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Michael, Isaac, Benjamin G. Serpell, Carmen M. Colomer, and Jocelyn K. Mara. "Analysing the short-term impact of substitutes vs. starters in international rugby." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 5 (September 18, 2019): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954119874163.
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The aim of this study was to compare the short-term performance of substitute players to starting players during International Rugby Union matches and determine how this performance was influenced by playing position, the timing of the substitution and the score margin between teams. Individual player performances (n = 298) for substitutes and the starters they replaced were observed across 17 matches played between tier 1 rugby nations. Performance was categorised as the total number of involvements, the number of attacking and defensive involvements, as well as the effectiveness of a player's performance for each of the above involvement categories. Results revealed forward substitutes performed more total ( p = 0.001, ES = 0.61), attacking ( p = 0.026, ES = 0.32) and defensive ( p = 0.023, ES = 0.31) involvements than forward starters; however, there were no differences found for backs ( p = 0.819–0.911). In addition, it was observed that an increase in score margin at the time of substitution led to a decrease in the total and attacking involvements per minute that a substitute performed, but an increase in defensive involvements for both forwards and backs. These findings provide a platform for coaches to make tactical decisions regarding substitution patterns during International Rugby matches. Specifically, coaches should prioritise forward substitutions over back substitutions, and implement tactical changes earlier in the second half to gain an advantage over the opposition.
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Suri, S., and R. Banerjee. "In vitro evaluation ofin situ gels as short term vitreous substitutes." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 79A, no. 3 (2006): 650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30917.
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Bottoni, Ferdinando, Maurizio Sborgia, Paolo Arpa, Nino De Casa, Emanuela Bertazzi, Marzio Monticelli, and Vito De Molfetta. "Perfluorocarbon liquids as postoperative short-term vitreous substitutes in complicated retinal detachment." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 231, no. 11 (November 1993): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00921955.
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Becker, Genevieve E. "Marketing Breastfeeding Substitutes: A Discussion Document." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 9239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249239.
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Marketing influences knowledge, attitudes, and decisions related to infant and young child nutrition, safety, development, parental confidence, and other aspects of health and wellbeing of the child. These attitudes and behaviours of parents, health workers, policy makers, and other influencers have short- and long-term effects on the child. There is an International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. Is it time to have a code of marketing of breastfeeding substitutes?
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Ran, Xiangdong, Zhiguang Shan, Yufei Fang, and Chuang Lin. "An LSTM-Based Method with Attention Mechanism for Travel Time Prediction." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040861.
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Traffic prediction is based on modeling the complex non-linear spatiotemporal traffic dynamics in road network. In recent years, Long Short-Term Memory has been applied to traffic prediction, achieving better performance. The existing Long Short-Term Memory methods for traffic prediction have two drawbacks: they do not use the departure time through the links for traffic prediction, and the way of modeling long-term dependence in time series is not direct in terms of traffic prediction. Attention mechanism is implemented by constructing a neural network according to its task and has recently demonstrated success in a wide range of tasks. In this paper, we propose an Long Short-Term Memory-based method with attention mechanism for travel time prediction. We present the proposed model in a tree structure. The proposed model substitutes a tree structure with attention mechanism for the unfold way of standard Long Short-Term Memory to construct the depth of Long Short-Term Memory and modeling long-term dependence. The attention mechanism is over the output layer of each Long Short-Term Memory unit. The departure time is used as the aspect of the attention mechanism and the attention mechanism integrates departure time into the proposed model. We use AdaGrad method for training the proposed model. Based on the datasets provided by Highways England, the experimental results show that the proposed model can achieve better accuracy than the Long Short-Term Memory and other baseline methods. The case study suggests that the departure time is effectively employed by using attention mechanism.
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Thacker, Minal, Ching-Li Tseng, and Feng-Huei Lin. "Substitutes and Colloidal System for Vitreous Replacement and Drug Delivery: Recent Progress and Future Prospective." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010121.
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Vitreoretinal surgeries for ocular diseases such as complicated retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy, macular holes and ocular trauma has led to the development of various tamponades over the years in search for an ideal vitreous substitute. Current clinically used tamponade agents such as air, perfluorocarbons, silicone oil and expansile gases serve only as a short-term solution and harbors various disadvantages. However, an ideal long-term substitute is yet to be discovered and recent research emphasizes on the potential of polymeric hydrogels as an ideal vitreous substitute. This review highlights the recent progress in the field of vitreous substitution. Suitability and adverse effects of various tamponade agents in present day clinical use and biomaterials in the experimental phase have been outlined and discussed. In addition, we introduced the anatomy and functions of the native vitreous body and the pathological conditions which require vitreous replacement.
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Abbastabardelavar, Mohammadreza, Amir Izadi, and Fereshte Asadiamiri. "Investigating Effects of Coal Flotation Waste on Aged Hot Mix Asphalt Performance." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 10 (October 30, 2018): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091175.
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The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of fresh and old coal flotation waste (coal waste), used as asphalt filler and additive, on the properties of hot asphalt mixtures in aged and un-aged condition. In this experimental study, fresh and old coal flotation waste, obtained from the Central Alborz Coal Washing Plant, were used to produce filler specimens (100% Wt.) as substitutes for limestone powder and asphalt additive (7% w.t). Finally, the performance of the asphalt mixture containing flotation waste was evaluated using Marshall Stability and indirect tensile tests. The afore-mentioned compounds were used to produce specimens under short-term aging conditions and the results were compared with other results obtained under un-aged condition. The results indicate that flotation waste improved performance of hot mix asphalt under short-term aging conditions.
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Bhana, N. "The effects of trade sanctions and disinvestment by foreign countries and its impact on the South African economy." South African Journal of Business Management 18, no. 3 (September 30, 1987): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v18i3.1008.
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In the event of total trade sanctions South Africa should have no difficulty in countering the ban on mineral exports, especially precious metals. Furthermore, earnings from precious metals are likely to increase in the short term followed by a gradual deterioration of these industries as cheaper substitutes are developed and producers from other countries make inroads into markets vacated by South African producers. In the manufacturing sector South Africa may benefit in the short term through import replacement and a drive towards self-sufficiency. However, in the long term factors such as scarcity of capital, technological obsolescence, disadvantages inherent in the lack of international co-operation and competition, and misallocation of resources would indicate that the cost of evading sanctions is too high. A disinvestment of portfolio investments is likely to cause a major decline in the prices of South African mining shares. A large scale disinvestment by multinational companies and foreign disinvestment of shares are likely to cause restructuring and increased economic concentration in the South African economy.
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Burkhard, Fiona C., Johannes Springer, Thomas M. Kessler, and Urs E. Studer. "483: Short and Long-Term Urodynamic Outcome in Patients with Ileal Orthotopic Bladder Substitutes with an Afferent Tubular Segment." Journal of Urology 173, no. 4S (April 2005): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(18)34736-0.
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Clark, William Roberts. "Partisan and Electoral Motivations and the Choice of Monetary Institutions Under Fully Mobile Capital." International Organization 56, no. 4 (2002): 725–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081802760403757.
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Central bank independence and pegged exchange rates have each been viewed as solutions to the inflationary bias resulting from the time inconsistency of discretionary monetary policy. While it is obvious that a benevolent social planner would opt for such an institutional solution, it is less obvious that a real-world incumbent facing short-term partisan or electoral pressures would do so. In this article, I model the choice of monetary institutions from the standpoint of a survival-maximizing incumbent. It turns out that a wide range of survival-maximizing incumbents do best by forfeiting control over monetary policy. While political pressures do not, in general, discourage monetary commitments, they can influence the choice between fixed exchange rates and central bank independence. I highlight the importance of viewing fiscal policy and monetary policy as substitutes and identify the conditions under which survival-maximizing incumbents will view fixed exchange rates and central bank independence as substitutes. In so doing, I provide a framework for integrating other contributions to this volume.
