Academic literature on the topic 'Short-term substitutes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Short-term substitutes"
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Michael, Isaac, Benjamin G. Serpell, Carmen M. Colomer, and Jocelyn K. Mara. "Analysing the short-term impact of substitutes vs. starters in international rugby." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 5 (September 18, 2019): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954119874163.
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The aim of this study was to compare the short-term performance of substitute players to starting players during International Rugby Union matches and determine how this performance was influenced by playing position, the timing of the substitution and the score margin between teams. Individual player performances (n = 298) for substitutes and the starters they replaced were observed across 17 matches played between tier 1 rugby nations. Performance was categorised as the total number of involvements, the number of attacking and defensive involvements, as well as the effectiveness of a player's performance for each of the above involvement categories. Results revealed forward substitutes performed more total ( p = 0.001, ES = 0.61), attacking ( p = 0.026, ES = 0.32) and defensive ( p = 0.023, ES = 0.31) involvements than forward starters; however, there were no differences found for backs ( p = 0.819–0.911). In addition, it was observed that an increase in score margin at the time of substitution led to a decrease in the total and attacking involvements per minute that a substitute performed, but an increase in defensive involvements for both forwards and backs. These findings provide a platform for coaches to make tactical decisions regarding substitution patterns during International Rugby matches. Specifically, coaches should prioritise forward substitutions over back substitutions, and implement tactical changes earlier in the second half to gain an advantage over the opposition.
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Suri, S., and R. Banerjee. "In vitro evaluation ofin situ gels as short term vitreous substitutes." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 79A, no. 3 (2006): 650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30917.
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Bottoni, Ferdinando, Maurizio Sborgia, Paolo Arpa, Nino De Casa, Emanuela Bertazzi, Marzio Monticelli, and Vito De Molfetta. "Perfluorocarbon liquids as postoperative short-term vitreous substitutes in complicated retinal detachment." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 231, no. 11 (November 1993): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00921955.
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Becker, Genevieve E. "Marketing Breastfeeding Substitutes: A Discussion Document." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 9239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249239.
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Marketing influences knowledge, attitudes, and decisions related to infant and young child nutrition, safety, development, parental confidence, and other aspects of health and wellbeing of the child. These attitudes and behaviours of parents, health workers, policy makers, and other influencers have short- and long-term effects on the child. There is an International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. Is it time to have a code of marketing of breastfeeding substitutes?
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Ran, Xiangdong, Zhiguang Shan, Yufei Fang, and Chuang Lin. "An LSTM-Based Method with Attention Mechanism for Travel Time Prediction." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040861.
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Traffic prediction is based on modeling the complex non-linear spatiotemporal traffic dynamics in road network. In recent years, Long Short-Term Memory has been applied to traffic prediction, achieving better performance. The existing Long Short-Term Memory methods for traffic prediction have two drawbacks: they do not use the departure time through the links for traffic prediction, and the way of modeling long-term dependence in time series is not direct in terms of traffic prediction. Attention mechanism is implemented by constructing a neural network according to its task and has recently demonstrated success in a wide range of tasks. In this paper, we propose an Long Short-Term Memory-based method with attention mechanism for travel time prediction. We present the proposed model in a tree structure. The proposed model substitutes a tree structure with attention mechanism for the unfold way of standard Long Short-Term Memory to construct the depth of Long Short-Term Memory and modeling long-term dependence. The attention mechanism is over the output layer of each Long Short-Term Memory unit. The departure time is used as the aspect of the attention mechanism and the attention mechanism integrates departure time into the proposed model. We use AdaGrad method for training the proposed model. Based on the datasets provided by Highways England, the experimental results show that the proposed model can achieve better accuracy than the Long Short-Term Memory and other baseline methods. The case study suggests that the departure time is effectively employed by using attention mechanism.
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Thacker, Minal, Ching-Li Tseng, and Feng-Huei Lin. "Substitutes and Colloidal System for Vitreous Replacement and Drug Delivery: Recent Progress and Future Prospective." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010121.
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Vitreoretinal surgeries for ocular diseases such as complicated retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy, macular holes and ocular trauma has led to the development of various tamponades over the years in search for an ideal vitreous substitute. Current clinically used tamponade agents such as air, perfluorocarbons, silicone oil and expansile gases serve only as a short-term solution and harbors various disadvantages. However, an ideal long-term substitute is yet to be discovered and recent research emphasizes on the potential of polymeric hydrogels as an ideal vitreous substitute. This review highlights the recent progress in the field of vitreous substitution. Suitability and adverse effects of various tamponade agents in present day clinical use and biomaterials in the experimental phase have been outlined and discussed. In addition, we introduced the anatomy and functions of the native vitreous body and the pathological conditions which require vitreous replacement.
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Abbastabardelavar, Mohammadreza, Amir Izadi, and Fereshte Asadiamiri. "Investigating Effects of Coal Flotation Waste on Aged Hot Mix Asphalt Performance." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 10 (October 30, 2018): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091175.
