur l’idée que le rapport au savoir des enseignant·e·s est une part de leur habitus influençant leurs pratiques. Comment le rapport au savoir et les croyances épistémologiques/pédagogiques de Léo peuvent-ils alors expliquer son besoin « d’en faire toujours plus » ? Quel est leur impact sur ses pratiques ? Quel mentorat enseignant·e/chercheur·e envisager ? Des observations filmées de ses enseignements en SHS, des entretiens post-observations et des séances de mentorat ont été analysés. On constate une évolution de ses pratiques, passant d’un rapport quantitatif à un rapport qualitatif aux savoirs scolaires.
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Angus, Kathryn, and Sean Semple. "Home Health and Community Care Workers’ Occupational Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: A Rapid Literature Review." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, no. 12 (October 26, 2018): 1673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty226.
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Abstract Introduction Although many workers are protected from exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS), home health and community care workers enter domestic settings where SHS is commonly present. Little is known about the extent of SHS exposure among this occupational group. Methods A rapid review to examine the literature on home health and community care workers’ exposure to SHS at work and identify research gaps. Systematic searches combining terms for SHS exposure (eg, “tobacco smoke pollution”) with terms for home health and care workers, patients and settings (eg, “home health nursing”) were run in CINAHL and Medline (with no date or language limitations). Web site and backward-forward citation searches identified further papers for narrative review. Results Twenty relevant publications covering seventeen studies considered home health or community care workers’ exposure to SHS either solely or as part of an assessment of other workplace hazards. Eight studies provided data on either the proportion of home care workers exposed to SHS or the frequency of exposure to SHS. No studies provided quantification of SHS concentrations experienced by this group of workers. Conclusions Exposure to SHS is likely to be common for workers who enter private homes to provide care. There is a need for research to understand the number of workers exposed to SHS, and the frequency, duration, and intensity of the exposure. Guidance should be developed to balance the rights and responsibilities of those requiring care alongside the need to prevent the harmful effects of SHS to workers providing care in domestic settings. Implications Very little is known about home health and community care workers’ exposure to SHS. There is a need for research to quantify how many workers are exposed, how often and for how long exposure occurs, and the concentrations of SHS experienced. In many countries, home health care workers may be one of the largest working groups that experience exposure to SHS as part of their employment. The public health community needs to engage in a debate about how home health care workers can be best protected from SHS.
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Nik Nor Ronaidi bin Nik Mahdi, Aniza binti Abd Aziz, Rahmah binti Mohd. Amin, and Intan Suhana Munira binti Mat Azmi. "PREVENTIVE PRACTICE ON SECONDHAND SMOKE AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG ADULTS IN A SUBURBAN COMMUNITY IN KUALA TERENGGANU." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 20, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.20/no.1/art.556.
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Secondhand smoke (SHS) carries many health risks and is associated with diseases and premature deaths among nonsmoking adults and children. Despite many health promotions and legislative measures executed by the government to protect the public from SHS, the prevalence of SHS exposure is still high. Personal appropriate practices to avoid exposure are crucial especially at home or private area. Therefore, the current study focused on describing individual preventive practices on SHS and determining its associated factors. A cross sectional study was conducted among 250 adults in a village, Kuala Terengganu. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between all independent variables and the SHS preventive practice status. The prevalence of SHS exposure was 66.0%. Majority of the respondents (77.2%) has good knowledge on SHS. Nevertheless, despite having good knowledge, a large proportion of them showed poor attitude toward SHS (77.6%) and poor preventive practices (61.2%). Poor preventive practices on SHS were significantly associated with being older (ORadj: 1.0206, 95% CI: 1.0004, 1.0412), female (ORadj: 2.0644, 95% CI: 1.0753, 3.9635), smoker (ORadj: 12.1107, 95% CI: 4.0630, 36.0991), not having existing tobacco-related morbidity (ORadj: 3.6795, 95% CI: 1.1795, 11.4786), and poor attitude towards SHS (ORadj: 4.1871, 95% CI: 2.0955, 8.3665). The preventive practices of SHS among the villagers were poor despite showing acceptable level of knowledge. Hence, health awareness on the potential impact of SHS to the public as well as instilling appropriate behavior for them to avoid SHS and educate smokers need to be emphasized.
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Flouris, Andreas D., Constantine I. Vardavas, Giorgos S. Metsios, Aristidis M. Tsatsakis, and Yiannis Koutedakis. "Biological evidence for the acute health effects of secondhand smoke exposure." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 298, no. 1 (January 2010): L3—L12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00215.2009.