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Hananiah Tardivo Quintana, João Paulo dos Santos Prado, Alan de França, Paulo Roberto Gabbai-Armelin, Daniel Vitor de Souza, Daniel Araki Ribeiro, Nivaldo Antonio Parizotto, Hernane da Silva Barud, and Ana Claudia Muniz Renno. "Bacterial cellulose membrane enriched with fibroblast growth factor associated with photobiomodulation: In vitro evaluation." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 9, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 076–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.2.0043.
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One promising skin substitutes in the wound healing are the bacterial cellulose membranes (BCM). These biomaterials present nanostructures composed of microfibrils capable of forming three-dimensional pores that allow cell. In association with these biopolymers, several treatments are used, such as enrichment by growth factors and/or the application of photobiomodulation (PBM). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity of a BCM (culturing of Komagataeibacter xylinus), with or without FGF-2 in association with PBM therapy. In the characterization of BCM we saw that the membrane does not show great variations in pH and with the scanning electron microscopy it was possible to observe that the BCM has a denser and a porous side that allows the adhesion of fibroblasts, confirmed by histological staining and DAPI/Phalloidin. In vitro evaluation showed that the immunofluorescence (CaAM/EthD-1) for live and dead cells presented, in the groups with combined treatment at long-term of PBM and FGF-2, a greater quantity of live cells than with these isolated treatments and/or at short-term. However, in the short-term of combined treatment PBM and FGF-2 supplementation, fibroblasts and macrophages were more viable by Alamar Blue, in direct and indirect contact respectively. The comet assay did not show cytotoxicity for DNA damage in fibroblasts indirect contact with membrane extract. The results highlight the potential of association of FGF-2 supplementation with the application of PBM for use with BCM, due to its promoted increased cell density at long-term and improved viability in fibroblasts and macrophages at short-term.
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Riva, C., V. Orzi, M. Carozzi, M. Acutis, G. Boccasile, S. Lonati, F. Tambone, G. D'Imporzano, and F. Adani. "Short-term experiments in using digestate products as substitutes for mineral (N) fertilizer: Agronomic performance, odours, and ammonia emission impacts." Science of The Total Environment 547 (March 2016): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.156.
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Terra, Paulo Renato Soares. "Are leverage and debt maturity complements or substitutes? Evidence from Latin America." RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie 10, no. 6 (December 2009): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-69712009000600003.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the choice between debt and equity simultaneously with the decision between short- and long-term debt for a large sample of emerging markets from Latin America. In order to do this, we test a model (BARCLAY; MARX; SMITH JR., 2003) of joint capital structure and debt maturity determination for a sample of 986 firms from Latin America in the period 1990-2002, employing the Generalized Method of Moments on a system of equations. The empirical results support three main findings. First, capital structure and debt maturity are financial policy complements in Latin America. Second, there is a substantial dynamic component in the determination of debt maturity that has been neglected by previous research. Finally, firms face moderate adjustment costs towards their optimal maturity. Results are robust to variation in sample composition in terms or countries, industries, and years.
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Campbell, K. L., I. W. McIntyre, and R. A. MacArthur. "Postprandial heat increment does not substitute for active thermogenesis in cold-challenged star-nosed moles (Condylura cristata)." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.2.301.
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The postprandial increase in metabolic rate associated with consuming, assimilating and excreting a meal is often termed the heat increment of feeding (HIF). The metabolic heat production of star-nosed moles, Condylura cristata, held at thermoneutrality was monitored for 4 h following a single 10 min session of feeding on a ration consisting of 0 g (controls), 3.5 g or 10 g of earthworms. Coefficients for metabolizable energy digestibility and digesta passage rate of earthworms fed to C. cristata were also determined. We then tested whether feeding-induced thermogenesis substitutes partially or completely for thermoregulatory heat production in these animals exposed to sub-thermoneutral air temperatures (9–24 degrees C). A single feeding on earthworms had both short- and long-term effects on the metabolic rate and respiratory exchange ratio of C. cristata. The observed short-term (0–65 min) rise in metabolic rate, assumed to be associated primarily with the physical costs of nutrient digestion, absorption and excretion, was similar to the calculated mean retention time (66.7+/−7.8 min; mean +/− s.e. m., N=5) of this species. This component of the HIF represented 2.9 % of the food energy ingested by moles fed a single 3.5 g (13.21 kJ) meal of earthworms and 1.4 % of the food energy ingested by moles fed a single 7.5 g (28.09 kJ) meal of earthworms. At all test temperatures, resting metabolic rate typically remained above fasting levels for 1–4 h following ingestion of the high-protein earthworm diet. This protracted rise in metabolic rate, presumably associated with the biochemical costs of amino acid oxidation/gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis, averaged 12.8 % of the metabolizable energy and 8.7 % of the gross energy intake. Despite the potential thermoregulatory benefit, we found no evidence that biochemical HIF substitutes for facultative thermogenesis in star-nosed moles exposed to low air temperatures.
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Nagel, Stefan. "The Liquidity Premium of Near-Money Assets*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 1927–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw028.
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Abstract This article examines the link between the opportunity cost of money and time-varying liquidity premia of near-money assets. Higher interest rates imply higher opportunity costs of holding money and hence a higher premium for the liquidity service benefits of assets that are close substitutes for money. Consistent with this theory, short-term interest rates in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada have a strong positive relationship with the liquidity premium of Treasury bills and other near-money assets over periods going back to the 1920s. Once the opportunity cost of money is taken into account, Treasury security supply variables lose their explanatory power for the liquidity premium, except for transitory short-run effects. These findings indicate a high elasticity of substitution between money and near-money assets. As a consequence, a central bank that follows an interest rate operating target not only elastically accommodates and neutralizes shocks to money demand, but effectively also shocks to near-money asset supply and demand.
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Hechmy, Badry. "Can conventional energy be replaced by renewable energy without harming economic growth in non-oil-MENA? Evidence from Granger causality in VECM." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 15, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-11-2018-0098.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in non-oil countries in the Middle East and North Africa (non-oil-MENA) during the period from 2000 to 2014. The Pedroni (2000) test shows that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between those variables; however, the Granger causality test in the vector error correction model (VECM) shows that this relationship is bidirectional in the short and long term. Thus, to ensure sustainable economic growth without pollution and to reduce dependence on abroad, renewable energies can be chosen as substitutes for conventional energies in the non-oil-MENA countries. Design/methodology/approach First, LLC and IPS unit root tests are used to test the variables stationarity; and, second, Pedroni panel cointegration and Engle–Granger causality by VECM analysis are used to check the relationship between the studied variables. Findings Empirical results show that the renewable energy consumption and economic growth are cointegrated and that there are two-way causal relationships between them in the long and in the short term. These countries must therefore encourage the consumption of renewable energy instead of traditional energy to reduce their dependence on energy from abroad and CO2 pollution. Originality/value The originality of this work lies in the measurements of the study variables and the empirical investigation methods used.
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Tovey, Derek. "Narrative Strategies in the Prologue and the Metaphor of ὁ λóγos in John's Gospel." Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 15, no. 2 (June 2002): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1030570x0201500202.
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This article argues for a metaphorical connotation for the term ὁ λóγos in the Gospel, beyond its use in the prologue (John 1:1-18): this stands against the consensus of scholarship. It draws on some insights regarding short story openings, to argue that ὁ λóγos and oúτos function as non-sequential sequence signals, and character-substitutes, to pique the reader's curiosity as to the identity of the Logos, and prepare for the introduction of the name “Jesus Christ” in v.17. These narrative dynamics, the structure of the prologue, and the operations of implicature (Grice), create a strong link in the implied reader's mind between the Logos and Jesus. The implied author uses the implicative force of this connection to add metaphorical freight to the term when used later in the Gospel. The article explores six instances where the term ὁ λóγos appears (6:60; 7:36; 8:37; 10:35; 12:48; 17:17) and where, it is argued, the possibility exists of a usage which echoes that of the prologue.
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Steininger, Sedonia, Caroline Storer, Jiri Hulcr, and Andrea Lucky. "Alternative preservatives of insect DNA for citizen science and other low-cost applications." Invertebrate Systematics 29, no. 5 (2015): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is15003.
