Journal articles: 'Shorting fee'

1

Löcker, C., T. Vaupel, and T. F. Eibert. "Radiation Efficient Unidirectional Low-Profile Slot Antenna Elements for X-Band Application." Advances in Radio Science 3 (May 12, 2005): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-3-143-2005.

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Abstract. Slots in metallic ground planes are very promising candidates for conformal antenna applications. However, a low-profile unidirectional antenna requires a back reflector close to the slot and the resulting stripline feed causes strong excitation of parallel-plate modes. In this contribution, we consider unidirectional reflector-backed slot configurations with parallel-plate mode suppression by shorting pins. Starting from a parametric study with respect to shorting pin location and back reflector distance, we present a stripline-fed rectangular slot element with radiation efficiency of more than 80% and a bandwidth of about 5% at centre frequency 10GHz. A careful optimisation of shorting pin locations guarantees reliable parallel-plate mode suppression without deteriorating the slot radiation behaviour. Coupling coefficients between parallel and aligned rectangular slot elements are presented. For increased bandwidth applications, a bow-tie slot element with about 8% bandwidth and radiation efficiency of close to 80% is proposed.

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Karmakar, N. C., P. Hendro, and L. S. Firmansyah. "Shorting strap tunable single feed dual-band PIFA." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 13, no. 1 (January 2003): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2002.807704.

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Souza, Eduardo A. M., Phelipe S. Oliveira, Adaildo G. D’Assunção, Laércio M. Mendonça, and Custódio Peixeiro. "Miniaturization of a Microstrip Patch Antenna with a Koch Fractal Contour Using a Social Spider Algorithm to Optimize Shorting Post Position and Inset Feeding." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6284830.

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This paper presents a social spider optimization (SSO) design of a small-size microstrip antenna. Two antenna miniaturization techniques, based on the use of a Koch fractal contour and a shorting post (connecting the patch to the ground plane), are combined to enable a major size reduction. The antenna is inset fed by a microstrip line. The developed SSO algorithm is used to find out the best radius and position of the shorting post and the length of the inset feed, to achieve the desired resonant frequency with good impedance matching. Antenna prototypes have been fabricated and measured. The good agreement obtained between numerical simulation and experimental results has validated the design procedure. Compared with a conventional rectangular patch, the antenna resonance frequency is reduced from 2.45 GHz to 730 MHz, which corresponds to a remarkable miniaturization of about 70%. The proposed antenna is suitable for applications in the 700-800 MHz frequency range, such as 4G mobile communication systems.

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Karmakar, N. C. "Shorting strap tunable single feed dual-band stacked patch PIFA." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 2 (2003): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2003.812240.

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Shackelford, A. K., S. Y. Leong, and K. F. Lee. "Small-size probe-fed notched patch antenna with a shorting post." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 31, no. 5 (2001): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.10039.

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Mohd Faudzi, Najwa, Mohd Tarmizi Ali, Ismarani Ismail, Hadi Jumaat, and Nur Hidayah Mohd Sukaimi. "Metal Mountable Ladder Feed Line UHF-RFID Tag Antenna." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i4.pp750-758.

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A microstrip dipole UHF-RFID tag antenna that can be mounted on metal object is presented in this paper. The antenna, which has a very simple structure without any shorting pin and shorting plate, is composed of ladder feed line, rectangular loop, capacitive tip-loading and T-match structure. The insertion of ground plane in the tag antenna design reduces the negative impact of metal object to the performance of the tag antenna. The tag is designed to operate in the Malaysia frequency range with the center frequency of 921 MHz. The performance of the tag is evaluated through simulation and measurement in terms of impedance matching, antenna reflection coefficient and tag reading range. The measured reading range obtained when the tag is in free air and on metal object is 2.3 m and 2.2 m respectively.

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7

Campbell, W. N. "Shortening of feet in longer articulatory units." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88, S1 (November 1990): S129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2028584.

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Chattha, H. T., Yi Huang, and Yang Lu. "PIFA Bandwidth Enhancement by Changing the Widths of Feed and Shorting Plates." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 8 (2009): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2009.2023251.

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Krishna, T. V. Rama, B. T. P. Madhav, G. Monica, V. Janakiram, and S. Md Abid Basha. "Microstrip Line Fed Leaky Wave Antenna with Shorting Vias for Wideband Systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i4.10699.

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In this work a complex structured shorted vias microstrip leaky wave antenna is designed and analysed. A Leaky wave antenna is a travelling wave structure with complex propagation constant. When shorting vias are loaded in a periodic structure the fundamental resonant mode shows some stop band characteristics and some of the modes will strongly attenuated. Three different types of iterations are examined in this work with and without defected ground structures. The defected ground structure based leaky wave antennas are showing better performance characteristics with respect to efficiency and phase. A micro strip line feeding with impedance of 50 ohms at both ports are providing excellent impedance matching to the conducting path on the microstrip surface. The shorting vias are suppressing certain higher order frequency bands and providing excellent wide band characteristics with low loss.

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Krishna, T. V. Rama, B. T. P. Madhav, G. Monica, V. Janakiram, and S. Md Abid Basha. "Microstrip Line Fed Leaky Wave Antenna with Shorting Vias for Wideband Systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i4.pp1725-1731.

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In this work a complex structured shorted vias microstrip leaky wave antenna is designed and analysed. A Leaky wave antenna is a travelling wave structure with complex propagation constant. When shorting vias are loaded in a periodic structure the fundamental resonant mode shows some stop band characteristics and some of the modes will strongly attenuated. Three different types of iterations are examined in this work with and without defected ground structures. The defected ground structure based leaky wave antennas are showing better performance characteristics with respect to efficiency and phase. A micro strip line feeding with impedance of 50 ohms at both ports are providing excellent impedance matching to the conducting path on the microstrip surface. The shorting vias are suppressing certain higher order frequency bands and providing excellent wide band characteristics with low loss.

