Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Short-term memory'
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1
Hall, Debbora. "Memory for rhythm and short-term memory." Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495877.
2
Henson, Richard Nevill Astley. "Short-term memory for serial order." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396139.
3
Kalm, Kristjan. "Chunk formation in verbal short term memory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609987.
4
Thorn, Annabel S. C. "Language specialisation in verbal short-term memory." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266906.
5
Mikan, Kathrin Angela Maria. "Verbal short-term memory and vocabulary learning." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/44799/.
Abstract:
This thesis addressed two key issues. The first was the extent to which verbal short-term memory (STM) for item and order information can be differentiated in terms of their underlying neural mechanisms. The second was to analyze the relative contributions of item and order STM to vocabulary learning in bilingual (BL) and monolingual (ML) children and ML adults. The first issue was addressed with four studies. Three used electroencephalography (EEG) with ML adults, BL adults and ML children. The aim was to determine whether there is any evidence that the two types of verbal STM have different neural signatures. The fourth study used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in ML adults to test the hypothesis that the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is involved in order STM but not item STM. The second issue was addressed by two behavioural studies. The first was a large-scale longitudinal study testing item and order STM in relation to natural vocabulary acquisition in 7 to 10 year old BL and ML children. The children were tested once in the beginning and once in the end of the school year. In addition, ML children learning a second language were examined in the end of the school year. The second behavioural study explored therelationship of item and order STM with new-word-learning in ML adults using artificially-created nonwords. Some evidence was found to support the view that the distinction of item and order STM is a useful one. Results of the EEG data suggested differences in patterns of neuro-electrical activity for ML and BL adults and ML children when they are performing item STM and order STM tasks. The results suggest that order STM is important for new word learning in one´s native language learning, where there has already been some exposure to this language, but not in complete novice language learners.
6
Broadway, Jr James M. "Running memory/working memory span tasks and their prediction of higher-order cognition /." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22629.
7
Cumming, N. "The Hebb effect : investigating long-term learning from short-term memory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598214.
Abstract:
How do we learn a sequence of items so we can remember it not only over the short-term, as in hearing a phone-number and repeating it back, but over the long term? Ten experiments are presented that investigate this problem using the Hebb repetition effect (Hebb, 1961). In a canonical Hebb effect experiment, lists of familiar items are presented in an immediate serial recall task and one list is repeatedly presented at regular intervals. This leads to an improvement in recall for the repeating list over baseline performance. Existing models of serial order learning are tested; Chapter 2 provides evidence contrary to positional models of the Hebb effect while Chapter 5 provides evidence against chaining models. The experiments in these chapters (Experiments 1, 2 and 7) use a transfer design where a representation of the repeating list (Hebb list) is built up, then a list is presented whose structure is derived from the Hebb list in a way that tests the predictions of these models. The experiments of Chapters 4 and 5 examine the hypothesis that the most parsimonious model of the Hebb effect is one that is based on the formation of chunks (Miller, 1956), higher-level representations of several items. The results of these experiments are consistent with a chunking model based on the Primacy model (Page and Norris, 1998), but do not provide direct evidence of a chunking process. A growing body of evidence (e.g. Baddley et al., 1988; Papagno et al., 1991) suggests that the phonological store of the working memory model (Baddeley, 1986) plays an important role in the development of long term representations required for the acquisition of new vocabulary. For example, the ability to learn new words is impaired in patients with damage to the phonological store (e.g. PV, SC) and in normal subjects performing articulatory suppression. In chapter 6, the hypothesis that the Hebb effect is an experimental analogue of phonological form learning is investigated, the results of which suggest that the Hebb effect is involved in at least some of the same processes.
8
Masoura, Elvira V. "Phonological short-term memory contributions to vocabulary acquisition." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/a2ac91c6-6472-42ba-801c-691c030ae628.
9
Wood, Noelle L. "Memory for recent words : a matter of short-term memory storage or long-term distinctiveness? /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9737848.
10
Gers, Félix. "Long short-term memory in recurrent neural networks /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=2366.
11
Ozcelik, Erol. "Short-term Consolidation Of Information For Episodic Memory." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609475/index.pdf.