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Prevention of DNA degradation is essential to conducting molecular analyses of field-captured specimens. This is especially important for projects that incorporate participation of non-specialists in research, such as agency monitoring of pests, or citizen science, where standard methods of preservation may be inaccessible. We examined efficacy of three common alternative products as a substitute for 95% ethanol or pure propylene glycol in preserving DNA: alcohol-based hand sanitiser and propylene and ethylene glycol-based automobile antifreeze. We subjected Xylosandrus compactus ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera : Curculionidae : Scolytinae) to each preservative for two or seven days under direct outdoor exposure and assessed relative quantity of intact DNA by performing real-time polymerase chain reaction amplification of a single-copy nuclear marker. Amplification was observed in all treatments and electrophoresis of the amplified product showed clear bands of the appropriate weight. Successful amplification of the target gene was verified by sequencing the amplified control. No statistically significant differences were found between the cycle threshold values of any treatment. Our results suggest that alcohol-based hand sanitiser and automobile antifreeze can successfully preserve DNA for short-term storage and serve as effective substitutes for laboratory-grade preservatives in citizen science projects, large-scale trapping projects or by professionals.
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Thazhungal Govindan Nair, Saji. "Pairs trading in cryptocurrency market: A long-short story." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 3 (August 16, 2021): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(3).2021.12.
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Pairs trading that is built on ’Relative-Value Arbitrage Rule’ is a popular short-term speculation strategy enabling traders to make profits from temporary mispricing of close substitutes. This paper aims at investigating the profit potentials of pairs trading in a new finance area – on cryptocurrencies market. The empirical design builds upon four well-known approaches to implement pairs trading, namely: correlation analysis, distance approach, stochastic return differential approach, and cointegration analysis, that use monthly closing prices of leading cryptocoins over the period January 1, 2018, – December 31, 2019. Additionally, the paper executes a simulation exercise that compares long-short strategy with long-only portfolio strategy in terms of payoffs and risks. The study finds an inverse relationship between the correlation coefficient and distance between different pairs of cryptocurrencies, which is a prerequisite to determine the potentially market-neutral profits through pairs trading. In addition, pairs trading simulations produce quite substantive evidence on the continuing profitability of pairs trading. In other words, long-short portfolio strategies, producing positive cumulative returns in most subsample periods, consistently outperform conservative long-only portfolio strategies in the cryptocurrency market. The profitability of pairs trading thus adds empirical challenge to the market efficiency of the cryptocurrency market. However, other aspects like spectral correlations and implied volatility might also be significant in determining the profit potentials of pairs trading.
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Marquardt, N., S. Horneff, Z. Balta, C. P. Strassburg, J. Oldenburg, G. Goldmann, and H. Zeitler. "Long-term outcome of liver transplantation in HCV/HIV coinfected haemophilia patients." Hämostaseologie 35, no. 02 (2015): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5482/hamo-14-07-0027.
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SummaryThe outcome and clinical features during long term follow-up of 10 haemophilia patients (haemophilia A n = 9, haemophilia B n = 1), who underwent successful orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) due to hepatitis associated liver disease, are summarised.Eight patients were HIV/HCV co-infected. Despite severe postoperative complications, which were not bleeding-associated, all patients survived OLT.Long-term survival was 70% after in mean 8 years follow- up. Twelve years after OLT one patient developed a cyclosporine-induced nephropathy requiring haemodialysis. HIV-HAART was initiated in all patients after OLT, and allowed a successful HCV treatment in 6 patients. Factor VIII production was sufficient in mean 72 h after OLT and remained stable at subnormal to normal FVIII levels of in median 30% (range 14–96%) also during long-term follow-up. Post-OLT spontaneous bleeding events were rare compared to pre-OLT, therefore, the performance status improved in all patients.OLT substitutes the hepatic FVIII but has no effect on the extrahepatic endothelial FVIII production, suggesting that in case of severe tissue injury enhanced bleeding might occur. Additionally, after OLT there is no acute phase reaction of the FVIII protein. Therefore, our OLT patients received in case of a reduced FVIII activity a peri-interventional prophylactic short-term FVIII substitution in surgical and diagnostic interventions with high bleeding risk.Bleeding and wound healing disturbances were not seen.
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Fawzi Shubita, Mohammad. "The impact of working capital management on cash holdings of large and small firms: evidence from Jordan." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 3 (August 14, 2019): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(3).2019.08.
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Liquidity is a firm’s ability to pay its current obligations as they come due and thus remain in business in the short run, which reflects the ease with which assets can be converted to cash. The objective of working capital management (WCM) is to minimize the cost of maintaining liquidity while guarding against the risk of insolvency, working capital policy applies to short-term decisions, and capital structure finance applies to long-term decisions.Several studies have been conducted on the impact of WCM on cash holding levels. The impact of WCM on liquidity and cash holding levels is analyzed in this study. The study also makes a comparison between large- and small-scale firms. Panel data for 62 Jordanian industrial firms covering an eleven-year period (2006–2016) have been analyzed. The descriptive analysis indicates that large firms hold more cash than small firms, as well as more debt, cash flow and growth.The findings of the data set indicate that WCM, as a variable (working capital net of cash), is a strong predictor of firm cash holding levels. When a firm has several cash substitutes, it will maintain low cash levels. The separate analysis shows that there are significant differences between small- and large-scale firms for determinates related to cash holding levels. Firm size and cash flow ratios were strong predictors of cash holding levels for both samples.
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Kang, Byung Jin. "Economic Benefits of Derivatives for Long Term Investments-Equity Linked Securities." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 27, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 211–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-02-2019-b0004.
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In this paper, we examined the economic benefits of derivatives in the aspect of investment assets. Our study differs from previous studies in that it analyzed the differences in the economic benefits of derivatives between for short term investors and for long term investors, and focused on the equity linked securities (ELS) rather than plain vanilla derivatives. We found the following results from the analysis over 1 to 20 years of investment horizons for four different types of equity linked securities, including ‘Auto-callable ELS’, ‘Knock-out ELS’, ‘Digital ELS’ and ‘Reverse Convertible ELS.’ First, equity linked securities contribute to improving the performance of the optimal portfolio for most investors, except for some investors who have extremely low degrees of risk aversion. Second, these economic benefits of equity linked securities are consistently observed regardless of investment horizon. Third, investment demand for equity linked securities is higher for investors with a medium-level of risk aversion rather than for aggressive or conservative investors. In addition, equity linked securities are mainly used as substitutes for risk-free bonds rather than risky assets (i.e., stocks). Finally, most of our results are still valid even when different market environments are assumed or alternative decision rules are used to derive investors’ optimal portfolio.
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Yen, Yung-Shen. "The interaction effect on customer purchase intention in e-commerce." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 26, no. 3 (June 3, 2014): 472–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-07-2013-0080.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the interaction effect of information richness, retailer brand, and extended offers on customer purchase intention in e-commerce. Design/methodology/approach – Hierarchical moderator regression analysis and simple slope analysis were used to test the hypotheses, also 356 savvy internet consumers in Taiwan were investigated. Findings – The findings revealed that information richness, retailer brand, and extended offers are positively related to customer purchase intention. However, the interaction effects may differ in these relationships. While information richness complements both retailer brand and extended offers on customer purchase intention, extended offers may substitute retailer brand for increase in purchase intention. Research limitations/implications – A bias may exist because of the sample from an online survey. The findings suggest that complements are actually synergistic strategies of factors, while substitution is a switching of the alternative. Practical implications – Practitioners shall utilize information richness to the complements, such as retailer brand and extended offers, to strengthen customer purchase intention. In contrast, they may provide extended offers for acquiring customers in the short-term period, when retailer brand is relatively low or unknown. Originality/value – The findings of the study provide a new marketing strategy: managing substitutes and complements in adequate factors can give rise to better results for purchase intention increases in e-commerce.