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The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of fresh and old coal flotation waste (coal waste), used as asphalt filler and additive, on the properties of hot asphalt mixtures in aged and un-aged condition. In this experimental study, fresh and old coal flotation waste, obtained from the Central Alborz Coal Washing Plant, were used to produce filler specimens (100% Wt.) as substitutes for limestone powder and asphalt additive (7% w.t). Finally, the performance of the asphalt mixture containing flotation waste was evaluated using Marshall Stability and indirect tensile tests. The afore-mentioned compounds were used to produce specimens under short-term aging conditions and the results were compared with other results obtained under un-aged condition. The results indicate that flotation waste improved performance of hot mix asphalt under short-term aging conditions.
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Bhana, N. "The effects of trade sanctions and disinvestment by foreign countries and its impact on the South African economy." South African Journal of Business Management 18, no. 3 (September 30, 1987): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v18i3.1008.
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In the event of total trade sanctions South Africa should have no difficulty in countering the ban on mineral exports, especially precious metals. Furthermore, earnings from precious metals are likely to increase in the short term followed by a gradual deterioration of these industries as cheaper substitutes are developed and producers from other countries make inroads into markets vacated by South African producers. In the manufacturing sector South Africa may benefit in the short term through import replacement and a drive towards self-sufficiency. However, in the long term factors such as scarcity of capital, technological obsolescence, disadvantages inherent in the lack of international co-operation and competition, and misallocation of resources would indicate that the cost of evading sanctions is too high. A disinvestment of portfolio investments is likely to cause a major decline in the prices of South African mining shares. A large scale disinvestment by multinational companies and foreign disinvestment of shares are likely to cause restructuring and increased economic concentration in the South African economy.
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Burkhard, Fiona C., Johannes Springer, Thomas M. Kessler, and Urs E. Studer. "483: Short and Long-Term Urodynamic Outcome in Patients with Ileal Orthotopic Bladder Substitutes with an Afferent Tubular Segment." Journal of Urology 173, no. 4S (April 2005): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(18)34736-0.
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Clark, William Roberts. "Partisan and Electoral Motivations and the Choice of Monetary Institutions Under Fully Mobile Capital." International Organization 56, no. 4 (2002): 725–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081802760403757.
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Central bank independence and pegged exchange rates have each been viewed as solutions to the inflationary bias resulting from the time inconsistency of discretionary monetary policy. While it is obvious that a benevolent social planner would opt for such an institutional solution, it is less obvious that a real-world incumbent facing short-term partisan or electoral pressures would do so. In this article, I model the choice of monetary institutions from the standpoint of a survival-maximizing incumbent. It turns out that a wide range of survival-maximizing incumbents do best by forfeiting control over monetary policy. While political pressures do not, in general, discourage monetary commitments, they can influence the choice between fixed exchange rates and central bank independence. I highlight the importance of viewing fiscal policy and monetary policy as substitutes and identify the conditions under which survival-maximizing incumbents will view fixed exchange rates and central bank independence as substitutes. In so doing, I provide a framework for integrating other contributions to this volume.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Short-term substitutes"
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Granberg, Louise. "Ny dag, ny arbetsplats : En kvalitativ studie om korttidsvikariers upplevelser av sin arbetssituation inom vård- och omsorg." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85801.
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I denna uppsats har upplevelser av korttidsvikariers psykosociala arbetssituation inom vård- och omsorg undersökts. Uppsatsen utgår från en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerade intervjuer har tillämpats på sju korttidsvikarier som i dagsläget arbetar inom bemanningsenheten på Luleå kommun. Uppsatsens syfte var att skapa en ökad förståelse för korttidsvikariers upplevelser av sin psykosociala arbetssituation med fokus på arbets- och anställningsvillkor. Vilka har analyserats utifrån perspektiven för Karasek och Theorells (1990) krav, kontroll- och stödmodell samt Atkinsons (1984) kärna- och periferimodell. För att uppfylla syftet har tre forskningsfrågor formulerats: ’’hur beskriver intervjupersonerna sina anställnings- och arbetsvillkor?’’, ’’hur kan dessa förstås med utgångspunkt i begreppen krav, kontroll och stöd?’’ och ’’på vilket sätt kan intervjupersonernas upplevelser förstås och diskuteras utifrån kärna- och periferimodellen?’’. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna upplevde sin arbetssituation varierad och att de hade kontroll över tillgängligheten för arbete. Däremot upplevde de mindre kontroll över var arbetet kommer att utföras samt arbetspassens längd. Dessutom tycktes stöd från kollegor och chef bristfälligt, framförallt stödet från chefer. För att hantera ovissheten gällande arbetssituationen användes meningsbärande strategier som ingav ökad kontroll. Det visade sig även att intervjupersonerna överlag inte kände stor samhörighet till den ordinarie personalgruppen på arbetsplatserna. Däremot upplevdes relationerna kunna byggas upp vid frekvent arbete på en och samma arbetsplats.
