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Journal articles on the topic 'Shoulder'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Matsebula, Lindiwe Fortunate. "Shoulder Function Following Latarjet Procedure for Recurrent Anterior Shoulder Instability." Journal of Orthopaedics & Bone Disorders 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jobd-16000205.

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Introduction: Anterior shoulder dislocation and recurrent glenohumeral instability is very common in the young active population. It is usually caused by trauma, and often compounded by associated bony Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions, which distort the anatomy. This causes instability and dysfunction of the joint and these can be addressed by, amongst others, a Latarjet surgical procedure. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that since the Latarjet procedure results in stability and good functional outcome, our results are expected to compare favourably to the rest of the published literature. Methods: A retrospective study of 31 patients treated with the Latarjet procedure at Helen Joseph hospital, Johannesburg South Africa was undertaken during the period of January 2005 to December 2013. The minimum follow up was 6 months. Stability was assessed looking at re-dislocation rate and the clinical functional outcome was measured using the Constant Score. Results: There were no shoulder re-dislocations and the mean Constant score was 85.35. 74% had a Constant Score above 80. 68% were pain free and 61% had normal activities of daily living while 68% had a full range of motion and 68% had full power. Conclusion: The Latarjet results in stability and good functional outcome. In our patient cohort, the Latarjet procedure provided reliable stability to the shoulder joint. Pain was alleviated, shoulder muscle power was preserved, range of shoulder motion was restored and patients did return to pre injury activities of daily living.

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2

Bhawna, N. K. Multani, and Zile Singh Kundu. "SHOULDER MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT SHOULDER PAIN." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 4, no. 4 (August 11, 2016): 1616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2016.149.

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3

Aydin, T., Yavuz Yildiz, İbrahim Yanmis, Cemil Yildiz, and Tunc A. Kalyon. "Shoulder proprioception: a comparison between the shoulder joint in healthy and surgically repaired shoulders." Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 121, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004020000245.

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4

Moon, Jae Ho. "Frozen Shoulder, Shoulder Impingement." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 42, no. 3 (1999): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.1999.42.3.266.

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5

Menticoglou, Savas. "Delivering Shoulders and Dealing With Shoulder Dystocia: Should the Standard of Care Change?" Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 38, no. 7 (July 2016): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2016.03.012.

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6

Jain, Venu. "Delivering Shoulders and Dealing With Shoulder Dystocia: Should the Standard of Care Change?" Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 39, no. 2 (February 2017): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2016.11.005.

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7

Othman, Gomaa. "Shoulder Pain in Swimmers." Orthopaedics and Surgical Sports Medicine 2, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-0427/018.

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Shoulder pain is the most important symptom that affects competitive swimmers, with a prevalence between 40 – 91%, and it constitutes a special syndrome called the “swimmer’s shoulder”. This syndrome, described by Kennedy and Hawkins in 1974 consists in discomfort after swimming activities in a first step. This may progress to pain during and after training. Finally, the pain affects the pro23wsq2wgress of the athlete.

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8

April, Michael D., Alex Koyfman, and Brit Long. "Prereduction Shoulder Radiographs should be Routine." Annals of Emergency Medicine 76, no. 2 (August 2020): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.03.021.

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9

Phillips, Paula. "Chapter 14: Shoulder to Shoulder." Journal of College Student Psychotherapy 16, no. 3-4 (March 2002): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j035v16n03_04.

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10

Seeger, LL, RH Gold, LW Bassett, and H. Ellman. "Shoulder impingement syndrome: MR findings in 53 shoulders." American Journal of Roentgenology 150, no. 2 (February 1988): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.150.2.343.

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11

Walker, David R., Aimee M. Struk, Scott A. Banks, and Thomas W. Wright. "Scapulohumeral Rhythm in Shoulders with Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 24, no. 4 (April 2015): e113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2014.11.012.