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Oncioiu, Ionica, Sorinel Căpuşneanu, Dan Ioan Topor, Marius Petrescu, Anca-Gabriela Petrescu, and Monica Ioana Toader. "The Effective Management of Organic Waste Policy in Albania." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 4217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164217.
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Following a recycling or continuous recycling process, there is always waste with no material or market value that can be converted into energy or other fossil fuel substitutes. The present study aimed to evaluate the management of organic waste policy and to predict the trend of organic waste generation in Albania. The research used an appropriate Box–Jenkins Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) to determine the quantification of organic waste to be generated. The main results obtained can support the decision-making process in the planning, change and short-term implementation of organic waste management, and the information provided is very useful in collecting, transporting, storing and managing waste in Albanian cities (Tirana, Durrës, Kukës, Berat, Shkodra, Dibër, Gjirokastër and Elbasan). Furthermore, the high percentage of the organic waste generation until 2025 constitutes good premises to raising public awareness related to their energy recovery.
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ElFayoumy, Hany, Ashraf Abou-Elela, Tamer Orban, Ashraf Emran, Mohamed Elghoneimy, and Ahmed Morsy. "A Novel Antireflux Technique for Orthotopic Ileal Bladder Substitutes—Flat-Segment Technique: Preliminary Results." ISRN Urology 2011 (September 14, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/431951.
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Objective. Although a large debate exists regarding the need for reflux prevention in ileal orthotopic neobladders, it is our policy to continue performing nonrefluxing ureteroileal anastomoses for our patients. An ideal uretero-ileal anastomosis must be simple, nonrefluxing, as well as non-obstructive. Here, we present a new antireflux mechanism for orthotopic ileal neobladders. Methods. 12 radical cystectomy patients for muscle invasive bladder cancer were candidates for orthotopic urinary diversion and underwent a non-refluxing uretero-ileal anastomosis using the flat-segment technique with a follow up of 6 to 18 months. Results. Preliminary results after the short-term followup showed that the success rate in reflux prevention was 92% and no cases of obstruction. The upper tracts were preserved or improved in all 12 patients. Operative time for neobladder creation ranged between 120–240 minutes, with a mean of 165 minutes (±36 minutes). No diversion-related complications. Conclusions. Based on our early data, we believe that the flat-segment uretero-ileal anastomosis technique for reflux prevention in orthotopic ileal bladder substitutes is simple, easy to learn and carries no additional morbidity to a standard refluxing uretero-ileal anastomosis, but has the advantage of effective reflux prevention. A longer follow-up period study with more patient numbers is ongoing.
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Gedik, Abdulgazi, and Abdullah Hilmi Lav. "Analytical, morphological, and rheological behavior of sulphur-extended-binder." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 6 (June 2016): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0409.
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Bituminous material is a limited natural resource mainly used in hot mix asphalt production. The high costs coupled with the large amounts required have been forcing pavement engineers to find cost effective alternative materials that can be used as extenders or partial substitutes. This prohibitive cost factor led this paper to focus on the utilization of abundant granular sulphur as an extender for the more expensive bituminous material. In this study, sulphur-extended binders were prepared by using a 50/70 grade bitumen and by increasing the amounts of granular sulphur as an extension up to a maximum 50% by weight. The samples were then exposed to short and long-term aging by performing the rolling thin film oven and pressure aging vessel tests. Aged and virgin samples were then further tested using analytical, rheological, and morphological testing methods. The promising results demonstrate that the sulphur-extended binder not only increases the performance of the neat bitumen, but can also lower overall costs.
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Pei, Jiaxin, and Jian Wang. "Multisensor Prognostic of RUL Based on EMD-ESN." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 24, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6639171.
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This paper presents a prognostic method for RUL (remaining useful life) prediction based on EMD (empirical mode decomposition)-ESN (echo state network). The combination method adopts EMD to decompose the multisensor time series into a bunch of IMFs (intrinsic mode functions), which are then predicted by ESNs, and the outputs of each ESN are summarized to obtain the final prediction value. The EMD can decompose the original data into simpler portions and during the decomposition process, much noise is filtered out and the subsequent prediction is much easier. The ESN is a relatively new type of RNN (recurrent neural network), which substitutes the hidden layers with a reservoir remaining unchanged during the training phase. The characteristic makes the training time of ESN is much shorter than traditional RNN. The proposed method is applied to the turbofan engine datasets and is compared with LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) and ESN. Extensive experimental results show that the prediction performance and efficiency are much improved by the proposed method.
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Zickfeld, Kirsten, Susan Solomon, and Daniel M. Gilford. "Centuries of thermal sea-level rise due to anthropogenic emissions of short-lived greenhouse gases." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 4 (January 9, 2017): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612066114.
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Mitigation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases with short lifetimes (order of a year to decades) can contribute to limiting warming, but less attention has been paid to their impacts on longer-term sea-level rise. We show that short-lived greenhouse gases contribute to sea-level rise through thermal expansion (TSLR) over much longer time scales than their atmospheric lifetimes. For example, at least half of the TSLR due to increases in methane is expected to remain present for more than 200 y, even if anthropogenic emissions cease altogether, despite the 10-y atmospheric lifetime of this gas. Chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons have already been phased out under the Montreal Protocol due to concerns about ozone depletion and provide an illustration of how emission reductions avoid multiple centuries of future TSLR. We examine the “world avoided” by the Montreal Protocol by showing that if these gases had instead been eliminated in 2050, additional TSLR of up to about 14 cm would be expected in the 21st century, with continuing contributions lasting more than 500 y. Emissions of the hydrofluorocarbon substitutes in the next half-century would also contribute to centuries of future TSLR. Consideration of the time scales of reversibility of TSLR due to short-lived substances provides insights into physical processes: sea-level rise is often assumed to follow air temperature, but this assumption holds only for TSLR when temperatures are increasing. We present a more complete formulation that is accurate even when atmospheric temperatures are stable or decreasing due to reductions in short-lived gases or net radiative forcing.
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Yong, Jaime, and Anh Khoi Pham. "The long-term linkages between direct and indirect property in Australia." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 33, no. 4 (July 6, 2015): 374–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-01-2015-0005.
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Purpose– Investment in Australia’s property market, whether directly or indirectly through Australian real estate investment trusts (A-REITs), grew remarkably since the 1990s. The degree of segregation between the property market and other financial assets, such as shares and bonds, can influence the diversification benefits within multi-asset portfolios. This raises the question of whether direct and indirect property investments are substitutable. Establishing how information transmits between asset classes and impacts the predictability of returns is of interest to investors. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– The authors study the linkages between direct and indirect Australian property sectors from 1985 to 2013, with shares and bonds. This paper employs an Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average (ARFIMA) process to de-smooth a valuation-based direct property index. The authors establish directional lead-lag relationships between markets using bi-variate Granger causality tests. Johansen cointegration tests are carried out to examine how direct and indirect property markets adjust to an equilibrium long-term relationship and short-term deviations from such a relationship with other asset classes.Findings– The authors find the use of appraisal-based property data creates a smoothing bias which masks the extent of how information is transmitted between the indirect property sector, stock and bond markets, and influences returns. The authors demonstrate that an ARFIMA process accounting for a smoothing bias up to lags of four quarters can overcome the overstatement of the smoothing bias from traditional AR models, after individually appraised constituent properties are aggregated into an overall index. The results show that direct property adjusts to information transmitted from market-traded A-REITs and stocks.Practical implications– The study shows direct property investments and A-REITs are substitutible in a multi-asset portfolio in the long and short term.Originality/value– The authors apply an ARFIMA(p,d,q) model to de-smooth Australian property returns, as proposed by Bond and Hwang (2007). The authors expect the findings will contribute to the discussion on whether direct property and REITs are substitutes in a multi-asset portfolio.
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Keskin, Gülsah, Gülnur Kızıl, Mikhael Bechelany, Céline Pochat-Bohatier, and Mualla Öner. "Potential of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers family as substitutes of petroleum based polymers for packaging applications and solutions brought by their composites to form barrier materials." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 12 (November 27, 2017): 1841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0401.