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SEDLÁČKOVÁ, VINKLEROVÁ Blanka. "Pěstounská péče na přechodnou dobu - fenomén současné náhradní rodinné péče." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-188708.
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Short-term foster care is a fairly new form of substitute family care. Despite it having been incorporated in law since 2006, short-term foster care have only begun being employed seven years later. Only then the details of its administration were laid out in legislation. Purpose of this form of substitute family care is to prevent a placement of children into institutional care. It's possible to look at the professional foster care from different angles and thus assess it differently. Certainly, it has its positive and negative aspects as well as possible problems. It's undeniable that a well-functioning family is the best environment for raising and caring for a child. Forming an emotional bond is one of the most discussed factors contributing to the proper development of children placed in short-term foster care. Experts as well as the general public are looking for answers to the questions whether or not it's in the interest of the child to form an attachment to someone who's with them only for a short period of time, which children is professional foster care best suited for, whether children living in short-term foster care placements are less prone to suffer from emotional deprivation than children placed in institutional care or whether the duration of this form of foster care is sufficient. More questions arise over the degree of health care provided to infants placed with a professional forster family as well as over the level of risk of these children suffering traumas and stigmatizing experience compared to children living in institutional care. The objective of this thesis is to survey and assess the experience gained so far from implementing short-term foster care and to try and describe based on (previously) established facts how the children benefit from this form of substitute family care. In order to meet the set objective I chose a qualitative research strategy, the interview as a method, a semi-structured interview and a secondary analysis strategies. The results show that the most common reason for placing a child in this form of foster care is the impending adoption, i. e. it's mainly being used for infants whilst adoption placements are sorted out for them. To a lesser extent there are other reasons, respectively a minimum of older children are placed with professional foster families. Given these facts, it appears necessary to regard the short-term foster care differently depending on the age group of children placed in it. Undeniable merits of all cases of short-term foster care are an individual approach to each child that minimizes emotional deprivation and development of trauma, the development of the attachment behaviour and enough stimuli to influence a child's development. In the case of older children these are an experience of living in a well-functioning family and a positive educational impact. Developing an attachment between the child and the foster parent and then losing it because of the child's departure from a family is more risky for older children than newborns and toddlers. Claim that no attachment is to be formed between the child and the foster parent proved entirely unrealistic. The lack of permanent medical supervision can be seen as a disadvantage of professional foster care especially from the perspective of child welfare workers. Children placed for adoption often come from not monitored pregnancies or parents at-risk, i.e. these are children with unknown history whose development can therefore be risky, so they require a professional medical care in the first weeks of their lives. Research results have also indicated foster parents' positive motivation to professional fostering, an undisputed enrichment that this occupation brings their entire families and a satisfaction resulting from the meaningfulness of their work. The author believes that the institute of short-term foster care is undoubtedly very beneficial for a certain category of
Books on the topic "Short-term substitutes"
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Anginer, Deniz, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Mete Tepe, and Serif Aziz Simsir. Is Short-Term Debt a Substitute or a Complement to Good Governance? World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9022.
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Weidmann, Nils B., and Espen Geelmuyden Rød. The Internet and Political Protest in Autocracies. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190918309.001.0001.
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In the aftermath of recent popular uprisings in dictatorships, many observers argued that information and communication technologies, notably the Internet, played a key role in the mobilization of political protest. This book unpacks when and under which circumstances Internet technology can benefit opposition activists aiming to mobilize protests, and when the technology plays into the hands of autocratic governments. Since autocratic governments enjoy a high degree of control over the introduction and expansion of Internet technology and over digital communication ows, the book argues that it should help them keep levels of protest low in the long-term. However, once protest has started, short-term government intervention becomes more difficult, which is why Internet technology can catalyze ongoing episodes of unrest. The book presents detailed empirical analyses of the relationship between the use of Internet technology and protest in autocracies. By leveraging new sub-national data on political protest and Internet penetration, these analysis cover more than sixty autocratic countries at the level of cities. The results show that higher levels of Internet penetration in cities reduce the overall occurrence of protest in dictatorships, but once protest has started, the Internet contributes to the continuation of protest in the same city as well as its diffusion to other locations. By examining the use of the Internet by governments in relation to other means of autocratic repression, the book also demonstrates the technological modernization of autocratic politics, where digital repression via the Internet partly substitutes traditional forms of political control.
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Wilmarth Jr., Arthur E. Taming the Megabanks. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190260705.001.0001.