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11

Jayasinghe, Jeevani, Disala Uduwawala, and Jaume Anguera. "Design of Dual Band Patch Antennas for Cellular Communications by Genetic Algorithm Optimization." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 1, no. 1 (April 17, 2012): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v1i1.18.

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Designing multiband antennas with low volume becomes of practical interest for mobile telecommunications. This paper presents the designs of five small dual band patch antennas for GSM 1800 (1710-1880MHz) and Bluetooth (2400-2483.5MHz) applications using a genetic algorithm combined with MoM (Method of Moments). A substrate with dielectric constant 3.2 and height 8mm is used for the first two dual band designs. The height is reduced thanks to the optimization process to 6mm in the third design by inserting a shorting pin to the fragmented patch antenna. Further the height is reduced to 4mm in the by inserting two shorting pins. In the final design with three shorting pins, the height is only 3mm. The patch dimensions are similar to that of the conventional rectangular patch for the center frequency of the lowest frequency band but with the advantage of having dual-band operation at the desired bands. Genetic algorithm optimization is used to optimize the patch geometry, feed position and shorting positions. HFSS is used to carry out simulations. The antenna thickness is reduced from 8mm to 3mm by incorporating shorting pins which position is optimized by the genetic algorithm.

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NURMANTRIS, DWI ANDI, HEROE WIJANTO, and BAMBANG SETIA NUGROHO. "Pattern Reconfigurable Patch Antenna menggunakan Edge Shorting Pin dan Symmetrical Control Pin." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v3i2.177.

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ABSTRAKMetode baru dalam mendesain suatu pattern reconfigurable antenna telah diteliti. Penelitian ini fokus pada optimasi antena patch lingkaran single layer pencatuan probe koaksial dengan mengintegrasikan 24 switch/shorting pin pada sisi patch yang disebut edge shorting pin dan 8 shorting pin membentuk lingkaran dengan radius tertentu dan selanjutnya disebut symmetrical control pin yang fungsinya sebagai metode penyepadan impedansi. Algoritma Genetika yang dikombinasikan dengan Finite Element Software digunakan untuk mengoptimasi kombinasi switch, radius lingkaran symmetrical control pin, dan radius patch untuk mendapatkan kemampuan pattern reconfigurability. Antena ini menghasilkan 8 kemungkinan arah radiasi azzimuth dengan resolusi 45o dan arah elevasi 30o pada frekuensi 2,4 Ghz. Optimasi, simulasi, fabrikasi, dan pengukuran dilakukan untuk memverifikasi hasil penelitian.Kata kunci: Patch Lingkaran, Edge Shorting Pin, Symmetrical Control Pin, Algoritma Genetika, Pattern Reconfigurable ABSTRACTNew method for desaining pattern reconfigurable antenna was studied. This study focuses on the optimization of a single layer circular patch antenna with probe feed by integrating the 24 switch / shorting pin on the side of the patch that called Edge Shorting Pins and 8 shorting pins form circular line in such radius that called Symmetrical Control Pins as a impedance matching method. Genetic algorithm combined with the Finite Element Software is used to optimize the switch combination, the radius of circular line of symmetrical control pins, and the patch radius to obtain a pattern reconfigurability capabilities. This antenna produces 8 possible directions of azimuth radiation with a resolution of 45o and 30o elevation direction at a frequency of 2.4 GHz. Optimization, simulation, fabrication, and measurement was done to verify the results.Keywords: Circular Patch, Edge Shorting Pin, Symmetrical Control Pin, Genetic Algorithm, Pattern Reconfigurable

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Shi, Hongyu, Jianxing Li, Junwei Shi, Juan Chen, Zhiyuan Li, Shitao Zhu, Tayyab Ali Khan, and Anxue Zhang. "Miniaturized circularly polarized patch antenna using coupled shorting strip and capacitive probe feed." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 98 (January 2019): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2018.11.022.

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Dwi Kukuh Pertiwi, Yudi Cahyoko, Muhammad Arief,. "Pengaruh Pemberian Pakan Buatan, Pakan Alami, dan Kombinasinya terhadap Pertumbuhan, Rasio Konservasi Pakan dan Tingkat Kelulushidupan Ikan Sidat (Anguilla bicolor) [Effect Of Artificial Feed, Natural Feed And Combination Between Them To Growth Rate, Food Convertion Ratio And Survival Rate Of Indonesian Shortfin Eel (Anguilla bicolor) ]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 3, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v3i1.11625.

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Abstract Indonesian shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor) is one of kind of fish sold in the International markets especially for Japan and Korea, so this fish has the potential as an export commodity. Indonesian shortfin eel has a high nutrient content. Indonesian shortfin eel reached the size of concumption when it is weighted 120-500 grams. The purpose of this research was to know the effect of artifial feed, natural feed and combination between them to growth rate, food convertion ratio and survival rate of Indonesian shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor). This research used experimental method and Completely Random Design method with five treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times. The result of this research showed that artificial feed, natural feed and combination between them were significantly difference (p<0,05) on growth rate of body wight and food convertion ratio but not significantly difference (p>0,05) on survival rate of Indonesian shortfin eel. The best growth in treatment E (1.72%), then a row followed by treatment A (1.51%), B (1.29%), D (1.25%) and C (1.25%) . The lowest feed conversion ratio obtained in treatment E (6.73) and highest feed conversion ratio obtained in treatment C (9.91). Survival rate obtained was 100%. Water quality of maintenance media of eel was the temperature 28-31°C, pH 7-8,5, dissolve oxygen 3,5-5,8 mg/l and ammonia 0,003 mg/l.

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Noszczyk-Nowak, Agnieszka, Urszula Pasławska, Józef Nicpoń, Adrian Janiszewski, Piotr Skrzypczak, Jarosław Popiel, Łukasz Bobak, and Tadeusz Trziszka. "Influence of Docosahexaenoic Acid Obtained from New Generation of Eggs on the Repolarisation of Ventricles in Pigs with Experimental Tachycardiomyopathy." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0047.