Abstract:
Several lines of evidence from rapid serial visual presentation, attentional blink, and dual-task interference phenomena propose that human beings have a significant limitation on the short-term consolidation process. Short-term consolidation is transferring early representations to more durable forms of memory. Although previous research has shown that masks presented after targets interrupt the consolidation process of information, there is not enough evidence for the role of attention in consolidation for episodic memory. One electrophysiological and five behavioral experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of attention and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between targets and masks on episodic memory. Masks were presented after targets with varying SOAs. The participants in the divided attention condition but not the ones in the full attention condition performed the attention-demanding secondary task after the presentation of the masks. The results showed that reducing SOA between targets and masks caused an impairment in memory performance for divided attention but not for full attention, providing evidence for the necessity of attention for the short-term consolidation process. Electrophysiological results demonstrated that this impairment did not result from perceptual processes.
12
Preece, Timothy Edward. "Modelling human short-term memory for serial order." Thesis, Bangor University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320400.
13
Lundh, Dan. "A computational neuroscientific model for short-term memory." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324742.
14
Ross-Sheehy, Shannon. "Attentional Modulation Of Infant Visual Short Term Memory." Diss., University of Iowa, 2005. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/107.
Abstract:
Previous work has demonstrated that infant visual short-term memory (VSTM) capacity increases dramatically between 6 and 10 months of life (Ross-Sheehy, S., Oakes, L. M., & Luck, S. J. (2003). The development of visual short-term memory capacity in infants. Child Development, 74, 1807-1822). However, it is unclear if this increase is a function of improving memory abilities, or alternatively, if it is a function of improving attentional abilities. Moreover, it is currently unknown if infants, like adults, can use attention to form stable VSTM representations in situations where they would otherwise fail. Four experiments explored the relationship between visual attention and VSTM in 5.5- and 10-month-old infants. Results indicated that 1) 10-month-old infants are able to use attention to selectively encode items into VSTM, 2) this ability does not appear to be present in younger infants, 3) this ability does not appear to interact with the complexity of the test array, and 4) attentional facilitation requires a relatively salient cue. Taken together, these results are the first to demonstrate that infant VSTM representations can be mediated by visual attention, and that this mediation relies on relatively well-developed visual attention mechanisms.
15
Maldonado, Samuel. "Short Term Memory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2366.
Abstract:
This study examined the short term memory (STM) difference of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologists versus non-MRI technologists. Human and animal studies have indicated that residual magnetic fields have caused changes within the cerebral structure. Research on residual magnetic fields and their effect on STM is still at its infancy. A quasi-experimental design was used to determine if any significant difference existed between the STM of MRI technologists (n = x) and a control population sample (n = x). The STM of both groups was assessed with the use of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test-Third Edition. Solicitation of the participants was from a national MRI organization, the American Society of Radiologic Technologists, and community workers within the profession. The control group of participants was solicited through community board postings. Only the New York/New Jersey metro area and the New Hampshire/Maine area participants were used for this study. These participants were of various age ranges, genders, and educational levels. ANOVA and regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The study showed mixed results, indicating no significant STM difference in the overall memory scores of both groups F (1, 80) =3.061, p =..084, but it did show a significant difference in STM when it came to prospective memory, memory of planned events. These findings illustrate a need for further research in this area. Expanding the geographical reach and sample size could clarify the role of MRI on STM. The results of this study suggest that procedures that limit the exposure of the MRI technologists to the residual magnetic fields surrounding MRI machines could yield a reduction in loss of prospective memory.
16
Lin, Jennifer Hsiang-Ling. "An investigation in three features of working memory capacity /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841168.
17
Gilburt, Simon John Arthur. "Psychopharmacological aspects of short-term information processing." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277353.
18
Perez, Veronica Beth. "Identifying visual working memory capacity and symptom correlates in the schizophrenia-spectrum : relating visual working memory and attentional control /." Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594960321&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-150). Also available online in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.
19
Dent, Kevin. "Representation and capacity in visual-spatial short-term memory." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418879.
20
Simner, Julia Claire. "Engaging long and short term memory during anaphor comprehension." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368489.