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12

Walker, David, Keisuke Matsuki, Aimee M. Struk, Thomas W. Wright, and Scott A. Banks. "Scapulohumeral rhythm in shoulders with reverse shoulder arthroplasty." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 24, no. 7 (July 2015): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2014.11.043.

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13

Yang, Jing-lan, Shiau-yee Chen, Chein-wei Chang, and Jiu-jenq Lin. "Quantification of shoulder tightness and associated shoulder kinematics and functional deficits in patients with stiff shoulders." Manual Therapy 14, no. 1 (February 2009): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2007.11.004.

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14

Salian, Shivani Chowdhury, Mansi Modi, and Divya Desai. "THE EFFECTS OF HAND GRIP FORCE ON SHOULDER MUSCLE ACTIVITY AT DIFFERENT ANGLES OF SHOULDER RANGE OF MOTION IN PATIENTS WITH SHOULDER PAIN." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 7, no. 5 (October 11, 2019): 3220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2019.168.

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15

Black, Kevin P. "Shoulder." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 13, no. 4 (August 2002): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-200208000-00006.

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16

Murthi, Anand M. "Shoulder." Current Orthopaedic Practice 19, no. 5 (September 2008): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bco.0b013e3283166507.

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17

Morrey, Bernard F. "Shoulder." Yearbook of Orthopedics 2007 (January 2007): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0276-1092(08)70220-7.

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18

Ho, Charles P. "Shoulder." Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13, no. 1 (April 2005): A22.0.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471142719.mia2200s13.

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19

Khan, Yousaf, Mathias Thomas Nagy, Joby Malal, and Mohammad Waseem. "The Painful Shoulder: Shoulder Impingement Syndrome." Open Orthopaedics Journal 7, no. 1 (September 6, 2013): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001307010347.

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Rotator cuff disorders are considered to be among the most common causes of shoulder pain and disability encountered in both primary and secondary care. The general pathology of subacromial impingment generally relates to a chronic repetitive process in which the conjoint tendon of the rotator cuff undergoes repetitive compression and micro trauma as it passes under the coracoacromial arch. However acute traumatic injuries may also lead to this condition. Diagnosis remains a clinical one, however advances in imaging modalities have enabled clinicians to have an increased understanding of the pathological process. Ultrasound scanning appears to be a justifiable and cost effective assessment tool following plain radiographs in the assessment of shoulder impingment, with MRI scans being reserved for more complex cases. A period of observed conservative management including the use of NSAIDs, physiotherapy with or without the use of subacromial steroid injections is a well-established and accepted practice. However, in young patients or following any traumatic injury to the rotator cuff, surgery should be considered early. If surgery is to be performed this should be done arthroscopically and in the case of complete rotator cuff rupture the tendon should be repaired where possible.

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20

EMERY, R. "SURGERY TO THE SHOULDER—SHOULDER REPLACEMENT." Rheumatology 34, no. 7 (1995): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/34.7.653.

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21

Loft, Maureen, Stacey Dukes, and John Syrovy. "Interprofessional preadmission teaching for shoulder patients: Teaching shoulder to shoulder (Concurrent)." Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing 13, no. 1 (February 2009): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joon.2009.02.048.

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22

Singh, Dr Akhand Pratap. "Imaging In Shoulder Joint Diseases." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 01 (January 6, 2017): 15322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i1.21.

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23

Kurowicki, Jennifer, Jacob J. Triplet, Enesi Momoh, Molly A. Moor, and Jonathan C. Levy. "Reverse shoulder prosthesis in the treatment of locked anterior shoulders: a comparison with classic reverse shoulder indications." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 25, no. 12 (December 2016): 1954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2016.04.019.

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24

Villacis, Diego C., Charles A. Popkin, Jared A. Nowell, Usama Qayyum, Eugene W. Brabston, Charles M. Jobin, Christopher S. Ahmad, and William N. Levine. "Standing Tall on Their Shoulders: Essential Eponyms in Shoulder Surgery." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Arthroplasty 2 (January 2018): 247154921879772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2471549218797723.