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Abstract The influence of docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid obtained from a new generation of eggs on ventricular electrical function of 24 pigs with experimentally induced tachycardiomyopathy was described. Two groups were formed, 12 pigs had experimentally evoked tachycardiomyopathy and were getting standard feed (control group TIC). Twelve pigs with tachycardiomyopathy received feed with an addition of a dietary supplement containing phospholipids isolated from new generation of eggs at a dose of 1,000 mg of DHA/animal/24 h (experimental group TIC). Electrophysiological study was carried out from an external programmer immediately after implantation of the pacemaker. All the tests were carried out in general anaesthesia. After 8 weeks of fast ventricular pacing at 170 bpm in pigs receiving phospholipids obtained from eggs, a statistically significant shortening of ventricular refraction time was observed during sinus rhythm and also during the ventricular pacing of 130 bpm, and 150 bpm in the group of pigs fed standard feed. The ventricular refraction time in the sinus rhythm was significantly longer after 12 weeks of fast pacing and in the pacing at 130 bpm and 150 bpm it was significantly longer after 8 weeks of fast pacing. Phospholipids containing high percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) obtained from new generation of eggs may contribute to the shortening ventricular refraction period after its oral administration. The n-3 PUFA obtained from a new generation of hen eggs may be an alternative to fish oil source of DHA and other polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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Dai, Xi-Wang, Long Li, Zhen-Ye Wang, and Chang-Hong Liang. "High isolation and compact MIMO antenna system with defected shorting wall." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 7, no. 2 (April 24, 2014): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078714000580.

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In this paper, a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with high isolation is proposed for 2.4 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) application. The system is composed of two aperture-coupled shorted patch antennas with a spacing of 4 mm (only 0.032λ). The antenna is fed with an H-shaped coupling slot, and the defected shorting wall is used for high isolation. The proposed MIMO system exhibits an isolation of better than −20 dB and a maximum isolation of −43 dB at the central frequency. The envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.01. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed antenna is a good candidate for MIMO system with higher isolation and better diversity.

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Kurinij, Natalie, and Patricia H. Shiono. "Early Formula Supplementation of Breast-Feeding." Pediatrics 88, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.88.4.745.

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Factors influencing early formula supplementation in breast-fed neonates were examined among 726 women who were delivered of their first child in one of three metropolitan Washington, DC, hospitals. Thirty-seven percent of breast-fed neonates were given supplementary formula in the hospital. Mothers who gave birth at a university hospital were more likely to breast-feed exclusively (adjusted odds ratio 3.5; 95% confidence limit 2.1 to 5.9), after adjustment for maternal demographics, hospital factors (such as time of first breast-feed, demand feeding, delivery type, and rooming-in), and the maternal breast-feeding commitment. Aside from delivery hospital, a strong predictor of formula use was the time between birth and initiation of the first breast-feed. The longer a mother waited to initiate breast-feeding the more likely she was to use formula; the adjusted odds ratios for women who initiated breast-feeding 2 to 6 hours, 7 to 11 hours, and 12 or more hours postpartum were 1.1, 0.5, and 0.2, respectively. Feeding the baby on demand, having a vaginal delivery, deciding to breast-feed before pregnancy, having a college education, and being married also were moderately, though significantly, predictive of exclusive breast-feeding. The findings suggest that hospital influences can promote formula use and indirectly shorten breast-feeding duration, particularly those hospital practices that delay early initiation of breast-feeding.

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Liu, Mingyang, and Bin Zhao. "Dual-Feed Small-Size Penta-Band PIFA for LTE/WWAN Mobile Handset Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/104614.

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A dual-feed small-size penta-band PIFA for LTE/WWAN mobile handset applications is presented. The proposed PIFA is composed of a simple U-shaped patch with dual-shorting pins connected to the ground plane. The patch, having a low profile of 5 mm, has dimensions of about 10 × 35 mm2. The antenna is excited at one arm of the U-shaped radiating patch to cover the higher band of GSM1800/1900/UMTS2100/LTE2300/2500, while it is excited at the other arm to realize the GSM900. In this way, the proposed PIFA achieves enhanced bandwidth coverage with no increased dimensions and additional active switches. In addition, the matching networks, employed on both feeds, ensure a high electrical insulation between the low and the high frequency bands, covered by the antenna. The measured antenna efficiency is 45%~50% and over 60% for the lower band and the higher band, respectively. A prototype of the proposed PIFA with dual-feed and dual-shorting pins was fabricated. The measured results including reflection coefficients and radiation characteristics are presented.

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Zhao, Dechun, Xiaoyu Chen, Longsheng Zhang, and Huiquan Zhang. "Design of the Micro-Strip Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscope." Journal of Information Technology Research 8, no. 3 (July 2015): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2015070103.

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This paper analyzed the type of mini-type antenna, studied the miniaturization technique based on simulation in depth, and finally designed the high-performance micro-strip antenna. The advantages of micro-strip antenna are light-weight, compact size, relatively thin thickness, and so on. However, it still needs aggressive miniaturization to satisfy the requirements of encapsulation. Techniques for miniaturization of antenna mainly include a ground plane, double-layer patch, shorting pin or wall, lossless dielectric substrate and the spiral structure. The techniques of multi-layer and shorting wall can narrow down the resonant frequency and attain bandwidth enhancement. Nonetheless, they have a complicated structure. Thus, simulation researched the influence of the surrounding tissue in detail, the position relation of shorting pin and the feed point, the substrate parameters and the structure parameters of the spiral antenna on performance. At last, through the techniques of the shorting pin, high permittivity substrate and the spiral shape, two Archimedean micro-strip patch antennas were developed for wireless capsule endoscope. The antenna has the bandwidth of about 300 MHz, the minimum voltage standing-wave ratio of 1.14:1, and the diameter of 8.3 mm. Therefore, the antenna can offer excellent performance for transmitting image data.