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Abstract Today, there is an increasing concern about protection of ecological systems. Petro-based synthetic polymers are not biodegradable and cause environmental pollution. These polymers that are stuck in nature, affect wildlife adversely. Also, in future petrochemical materials will drain away and demand for eco-friendly plastics which can substitute synthetic plastics will increase. Biopolymers are products which can be degraded by enzymatic activities of various microorganisms, and the degradation products are nontoxic. They are attractive alternatives to non-degradable materials in short-term applications such as packaging. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a member of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) family which is biodegradable and produced by microorganism. It has good gas barrier properties that make it convenient to use in different applications. The present paper gives an overview on PHAs and their composites, their main properties, with a specific focus on potential applications of PHBV in packaging.
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Kim, Man-Keun, Hernan Tejeda, and T. Edward Yu. "U.S. milled rice markets and integration across regions and types." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 20, no. 5 (October 12, 2017): 623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2016.0097.
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Rice is among the top seven U.S. major crops in terms of harvested acres – covering over 2.6 million acres – and sixth in terms of sales, with annual cash receipts around 3.1 billion dollars. This paper investigates whether U.S. milled rice markets are integrated across regions and whether these markets are integrated by rice types. Understanding dynamic relationships across regions and types provides important insights for risk management and policy making. Of the four major producing regions, three are in the South – Arkansas-Missouri, Louisiana-Mississippi, and Texas – and the other is California. There are different rice types associated with a production region. California mainly produces short and medium grain; while Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana primarily produce long and also medium grains. We determine the potential market integration of these rice markets by applying a Vector Error Correction Model and Directed Acyclic Graphs to monthly free on board milled rice price data from August 1986 to December 2015. Results suggest that Arkansas-Missouri region is the leading price reference in the long grain markets. Arkansas-Missouri medium grain also plays an important role in the medium grain markets. California medium grain markets are weakly exogenous in the short run, but affected by Arkansas-Missouri medium grain in the longer term. As anticipated, Arkansas-Missouri long grain milled rice markets are driven by rough rice futures price in the longer term. Interestingly, Arkansas-Missouri medium grain market has a sizable impact on long grain markets even though long and medium grains are not substitutes. This may be due to land competition to long grain rice production in Arkansas, a major area of long grain rice production.
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Debbiche, Imene, and Oubeid Rahmouni. "Does Foreign Capital Enhance Economic Growth In Emerging Countries: Flow Decomposition Approach?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 31, no. 1 (December 16, 2014): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i1.9002.
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Unlike trade liberalization, the impact of financial openness on growth is still mitigated. In fact, empirical studies focusing on effects of capital account liberalization are inconclusive, which could be due to the sample chosen, to the liberalization index or to the fact that studies take account of capital inflows as a whole which can mask substantial differences between different flow effects.Our purpose in this paper is on one hand to re-examine the impact of capital inflows on growth by dividing these inflows into portfolio equity flows, foreign direct investment flows and debt flows and on the other hand to study if the composition of capital inflows has an importance. This work will be done by estimating a standard growth model using dynamic panel data approach.Our main findings are first, that total capital inflows improve economic growth and so does every kind of flow taken apart; which supports the neoclassical wisdom and second, that capital inflows composition isn't important; which indicates that all inflows are substitutes in the short term.
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Ruiz-Pérez, María Rocío, María Desirée Alba-Rodríguez, Cristina Rivero-Camacho, Jaime Solís-Guzmán, and Madelyn Marrero. "The Budget as a Basis for Ecological Management of Urbanization Projects. Case Study in Seville, Spain." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 4078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13074078.
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Urbanization projects, understood as those supplying basic services for cities, such as drinking water, sewers, communication services, power, and lighting, are normally short-term extremely scattered actions, and it can be difficult to track their environmental impact. The present article’s main contribution is to employ the project budgets of public urbanization work to provide an instrument for environmental improvement, thereby helping public procurement, including sustainability criteria. Two urban projects in Seville, Spain are studied: the first substitutes existing services, and the second also includes gardens and playgrounds in the street margins. The methodology finds the construction elements that must be controlled in each project from the perspective of three indicators: carbon, water footprints, and embodied energy. The main impacts found are due to only four construction units: concrete, aggregates, asphalt, and ceramic pipes for the sewer system, that represent 70% or more of the total impact in all indicators studied. The public developer can focus procurement on those few elements in order to exert a lower impact and to significantly reduce the environmental burden of urbanization projects.
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Klokova, O. A., R. O. Damashauskas, and M. S. Geidenrich. "Ocular surface treatment in dry eye patients before corneal refractive surgery." Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology 20, no. 4 (2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-4-180-186.
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Aim: to analyze the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) among adult patients with ametropias and the efficacy of its complex treatment when preparing the ocular surface for corneal refractive surgery.Patients and Methods: 1,762 patients with ametropias were examined. In addition to all of the standard eye checks, vital conjunctival and corneal staining, Scheimpflug corneal topography, and anterior segment OCT as well as patient survey were performed. Standard preservative-free tear substitutes with or without a short course of steroids, lubricants, 0.05% anionic cyclosporine emulsion (twice daily), and long-term punctal plugs were prescribed for DED.Results: mild DED was diagnosed in 1,021 patients (57.9%). Of them, corneal lesion was reported in 362 patients (35.4%) and asymptomatic DED in 250 patients (25.5%). Corneal topographic indices of one or both eyes were abnormal (as a result of DED) in 147 patients (14.4%). Significant (p≤0.05) increase in corneal epithelial thickness of one or both eyes was reported in 564 patients (55.2%). Ocular surface treatment in DED patients allowed for uncomplicated corneal refractive procedures while target refraction was achieved in 1,006 patients (98.5%). Conclusion: a complex diagnostic approach to DED involving specific tests, patient survey, corneal topography, and OCT provides the diagnosis of both manifest and latent DED. Combined treatment for conjunctival and corneal xerosis that includes tear substitutes, topical cyclosporine, and punctal plugs, improves ocular surface health in DED thus enlarging the list of indications and the safety of laser eye surgery in these patients.Keywords: dry eye disease, laser eye surgery, corneal refractive procedures, anionic cyclosporine emulsion, punctal plugs, corneal epithelium.For citation: Klokova O.A., Damashauskas R.O., Geidenrich M.S. Ocular surface treatment in dry eye patients before corneal refractive surgery. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2020;20(4):180–186. DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-4-180-186.
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P. Yurchenko, Konstantin, and Irina N. Savelyeva. "Restoring Russia’s resource-dependent economy: From the Dutch Disease towards economic growth." Journal of New Economy 21, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29141/2658-5081-2020-21-3-2.
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The sharp decline in world oil prices in March 2020 due to difficulties in OPEC+ nego tiations and a drastic reduction in demand from the real sector caused by the Covid-19 pandem ic has seriously aggravated the problem of economic growth for resource-dependent economies. The paper aims to search for the trajectory for the resource-dependent countries to revamp their economies to return to sustainable growth. The research methodology includes fundamental theories of economic growth and theoretical propositions describing the behaviour of resourcedependent economies. Using the methods of correlation, graphical and comparative analysis to study short time series, the authors show that despite the severe short-term consequences, a steady decline in resource export revenues can trigger the process reverse to the Dutch dis ease. Its launch mechanism is going to be soaring prices of imported goods in the domestic market that will lead to a switch in demand for domestic substitutes under falling incomes. A similar process took place in Russia in 1998–1999, when a deep devaluation of the ruble led to the economic growth based on import substitution. Combining the experience of the Russian economy with the identified current peculiarities, the authors demonstrate that the growth can be restored given the country develops an updated strategy for structural development. Com paring the results obtained, the authors reach the conclusion that Russia is among the states that are able to successfully implement the possibility of structural economic transformation.
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Bobbo, Sergio, Laura Fedele, Marco Curcio, Anna Bet, Michele De Carli, Giuseppe Emmi, Fabio Poletto, et al. "Energetic and Exergetic Analysis of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants as Substitutes for R410A in Ground Source Heat Pumps." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2019): 3538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183538.