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There has been enormous advancement in the field of shoulder surgery since its initial establishment as a subspecialty. This is due in large part to the numerous contributions made by clinicians who came before us. This review of eponyms in shoulder surgery provides the opportunity to honor our predecessors and their contributions as well as promote the correct use of eponyms going forward.

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25

Chen, Karen, and James Chen. "All About Shoulder Arthroplasty: What Radiologists Should Know." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 23, no. 02 (March 29, 2019): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1683359.

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AbstractOver the last decade, the number of shoulder arthroplasty procedures has been increasing and evolving. The types of prostheses have also been evolving, and familiarity with the various design types will assist in postoperative assessment for hardware complications. New preoperative planning tools are available that have radically changed the protocol of preoperative image studies performed. This article reviews the main types of shoulder prostheses, discusses radiologic studies required before surgery, and describes the common complications of shoulder arthroplasty.

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26

Sciascia, Aaron, Nina Kuschinsky, Arthur J. Nitz, Scott D. Mair, and Tim L. Uhl. "Electromyographical Comparison of Four Common Shoulder Exercises in Unstable and Stable Shoulders." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/783824.

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This study examines if electromyographic (EMG) amplitude differences exist between patients with shoulder instability and healthy controls performing scaption, prone horizontal abduction, prone external rotation, and push-up plus shoulder rehabilitation exercises. Thirty nine subjects were categorized by a single orthopedic surgeon as having multidirectional instability (n=10), anterior instability (n=9), generalized laxity (n=10), or a healthy shoulder (n=10). Indwelling and surface electrodes were utilized to measure EMG activity (reported as a % of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)) in various shoulder muscles during 4 common shoulder exercises. The exercises studied effectively activated the primary musculature targeted in each exercise equally among all groups. The serratus anterior generated high activity (50–80% MVIC) during a push-up plus, while the infraspinatus and teres major generated moderate-to-high activity (30–80% MVIC) during both the prone horizontal and prone external rotation exercises. Scaption exercise generated moderate activity (20–50% MVIC) in both rotator cuff and scapular musculature. Clinicians should feel confident in prescribing these shoulder-strengthening exercises in patients with shoulder instability as the activation levels are comparable to previous findings regarding EMG amplitudes and should improve the dynamic stabilization capability of both rotator cuff and scapular muscles using exercises designed to address glenohumeral joint instability.

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27

Yeap, Joo Seng, Alison H. McGregor, Keith Humphries, and Andrew L. Wallace. "ULTRASONIC EVALUATION OF ANTERIOR SHOULDER TRANSLATION IN NORMAL SHOULDERS." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 07, no. 02 (June 2003): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957703001058.

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Anterior translation in the right shoulders of 23 volunteers was evaluated using ultrasound from an anterior approach with a 10 MHz, 6 cm wide linear transducer. A translatory force of 90 N was used to translate the humeral head in the adduction and internal rotation position, while a translatory force of 60 N was used in the more clinically relevant position of 90° abduction and external rotation position. The overall intra-observer coefficients of variation ranged from 0–13.0% (mean 3.8 ± 2.5%) for examiner I and 0.5–20.9% (mean 5.1 ± 3.9%) for examiner II. The overall inter-observer variation ranged from 0–29.8% (mean 9.3 ± 7.3%). The anterior translation of the humeral head in adduction and internal rotation following 90 N displacement force ranged from -2.6 to 12.9 mm (mean 2.1 ± 3.1 mm) for examiner I and from -4.1 to 4.7 mm (mean 1.1 ± 2.2 mm) for examiner II. The anterior translation of the humeral head in abduction and external rotation following 60 N displacement force ranged from -3.3 to 3.7 mm (mean 0.3 ± 1.9 mm) for examiner I and from -8.3 mm to 4.5 mm (mean -0.7 ± 2.6 mm) for examiner II. The intra-class correlation coefficients (r) for the measured anterior translation between the two examiners for the 2 positions were 0.029 and -0.058 respectively. We concluded that the inter-observer coefficient of variation remained excessive and the agreement in the measured anterior translation between the two examiners was poor. The finding of negative values in the measured anterior translation despite the use of 90 N and 60 N translatory force raises further concerns about the prospective clinical use of this technique at the present moment.