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LIU Zhi-jun, 刘志军, 侯红兵 HOU Hong-bing, 李金泰 LI Jin-tai, and 詹家豪 ZHAN Jia-hao. "Design of OLED shorting bar testing waveform based on feed through voltage compensation principle." Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays 30, no. 2 (2015): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/yjyxs20153002.0296.

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Evans, J. A., and M. J. Ammann. "Reduced-size reconfigurable tri-band printed antenna with CPW tapered-feed and shorting post." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 48, no. 9 (2006): 1850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.21778.

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Jayasinghe, J. M. Jeevani W., and Disala Uduwawala. "A Novel Multiband Miniature Planar Inverted F Antenna Design for Bluetooth and WLAN Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/970152.

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A novel compact planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) optimized using genetic algorithms for 2.4 GHz (Bluetooth) and 5 GHz (UNII-1, UNII-2, UNII-2 extended, and UNII-3) bands is presented. The patch with a shorting pin is on a20×7×0.762 mm3substrate, which is suspended in air 5 mm above a30×7 mm2ground plane. Genetic algorithm optimization (GAO) is used to optimize the patch geometry, feed position, and shorting pin position simultaneously. Simulations are carried out by using HFSS and a prototype antenna is fabricated to compare the measurements with the simulations. The antenna shows fractional impedance bandwidths of 4% and 21% and gains of 2.5 dB and 3.2 dB at lower and upper bands, respectively.

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Malekpoor, H., and M. Shahraki. "Compact Broadband Microstrip Triangular Antennas Fed By Folded Triangular Patch for Wireless Applications." Advanced Electromagnetics 10, no. 3 (October 16, 2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v10i3.1682.

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This study presents two new designs of reduced size broadband microstrip patch antennas for ultra-wideband (UWB) operation. A folded triangular patch’s feeding technique, V-shaped slot, half V-shaped slot and shorting pins are employed to design the suggested antennas. The shorting pins are applied at the edge of structures to miniaturize the size of the patches. The suggested design with the V-shaped slot provides the measured impedance bandwidth (S11˂-10 dB) of 3.91-12 GHz (101.7%) for broadband application. In the suggested design with the V-shaped slot, the wide bandwidth with an acceptable size reduction is achieved. By introducing a suggested half design with the half V-shaped slot, the impedance bandwidth of the proposed half structure is improved from 4 to 17.22 GHz. The half design includes a measured impedance bandwidth of 124.6% with reduced size of more than 93% compared to the corresponding full design and an enhanced measured bandwidth of 23%. The obtained radiation and impedance results show that the suggested designs are applicable for wideband operation. Besides, the effects of some basic concepts and surface currents on the suggested structures are investigated to explain their broadband performance.

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Shaw, W. Robert, Inga E. Holmdahl, Maurice A. Itoe, Kristine Werling, Meghan Marquette, Douglas G. Paton, Naresh Singh, Caroline O. Buckee, Lauren M. Childs, and Flaminia Catteruccia. "Multiple blood feeding in mosquitoes shortens the Plasmodium falciparum incubation period and increases malaria transmission potential." PLOS Pathogens 16, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e1009131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009131.

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Many mosquito species, including the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, naturally undergo multiple reproductive cycles of blood feeding, egg development and egg laying in their lifespan. Such complex mosquito behavior is regularly overlooked when mosquitoes are experimentally infected with malaria parasites, limiting our ability to accurately describe potential effects on transmission. Here, we examine how Plasmodium falciparum development and transmission potential is impacted when infected mosquitoes feed an additional time. We measured P. falciparum oocyst size and performed sporozoite time course analyses to determine the parasite’s extrinsic incubation period (EIP), i.e. the time required by parasites to reach infectious sporozoite stages, in An. gambiae females blood fed either once or twice. An additional blood feed at 3 days post infection drastically accelerates oocyst growth rates, causing earlier sporozoite accumulation in the salivary glands, thereby shortening the EIP (reduction of 2.3 ± 0.4 days). Moreover, parasite growth is further accelerated in transgenic mosquitoes with reduced reproductive capacity, which mimic genetic modifications currently proposed in population suppression gene drives. We incorporate our shortened EIP values into a measure of transmission potential, the basic reproduction number R0, and find the average R0 is higher (range: 10.1%–12.1% increase) across sub-Saharan Africa than when using traditional EIP measurements. These data suggest that malaria elimination may be substantially more challenging and that younger mosquitoes or those with reduced reproductive ability may provide a larger contribution to infection than currently believed. Our findings have profound implications for current and future mosquito control interventions.

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Tang, Zhaoyang, Jinhai Liu, and Yingzeng Yin. "Enhanced Cross-Polarization Discrimination of Wideband Differentially Fed Dual-Polarized Antenna via a Shorting Loop." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 17, no. 8 (August 2018): 1454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2018.2849221.

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Bhavanam, S. Nagakishore, and Rokkam Satya Kalyan. "Design of a Novel Coaxial Feed Triple Frequency Patch Antenna with Slots and Shorting Pin." Procedia Computer Science 85 (2016): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.05.242.

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Wang, Jianpeng, Qianwen Liu, and Lei Zhu. "Bandwidth Enhancement of a Differential-Fed Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna via Loading of Shorting Posts." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 65, no. 1 (January 2017): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2016.2630660.

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Tsai, Dong-Ho, and Xiao-Liu Wang. "On an asymptotically log-periodic solution to the graphical curve shortening flow equation." Mathematics in Engineering 4, no. 3 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mine.2022019.

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<abstract>With the help of heat equation, we first construct an example of a graphical solution to the curve shortening flow. This solution $ y\left(x, t\right) \ $has the interesting property that it converges to a log-periodic function of the form <disp-formula> <label/> <tex-math id="FE1"> \begin{document}$ A\sin \left( \log t\right) +B\cos \left( \log t\right) $\end{document} </tex-math></disp-formula> as$ \ t\rightarrow \infty, \ $where $ A, \ B $ are constants. Moreover, for any two numbers $ \alpha < \beta, \ $we are also able to construct a solution satisfying the oscillation limits <disp-formula> <label/> <tex-math id="FE2"> \begin{document}$ \liminf\limits_{t\rightarrow \infty}y\left( x,t\right) = \alpha,\ \ \ \limsup\limits _{t\rightarrow \infty}y\left( x,t\right) = \beta,\ \ \ x\in K $\end{document} </tex-math></disp-formula> on any compact subset$ \ K\subset \mathbb{R}. $</abstract>

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Deppermann, Andre, Petr Havlík, Hugo Valin, Esther Boere, Mario Herrero, Joost Vervoort, and Erik Mathijs. "The market impacts of shortening feed supply chains in Europe." Food Security 10, no. 6 (November 26, 2018): 1401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0868-2.