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A vast number of studies on the unfavorable effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) exist within the international literature, the majority of which evaluate longitudinal epidemiological data. Although limited, the experimental studies that assess the acute and short-term effects of exposure to SHS are also increasing in number. They include cellular, animal, and human studies that indicate a number of pathophysiological mechanisms through which the deleterious effects of SHS may arise. This current review evaluates the existing biological evidence regarding the acute health effects of SHS exposure. Analyses on the inhaled toxicants and the carcinogenicity of SHS are included as well as in-depth discussions on the evidence for acute SHS-induced respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine and immune effects, and SHS-induced influences on oxygen delivery and exercise. The influence of the length of exposure and the duration of the observed effects is also described. Moreover, recent findings regarding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms related to SHS are depicted so as to generate models that describe the SHS-induced effects on different systems within the human body. Based on the presented biological evidence, it is concluded that brief, acute, transient exposures to SHS may cause significant adverse effects on several systems of the human body and represent a significant and acute health hazard. Future research directions in this area include research on the concentrations of tobacco smoke constituents in the alveolar milieu following SHS exposure, individual susceptibility to SHS, as well as the effects of SHS on neurobehavioral activity, brain cell development, synaptic development, and function.
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Sariban, Suriyati, Siti Suhaila Mohd Yusoff, Juwita Shaaban, Norhayati Mohd Noor, and Harmy Mohamed Yusoff. "Effect of Second hand Smoke on Arterial Stiffness among Healthy Women." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 18, no. 2 (March 25, 2019): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v18i2.40706.
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Introduction: Arterial stiffness is recognised as a significant cardiovascular risk factor and an independent predictor of all causes of cardiovascular death. Women are the largest population exposed to cigarette smoke either at work or from their partner. The objectives of this study are to compare the arterial stiffness (augmentation index and pulse wave velocity) between second hand smoke (SHS) and non second hand smoke (non-SHS).
Designs and method: Comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 118 healthy female subjects (64 SHS and 54 non- SHS). The women were in the SHS group if their spouse is a smoker and they had an exposure to cigarette smoke for at least three years, minimum of15 minutes two days a week. Pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity was used to study the arterial stiffness. Pulse wave analysis reported as percentage of augmentation index. Pulse wave velocity equal to carotid femoral distance (meter) divided by time (second)
Results: The mean augmentation index (AIx) for SHS groups was 17.9 (SD7.06) and for non SHS groups was 20.7(SD6.11). The mean of Pulse wave velocity was 8.94 (SD1.36) in SHS groups and 9.02 (SD8.68) in non SHS groups. ANOVA and ANCOVA shown significance difference in crude mean (p = 0.047) and estimated marginal mean (p = 0.028) of augmentation index between SHS and non - SHS after controlling for age and BMI. However, there was no significant difference in crude mean (p = 0.795) and estimated marginal mean (p = 0.716) pulse wave velocity between SHS and non - SHS after controlling for age and BMI.
Conclusion: An increase in augmentation index amongst non SHS in this study most probably due to exposure to environmental tobacco at work compared to exposure to spouse’s smoke
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(2) 2019 p.340-346
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Sim, Boram, and Myung-Bae Park. "Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: Inconsistency between Self-Response and Urine Cotinine Biomarker Based on Korean National Data during 2009–2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 9284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179284.
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This study aimed to estimate the secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure using urinary cotinine (UCo) to prove that the SHS exposure could not be properly assessed by self-reporting (SR). In total, 28,574 nonsmokers aged >19 years were selected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2009–2018). First, changes in the annual concentration of UCo were analyzed, and the annual SHS exposure rates were measured based on SR and UCo from 2009 to 2018. Then, the average UCo concentration and UCo-measured SHS exposure rate were confirmed according to the subjects’ characteristics. Finally, factors associated with the UCo-measured SHS exposure rate were identified based on multiple regression analysis. The findings showed that the annual UCo concentrations and self-reported SHS exposure rates dropped significantly over the past decade. In contrast, the UCo-measured SHS exposure rate indicated that >80% of nonsmokers are still exposed to SHS. Moreover, we found vulnerable groups using UCo-measured SHS exposure rate. In particular, the self-reported SHS exposure at home and in workplaces and house type was highly associated with SHS exposure. Thus, these findings indicate that the actual SHS exposure could not be properly assessed by SR and should be verified using a biomarker, such as UCo. Considering that even a short-term exposure can be harmful to health, the goal of the policy should be to keep cotinine concentration as low as possible.
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Siti Hajar, Mohd Hanaffi, Sanip Zulkefli, Shaaban Juwita, Mohd Noor Norhayati, Mohd Yusoff Siti Suhaila, Aida Hanum Ghulam Rasool, and Mohamed Yusoff Harmy. "Metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in women exposed to secondhand smoke." PeerJ 6 (October 18, 2018): e5758. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5758.