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28

Kaur, Manpreet, and Amiteshwar Kaur. "Shoulder dystocia: Impaction of Shoulders Behind the Pelvic Bone." GFNPSS GLOBAL NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA 6, no. II (September 4, 2023): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46376/gnji/6.ii.2023.521-523.

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29

Cadogan, Angela, and Khalid D. Mohammed. "Shoulder pain in primary care: frozen shoulder." Journal of Primary Health Care 8, no. 1 (2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc15018.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT Frozen shoulder is a painful condition that follows a protracted clinical course. We aim to review the management of patients with a diagnosis of frozen shoulder who are referred for specialist orthopaedic evaluation against existing guidelines in primary care. ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM Referrals and clinical records were reviewed for all patients referred for orthopaedic specialist assessment who received a specialist diagnosis of frozen shoulder. Diagnostic, investigation and management practices from a regional primary health care setting in New Zealand were compared with guideline-recommended management. RESULTS Eighty patients with frozen shoulder were referred for orthopaedic evaluation in the 13 month study period, mostly from general practice. Fifteen patients (19%) were identified as having a frozen shoulder in their medical referral. Most (99%) had received previous imaging. Seven patients (12%) had received guideline recommended treatment. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT Education of all clinicians involved in patient management is important to ensure an understanding of the long natural history of frozen shoulder and provide reassurance that outcomes are generally excellent. HealthPathways now include more information regarding diagnosis, imaging and evidence-based management for frozen shoulder. LESSONS Frozen shoulder may be under-diagnosed among patients referred for orthopaedic review. Ultrasound imaging is commonly used and may identify occult and unrelated pathology in this age-group. When managed according to clinical guidelines, patients report significant clinical and functional improvement with most reporting 80% function compared with normal after 1 year. KEYWORDS Adhesive capsulitis; bursitis; injections; practice guideline; primary health care; ultrasound

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30

Robinson, Dror, Nahum Halperin, Gabriel Agar, Doron Alk, and Kardosh Rami. "Shoulder girdle neoplasms mimicking frozen shoulder syndrome." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 12, no. 5 (September 2003): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1058-2746(03)00092-2.

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31

Walecka, Joanna, Przemysław Lubiatowski, Paolo Consigliere, Ehud Atoun, and Ofer Levy. "Shoulder proprioception following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty." International Orthopaedics 44, no. 12 (August 15, 2020): 2691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-020-04756-x.