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This book demonstrates that universal banks—which accept deposits, make loans, and engage in securities activities—played central roles in precipitating the Great Depression of the early 1930s and the Great Recession of 2007–09. Universal banks promoted a dangerous credit boom and a hazardous stock market bubble in the U.S. during the 1920s, which led to the Great Depression. Congress responded by passing the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which separated banks from the securities markets and prohibited nonbanks from accepting deposits. Glass-Steagall’s structural separation of the banking, securities, and insurance sectors prevented financial panics from spreading across the U.S. financial system for more than four decades. Despite Glass-Steagall’s success, large U.S. banks pursued a twenty-year campaign to remove the statute’s prudential buffers. Regulators opened loopholes in Glass-Steagall during the 1980s and 1990s, and Congress repealed Glass-Steagall in 1999. The United Kingdom and the European Union adopted similar deregulatory measures, thereby allowing universal banks to dominate financial markets on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition, large U.S. securities firms became “shadow banks” as regulators allowed them to issue short-term deposit substitutes to finance long-term loans and investments. Universal banks and shadow banks fueled a toxic subprime credit boom in the U.S., U.K., and Europe during the 2000s, which led to the Great Recession. Limited reforms after the Great Recession have not broken up universal banks and shadow banks, thereby leaving in place a financial system that is prone to excessive risk-taking and vulnerable to contagious panics. A new Glass-Steagall Act is urgently needed to restore a financial system that is less risky, more stable and resilient, and better able to serve the needs of our economy and society.
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Idler, Annette. Borderland Battles. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190849146.001.0001.
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Borderlands are like a magnifying glass on some of the world’s most entrenched security challenges. In unstable regions, border areas attract violent non-state groups, ranging from rebels and paramilitaries to criminal organizations, who exploit central government neglect. These groups compete for territorial control, cooperate in illicit cross-border activities, and provide a substitute for the governance functions usually associated with the state. Drawing on extensive fieldwork with more than six hundred interviews in and on the shared borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela—where conflict is rife and crime thriving—this book provides exclusive firsthand insights into these war-torn spaces. It reveals how dynamic interactions among violent non-state groups produce a complex security landscape with ramifications for order and governance both locally and beyond. These interactions create not only physical violence but also less visible forms of insecurity. When groups fight each other, community members are exposed to violence but can follow the rules imposed by the opposing actors. Unstable short-term arrangements among violent non-state groups fuel mistrust and uncertainty among communities, eroding their social fabric. Where violent non-state groups engage in relatively stable long-term arrangements, “shadow citizenship” arises: a mutually reinforcing relationship between violent non-state groups that provide public goods and services, and communities that consent to their illicit authority. Contrary to state-centric views that consider borderlands uniformly violent spaces, the transnational borderland lens adopted in the book demonstrates how the geography and political economy of these borderlands intensify these multifaceted security impacts.
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Brunner, Ronald D., and Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.
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Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.
Book chapters on the topic "Short-term substitutes"
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Palmer, Adrian. "Travel and Tourism." In A New World Post COVID-19. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-442-4/027.
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The travel and tourism sector was hit more rapidly and deeply by COVID-19 than most other sectors. Recovery to pre-COVID-19 activity levels is likely to be prolonged, and questions are raised whether enforced change in consumer behaviour will have long-term effects. The travel and tourism sector has a history of reinventing itself, and previous predictions of decline following crises have often been short-lived. This chapter reviews historical precedents and theories of consumer behaviour to explore whether recovery will be different this time round, especially given the possible habit breaking effects of online substitutes, and political expediency of reducing causes of climate change.
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Wilmarth Jr., Arthur E. "Resurgence, Part I." In Taming the Megabanks, 148–69. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190260705.003.0008.
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The Glass-Steagall Act created a decentralized financial system composed of three separate and independent financial sectors—commercial banking, securities markets, and insurance. The Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 reinforced Glass-Steagall’s policy of structural separation by prohibiting bank holding companies from engaging in any activities that were not “closely related to banking.” Glass-Steagall’s structural barriers prevented the occurrence of systemic financial crises for more than four decades. During that period, federal regulators could deal with problems arising in one financial sector without need to rescue the entire financial system. Despite Glass-Steagall’s success, federal agencies and courts undermined its prudential buffers during the 1980s and 1990s by opening loopholes. Those loopholes allowed banks to convert their loans into asset-backed securities and to offer derivatives that functioned as synthetic substitutes for securities and insurance products. Regulators and courts also allowed money market mutual funds and other nonbanks to issue short-term financial claims that served as deposit substitutes, despite Glass-Steagall’s prohibition against deposit-taking by nonbanks.
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Wilmarth Jr., Arthur E. "Conclusion." In Taming the Megabanks, 335–56. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190260705.003.0014.
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A new Glass-Steagall Act would break up universal banks and end the conflicts of interest that prevent universal banks from acting as objective lenders and impartial investment advisers. It would produce a more stable and resilient financial system by reestablishing structural buffers to prevent contagion between the banking system and other financial sectors. It would improve market discipline by preventing banks from transferring their safety net subsidies to affiliates engaged in capital markets activities. It would shrink the shadow banking system by prohibiting nonbanks from issuing short-term financial claims that function as deposit substitutes. It would remove the dangerous influence that large financial conglomerates exercise over our political and regulatory systems. It would end the current situation in which our financial system and our economy are held hostage to the survival of universal banks and large shadow banks. It would restore our banking system and financial markets to their proper roles as servants—not masters—of nonfinancial business firms and consumers.