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Background Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to determine the effects of SHS on the cardiovascular disease biomarkers, namely the metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in healthy adult women. Methods This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among healthy women. The cases included those women exposed to SHS, and the controls included those women not exposed to SHS. SHS exposure was defined as being exposed to SHS for at least 15 min for 2 days per week. Venous blood was taken to measure the metabolic markers (high molecular weight adiponectin, insulin level, insulin resistance, and nonesterified fatty acids), oxidative stress markers (oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol and 8-isoprostane), and inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6). A hair nicotine analysis was also performed. An analysis of covariance and a simple linear regression analysis were conducted. Results There were 101 women in the SHS exposure group and 91 women in the non-SHS exposure group. The mean (with standard deviation) of the hair nicotine levels was significantly higher in the SHS exposure group when compared to the non-SHS exposure group [0.22 (0.62) vs. 0.04 (0.11) ng/mg; P = 0.009]. No significant differences were observed in the high molecular weight adiponectin, insulin and insulin resistance, nonesterified fatty acids, 8-isoprostane, oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol, interleukin-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein between the two groups. The serum high molecular weight adiponectin was negatively associated with the insulin level and insulin resistance in the women exposed to SHS. However, no significant relationships were seen between the high molecular weight adiponectin and nonesterified fatty acids, 8-isoprostane, oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the SHS group. Discussion There were no significant differences in the metabolic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers between the SHS exposure and non-SHS exposure healthy women. A low serum level of high molecular weight adiponectin was associated with an increased insulin level and resistance in the women exposed to SHS.
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Negishi, Kazuno, Ikuko Toda, Masahiko Ayaki, Hidemasa Torii, and Kazuo Tsubota. "Subjective Happiness and Satisfaction in Postoperative Anisometropic Patients after Refractive Surgery for Myopia." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 3473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113473.
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Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) contributes to increased patient happiness one month after surgery; however, longer term effects are unknown. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study on 472 patients who underwent bilateral LASIK surgery to measure happiness and satisfaction with LASIK, and to identify affecting factors. Patients completed questionnaires on satisfaction with the surgery and the subjective happiness scale (SHS) before, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of SHS and satisfaction scores. Mean SHS increased at one month but was similar to baseline levels by six months. The SHS of older patients was greater than younger ones at baseline and at one and three months, while satisfaction among the older group was poorer at one and three months. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the decrease in SHS score from one month to three months correlated with baseline SHS, SHS at one month, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), and age. Regression analysis revealed SHS at six months correlated with preoperative SHS, SHS at one month, and satisfaction at six months. Satisfaction at final visit correlated with age, UDVA, anisometropia, and with SHS at each visit. We conclude that happiness and satisfaction were age- and UDVA-dependent, and anisometropic patients report poorer satisfaction scores.
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Intarut, Nirun, and Piyalak Pukdeesamai. "The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure and related factors among schoolchildren in Northeast Thailand." F1000Research 9 (September 21, 2020): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26039.1.
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Background: The prevalence of tobacco consumption in Thailand has gradually declined; however, the prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is still high. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of SHS exposure and examine the association between exposure to SHS and depressive symptoms among schoolchildren, and test for moderation by the number of smokers in household. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1105 schoolchildren. Socioeconomics factors, depressive symptoms and exposure to SHS variables were collected. We used the chi-square test for testing the factors associated to SHS exposure. In addition, we used the Mantel Haenszel test for testing interaction effect of depression to SHS exposure by the number of smokers in home. Multiple logistic regression was used to test the factors related to SHS exposure adjusted for confounders. Results: The prevalence of exposure to SHS was 58.2% (95%CI: 55.2, 61.1). The schoolchildren with abnormal depression status were 1.8 times more likely to have been exposed to SHS (95%CI: 1.3, 2.5). In addition, the number of smokers in the home did not modify the association between exposure to SHS and depressive symptoms (P: 0.964). Conclusions: An association between exposure to SHS and depressive in schoolchildren was observed, but this relationship was not affected by the number of smokers in children’s homes.
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Yazici, Sertac, and Bora Derin. "Double SHS of W2B5 Powder from CaWO4 and B2O3." Advances in Science and Technology 63 (October 2010): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.63.246.
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A synthesis study of W2B5 powder was carried out by double self-propagating hightemperature synthesis (D-SHS) from CaWO4, Mg and B2O3 mixture and followed by HCl leaching methods. In the first stage of SHS reaction, molar composition ratio of CaWO4:B2O3:Mg mixture was selected as 1:1:8 (SHS-1) and 1:2.5:8 (SHS-2). The both SHS products were then acid leached (HCl) at optimum conditions for 1 hour and 80 °C to eliminate MgO, Mg3B2O6 and Ca3(BO3)2 phases. The first leached products were consisted of W, WB, W2B5, and W2B phases. In the second stage of SHS process, the both leached products were reacted with the same amount of Mg and B2O3 mixture keeping previous initial ratio values (1:8 and 2.5:8). A successful SHS reaction was achieved only by using the mixture with leached SHS-2 product. After following acid leaching, the chemical composition of the leached D-SHS product was found to be 98.2 wt. % W2B5, 1.2 wt. % WB4, and 0.6 wt. % WB.
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Chien, Chin-Lung, Po-Lin Chen, Po-Jui Chu, Hsiang-Yi Wu, Yi-Chao Chen, and Shih-Chi Hsu. "The Chinese Version of the Subjective Happiness Scale: Validation and Convergence With Multidimensional Measures." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 38, no. 2 (April 9, 2019): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282919837403.