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Lusiantari, Rokhima, Miranti Dewi Pramaningtyas, Titis Nurmasitoh, Rachmi Hidayati Pattimura, and Anggita Dewanti. "Shortening tends to increase aortic foam cell count and wall thickness in male Wistar rats." Universa Medicina 37, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2018.v37.13-18.

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Background Shortening is widely used as raw material for bread and other foods. Hypercholesterolemia increases aortic arch foam cell formation and abdominal aortic wall thickness. This study aimed to determine the effect of shortening on the number of aortic arch foam cells and abdominal aortic wall thickness in rats. Methods This study was of experimental posttest control group design. Twenty four male Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups. The negative control group (C-) received standard feed, the positive control group (C+) standard high-fat feed, group T1 shortening and standard feed at a ratio of 1:5 and group T2 shortening and standard feed at a ratio of 1:10. The interventions were given for 6 weeks through gavage. The foam cell count in the aortic arch and the thickness of the abdominal aortic wall were measured. One-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the data. Results There was no significant difference in the mean foam cell count of the aortic arch between the four groups C- (7.17 ± 4.17), C + (9.33 ± 7.01), T1 (11.83 ± 4.88) and T2 (9.33 ± 6.80) (p=0.598). The mean thickness of the abdominal aortic wall between the four groups C- (741.98 ± 60.67μm), C + (714.29 ± 90.59μm), T1 (838.90 ± 75.86 μm), and T2 (749.88 ± 99.37μm) also was not significantly different (p=0.110). Conclusion Shortening tends to increase the foam cell count of the aortic arch and the thickness of the abdominal aortic wall of rats.

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Adeyemo, Adedayo Akinade, Olusola Joshua Odutayo, Adeola Justina Adeyemo, Olajide Ayorinde Adeyemi, Olajide Mark Sogunle, and Adeyemi Mustapha Bamgbose. "Impact of maternal feed rationing during pregnancy on meat quality attributes of rabbit offspring." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2022-0011.

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Abstract Young rabbits does fed ad libitum diets often show parturition problems such as dystocia and abnormal presentation, resulting in reduced numbers of kits. This can be linked to excessive fatness of the does. Several studies have documented the effect of feed restriction on rabbits, but only limited information exist on the carryover effect of maternal feed restriction exerts on meat quality attributes of the offspring produced from such restriction. This study evaluated the influence of maternal feed restriction and vitamin E inclusion during pregnancy on meat quality of rabbit kits. Seventy-five rabbits, consisting of sixty 20-week-old does and 15 mature bucks, were used in the experiment. Treatments consisted of two levels of feed restriction (0 and 15 %) applied at three different periods during pregnancy (15 – 19, 20 – 24, or 25 – 29 days) with or without vitamin E dietary inclusions (0 and 300 mg/kg). The pregnant does were divided into twelve treatment groups, each containing five replicates of one rabbit each. The experiment was in a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial layout in a completely randomised design. After kindling (between days 28 – 31 of pregnancy) the resulting kits (a total of 180 kits) were arranged on treatment basis of their mothers and managed for a period of 56 days; that is 15 kits per treatment, each replicated 5 times (each replicate contained 3 kits). After 56 days of experiment, the data were collected on meat pH, total cholesterol, crude fat, crude protein, thermal shortening and refrigeration loss. Feed restriction during pregnancy with or without dietary vitamin E (no addition and 300 mg/kg) resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) influence on meat quality attributes of growing rabbits as total cholesterol (555.00 ± 6.06) decreased in the meat of rabbits whose mothers were feed-restricted during pregnancy. On the other hand, maternal feed rationing with or without vitamin E did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the crude protein and thermal shortening of their slaughtered offspring. In conclusion, maternal feed rationing during pregnancy can be adopted as a feeding strategy in manipulating meat quality indicators of growing rabbits as total cholesterol concentrations decreased which is a good indicator that the meat is safer and better for consumers in order to prevent health-related challenges.

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Samanta, Susamay, P. Soni Reddy, and Kaushik Mandal. "Cross-Polarization Suppression in Probe-Fed Circular Patch Antenna Using Two Circular Clusters of Shorting Pins." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66, no. 6 (June 2018): 3177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2018.2819895.

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Rajan, Vivek, Vinesh Puthiyapurayil Viswanathan, Vinisha Chaluvayalil, Mohanan Pezholil, and Vasudevan Kesavath. "Coplanar waveguide fed compact dual-band antenna with capacitive shorting between signal strip and ground plane." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 127 (December 2020): 153448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153448.

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Wang, Ping, Fan-Zhi Kong, Xiao-Hong Hong, Li Zhang, Wan-Hong Zhao, Jin-Cui Yang, and Heng Zhang. "Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulates Depression-like Behaviors in Shortening-Induced Obese Mice." Nutrients 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 4302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14204302.