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Habib, Sekrafi. "Revising the Empirical Linkage between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Tunisia." In Renewable and Alternative Energy, 1303–16. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch044.
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This paper investigates the interactive relationships between renewable energy and economic growth based on a Cobb-Douglas production function for Tunisia over the period of 1980-2011. Using an ARDL model, results show confirm the validity of the feedback hypothesis while in the short term the conservation hypothesis is supported. Based on the author's results, the Tunisian government is appealed to revise its policy toward the use of renewable energy by (i) the enforcement of the production and consumption of renewable energy to be substituted to the fossil and fuel energy and (ii) encouraging private sectors to deal with this energy subsector.
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Umagandhi, R., and A. V. Senthil Kumar. "Search Query Recommendations in Web Information Retrieval Using Query Logs." In Advances in Data Mining and Database Management, 199–222. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0613-3.ch008.
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Web is the largest and voluminous data source in the world. The inconceivable boom of information available in the web simultaneously throws the challenge of retrieving the precise and appropriate information at the time of need. The unpredictable amount of web information available becomes a menace of experiencing ambiguity in the web search. In this scenario, Search engine retrieves significant information from the web, based on the query term given by the user. The search queries given by the user are always short and ambiguous and the queries may not produce the appropriate results. The retrieved result may not be relevant all the time. At times irrelevant and redundant results are also retrieved because of the short and ambiguous query keywords. Query Recommendation is a technique to provide the alternate queries as a substitute of the input query to the user to frame the queries in future. A methodology was framed to identify the similar queries and they are clustered; this cluster contains the similar queries which are used to provide the recommendations.
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Erdogan, Seda. "The Effect of Working Capital Management on Firm's Profitability." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 244–61. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9723-2.ch013.
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Working capital management is an extremely essential issue for the healthy conduct of the sustainability of a business. The active and day-to-day nature of the short term business emporium, the ongoing necessity to substitute current assets and in the meantime to liquidate current liabilities clearly demonstrates the significance of working capital management and therefore the essential duty the financial executives carry. While an optimal strategy of working capital management is expected to positively contribute not only to the profitability of a firm but also its value; there is a trade-off between the liquidity level the firm is carrying and its profitability. The direct effect of working capital management on profitability and liquidity of firms clearly demonstrates the significance working capital management has in a firm and consequently the objective of this chapter is to find whether or not working capital management, i.e. cash conversion cycle has an effect on profitability for the publicly listed companies in Turkey using panel regression analysis.
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Newnham, Robert E. "Nonlinear optics." In Properties of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.003.0031.
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In most dielectrics, the linear relation between electric polarization and applied electric field is accurately obeyed even for fairly large fields of 107 V/m. The reason is that the atomic displacements are extremely small, in the range of nuclear sizes—millions of times smaller than the size of atoms. Though nonlinear effects such as electrostriction have been known for some time, it was not until the invention of the laser that sufficiently large optical fields became available to produce sizeable nonlinear optical effects. The induced polarization P can be written as a power series in an electric field, . . . P = χE + dE2 +· · · , . . . where χ is the linear electric susceptibility, and the higher-order terms lead to nonlinear effects such as second harmonic generation. The electric field associated with the incident light is sinusoidal, E = E0 sin ωt, and when E is substituted in the expression for P, a power series in sin ωt results. The second term is dE20 sin2 ωt = 1/2dE20 (1 − cos 2ωt), which includes a component of polarization with twice the frequency of the impressed field E. This rapidly oscillating induced dipole moment is the source of second harmonic light. The intensity of the light depends on the size of d, the second order coefficient. Crystal symmetry is a major factor in the second-order effect. The one-dimensional polar chain in Fig. 29.2 illustrates the origin of the quadratic term. When the applied field is directed to the left, the ions and bonding electrons are in very close contact and the displacements will be small because of short range repulsive forces. These forces do not oppose motion in the opposite direction, so that fields directed to the right give larger motions and larger polarizations. A centric chain does not show this effect. Such a chain can give rise to odd-order terms producing saturation but not to even power terms in the P(E) relation. This means that centric crystals are useless as second harmonic generators.
Conference papers on the topic "Short-term substitutes"
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Madhavan, Krishna, Walter Bonani, and Wei Tan. "Multilayer Hybrid Construct for Vascular Tissue Engineering." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53575.
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Vascular grafts are often used as blood vessel substitutes. Until now, synthetic materials have not matched the efficacy of native tissues, particularly in the applications of small-diameter vascular grafts (<6mm) such as bypass grafts for arthrosclerosis and vascular access graft for hemodialysis. There is a considerable need for alternatives to the autologous veins or arteries. Many patients do not have an autologous vessel suitable for use due to preexisting pathological conditions or previous surgical harvest. Recent developments in vascular tissue engineering demonstrate the possibility of a biodegradable graft material containing living cells to mimic the structure and function of native vessels. However, fabrication of biomimetic grafts is often time and labor intensive, and subsequently requires complicated storage. This demands technology advancements in producing vessel mimetic grafts, considering their availability in addition to efficacy. To this end, new approaches to constructing small-diameter grafts that are of immediate availability and capable of regenerating biomimetic blood vessels in vivo may address the unmet demand in this area. We have designed a novel multilayer vascular construct which is made up of a nanofibrous “intima-equivalent” with thrombus-resistant vessel lumen and a porous biopolymer matrix as “media-equivalent” to allow smooth muscle cells (SMC) from native artery to grow and remodel the tissue. In this study, various layering strategies have been explored. To evaluate the resultant multilayer construct, structural, biochemical and biomechanical characterizations, as well as cell assays and short-term animal studie have been performed.