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Abstract Joint replacement affects the proprioception, as shown in knees, elbows, and shoulder studies. Aim The aim was to evaluate shoulder joint position sense (JPS) following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) for patients with cuff arthropathy. Methods Twenty-nine patients that underwent unilateral rTSA (19 females, 10 males) and 31 healthy volunteers evaluated for JPS of shoulder using a dedicated high accuracy electronic goniometer. Error of active reproduction of joint position (EARJP) was assessed at the following reference positions: 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° for forward flexion and abduction and 15°, 30°, and 45° for internal and external rotation in rTSA, contralateral non-operated, and control shoulders. Results Results of EPRJP for rTSA, contralateral, and control (respectively) are as follows:Forward flexion: 30° = (8.0 ± 5.7, 9.8 ± 6.1, and 4.9 ± 3.0), 60° = (5.0 ± 2.8, 5.9 ± 2.7, and 5.1 ± 3.2), 90° = (3.1 ± 1.6, 5.5 ± 2.6, and 3.2 ± 1.4), and 120° = (3.4 ± 2.1, 5.6 ± 4.0, and 3.5 ± 1.7)Abduction: 30° = (5.2 ± 2.5, 9.1 ± 6.1, and 4.6 ± 2.3), 60° = (5.2 ± 3.6, 6.6 ± 4.1, and 5.3 ± 3.1), 90° = (3.8 ± 2.0; 7.4 ± 5.5, and 4.1 ± 1.9), and 120° = (5.3 ± 2.9, 7.7 ± 5.3, and 4.2 ± 1.9)Internal rotation: 15° = (4.3 ± 3.1, 6.2 ± 4.4, and 2.8 ± 1.2), 30° = (3.2 ± 1.9, 4.5 ± 2.3, and 3.3 ± 1.4), and 45° = (3.5 ± 2.0, 4.1 ± 1.8, and 2.8 ± 1.0)External rotation: 15° = (3.0 ± 1.7, 4.2 ± 2.2, and 3.6 ± 1.4) and 30° = (3.1 ± 1.5, 3.8 ± 2.6, and 3.4 ± 1.6)The results showed significantly better JPS (lower EPRJP) in shoulders following rTSA and normal control shoulders comparing with the patient’s contralateral shoulder. The explanation can be that rTSA improves joint kinematics and stability, which allows better muscular performance and proprioception feedback. Conclusion Shoulders following rTSA show JPS superior to non-operated contralateral shoulders and comparable with healthy population shoulders. It seems that rTSA restores shoulder proprioception.

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32

Peterson, David O. "Shoulder Block Anesthesia for Shoulder Reconstruction Surgery." Anesthesia & Analgesia 64, no. 3 (March 1985): 373???375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-198503000-00014.

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33

Evans, J. P., P. M. Guyver, and C. D. Smith. "Frozen shoulder after simple arthroscopic shoulder procedures." Bone & Joint Journal 97-B, no. 7 (July 2015): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.97b7.35387.

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34

Löhr, J. F., M. Flören, H. K. Schwyzer, B. R. Simmen, and N. Gschwend. "Shoulder instability after primary shoulder joint replacement." Der Orthopäde 27, no. 8 (September 1998): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00003530.

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35

KÖSTLER, W., P. C. STROHM, O. HAUSCHILD, and N. P. SÜDKAMP. "Complex Injuries of the Shoulder - Floating Shoulder." Acta chirurgiae orthopaedicae et traumatologiae Cechoslovaca 73, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.55095/achot2006/037.

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36

Gandbhir, Viraj, David Bodansky, and Puneet Monga. "The Shoulder Lever Test – Technical Tip for Instability Assessment in Large Shoulders." Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports 12, no. 1 (2022): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2022.v12.i1.2634.

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Introduction:The classical shoulder tests for instability of the glenohumeral joint are the load and shift and drawer tests. Here, the humeral head is gripped between fingers and thumb to assess translation. This can be challenging to perform accurately in obese individuals and muscular athletes. Technical Tip:The shoulder and upper arm is utilized as a Class 3 lever. By fixing the patient’s elbow (fulcrum) and applying translational force on the humerus (force), the instability at the glenohumeral joint (load) can be accurately judged. The mechanical advantage of a Class 3 lever is utilized to generate maximal displacement at the glenohumeral joint by applying minimal translational force at the humerus. The translation can be graded with the modified Hawkins scale. Conclusion:The shoulder lever test obviates the need to grip the humeral head in obese and well-built individuals to accurately judge the translation at the glenohumeral joint, improving the clinical yield. Keywords: Shoulder, shoulder instability, load and shift test, drawer test, athletes, anterior instability, posterior instability, obese, clinical test, class 3 fulcrum, glenohumeral instability, fulcrum.

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37

Gallinet, David, Antoine Adam, Nicolas Gasse, Severin Rochet, and Laurent Obert. "Improvement in shoulder rotation in complex shoulder fractures treated by reverse shoulder arthroplasty." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 22, no. 1 (January 2013): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2012.03.011.