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In the European Union (EU), buildings are responsible for about 40% of the total final energy consumption, and 36% of the European global CO2 emissions. The European Commission released directives to push for the enhancement of the buildings energy performance and identified, beside the retrofit of the current building stock, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems as the other main way to increase renewable energy sharing and overall building energy efficiency. For this purpose, Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) represent one of the most interesting technologies to provide energy for heating, cooling, and domestic water production in residential applications, ensuring a significant reduction (e.g., up to 44% compared with air-source heat pumps) of energy consumption and the corresponding emissions. At present, GSHPs mainly employ the refrigerant R410A as the working fluid, which has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 2087. However, following the EU Regulation No. 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases, this high GWP refrigerant will have to be substituted for residential applications in the next years. Thus, to increase the sustainability of GSHPs, it is necessary to identify short time alternative fluids with lower GWP, before finding medium-long term solutions characterized by very low GWP. This is one of the tasks of the UE project "Most Easy, Efficient, and Low-Cost Geothermal Systems for Retrofitting Civil and Historical Buildings" (acronym GEO4CIVHIC). Here, a thorough thermodynamic analysis, based on both energy and exergy analysis, will be presented to perform a comparison between different fluids as substitutes for R410A, considered as the benchmark for GSHP applications. These fluids have been selected considering their lower flammability with respect to hydrocarbons (mainly R290), that is one of the main concerns for the companies. A parametric analysis has been performed, for a reversible GSHP cycle, at various heat source and sink conditions, with the aim to identify the fluid giving the best energetic performance and to evaluate the distribution of the irreversibilities along the cycle. Considering all these factors, R454B turned out to be the most suitable fluid to use in a ground source heat pump, working at given conditions. Special attention has been paid to the compression phase and the heat transfer in evaporator and condenser.
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Kurtz, Theodore W., Stephen E. DiCarlo, Michal Pravenec, and R. Curtis Morris. "No evidence of racial disparities in blood pressure salt sensitivity when potassium intake exceeds levels recommended in the US dietary guidelines." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 320, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): H1903—H1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00980.2020.
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On average, black individuals are widely believed to be more sensitive than white individuals to blood pressure (BP) effects of changes in salt intake. However, few studies have directly compared the BP effects of changing salt intake in black versus white individuals. In this narrative review, we analyze those studies and note that when potassium intake substantially exceeds the recently recommended US dietary goal of 87 mmol/day, black adults do not appear more sensitive than white adults to BP effects of short-term or long-term increases in salt intake (from an intake ≤50 mmol/day up to 150 mmol/day or more). However, with lower potassium intakes, racial differences in salt sensitivity are observed. Mechanistic studies suggest that racial differences in salt sensitivity are related to differences in vascular resistance responses to changes in salt intake mediated by vasodilator and vasoconstrictor pathways. With respect to cause and prevention of racial disparities in salt sensitivity, it is noteworthy that 1) on average, black individuals consume less potassium than white individuals and 2) consuming supplemental potassium bicarbonate, or potassium rich foods can prevent racial disparities in salt sensitivity. However, the new US dietary guidelines reduced the dietary potassium goal well below the amount associated with preventing racial disparities in salt sensitivity. These observations should motivate research on the impact of the new dietary potassium guidelines on racial disparities in salt sensitivity, the risks and benefits of potassium-containing salt substitutes or supplements, and methods for increasing consumption of foods rich in nutrients that protect against salt-induced hypertension.
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Zjavka, Ladislav, Pavel Kromer, Stanislav Mišak, and Vaclav Snašel. "MODELLING THE PHOTOVOLTAIC OUTPUT POWER USING THE DIFFERENTIAL POLYNOMIAL NETWORK AND EVOLUTIONARY FUZZY RULES." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 22, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13926292.2017.1269025.
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The unstable production of renewable energy sources, which is difficult to model using conventional computational techniques, may be predicted to advantage by means of biologically inspired soft-computing methods. The photovoltaic output power is primarily dependent on the solar direct or global radiation, which short-term numerical forecasts are possible to apply for daily power predictions. The study compares two methods, which can successfully model dynamic fluctuant variances of the solar irradiance and corresponding output power time-series. Differential polynomial network is a new neural network class, which defines and substitutes for the general partial differential equation to model an unknown system function. Its total output is composed from selected neurons, i.e. relative polynomial substitution terms, formed in all network layers of a multi-layer structure. The proposed derivative polynomial regression using relative dimensionless fraction units, formed according to the Similarity analysis, can describe and generalize data relations on a wider range of values than defined by the training interval when using standard soft-computing composing techniques that apply only absolute data. 1-variable time-series observations are possible to model by time derivatives of a converted ordinary differential equation, solved analogously with partial derivative substitution terms of several time-point variables.
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Kirby, Paul. "The body weaponized: War, sexual violence and the uncanny." Security Dialogue 51, no. 2-3 (January 21, 2020): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619895663.
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It is today common to argue that rape is a weapon, tool or instrument of warfare. One implication is that armed groups marshal body parts for tactical and strategic ends. In this article, I interrogate this discourse of embodied mobilization to explore how body weaponry has been made intelligible as a medium for sexual violence. First, I show that, despite wide rejection of essentialist models, the penis and penis substitutes continue to occupy a constitutive role in discussions of sexual violence in both political and academic fora, where they are often said to be like weapons, a tendency I term ‘weapon talk’. Second, I trace the image of the body weapon in key threads of feminist theorizing and commentary, to show how the penis has appeared as a ‘basic weapon of force’ in various permutations. Third, I explore the weaponization of the body as it appears in military thought and in the cultural circulation of ideas about the soldiering body in which sexual pleasure and violence are frequently conflated. Building on this foundation, I propose that these literatures collectively describe an uncanny weapon object, and I draw out the significance of this term for feminist security studies and martial empiricism. In short, the uncanny haunts accounts of sexual violence in the collision of sexuality and machinery in the image of a body weapon, in the unsettling designation of sexuality as itself both familiar and dangerous, and in the strange movement of violent bodies across the boundary between wartime and peacetime. A concluding discussion draws out implications and challenges for thinking about embodied violence, advocating renewed attention to the history of weaponization as a fallible and confounding process.
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Pitacco, Valentina, Michele Mistri, Vanessa Infantini, Adriano Sfriso, Andrea Augusto Sfriso, and Cristina Munari. "Benthic studies in LTER sites: the use of taxonomy surrogates in the detection of long-term changes in lagoonal benthic assemblages." Nature Conservation 34 (May 3, 2019): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.34.27610.
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In benthic studies, the identification of organisms at the species level is known to be the best source for ecological and biological information even if time-consuming and expensive. However, taxonomic sufficiency (TS) has been proposed as a short-cut method for quantifying changes in biological assemblages in environmental monitoring. In this paper, we set out to determine whether and how the taxonomic complexity of a benthic assemblage influences the results of TS at two different long-term ecological research (LTER) sites in the Po delta region (north-eastern Italy). Specifically, we investigated whether TS can be used to detect natural and human-driven patterns of variation in benthic assemblages from lagoonal soft bottoms. The first benthic dataset was collected from 1996 to 2015 in a “choked” lagoon, the Valli di Comacchio, a lagoon characterised by long water residence times and heavy eutrophication, while the second was collected from 2004 to 2010 in a “leaky” lagoon, the Sacca di Goro, a coastal area with human pressure limited to aquaculture. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to assess differences in the taxonomic structure of benthic assemblages and to test TS on the two different datasets. TS seemed to work from species to family level at both sites, despite a higher natural variability of environmental conditions combined with multiple anthropogenic stressors. Therefore, TS at the family level may represent effective taxonomic surrogates across a range of environmental contexts in lagoon environments. Since the structure of the community and the magnitude of changes could influence the efficiency of taxonomic surrogates and data transformations in long-term monitoring, we also suggest periodic analyses at finer taxonomic levels in order to check the efficiency of the application of taxonomic substitutes in routine monitoring programmes in lagoon systems.