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Armstrong, C., Y. Drobyshevski, and C. Chin. "Application of Frequency Domain Methods for Response Based Analysis of Flexible Risers." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61741.
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Response Based Analysis (RBA) is an advanced method for the prediction of long term distributions of critical responses in offshore floating systems. For complex non-linear systems such as flexible risers, RBA requires time domain simulations that form the core data to which probabilistic models are applied. Because RBA requires significantly larger amounts of data than traditional short term analysis approaches, running the required number of simulations in the time domain can quickly become unfeasible if the system’s physics being modelled are exceedingly complex. In addition, flexible risers are complex composite structures with highly dynamic, non-linear responses which further limit the feasibility of application of the RBA process to these systems. As an alternative, frequency domain solvers, such as that used in the OrcaFlex software, are potential substitutes for portions of datasets due to their processing times being significantly faster than time domain solvers. A comparison of extreme responses generated by frequency and time domain solvers was performed over the duration of two storms. An upper threshold limit for the frequency domain’s accuracy was found by comparing the differences of the two solver’s responses as the storm progressed; where the differences became too large the threshold limit was set. For environmental conditions smaller than this threshold, the frequency domain solver may provide a quicker method for predicting the riser responses. Conditions that exceed this threshold require full time domain analysis for accurate responses to be generated. Limitations of the frequency domain solvers include their reduced ability to deal with non-linear mechanics such as bending/curvature responses. As a result, curvature component results from the frequency domain are limited in their direct usability, especially when exposed to more extreme metocean conditions and locations along the riser that are subject to larger curvature (generally where risers are connected to structures with greater stiffness). Although these limitations exist, the frequency domain solver may still provide reasonable insight into metocean conditions that potentially cause extreme responses. A method is proposed for the use of both frequency and time domain simulations in the flexible riser flowline RBA process. Screening, filtering and ‘stitching’ methods utilizing the speed of the frequency domain solver are presented in order to compensate for the time domain’s extensive computation times. The proposed method of stitching, when applied to an example storm history, required 39% of the processing time when using only the time domain solver.
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Nie, Xinyu, Jianfeng Shi, and Jinyang Zheng. "Short-Term Burst Pressure of Large Diameter and High Pressure Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63491.
Full textAbstract:
Reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP), which basically consists of thermoplastic matrix and reinforced layers, has many advantages such as good flexibility, corrosion resistance and long service life. It has been used in oil and gas transportation pipeline industry for several decades, but generally has either low working pressure or small piping size which limits its application range. Recently, a new type of RTP with high design pressure of 6.9 MPa and large outside diameter of 490 mm was manufactured to substitute traditional metallic piping for long distance oil and gas transportation. In this paper, mechanical properties of such RTP, which is composed of four layers’ cross helically wound steel wires in the middle and two layers’ high density polyethylene (HDPE) inside and outside, are studied. Firstly, a multi-layer model was proposed to analyze the stress-strain relationship for the complex reinforcement structure considering the elasticity of both steel wires and HDPE. Further, an analytical procedure was developed to predict the short-term burst pressure (STBP) of high pressure RTP by taking the nonuniformity of reinforced steel wires into consideration. The practical position and nonuniformity of reinforced steel wires were measured by ultrasonic phased array technique. Then, short-term burst tests were conducted to validate the proposed model. Hoop strains at different internal pressures were measured and a good agreement with theoretical results was obtained, which verifies the effectiveness of the presented model. Finally, some differences of analytical and experimental techniques for STBP between normal RTP and RTP with large diameter and high design pressure were further discussed.
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Qiao, Dongsheng, Changxin Zheng, Binbin Li, Jinping Ou, and Gangjun Zhai. "Comparative Analysis on Fatigue Damage of Deepwater Hybrid Mooring Line." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20642.