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This article aimed to establish the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS-C) and to investigate the convergence between SHS-C and multidimensional subjective well-being (MSWB). A total of 543 college students completed the following measures: the SHS-C, the MSWB scale, Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale, and the interpersonal harmony scale. The SHS-C showed adequate internal consistent reliability and test–retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed a one-factor structure of the SHS-C, and multigroup CFA showed factor invariance between gender groups. Subjective happiness, as measured by the SHS-C, and MSWB, as measured by life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect, were highly correlated (above .90), suggesting convergent validity. The SHS-C was also correlated with two theoretically different but related constructs, self-esteem and interpersonal harmony, providing evidence of criterion-related validity. The results provide preliminary evidence that the SHS-C is valid with a Chinese-speaking population and that the SHS-C and MSWB may be interchangeable.
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Kim, Kang, Kim, Seo, Sung, Kim, and Kang. "Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Hypertension in 106,268 Korean Self-Reported Never-Smokers Verified by Cotinine." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081238.
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: No study has reported the relationship between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and hypertension in self-reported never-smokers verified by nicotine metabolite. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between SHS exposure and hypertension in self-reported and cotinine-verified never-smokers. A total of 106,268 self-reported never-smokers, verified as nonsmokers by urinary cotinine, who participated in Kangbuk Samsung Cohort study (KSCS) between 2012 and 2016 were included. Cotinine-verified nonsmokers were defined as individuals having urinary cotinine <50 ng/mL. SHS exposure was defined as current exposure to passive smoke indoors at home or the workplace. The multivariate regression model revealed that SHS exposure was associated with hypertension (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)), 1.16 (1.08, 1.24)). Current SHS exposure that has been exposed to home SHS (1.22 (1.11, 1.33)) as well as current SHS exposure only at the workplace (1.15 (1.02, 1.29)) significantly increased the ORs for hypertension compared to no SHS exposure. There was no significant gender interaction for the relationships between SHS exposure and hypertension. This study showed that SHS exposure was significantly associated with hypertension in self-reported never-smokers verified as nonsmokers by urinary cotinine, suggesting necessity of health program and stricter smoking regulation to reduce the risk of hypertension.
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Woo, Byung Lyul, Min Kyung Lim, Eun Young Park, Jinhyeon Park, Hyeonsu Ryu, Dayoung Jung, Marcus J. Ramirez, and Wonho Yang. "Characteristics of Non-Smokers’ Exposure Using Indirect Smoking Indicators and Time Activity Patterns." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 1, 2020): 9099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219099.
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Since the global enforcement of smoke-free policies, indoor smoking has decreased significantly, and the characteristics of non-smokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has changed. The purpose of this study was to assess the temporal and spatial characteristics of SHS exposure in non-smokers by combining questionnaires and biomarkers with time activity patterns. To assess SHS exposure, biomarkers such as cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-3-(pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in urine and nicotine in hair were collected from 100 non-smokers in Seoul. Questionnaires about SHS exposure and time activity patterns were also obtained from the participants. The analysis of biomarker samples indicated that about 10% of participants were exposed to SHS when compared with the criteria from previous studies. However, 97% of the participants reported that they were exposed to SHS at least once weekly. The participants were most exposed to SHS in the outdoor microenvironment, where they spent approximately 1.2 h daily. There was a significant correlation between the participants’ time spent outdoors and self-reported SHS exposure time (r2 = 0.935). In this study, a methodology using time activity patterns to assess temporal and spatial characteristics of SHS exposure was suggested. The results of this study may help develop policies for managing SHS exposure, considering the time activity patterns.
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Heffernan, Thomas M., and Terence S. O'Neill. "Everyday Prospective Memory and Executive Function Deficits Associated with Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke." Journal of Addiction 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/160486.
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This study explored whether exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) has a detrimental impact upon everyday memory in two groups of non-smokers; one which reported regular exposure to SHS and one that reported never having been exposed to SHS. Thirty-four non-smokers who reported having been regularly exposed to SHS (SHS group) and 34 non-smokers who reported never having been exposed to SHS (non-SHS group) were compared on self-reports of prospective memory (PM: remembering future intentions and/or activities) and executive function (EF: those processes involved in attention, multitasking and decision-making). The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) assessed everyday PM lapses; the Executive Function Questionnaire (EFQ) assessed self-reported problems in EF; a drug-use questionnaire and a mood questionnaire were also administered. Two univariate ANCOVAs were applied to the PM and EF data, controlling for between-group differences in age, weekly alcohol use, anxiety and depression scores, and self-reported retrospective memory scores. The SHS group reported significantly more lapses on the PRMQ and more deficits on the EFQ than the non-SHS group. These findings provide new insights into PM and EF deficits associated with prolonged exposure to SHS in a group of non-smokers. Possible explanations and suggestions for future research are also considered.
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Lavery, Amy M., Bradley N. Collins, Amy T. Waldman, Chantelle N. Hart, Amit Bar-Or, Ruth Ann Marrie, Douglas Arnold, Julia O’Mahony, and Brenda Banwell. "The contribution of secondhand tobacco smoke exposure to pediatric multiple sclerosis risk." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 25, no. 4 (February 2, 2018): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458518757089.