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Blinkov, Pavel, Leonid Ogorodov, and Peter Grabovyy. "Failure of structural elements made of polymer supported composite materials during the multiyear natural aging." E3S Web of Conferences 33 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183302009.
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Modern high-rise construction introduces a number of limitations and tasks. In addition to durability, comfort and profitability, projects should take into account energy efficiency and environmental problems. Polymer building materials are used as substitutes for materials such as brick, concrete, metal, wood and glass, and in addition to traditional materials. Plastic materials are light, can be formed into complex shapes, durable and low, and also possess a wide range of properties. Plastic materials are available in various forms, colors and textures and require minimal or no color. They are resistant to heat transfer and diffusion of moisture and do not suffer from metal corrosion or microbial attack. Polymeric materials, including thermoplastics, thermoset materials and wood-polymer composites, have many structural and non-structural applications in the construction industry. They provide unique and innovative solutions at a low cost, and their use is likely to grow in the future. A number of polymer composite materials form complex material compositions, which are applied in the construction in order to analyze the processes of damage accumulation under the conditions of complex nonstationary loading modes, and to determine the life of structural elements considering the material aging. This paper present the results of tests on short-term compression loading with a deformation rate of v = 2 mm/min using composite samples of various shapes and sizes.
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Asano, Yuki M., Jakob J. Kolb, Jobst Heitzig, and J. Doyne Farmer. "Emergent inequality and business cycles in a simple behavioral macroeconomic model." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 27 (July 2, 2021): e2025721118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025721118.
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Standard macroeconomic models assume that households are rational in the sense that they are perfect utility maximizers and explain economic dynamics in terms of shocks that drive the economy away from the steady state. Here we build on a standard macroeconomic model in which a single rational representative household makes a savings decision of how much to consume or invest. In our model, households are myopic boundedly rational heterogeneous agents embedded in a social network. From time to time each household updates its savings rate by copying the savings rate of its neighbor with the highest consumption. If the updating time is short, the economy is stuck in a poverty trap, but for longer updating times economic output approaches its optimal value, and we observe a critical transition to an economy with irregular endogenous oscillations in economic output, resembling a business cycle. In this regime households divide into two groups: poor households with low savings rates and rich households with high savings rates. Thus, inequality and economic dynamics both occur spontaneously as a consequence of imperfect household decision-making. Adding a few “rational” agents with a fixed savings rate equal to the long-term optimum allows us to match business cycle timescales. Our work here supports an alternative program of research that substitutes utility maximization for behaviorally grounded decision-making.
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Parker, Stephen R., Peggy Harris, Thomas J. Cummings, Timothy George, Herbert Fuchs, and Gerald Grant. "Complications following decompression of Chiari malformation Type I in children: dural graft or sealant?" Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 8, no. 2 (August 2011): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.5.peds10362.
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Object Posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty for Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) is a common pediatric neurosurgery procedure. Published series report a complication rate ranging from 3% to 40% for this procedure. Historically, many dural substitutes have been used, including bovine grafts, human cadaveric pericardium, synthetic dura, and autologous pericranium. The authors hypothesized that a recently observed increase in complications was dependent on the graft used. Methods Between January 2004 and January 2008, 114 consecutive patients ≤ 18 years old underwent primary CM-I decompression using duraplasty. Records were retrospectively reviewed for short- and intermediate-term complications and operative technique, focusing on the choice of duraplasty graft with or without application of a tissue sealant. Results The average age of the patients was 8.6 years. The dural graft used was variable: 15 were treated with cadaveric pericardium, 12 with Durepair, and 87 with EnDura. Tisseel was used in 75 patients, DuraSeal in 12, and no tissue sealant was used in 27 patients. The overall complication rate was 21.1%. The most common complications included aseptic meningitis, symptomatic pseudomeningocele, or a CSF leak requiring reoperation. The overall complication rates were as follows: cadaveric pericardium 26.7%, Durepair 41.7%, and EnDura 17.2%; reoperation rates were 13%, 25%, and 8.1%, respectively. Prior to adopting a different graft product, the overall complication rate was 18.1%; following the change the rate increased to 35%. Complication rates for tissue sealants were 14.8% for no sealant, 18.7% for Tisseel, and 50% for DuraSeal. Nine patients were treated with the combination of Durepair and DuraSeal and this subgroup had a 56% complication rate. Conclusions Complication rates after CM-I decompression may be dependent on the dural graft with or without the addition of tissue sealant. The complication rate at the authors' institution approximately doubled following the adoption of a different graft product. Tissue sealants used in combination with a dural substitute to augment a duraplasty may increase the risk of aseptic meningitis and/or CSF leak. The mechanism of the apparent increased inflammation with this combination remains under investigation.
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Sevilla, J. P., David E. Bloom, Daniel Cadarette, Mark Jit, and Marc Lipsitch. "Toward economic evaluation of the value of vaccines and other health technologies in addressing AMR." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 51 (December 17, 2018): 12911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717161115.
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We discuss the need to make economic evaluations of vaccines antimicrobial resistance (AMR)-sensitive and ways to do so. Such AMR-sensitive evaluations can play a role in value-for-money comparisons of different vaccines within a national immunization program, or in comparisons of vaccine-centric and non-vaccine-centric technologies within an anti-AMR program. In general terms, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and rates of return and their associated decision rules are unaltered by consideration of AMR-related value. The decision metrics need to have their various health, cost, and socioeconomic terms disaggregated into resistance-related subcategories, which in turn have to be measured carefully before they are reaggregated. The fundamental scientific challenges lie primarily in quantifying the causal impact of health technologies on resistance-related health outcomes, and secondarily in ascertaining the economic value of those outcomes. We emphasize the importance of evaluating vaccines in the context of other potentially complementary and substitutable nonvaccine technologies. Complementarity implies that optimal spending on each set of interventions is positive, and substitutability implies that the ratio of spending will depend on relative value for money. We exemplify this general point through a qualitative discussion of the complementarities and (especially the) substitutability between pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and antimicrobial stewardship and between research and development (R&D) of a gonorrhea vaccine versus R&D of a gonorrhea antibiotic. We propose a roadmap for future work, which includes quantifying the causal effects of vaccination and other health technologies on short-term and long-term resistance-related outcomes, measuring the health-sector costs and broader socioeconomic consequences of resistance-related mortality and morbidity, and evaluating vaccines in the context of nonvaccine complements and substitutes.
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Sheidaei, Azadeh, Morteza Kazempour, Ali Hasanabadi, Fayyaz Nosouhi, Martine Pithioux, Majid Baniassadi, Yves Rémond, and Daniel George. "Influence of bone microstructure distribution on developed mechanical energy for bone remodeling using a statistical reconstruction method." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 24, no. 10 (February 13, 2019): 3027–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286519828418.
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The development of a predictive model for bone remodeling is becoming increasingly important for medical applications such as bone surgery or bone substitutes like prostheses. However, as bone remodeling is a complex multiphysics phenomenon and difficult to quantify experimentally, predictive numerical models remain, at best, phenomenologically driven. Patient dependency is often ignored as its influence is usually considered secondary, although it is known to play an important role over long periods of time. Another difficulty to study this patient dependency is the availability of experimental samples to carry out extensive analyses. Using our recently developed statistical reconstruction framework, a set of “bone like” microstructures with variety of distributions has been created to study pseudo “patient variabilities.” The method provides similar effective stiffness tensor, equivalent stresses, and strain energy distributions for the original and the statistically reconstructed samples. The main outcome of this study is the correlation of similar effective mechanical properties between samples when bone remodeling will depend on the local strain energy distribution as a function of each bone microstructure. It is expected that two different microstructures with equivalent bone volume fraction will lead to identical bone remodeling in a short period of time, whereas this needs to be proven for long term evolution. This work could be used to develop precise predictive numerical models while developing parametric studies on an infinite number of virtual samples and correlating patient dependency with more precise mechanobiological numerical models.
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Manolchev, Constantine. "Sensemaking as ‘Self’-defence: Investigating spaces of resistance in precarious work." Competition & Change 24, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 154–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529418822920.