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In the deepwater exploitation of oil and gas, the replacement of polyester rope for the wire in chain-wire-chain mooring line is proved to be fairly economic. Previous studies are mainly conducted to hydrodynamic analysis and dynamic response calculation, but there are few studies on the fatigue damage analysis of hybrid mooring line. Take the mooring system of a Spar platform as the research object, and the multi-component mooring lines are usually made up of chain-wire-chain. The representative mooring line has been considered while other conditions are kept unchanged, and top end tension-static offset characteristic curve of the two mooring lines are consistent as much as possible, meanwhile the polyester rope is adopted as the substitute for the wire, then the comparative calculation on fatigue damage of deepwater hybrid mooring line is carried on. The analysis of Spar platform response is carried out in which the wave force is calculated under diffraction theory. After the establishment of two-dimensional nonlinear finite element dynamic model of the hybrid mooring line, the calculation on stiffness of the hybrid mooring line is accomplished through the iterative method based on the empirical formula proposed by Del Vecchio in 1992. The mooring line and seabed interaction is based on the hypothesis of rigid seabed. The fluid drag force and inertia force on the mooring line are calculated according to the Morrison formula. The dynamic analysis is executed through time-domain nonlinear finite element method accounting for the response of the Spar platform which is calculated as above. The stress time histories of the hybrid mooring line in each short-term sea state of South China Sea area are calculated, and then the rain flow counting method is employed to obtain the fatigue load spectrum in each short-term sea state. The Miner linear cumulative law model is used to compare the fatigue damage of the hybrid mooring lines in long-term sea state which consists of tens of short-term sea states. The results show that the using of polyester rope as the substitute for the wire can significantly improve the fatigue resistance.
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Bayat, Sharareh, Mohammad Mohseni, Delaram Behnami, and Purang Abolmaesumi. "Real-Time Prediction of Temperature Distribution in Additive Manufacturing Processes Based on Machine Learning." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24107.
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Abstract Simulation tools improve various aspects of the additive manufacturing process, however, they come with an undesirable computational time for real-world applications. Finite element analysis (FEA) that solves partial differential equations (PDE) presents promising capabilities in simple additive manufactured components as an expository problem. Yet, PDE-based solutions take significantly long CPU time due to a large number of timesteps required to simulate an additively manufactured part. With modern machine learning (ML) capabilities, a new shift towards integration of FEA and ML has been introduced, where ML algorithms emulate the behavior of the time-consuming PDE-solver for real-time analysis of PDE in a given application. In this paper, we present a deep learning (DL) model that can substitute the thermal analysis of the additive manufacturing process. The training data is obtained by sampling the established physical model’s behavior over different temperatures, cooling rates, and part’s geometries. The network architecture is composed of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to model the temporal sequence of deposition temperatures derived by PDEs. The reported R2 value on validations data is 97%, while the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is 0.04. This paper compares the performance between the PDE and DL forecast for the thermal results. We show DL models are promising for simulation of the additive manufacturing process, and can be reliable alternatives for computationally-expensive FEM tools.
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Escosa, Jesu´s M., Cristo´bal Cortes, and Luis M. Romeo. "Repowering of Fossil Fuel Power Plants and Reversible Carbonation/Calcination Cycle for CO2 Abatement." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79883.
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Fossil fuel power plants account for about a third of global carbon dioxide emissions. Coal is the major power-generation fuel, being used twice as extensively as natural gas (IEA, 2003). Moreover, on a global scale, coal demand is expected to double over the period to 2030; IEA estimates that 4500 GWe of new installed power will be required. Coal is expected to provide 40% of this figure. It is thus obvious that coal power plants must be operative to provide such amount of energy in the short term, at the same time reducing their CO2 emissions in a feasible manner and increasing their efficiency and capacity. However, the main technologies currently considered to effect CO2 capture, both post-and pre-combustion, introduce a great economic penalty and largely reduce the capacity and efficiency. One of these technologies involves the separation of CO2 from high temperature flue gases using the reversible carbonation reaction of CaO and the calcination of CaCO3. The process is able to simultaneously capture sulfur dioxide. The major disadvantage of this well-known concept is the great amount of energy consumption in the calcinator and auxiliary equipment. This paper proposes a new, feasible approach to supply this energy which leads to an optimal integration of the process within a conventional coal power plant. Calcination is accomplished in a kiln fired by natural gas, whereas a gas turbine is used to supply all the auxiliary power. Flue gases from the kiln and the gas turbine can substitute a significant part of the heat duty of the steam cycle heaters, thus accomplishing feed water repowering of the steam turbine. This novel CO2-capture cycle is proposed to be integrated with aging coal-fired power plants. The paper shows that an optimal integration of both elements represents one of the best methods to simultaneously achieve: a) an increase of specific generating capacity in a very short period of time, b) a significant abatement of CO2 emissions, and c) an increase of plant efficiency in a cost-effective way.
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DI CIOMMO, FLORIDEA. "New variables for detecting transport disadvantages. The role of social capital." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.2158.