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Background: Pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADSs) are monophasic (mono-ADS) in 70% of cases and represent the first attack of multiple sclerosis (MS) in 30%. Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure has been implicated as a risk factor for adult-onset MS. Little is known about whether SHS presents an additive risk beyond genetic factors and other environmental exposures associated with pediatric MS. Methods: This study examined SHS exposure in 216 children with mono-ADS and 81 children with MS. Interactions between SHS, HLA-DRB1*15 alleles, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and serological evidence of remote Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) exposure were evaluated. Results: SHS exposure was more common in children with MS (37% exposed) compared to mono-ADS (29.5% exposed). Compared to mono-ADS, SHS exposure was not an independent risk factor for MS. When both SHS exposure and HLA-DRB1*15 were present, the odds for MS increased (odds ratio (OR) = 3.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17–11.9) compared to mono-ADS. Interactions between SHS and vitamin D or EBV did not associate with MS. Conclusion: Exposure to SHS is a risk factor for central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. Results suggest that SHS exposure and HLA-DRB1*15 interact to increase risk for MS in children diagnosed with mono-ADS.
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Ma, Chunxiao, Zhongyu Ren, and Caifu Li. "The relationship between internet addiction and risk of suboptimal health status among Chinese college students." Medicine 102, no. 33 (August 18, 2023): e34528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000034528.
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Internet addiction (IA) is a prevalent trend among college students, and the relationship between severe IA and poor health status among college students has been well established. However, whether IA is associated with suboptimal health status (SHS) in college students is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between IA and SHS risk in Chinese college students. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess whether IA was related to SHS risk in 2265 college students in Shenyang, China. SHS was assessed using the Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire with a cutoff score of ≥35 to document SHS. IA was assessed using the validated 20-item Young’s Internet Addiction Test with cutoff scores of 31–49 and 50–100 for mile and moderate-to-severe cases, respectively. The prevalence rate of SHS was 54.0%. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the IA categories were positively related to a higher risk of SHS. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for SHS across IA categories were 1.00, 7.66 (6.00, 9.78), and 27.93 (20.95, 37.24) (P for trend: <.001) after adjusting for multiple confounding factors. This is the first cross-sectional study to demonstrate that IA is independently associated with SHS. This finding suggests that IA is a negative risk factor for SHS.
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Kim, Byung Jin, Jeong-Gyu Kang, and Bum Soo Kim. "Association between secondhand smoke exposure and new-onset hypertension in self-reported never smokers verified by cotinine." Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 36, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 1377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2021.214.
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Background/Aims: There is no study assessing the effect of changes of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and new-onset hypertension. We investigated the effect of a change of SHS exposure status on new-onset hypertension in self-reported and cotinine-verified never smokers.Methods: Out of individuals enrolled in the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study between 2011 and 2016, 87,486 self-reported and cotinine-verified never smokers without hypertension at baseline visit were included with a median follow-up of 36 months. Individuals were divided into four groups on the basis of their SHS exposure status at baseline and at follow-up: no, new, former, and sustained SHS exposure groups.Results: The incidence rates per 10,000 person-year of new-onset hypertension in no, new, former, and sustained SHS exposure groups were 84.7, 113.3, 102.0, and 123.7, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.001). A multivariable Cox-hazard analyses showed that new and sustained SHS exposure groups increased their hazard ratio (HR) for new-onset hypertension compared to no SHS exposure group (HR, 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.60 for new SHS exposure group; and HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.45 for sustained SHS exposure group). However, being part of the former SHS exposure group did not increase the risk of new-onset hypertension (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.03).Conclusions: This study showed that either new, or sustained SHS exposure, but not former SHS exposure, increased the risk for new-onset hypertension in self-reported never smokers verified as nonsmokers by urinary cotinine. These findings show the possibility that changing exposure to SHS even for a relatively short period can modify the risk of new-onset hypertension in self-reported and cotinine-verified never smokers.
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Reece, Sian, Camille Morgan, Mark Parascandola, and Kamran Siddiqi. "Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy: a cross-sectional analysis of data from Demographic and Health Survey from 30 low-income and middle-income countries." Tobacco Control 28, no. 4 (July 19, 2018): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054288.
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BackgroundSecondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy increases the risk of infant stillbirth, congenital malformations, low birth weight and respiratory illnesses. However, little is known about the extent of SHS exposure during pregnancy. We assessed the prevalence of SHS exposure in pregnant women in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsWe used Demographic and Health Survey data collected between 2008 and 2013 from 30 LMICs. We estimated weighted country-specific prevalence of SHS exposure among 37 427 pregnant women. We accounted for sampling weights, clustering and stratification in the sampling methods. We also explored associations between sociodemographic variables and SHS exposure in pregnant women using pairwise multinomial regression model.FindingsThe prevalence of daily SHS exposure during pregnancy ranged from 6% (95% CI 5% to 7%) (Nigeria) to 73% (95% CI 62% to 81%) (Armenia) and was greater than active tobacco use in pregnancy across all countries studied. Being wealthier, maternal employment, higher education and urban households were associated with lower SHS exposure in full regression models. SHS exposure in pregnant women closely mirrors WHO Global Adult Tobacco Survey male active smoking patterns. Daily SHS exposure accounted for a greater population attributable fraction of stillbirths than active smoking, ranging from 1% of stillbirths (Nigeria) to 14% (Indonesia).InterpretationWe have demonstrated that SHS exposure during pregnancy is far more common than active smoking in LMICs, accounting for more stillbirths than active smoking. Protecting pregnant women from SHS exposure should be a key strategy to improve maternal and child health.