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The plight of workers inhabiting the lowest strata of the occupational hierarchy, their scope for progressive resistance and collectivization is a topic of lasting significance, addressed in a number of seminal studies. Since the advent of neoliberalism and rise of precarious, that is, insecure, atypical, zero-hour, short-term and temporary employment, the matter has, once again captured public attention and led to debates between labour market theorists and policy makers. Researchers have, so far, considered the complex neoliberal causes behind the phenomenon of precarious work and mapped in detail the antagonistic relationship between labour and capital in a variety of organizational contexts. However, there is an ongoing need to study worker resistance at the micro and symbolic levels, exhibited not only through mundane, covert and everyday behaviours but through identity work in defending against subjugation of a worker’s ‘Self’. Applying Weick’s framework in 71 in-depth interviews with workers in low-pay and low-skill industries such as hospitality and care, I identify three types of narratives, retrospective, collective and appreciative, through which participants practice sensemaking as ‘Self’-defence. In doing so, I propose that sensemaking narratives enable participants to orient and interpret the atomized terrain of postmodern work, finding both enjoyment and fulfilment. Through this argument, I contribute to the subjectivity debate by showing that ‘soft’ forms of resistance should not be dismissed as harmless substitutes of the real deal but underscore precarious workers’ lasting ability to construct meaningful ‘Selves’ within postmodern working contexts.
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Fornari, Edoardo, Daniele Fornari, Sebastiano Grandi, Mario Menegatti, and Charles F. Hofacker. "Adding store to web: migration and synergy effects in multi-channel retailing." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 44, no. 6 (June 13, 2016): 658–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-07-2015-0103.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the topic of multi-channel retailing. Specifically, the research intends to determine if and to what extent the opening of physical stores by a former web-only retailer reduces or extends overall retail sales, and whether such effects tend to change over time. Empirical analysis focuses on data elaboration from a retailer who has passed from the initial mono-channel model (pure online), to a multi-channel one with the opening of stores. Design/methodology/approach – Through the analysis of an internal data set of a leading consumer electronics retailer applying Probit and Logit estimation techniques, the authors extract information about actual customers’ purchases (or rather retail sales) in three newly opened stores and about online purchases (through an e-commerce web site managed by the same retailer with the same store brand) by people living in the new store service areas before and after the openings. Findings – The paper shows that, for the single customer, the probability of purchasing online is reduced by the store opening in the short term, but tends to increase in the long term. Besides, results indicate that long-term synergy between the two channels depends mainly on indirect influence due to the mere presence of the store brand in the area rather than on the direct experience of shopping in the store. Research limitations/implications – The study highlights that channel portfolio enlargement from mono- to multi-channel retailing tends to activate a sort of life cycle; while in the early phase of store addition web sales tend to be cannibalized because the two channels are perceived as “substitutes” for each other, in the long run migration turns into a synergy effect; different channels tend to interact with and reinforce each other as customer touch points of the same retailer, in an omni-channel perspective. Originality/value – The paper herein presents various original elements concerning types of available data (actual sales rather than consumers’ intentions/perceptions and individual level data rather than aggregate level ones), estimation technique used (binary choice model) and research hypotheses (distinguishing between “direct” and “indirect” synergy effects in multi-channel retailing).
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Spencer, Rosemary J., Jean M. Russell, and Margo E. Barker. "Temporality in British young women's magazines: food, cooking and weight loss." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 10 (October 14, 2013): 2359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013002620.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study examines seasonal and temporal patterns in food-related content of two UK magazines for young women focusing on food types, cooking and weight loss.DesignContent analysis of magazines from three time blocks between 1999 and 2011.SettingDesk-based study.SubjectsNinety-seven magazines yielding 590 advertisements and 148 articles.ResultsCluster analysis of type of food advertising produced three clusters of magazines, which reflected recognised food behaviours of young women: vegetarianism, convenience eating and weight control. The first cluster of magazines was associated with Christmas and Millennium time periods, with advertising of alcohol, coffee, cheese, vegetarian meat substitutes and weight-loss pills. Recipes were prominent in article content and tended to be for cakes/desserts, luxury meals and party food. The second cluster was associated with summer months and 2010 issues. There was little advertising for conventional foods in cluster 2, but strong representation of diet plans and foods for weight loss. Weight-loss messages in articles focused on short-term aesthetic goals, emphasising speedy weight loss without giving up nice foods or exercising. Cluster 3 magazines were associated with post-New Year and 2005 periods. Food advertising was for everyday foods and convenience products, with fewer weight-loss products than other clusters; conversely, article content had a greater prevalence of weight-loss messages.ConclusionsThe cyclical nature of magazine content – indulgence and excess encouraged at Christmas, restraint recommended post-New Year and severe dieting advocated in the summer months – endorses yo-yo dieting behaviour and may not be conducive to public health.
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Logue, C., L. C. Dowey, J. J. Strain, H. Verhagen, and A. M. Gallagher. "The potential application of a biomarker approach for the investigation of low-calorie sweetener exposure." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 75, no. 2 (January 14, 2016): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665115004310.
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Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are commonly used as sugar substitutes in the diet to provide a desired sweet taste without increased energy intake. The number of LCS available on the market has increased considerably over the years and despite extensive evaluation of their safety prior to approval, debate continues around the effects of consumption on health. In Europe, Member States are obligated to monitor exposure to LCS and methods currently used tend to rely on self-reported dietary intake data alongside LCS concentrations in products. However, the acquisition of accurate data can be costly in terms of resources and time and are inherently imprecise. Although LCS are intensely sweet, they are chemically diverse and a limitation of many studies investigating the health effects of consumption is that they often fail to discern intakes of individual LCS. An approach which objectively assesses intakes of individual LCS would therefore allow robust investigations of their possible effects on health. Biomarker approaches have been utilised for the objective investigation of intakes of a range of dietary components and the feasibility of any such approach depends upon its validity as well as its applicability within the target population. This review aims to provide an overview of current understanding of LCS intake and explore the possibility of implementing a biomarker approach to enhance such understanding. Several commonly used LCS, once absorbed into the body, are excreted via the kidneys; therefore a urinary biomarker approach may be possible for the investigation of short-term exposure to these compounds.
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Dwi Prasetyo, Wegik, Zulfan Adi Putra, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, Yusuf Wibisono, Nik Abdul Hadi Nordin, and Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal. "Insight into the Sustainable Integration of Bio- and Petroleum Refineries for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051091.
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A petroleum refinery heavily depends on crude oil as its main feedstock to produce liquid fuels and chemicals. In the long term, this unyielding dependency is threatened by the depletion of the crude oil reserve. However, in the short term, its price highly fluctuates due to various factors, such as regional and global security instability causing additional complexity on refinery production planning. The petroleum refining industries are also drawing criticism and pressure due to their direct and indirect impacts on the environment. The exhaust gas emission of automobiles apart from the industrial and power plant emission has been viewed as the cause of global warming. In this sense, there is a need for a feasible, sustainable, and environmentally friendly generation process of fuels and chemicals. The attention turns to the utilization of biomass as a potential feedstock to produce substitutes for petroleum-derived fuels and building blocks for biochemicals. Biomass is abundant and currently is still low in utilization. The biorefinery, a facility to convert biomass into biofuels and biochemicals, is still lacking in competitiveness to a petroleum refinery. An attractive solution that addresses both is by the integration of bio- and petroleum refineries. In this context, the right decision making in the process selection and technologies can lower the investment and operational costs and assure optimum yield. Process optimization based on mathematical programming has been extensively used to conduct techno-economic and sustainability analysis for bio-, petroleum, and the integration of both refineries. This paper provides insights into the context of crude oil and biomass as potential refinery feedstocks. The current optimization status of either bio- or petroleum refineries and their integration is reviewed with the focus on the methods to solve the multi-objective optimization problems. Internal and external uncertain parameters are important aspects in process optimization. The nature of these uncertain parameters and their representation methods in process optimization are also discussed.