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Shortening is mainly derived from the partial hydrogenation of palm oil and widely used in fast food. Food processed with shortening contains high levels of industrial trans fatty acids. Studies have shown that there is a correlation between industrial trans fatty acids, obesity, and depression. However, the regulatory effect of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) on depression in obese patients is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore mood changes in obese mice fed a high shortening diet, and to determine the regulatory effect of nNOS on depressive-like behaviors in obese mice. We used a high shortening diet-induced obesity mouse model to systematically assess the metabolic response, behavioral changes, prefrontal and hippocampal nNOS protein levels, and the effect of nNOS inhibitors (7-nitroindole) on depression-like behavior in obese mice. Interestingly, obese mice on a 9-week high-shortening diet developed short-term spatial working memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior, and obesity may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment and mood disorders. In animals fed a high shortening diet for 12 weeks, obese mice developed depression-like behavior and had significantly elevated levels of nNOS protein expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal lobe. Administration of the nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindole could improve depression-like behaviors in obese mice, further suggesting that inhibition of nNOS is helpful for depression associated with obesity.

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Boldt, Kevin, Stela Mattiello, Venus Joumaa, Jeannine Turnbull, Paul W. M. Fedak, and Walter Herzog. "Consumption of a high-fat-high-sucrose diet partly diminishes mechanical and structural adaptations of cardiac muscle following resistance training." Physical Activity and Nutrition 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20463/pan.2021.0009.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet on previously reported adaptations of cardiac morphological and contractile properties to resistance training.[Methods] Twelve-week-old rats participated in 12-weeks of resistance exercise training and consumed an HFHS diet. Echocardiography and skinned cardiac muscle fiber bundle testing were performed to determine the structural and mechanical adaptations.[Results] Compared to chow-fed sedentary animals, both HFHS- and chow-fed resistance-trained animals had thicker left ventricular walls. Isolated trabecular fiber bundles from chow-fed resistance-trained animals had greater force output, shortening velocities, and calcium sensitivities than those of chow-fed sedentary controls. However, trabeculae from the HFHS resistance-trained animals had greater force output but no change in unloaded shortening velocity or calcium sensitivity than those of the chow-fed sedentary group animals.[Conclusion] Resistance exercise training led to positive structural and mechanical adaptations of the heart, which were partly offset by the HFHS diet.

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Yan, T., and D. J. Roberts. "The response of dairy cows given high levels of molasses to dietary levels of fermentable metabolisable energy." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025903.

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Unprotected tallow is used as a feed ingredient to meet the energy requirement of high milking dairy cows, but its hydrolysed free fatty acids in the rumen can inhibit microbial activity and dietary fibre digestion. However, the negative effects of the tallow could be minimized when high levels of molasses are also fed since feeding molasses could shorten the retention time of the hydrolysed free fatty acids in the rumen. In addition, molasses contains a large proportion of non-structural carbohydrates (sugars) which have fast fermentation rates in the rumen. When a diet is formulated to have a low fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) concentration, supplementing with a high molasses level may partially make up the deficiency of the energy requirement of the microorganisms in the rumen of dairy cows. Previous experiments have showed that molasses could be fed to dairy cows up to 312 g/kg DM without adverse effect (Yan and Roberts, 1992) and a crude protein level at 160 g/kg DM in the diet containing 310 g/kg DM of molasses was satisfactory for feed intake and milk production of dairy cows (Yan and Roberts, 1993). The current experiment was subsequently undertaken to investigate the response of dairy cows given high levels of molasses to dietary levels of FME produced by altering unprotected tallow concentrations in diets.

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Dai, Xi-Wang, Tao Zhou, and Bo-Ran Guan. "Dual-band low-profile planar antenna for mobile communication application." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 2 (December 8, 2015): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715001671.

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A novel dual-band planar antenna with a low profile for mobile communication system is proposed in this paper. The antenna is composed of one shorted patch with two radiating notches for low frequency resonance and one square patch for high frequency resonance. The low profile is achieved via the shorting patch, which introduces the parallel electrical field between the reflector and antenna. A step-impedance microstrip line is used to feed the antenna. The coupling between the square patch and microstrip line cancels out the inductance of shorting probe, which increases the working bandwidth of proposed antenna. A prototype with a low profile of 0.0286λ is fabricated and measured. The antenna achieves dual impedance bandwidths of 1.6% for the low frequency band and 60% for the high frequency band, covering the frequency range 851–865 MHz and 1.97–3.65 GHz, respectively. The measured results show good agreements with the simulated ones.

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Kang, Do-Gu, and Youngje Sung. "Planar Printed Shorted Monopole Antenna with Coupled Feed for LTE/WWAN Mobile Handset Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/151864.

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A shorted monopole antenna with coupled feed for LTE/WWAN mobile handset applications is described. The basic resonance of the shorted monopole combines with the resonance formed by the coupling between the coupling strip and the feeding pad to cover the LTE700, GSM850, and GSM900 bands. Both the feeding pad and the coupling strip operate with the shorting strip as a loop antenna. The resonance of the loop antenna and the harmonics of the shorted monopole combine to cover the GSM1800, GSM1900, UMTS, and LTE2300 bands. A stable and omnidirectional radiation pattern with reasonable gain has been observed over the operating bandwidth.

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Waterhouse, R. B. "The use of shorting posts to improve the scanning range of probe-fed microstrip patch phased arrays." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 44, no. 3 (March 1996): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.486297.

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Tarry-Adkins, Jane L., Jaap A. Joles, Jian-Hua Chen, Malgorzata S. Martin-Gronert, Dionne M. van der Giezen, Roel Goldschmeding, C. Nicholas Hales, and Susan E. Ozanne. "Protein restriction in lactation confers nephroprotective effects in the male rat and is associated with increased antioxidant expression." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 3 (September 2007): R1259—R1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00231.2007.

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Telomere shortening has been implicated in the aging process and various age-associated disorders, including renal disease. Moreover, oxidative stress has been identified as an initiator of accelerated telomere shortening. We have shown previously that maternal protein restriction during lactation leads to reduced renal telomere shortening, reduced albuminuria, and increased longevity in rats. Here we address the hypothesis that maternal protein restriction during lactation is nephroprotective and associated with increased expression of antioxidative enzymes and decreased age-dependent renal telomere shortening. Newborn rats were suckled by a dam fed either a control (20% protein) or low-protein (8% protein) diet. All animals were weaned onto standard chow. Offspring that had been suckled by protein-restricted mothers had reduced albuminuria, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and urinary aldosterone excretion. These animals also did not show significant age-dependent renal telomere shortening and hence had significantly longer telomeres at 12 mo of age. This lack of renal telomere shortening was associated with increased levels of the antioxidant enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. These findings suggest that beneficial effects of slow growth during lactation are associated with increased antioxidant capacity and prevention of age-dependent telomere shortening in the kidney.