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Kim, Sookyung, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Hyeyeon Lee, Bui Thi Thanh Loan, Le Thi Thanh Huyen, and Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong. "Prioritizing Training Needs of School Health Staff: The Example of Vietnam." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (August 1, 2020): 5563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155563.
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Competencies of school health staff (SHS) members, including school nurses, are crucial to improving child and adolescent health. In Vietnam, although SHS members are dispatched to schools, they have limited training opportunities. This study identified SHS members’ training needs in a province of Vietnam. A cross-sectional, online survey was conducted with 204 SHS members. The performance and importance of SHS members’ competencies were measured using 59-items and rated by a 5-point Likert scale. SHS members’ training priorities were analyzed using the Borich Needs Assessment and the Locus for Focus model. Controlling infectious disease was the highest training priority while implementing health promotion programs was of relatively low priority. The high-priority training needs identified could be rendered mandatory in policy for continuing education of SHS members. Awareness of the importance of health promotion, which has been emphasized globally, should also be promoted via school health policy. These findings could guide development of future training programs for SHS members.
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Azagba, Sunday, Keely Latham, and Lingpeng Shan. "Sociodemographic Differences in Secondhand Smoke Exposure in the United States." Health Education & Behavior 47, no. 4 (May 25, 2020): 602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198120925414.
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Background. Socioeconomic disparities in secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure exist among nonsmokers. The present study examined the prevalence and socioeconomic disparities of both objective and self-reported measures of SHS exposure in various indoor environments among U.S. nonsmokers. Method. Data were drawn from the 2013–2014 and 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The prevalence of objective measures of SHS (nonsmokers with serum cotinine levels of 0.05–10 ng/mL) and the self-reported SHS exposure status in restaurants, cars, and homes other than their own were examined for the overall population as well as by sociodemographic characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between sociodemographic characteristics and SHS exposure measures. Results. The prevalence of self-reported SHS exposure in restaurants, cars, and homes other than one’s own decreased significantly between 2013–2014 and 2015–2016. We found higher odds of the objective measure of SHS exposure among non-Hispanic Blacks (a OR 2.07, 95% confidence interval [1.93, 2.81]) and males (a OR 1.12, confidence interval [1.05, 1.18]), while lower odds were found among Mexican Americans, other Hispanics, and those who had family income greater or equal to the poverty level. Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, the non-Hispanic Black group had higher odds of SHS exposure in restaurants and homes other than their own. Age was positively associated with self-reported SHS exposure measures but not the objective SHS measure. However, age was negatively associated with SHS measures in the adult sample (aged ≥ 20 years). Conclusions. Findings suggest that although SHS exposure may be decreasing in specific at-risk populations, socioeconomic disparities still exist.
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Gao, Chunshi, Yan Yao, Huikun Niu, Lu Li, Meiqi Li, Yangming Qu, Rui Wang, et al. "Urban–rural differences in related factors of second-hand smoke exposure: a cross-sectional study of adult non-smokers in Northeast China." Journal of Public Health 41, no. 2 (July 24, 2018): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy120.
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Abstract Background this study aims to examine the different factors associated with exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) between urban and rural areas and to facilitate a reduction in SHS exposure in Northeast China. Methods a multistage stratified random cluster sampling design was used in this 2012 cross-sectional survey in Jilin Province, Northeast China. A total of 13 056 non-smokers were included in this study. The Rao–Scott χ2 test, multiple regression analysis and discriminant function analysis were used. Results the SHS prevalence among adult non-smokers was 60.2% in urban areas and 61.8% in rural areas. In urban areas, males were more likely to be exposed to SHS, while in rural areas, females were more likely to be exposed to SHS (P < 0.05). Increasing age was a protective factor against SHS exposure both in urban and rural areas (P < 0.05). Tobacco-relevant knowledge was positively associated with SHS exposure. Among urban non-smokers, high education level and engagement in manual work were risk factors for SHS exposure, and retired subjects were less likely to be exposed to SHS (P < 0.01). Conclusions non-smokers from urban and rural areas differ in the factors associated with SHS exposure, and urban–rural differentials, especially with regard to gender, should be considered in tobacco control.
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Agaku, Israel Terungwa, Siobhan N. Perks, Satomi Odani, and Rebecca Glover-Kudon. "Associations between public e-cigarette use and tobacco-related social norms among youth." Tobacco Control 29, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054728.