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38

Lubowitz, James H. "Editorial Commentary: Shoulder Arthroscopy, Shoulder Hemiarthroplasty, and Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis." Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 31, no. 6 (June 2015): 1167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2015.04.076.

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39

Elsa, Reethu, Jesmi John. A, Mohammed Shafeeq KP, Sivani.U. A., Remya. N, and Manju Unnikrishnan. "Effect of Scapular Retraction Exercise on Shoulder Alignment, Pulmonary Function and Aerobic Capacity in Subjects with Forward Shoulder Posture." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 9, no. 4 (August 11, 2021): 3944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2021.154.

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Background: Forward shoulder posture is identified when the acromion process is most anteriorly positioned when compared with the position of mastoid process, which is characterized by acromion protraction infront of the line of gravity as well as protraction, downward rotation and anterior tilt of scapula. It is one of the common postural abnormality that accounts for 60% of shoulder abnormalities, with an incidence of 75% in the right side and 66% in left side. The study aims to find the effect of scapular retraction exercises on shoulder alignment, pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in subjects with forward shoulder posture. Methods: The study was conducted on 14 subjects with FSP within the age group of 18 to 25. Scapular retraction exercises were given to the subjects for a duration of 3 weeks. Pre and post test values of scapular index, chest expansion, incentive spirometry and six minute walk test was taken. Results: Subjects showed statistically significant differences with a mean difference of 0.7(cm) for scapular index right, 0.68(cm) for scapular index left, 0.59(cm) for upper chest expansion, 1.21(secs) for inspiratory hold time using incentive spirometry and 6.79(m) for aerobic capacity (p<0.05, CI =95%). Pre and post mean scores of scapular index, chest expansion, inspiratory hold time and 6 minute walk test reveals that scapular retraction exercises has a positive impact on improving shoulder alignment, pulmonary function, and aerobic capacity Conclusion: Scapular retraction exercises is effective in improving shoulder alignment, pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in subjects with Forward shoulder posture KEY WORDS: Forward shoulder posture, rounded shoulder, pulmonary function, aerobic capacity, scapular retraction exercises, lung volume.

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40

Dr. Brijendra Singh, Dr Brijendra Singh, and Dr Niraj Garg. "Shoulder Joint - Adhesive Capsulitis Treatment Methodology." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 10 (June 1, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2013/87.

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41

Jump, Christopher M., Kathryn Duke, Rayaz A. Malik, and Charalambos P. Charalambous. "Frozen Shoulder." JBJS Reviews 9, no. 1 (January 2021): e19.00153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.19.00153.

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42

Mamarelis, Georgios, and Dimitrios Moris. "Frozen shoulder." Lancet 397, no. 10272 (January 2021): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32390-4.

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43

Brown, David E. "SHOULDER INJURIES." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 19, no. 2 (June 1992): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(21)00137-8.

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44

Nao, Vi Khi. "Shoulder Pads." Iowa Review 43, no. 2 (September 2013): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.7422.

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45

De Villiers, Richard. "Shoulder impingement." South African Journal of Radiology 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2003): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajr.v7i1.1417.

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46

SAITO, Akihiko. "Shoulder Pain." Rigakuryoho kagaku 12, no. 1 (1997): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika.12.29.

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47

Resnick, Donald. "SHOULDER IMAGING." Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America 5, no. 4 (November 1997): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1064-9689(21)00211-7.

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48

Koehler, Scott M., and David C. Thorson. "Swimmer's Shoulder." Physician and Sportsmedicine 24, no. 11 (November 1996): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/psm.1996.11.1287.

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Zilber, Sebastien. "Shoulder Prosthesis." Open Orthopaedics Journal 11, no. 1 (September 30, 2017): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001711011099.

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Ruivo, C., and M. A. Hopper. "Sprengel’s shoulder." Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology 96, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.381.

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