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Notermans, Bo, Wiesje Maarse, and Arnold Schuurman. "A Dorsal Approach for Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy." Journal of Wrist Surgery 07, no. 04 (November 22, 2017): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608636.

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Aim This study aims to evaluate the long-term complications, results, and patient satisfaction rates of a dorsally approached ulnar shortening osteotomy for ulnar impaction syndrome. Methods A retrospective chart review of 20 patients was performed. Primary outcomes of interest were subjective, measured using the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) score, Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, and the third questionnaire about patient satisfaction, composed by the authors. Secondary outcomes included hardware removal due to irritation and other complications. Results Mean postoperative functional score of PRWE was 28 (standard deviation [SD], 30) and DASH 20 (SD, 26), respectively. Fifteen patients were satisfied with the operation. Removal of hardware was noted in six patients. In one patient plate breakage occurred. Conclusion Similar postoperative functional scores and complications were seen in patients undergoing an ulnar shortening osteotomy with a dorsally placed plate for ulnar impaction syndrome, compared with other plate placement localizations. The incidence of plate removal is also comparable to previously described results. As the dorsally placed plate and freehand technique, are relatively easy, we feel that it has a place in the treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome. Level of Evidence Level IV, retrospective cohort study.

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Ban, Yong-Ling, Shun Yang, Joshua Le-Wei Li, and Rui Li. "Printed Internal Pentaband WWAN Antenna Using Chip-Inductor-Loaded Shorting Strip for Mobile Phone Application." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/516487.

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A compact size on-board printed antenna using capacitive coupled-fed excitation to generate multiple resonant modes for penta-band WWAN operation (GSM850/900/GSM1800/1900/UMTS2100) is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna occupies only a small footprint of 15 × 25 mm2on one corner of the circuit board and a protruded ground of 10 × 15 mm2is displaced with close proximity to the antenna portion. The proposed antenna has a very simple structure which is composed of two separate strips: a loop strip with an inserted chip inductor and an L-shaped feeding strip. The loop strip is shorted to the ground and generates a resonant mode at 890 MHz to cover the GSM850/900 band (824–960 MHz) while the feeding strip contributes to the GSM1800/1900/UMTS210 band (1710–2170 MHz) operation. With such a small size, the proposed antenna can achieve compact integration on the circuit board of the mobile phone, thus the proposed scheme is quite suitable for the slim mobile phone application. Good agreements between simulations and measurements are obtained. Details of proposed antenna are presented and some key parameters are studied.

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Dietz, Dan. "Preventing Rollover with FEA." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-nov-4.

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This article discusses that event-simulation software can help engineers improve the safety of a military transport vehicle, while reducing the number of prototypes and shortening the design cycle. US Army's Tank and Automotive Command (TACOM) unit brought the truck's frame design to AM General with recommendations for a rollover protection structure. The AM General design team created plans for a T-shaped configuration to be added to the original truck frame that would protect occupants during a rollover accident. AM General stress analyst performed finite element analysis with Mechanical Event Simulation, including both Linear and Nonlinear Stress Analysis software from Algor Inc. of Pittsburgh. When the prototype asses its laboratory test, AM General will immediately manufacture an additional 20 units for both physical and field testing. This may include an armored variant for field testing in Bosnia, an area with rugged topography. TACOM plans to modify other M 939/A1 / A2 series trucks on an as-needed basis; they will install the rollover protection structures on trucks in use where conditions like rough terrain make rollover accidents more likely.

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BRAGA, M. V., K. C. PRATA, and R. P. BRAZIL. "Biology of nymphs of Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 (Hemiptera, Rreduviidae), fed on pigeon or on swiss mouse blood in laboratory conditions." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 59, no. 1 (February 1999): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71081999000100012.

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The duration of the life cycle of Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 as well as the mortality rate of each nymphal instar were studied comparing groups fed on pigeon or on mouse blood weekly or fortnightly. This species showed a better development and lower mortality rate when fed on swiss mouse. The intervals between feedings apparently did not have influence on the shortening of the cycle. We suggest that laboratory colonies and experiments with R. robustus are better maintained when these triatomines are fed on swiss mouse.

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Ozkaya, Serkan, Sabri Erbas, Oktay Ozkan, Hasan Baydar, and Taylan Aksu. "Effect of supplementing milk replacer with aromatic oregano (Oreganum onites L.) water on performance, immunity and general health profiles of Holstein calves." Animal Production Science 58, no. 10 (2018): 1892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16574.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of supplementing milk replacer (MR) with aromatic oregano (Origanum onite L.) water on weaning age, performance during the pre- and post-weaning periods, immune systems, blood parameters and general health of 40 Holstein Friesian calves. The calves fed with oregano water (OW)-supplemented MR were weaned earlier than those in the Control group. There were no statistical differences in the liveweight and body measurements among the groups at the weaning age and post-weaning period. The feed intake of the calves fed with OW was higher than that of calves in the Control group in the pre-weaning period. The OW supplementation significantly increased the faecal firmness of calves (P < 0.05). It also decreased the number of E. coli, Coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae pathogens, but only the amount of Enterobacteriaceae was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Non-pathogens, such as Lactic acid bacteria, were not affected by OW supplementation. The OW supplementation had no significant effect on hematologic and biochemical blood values. There was significant interaction between age and groups in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (P < 0.05). The immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM) values of calves were steadily higher than those of the calves in the Control group. The general health profiles of the calves improved. It can be concluded that MR containing 1–2% OW fed to calves in the early weaning period is a promising treatment to improve their wellbeing and shorten the weaning period.