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ImportanceE-cigarette use in public places may renormalise tobacco use.ObjectiveTo measure associations between e-cigarette use in public places and social norms among youth.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingSchool-based.Participants24 353 never tobacco users in US 6th–12th grades who completed the 2016–2017 National Youth Tobacco Surveys.ExposureIndividuals were classified as exposed in public places within the past 30 days to: (1) neither e-cigarette secondhand aerosol (SHA) nor combustible tobacco secondhand smoke (SHS); (2) SHA only; (3) SHS only; and (4) both SHA and SHS.OutcomesOutcomes were overestimation of peer e-cigarette use (a measure of descriptive norms), harm perception and susceptibility. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression (p<0.05).ResultsOverall prevalence of SHS and SHA exposure in public places was 46.6% and 18.3%, respectively. SHA exposure in public places was associated with increased odds of overestimating peer e-cigarette use (adjusted OR (AOR): 1.83; 95% CI 1.29 to 2.58) and decreased odds of perceiving e-cigarettes as harmful (AOR: 0.63; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.79), compared with those exposed to neither emission. SHA exposure in public places was also associated with increased susceptibility to using e-cigarettes (AOR: 2.26; 95% CI 1.82 to 2.81) and cigarettes (AOR: 1.51; 95% CI 1.20 to 1.90). E-cigarette harm perception was lower among students in jurisdictions with no comprehensive clean indoor air laws (AOR: 0.79; 95% CI 0.71 to 0.88) or cigarette-only laws (AOR: 0.88; 95% CI 0.78 to 0.99) than in those prohibiting both cigarette and e-cigarette use in public places.ConclusionsProhibiting both e-cigarette and cigarette use in public places could benefit public health.
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Chamim, Anna Nur Nazilah, Agil Peggy Irawan, and Ramadoni Syahputra. "Implementation of Automatic Transfer Switch on the Solar Home System at the Goat Farm Houses." Journal of Electrical Technology UMY 4, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jet.v4i2.10680.
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In Pirak Mertosutan Hamlet, Sleman, Yogyakarta, there is a goat farm complex with about 600 m2. The intricate lighting comes from the National Electricity Company (PLN) and the Solar Home System (SHS). SHS is the primary energy source for lighting, while PLN is a secondary energy source that replaces it when the power supply from SHS goes out. So far, the transfer from SHS to PLN has been carried out by humans. This fact is considered inefficient because the SHS supply does not always die during the day. At night, the officers who move the difficulties have to go to the cage complex located relatively far from residential areas. To facilitate the transfer of energy sources from SHS to PLN and vice versa. It does not need to be done by officers. It is necessary to automatically install a means to automatically move the two sources automatically. This tool is the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS). This tool can move the energy supply from SHS to PLN and vice versa. By considering the specifications used in the SHS in the farm complex, the ATS is made and then installed in the farm complex. After the installation is carried out, the functional test is carried out. The ATS installation test results show that the ATS can work according to the design; namely, when the SHS is off, the source used is automatically switched to PLN. When the SHS is on, the source that was using PLN will automatically switch to SHS.
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Mérida-Ortega, Ángel, Lizbeth López-Carrillo, Karla Rangel-Moreno, Natalia Ramirez, and Stephen J. Rothenberg. "Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Urinary Cadmium in Women from Northern Mexico." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 12581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312581.
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Cadmium (Cd), a carcinogenic metal also related to reproductive and cardiovascular diseases, is contained in tobacco and elevated concentrations of it in humans have been consistently associated with first-hand tobacco smoke; however, there is scarce and inconclusive evidence of the relationship between Cd and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Our aim was to evaluate the association between exposure to tobacco, both active and SHS, with urinary Cd concentrations in Mexican women. In a cross-sectional analysis that included 998 women living in northern Mexico, we measured the concentration of creatinine-adjusted urinary Cd (µg-cadmium/g-creatinine) using inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole (ICP-QQQ) in tandem mass spectrometry mode (MS/MS). We gathered tobacco smoking information through an in-person interview and formed seven groups: non-smokers without SHS exposure; non-smokers with SHS exposure; ex-smokers without SHS exposure <1 year of quitting; ex-smokers without SHS exposure ≥1 year of quitting, ex-smokers with SHS exposure <1 year of quitting; ex-smokers with SHS exposure ≥1 year of quitting and current smokers. The interview also yielded sociodemographic characteristics. We used linear multivariable regression models to estimate the association between Cd concentrations and tobacco smoke exposure. Compared to non-smokers without SHS exposure, we found higher Cd concentrations in ex-smokers with SHS exposure <1 year of quitting and current smokers (adjusted geometric means 0.51 vs. 1.01 and 0.69 µg-cadmium/g-creatinine, respectively). Our results do not support a conclusion that SHS exposure is a source of Cd body burden.
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Poudel, Sumitra, Narayan Prassad Chaulagain, and Manoj Aryal. "Energy consumption pattern and renewable energy alternatives in Madi Kalyanpur, Chitwan, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 4 (December 5, 2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v4i0.22724.