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This paper explores the potential role of social capital variables on the transport mode choice. Traditionally travel behavior model included social capital as empowerment factor (i.e. social capital as substitute of financial capital) or as social network influence on travel choice. Only recently constraints of social capital are considered as factors influencing travel behavior (Swanen et al, 2015, Di Ciommo & Martens, 2015).This article will show both aspects of empowerments and constraints of social capital in a dynamic way stressing two dynamic aspects of social capital: the building up social capital and use of social capital. Both aspects are related with the value of time: when you are doing something for others ( i.e. Voluntary actions, pick up all family members, etc) you are loosing your time, and your mode choice will be oriented to saving time, therefore a private mode will be chosen, while when you are using your social capital benefit (somebody else is helping you), you will easily choose the less flexible and more time consuming public transport. After defining social capital notion in both aspects of empowerments and constraints, a set of social capital variables is defined. Then two of these variables are tested through a smartphone short panel survey, where 100 individuals living or working in one surrounding southern area of Madrid have participated in entering their travel data for an entire working week. The estimated mixed-logit model that incorporated two “social capital variables: participation in voluntary activities and receiving help for various tasks (i.e. child care) show how people who have less social capital, but that are trying to build it up choose more private than public modes: building social capital stock has a cost in term of time that push people to use more flexible transport mode (i.e. private car), while people who have already a stock of social capital and can use it (i.e. helped people) receive time from others and are more relaxed in choosing a less flexible mode of transport such as public transport. Results confirm that when a new metro station is opened, the shift towards metro is higher in the case of people ”helped” and lower for those participating in some voluntary activities. From a policy point of view, it will be relevant to know if people leaving a specific area are more voluntary or helped oriented, for forecasting the future policies.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.2158
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Koripelli, Rama S., and David N. French. "Issues Related to Creep-Strength-Enhanced Ferritic (CSEF) Steels." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32027.
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T-91 and P-91 are the oldest of a new class of creep-strength-enhanced ferritic steels (CSEF) approved for use in boilers and pressure vessels. These newer alloys develop high strength through heat treatment, a rapid cooling or quenching to form martensite, followed by a temper to improve ductility. As a result, these alloys offer a much higher allowable stress which means thinner sections provide adequate strength for high-temperature service. Most of the applications thus far have been a substitute for P-22/T-22. The primary advantages of T91 materials over conventional low-alloy steels are: higher allowable stresses for a given temperature, improved oxidation, corrosion, creep and fatigue resistance. T23 is also considered as a member of the family of CSEF steels. The alloying elements such as tungsten, vanadium, boron, titanium and niobium and heat treatment separate this alloy from the well defined T22 steel. Although, T23 is designated for tubing application, its piping counterpart P23 has a strong potential in header applications due to superior strength compared to P22 headers. Now that T-91 and P-91 have been in service for nearly 30 years, some shortcomings have become apparent. A perusal of the allowable stress values for T-91 shows a drop off in tensile strength above about 1150°F. Thus, start-up conditions where superheaters, and especially reheaters, may experience metal temperatures above 1200°F, lead to over-tempering and loss of creep strength. During welding, the temperature varies from above the melting point of the steel to room temperature. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) is defined as the zone next to the fusion line at the edge of the weld metal that has been heated high enough to form austenite, i.e., above the lower critical transformation temperature. On cooling, the austenite transforms to martensite. Next to this region of microstructural transformation, there is an area heated to just below the austenite formation temperature, but above the tempering temperature of the tube/pipe when manufactured. This region has been, in effect, over-tempered by the welding and subsequent post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Over-tempering softens the tempered martensite with the associated loss of both tensile and creep strength. This region of low strength is subject to failure during service. Creep strength of T91 steel is obtained via a quenching process followed by controlled tempering treatment. Elements such as niobium and vanadium in the steel precipitate at defect sites as carbides; this is known as the ‘pinning effect’. Any subsequent welding/cold working requires a precise PWHT. Inappropriate and/or lack of PWHT can destroy the ‘pinning effect’ resulting in loss of creep strength and premature failures. Several case studies will be presented with the problems associated with T91/T23 materials. Case studies will be presented, with the results of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, hardness measurements and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. One case study will discuss how the over-tempering caused a reduced creep strength, resulting in premature creep failure in a finishing superheater tube. A second case presents the carburization of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) superheater tube, resulting in reduced corrosion/oxidation resistance. A case study demonstrates how a short-term overheating excursion led to reheat cracking in T23 tubing. Another case will present creep degradation in T91 reheater steel tube due to high temperature exposures (over-tempering).
Reports on the topic "Short-term substitutes"
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Albrecht, Jochen, Andreas Petutschnig, Laxmi Ramasubramanian, Bernd Resch, and Aleisha Wright. Comparing Twitter and LODES Data for Detecting Commuter Mobility Patterns. Mineta Transportation Institute, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2037.
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Local and regional planners struggle to keep up with rapid changes in mobility patterns. This exploratory research is framed with the overarching goal of asking if and how geo-social network data (GSND), in this case, Twitter data, can be used to understand and explain commuting and non-commuting travel patterns. The research project set out to determine whether GSND may be used to augment US Census LODES data beyond commuting trips and whether it may serve as a short-term substitute for commuting trips. It turns out that the reverse is true and the common practice of employing LODES data to extrapolate to overall traffic demand is indeed justified. This means that expensive and rarely comprehensive surveys are now only needed to capture trip purposes. Regardless of trip purpose (e.g., shopping, regular recreational activities, dropping kids at school), the LODES data is an excellent predictor of overall road segment loads.