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Fathi, Moataz, Magdy Abdelsalam, Ibrahim Al-Homidan, Tarek Ebeid, Mohamed Shehab-El-Deen, Mohamed Abd El-Razik, Osama Abou-Emera, and Mohamed Mostafa. "Supplemental Effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) Leaves on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Blood Biochemistry and Immune Response of Growing Rabbits." Annals of Animal Science 19, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 779–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0023.

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AbstractThis research aimed to study the effect of dietary eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) leaves powder (EL) on growth performance, blood parameters, immune response and caecal microbiota in 84 growing Jabali and V-Line rabbits raised under high environmental temperature. The experiment started at 10 weeks of age and lasted 6 weeks. Rabbits were randomly distributed into three dietary eucalyptus treatments; control (no EL) and two groups supplemented with 0.1% and 0.2% EL powder. Rabbits were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were determined. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated. At the end of the experiment, 54 rabbits were slaughtered (nine rabbits/sub-group). The results showed that the high level of EL (0.2%) had a negative effect on growth performance, dressing %, mid part % and significantly increased cell-mediated response. Rabbits fed the high level of EL showed shortening in caecum length. Significant linear reduction of total bacterial count and E. coli was observed in both groups given either 0.1% or 0.2% EL compared to the control group. Similar trend was found in the percentage of Salmonella sp. detection in both breeds. Jabali rabbits were significantly heavier than V-line rabbits and had better FCR and carcass traits except for fore part %. Additionally, they showed lower total microbial count. The current study indicated that EL could be utilized as an effective feed additive to improve cellular immunity and to reduce caecal bacterial counts in rabbits raised under high ambient temperature.

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Kim, Young-Jun, Ye-Bon Kim, and Han Lim Lee. "mmWave High Gain Planar H-Shaped Shorted Ring Antenna Array." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 5168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185168.

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A new design approach for a mmWave high gain planar antenna is presented. The proposed method can increase antenna directivity with a minimally enlarged radiation patch while the operation frequency is still matched at a higher target frequency. The fundamental structure of the proposed antenna is configured by a H-shaped and slot-loaded patch with a shorting pin symmetrically located across a signal excitation port. Further, to match the operation frequency with the frequency for the highest achievable gain, a vertically stacked matching conductor was inserted along the signal feed path between the radiation patch and the ground layer. The proposed single antenna showed the simulated directivity of 9.46 dBi while the conventional patch with a same dielectric had 8.07 dBi. To verify practical performance, a 2 × 2 array antenna was fabricated at 28 GHz and showed the measured gain of 12.5 dBi including the array feed loss.

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Palumbo, A., G. Misuraca, M. D'Ischia, and G. Prota. "Effect of metal ions on the kinetics of tyrosine oxidation catalysed by tyrosinase." Biochemical Journal 228, no. 3 (June 15, 1985): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2280647.

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The conversion of tyrosine into dopa [3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine] is the rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of melanins catalysed by tyrosinase. This hydroxylation reaction is characterized by a lag period, the extent of which depends on various parameters, notably the presence of a suitable hydrogen donor such as dopa or tetrahydropterin. We have now found that catalytic amounts of Fe2+ ions have the same effect as dopa in stimulating the tyrosine hydroxylase activity of the enzyme. Kinetic experiments showed that the shortening of the induction time depends on the concentration of the added metal and the nature of the buffer system used and is not suppressed by superoxide dismutase, catalase, formate or mannitol. Notably, Fe3+ ions showed only a small delaying effect on tyrosinase activity. Among the other metals which were tested, Zn2+, Co2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ had no detectable influence, whereas Cu2+ and Mn2+ exhibited a marked inhibitory effect on the kinetics of tyrosine oxidation. These findings are discussed in the light of the commonly accepted mechanism of action of tyrosinase.

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Islam, Rafique, Emily L. Kumimoto, Hong Bao, and Bing Zhang. "ALS-linked SOD1 in glial cells enhances ß-N-Methylamino L-Alanine (BMAA)-induced toxicity in Drosophila." F1000Research 1 (November 9, 2012): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1-47.v1.

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Environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the role of environmental agents in ALS remains poorly understood. To this end, we used transgenic fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) to explore the interaction between mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and chemicals such as ß-N-methylamino L-alanine (BMAA), the herbicide agent paraquat, and superoxide species. We expressed ALS-linked human SOD1 (hSOD1A4V, and hSOD1G85R), hSOD1wt as well as the Drosophila native SOD1 (dSOD1) in motoneurons (MNs) or in glial cells alone and simultaneously in both types of cells. We then examined the effect of BMAA (3 mM), paraquat (20 mM), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 1%) on the lifespan of SOD1-expressing flies. Our data show that glial expression of mutant and wild type hSOD1s reduces the ability of flies to climb. Further, we show that while all three chemicals significantly shorten the lifespan of flies, mutant SOD1 does not have a significant additional effect on the lifespan of flies fed on paraquat, but further shortens the lifespan of flies fed on H2O2. Finally, we show that BMAA shows a dramatic cell-type specific effect with mutant SOD1. Flies with expression of mutant hSOD1 in MNs survived longer on BMAA compared to control flies. In contrast, BMAA significantly shortened the lifespan of flies expressing mutant hSOD1 in glia. Consistent with a neuronal protection role, flies expressing these mutant hSOD1s in both MNs and glia also lived longer. Hence, our studies reveal a synergistic effect of mutant SOD1 with H2O2 and novel roles for mutant hSOD1s in neurons to reduce BMAA toxicity and in glia to enhance the toxicity of BMAA in flies.

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Zhang, Yan Yan, Chun Xia He, and Ming Ming Zhu. "Research on Structure Analysis of an Flexible Flywheel Based on FEA." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4363.

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In this paper,Flexible flywheel EP6s several working conditions had be Simulation, Under a certain Factor of safety conditions. The reasonable Structure design had be found, through Compared with the results of fatigue test. Therefore, the Objective had be Achieved of improve design, reduce the times of experiment and shorten the cycle of research.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Shorting fee'

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