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Energy consumption pattern and greenhouse gases emission are interrelated. The unsustainable use of biomass and widespread use of commercial energy are of the major sources of greenhouse gas emission. The alternative to kerosene for lighting is solar home system (SHS), which is one of the potential renewable technologies for rural electrification. The present study has analyzed household energy consumption pattern and greenhouse gases emission from energy consumption practices as well as environmental and economic benefits of SHS in Madi Kalyanpur Village Development Committee of Chitwan district. For the purpose, the primary data were collected through household questionnaire survey, key informant interview (KII) and focus group discussion (FGD). The analysis has shown that 22% of household use all types of energy, i.e. fuel-wood, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), biogas and SHS as the sources of energy. Thirty-five percent households use fuel-wood, LPG and SHS, 24% use fuel-wood, biogas and SHS, 1% used LPG and SHS, 5% use biogas and SHS, 4% use LPG, biogas and SHS and 9% use fuel-wood and SHS as a source of energy. Almost all people have been using SHS for the lighting purpose. The average annual greenhouse gases emission per household from fuel-wood and liquefied petroleum gas consumption was 7.89 ton and 0.17 ton of CO2 equivalent respectively. Typically, a 40 Wp SHS reduced the consumption of kerosene by 42 liter annually for lighting that displaced 0.11 ton of CO2 equivalent per household per year. The simple payback period for typically 40 Wp SHS was found to be nine years with no subsidy, seven years with subsidy from Alternative Energy Promotion Centre and two years with Indian Government Grant. Similarly, the benefit-cost ratios were found to be 3.1, 3.5 and 4.6 for the systems with no subsidy, with AEPC subsidy and with Indian Grant, respectively.
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Merzhanov, A. G. "Thermally coupled SHS reactions." International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis 20, no. 1 (March 2011): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1061386211010109.
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Stolin, A. M., and P. M. Bazhin. "SHS extrusion: An overview." International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis 23, no. 2 (April 2014): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1061386214020113.
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Stolin, A. M., P. M. Bazhin, P. A. Stolin, and M. I. Alymov. "Rheosynthesis and SHS Forging." Doklady Chemistry 498, no. 2 (June 2021): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012500821060045.
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罗, 传红. "SHS Technology and Application." Material Sciences 02, no. 01 (2012): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ms.2012.21002.
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Sytschev, A. E., S. G. Vadchenko, V. A. Shcherbakov, O. K. Kamynina, O. D. Boyarchenko, and N. V. Sachkova. "SHS for Space Exploration." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 15, no. 2 (February 20, 2013): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj144.
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For over past years, interest of leading space agencies (NASA, JAXA, ESA, RSA, etc.) in SHS experiments under microgravity conditions has been increasingly growing. The first SHS experiments during a parabolic flight in Russia and aboard the MIR Space station gave promising results. Similar studies are now<br />being carried out in various countries. The obtained data and assimilated experience have shown that SHS reactions can be used for (a) synthesis of high-porosity materials and regulation of structure formation in combustion products, (b) preparation of skeleton structures by combustion of particles suspended in vacuum, (c) generation of thermal energy, (d) generation of incandescent radiation, and (e) for in-space fabrication and in-situ repair works (welding, joining, cutting, coating, near-net-shape production, etc.). However, the results of the above studies (strongly scattered in the literature) still seem insufficient for elucidating the mechanism of combustion in. Indeed, the experiments were carried out by different researchers for a dozen<br />of systems and for strongly different duration of microgravity (drop towers, parabolic flight of a plane, parabolic flight of a spacecraft, in space stations). No correlation has been made with the available data of SHS studies (oriented largely on practical implementation) in conditions of artificial gravity. In experiments, the combustion wave has enough time to spread over the sample while the structure formation, may not have. This implies that the process of wave propagation should always be identical, <br />irrespective of the type of experimental technique and place of experiment. SHS experiments in space are attractive because (a) of low energy requirements, (b) processing cycle is short, (c) of process simplicity, (d) of versatility (wide range of suitable materials, and (e) the use of in-situ resources possible. To date, SHS experiments has already been performed aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Space technology has been developed for frontier exploration not only around the Earth orbit environment but also to the Moon, Mars, etc.
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SHCHERBAKOV, V. A., and A. S. SHTEINBERG. "MACROKINETICS OF SHS INFILTRATION." Combustion Science and Technology 107, no. 1-3 (January 1995): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209508907793.
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Owen, Helen G., and M. Joleen Randels. "SHS and ASFA Merger." Transfusion Science 13, no. 1 (January 1992): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-3886(92)90130-9.
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Ivanova, N. O., T. A. Boiko, and G. I. Ksandopulo. "Sialon-containing SHS refractory." Refractories 37, no. 10 (October 1996): 352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02238692.
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Barzykin, V. V. "Initiation of SHS processes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 64, no. 7 (January 1, 1992): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199264070909.
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Yukhvid, V. I. "Modifications of SHS processes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 64, no. 7 (January 1, 1992): 977–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199264070977.
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