Abstract:
This research investigates how memory representations are activated and associated when making inferences in language, and in particular during the comprehension of anaphors (Le. co-referring expressions). Experiments 1 to 6 investigate 'do it' comprehension (e.g. John bought a newspaper. He did it while the others were out). Experiments 1 and 2 (offline sentence-completion tasks) show that 'do it' processing is sensitive to both NPs (a newspaper) and VPs (bought a newspaper) in the preceding context, and to specific lexical properties of the preceding NPs. With similar tasks, Experiments 3 and 4 show that the interpretation of an ambiguous 'do it' expression is influence by (two particular) properties of the linguistic context in which it is found. Experiment 5 (a reading-time study) suggests that 'do it' processing initially targets preceding NPs (and then only subsequently, preceding VPs), and Experiment 6 (an off-line grarnmaticality judgement task) shows that the 'do it' expression is a semantically divisible construction (i.e. 'do' + 'in, rather than an 'idiomatic' expression (Le. a semantically non-divisible 'do it'). In this way, Experiments 1 to 6 investigate how the referent of an anaphor is selected from the short term memory (STM) representation of a discourse. Experiments 7 to 11 however suggest that anaphor comprehension may also target the Mental Lexicon, a long term memory (LTM) store. From four on-line probe recognition tasks, (Experiments 8 to 11), and a lexical naming pre-test of the materials (Experiment 7), we find evidence to suggest that when an anaphor is processed, the meaning of the referent may be activated in some long-term linguistic storehouse of words (Le. similar in character to the Mental Lexicon).
21
MacSweeney, Mairead Finola. "The development of short-term memory in deaf children." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313653.
22
Levine, Joseph H. (Joseph Henry) 1979. "Friction effects on collective mechanisms of short term memory." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27048.
Abstract:
Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, June 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 61).
Short term memory is often correlated with persistent changes in neuronal firing rates in response to transient inputs. This thesis models the persistent maintenance of an analog eye position signal by an oculomotor neural integrator receiving transient eye movement commands. We show analytically how using neurons with multiple bistable dendritic compartments can enhance the robustness of eye fixations to mistuning while reproducing the observed linear relationship between neuronal firing rates and eye position. We calculate the network dynamics and tolerance to mistuning. Finally, we demonstrate that dendritic bistability can improve robustness in a biophysically realistic network of conductance based neurons.
by Joseph H. Levine.
M.Eng.
23
Lejeune, Marc. "Life-span changes in visuo-spatial short term memory." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22862.
Abstract:
Several experiments are presented to evaluate the development of visuo-spatial short term memory from childhood to old age (from five-year-olds to about 70-year-olds). Visuospatial short term memory was assessed through transformational imagery tasks. The first set of experiments (chapters 3, 4 and 5) concerned the development of mental rotation abilities. A review of the literature suggested that young children (specifically so-called preoperational children) and elderly people are poor at rotating a mental image of a visual pattern. However, as some mental rotation abilities have been reported while using Shepard's paradigm, attention was focussed on the role of the first steps necessarily taken while performing a mental rotation task, specifically the maintenance of a visual pattern in STM. The second set of experiments (chapter 6) considered another imagery subsystem, namely "mental scanning". Like mental rotation, it requires the maintenance of a visual pattern in short term memory. Image maintenance ability has been assessed in reference to Kosslyn's (1994) model although Baddeley's (1986) working memory model- specifically, Logie's (1995) revision of the VSSP - has been sometimes considered while interpreting the data. These two different theoretical models suggest the existence of two related but different subsystems for sorting visual and spatial information. Most of the data presented in this thesis suggest that young children and the elderly have some difficulties maintaining spatial characteristics of a visual pattern in short term memory, i.e. the orientation of the stimulus in the mental rotation tasks and the location of targets in the mental scanning tasks. These results tend to provide some developmental evidence for a dissociation between the dorsal and ventral subsystems. It seems that the two subsystems develop at different speeds. The ventral subsystem might be better developed earlier than the dorsal subsystem. Similarly, some data suggest that the same ventral system is not yet affected by ageing when the dorsal subsystem has already begun to deteriorate.
24
Shojaee, Ali B. S. "Bacteria Growth Modeling using Long-Short-Term-Memory Networks." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1617105038908441.
25
Wilcox, Gary A. (Gary Alden). "Handedness, Perceptual and Short Term Memory Asymmetries, and Personality." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331119/.
Abstract:
A large body of research has depicted relative arousal of the left and right cerebral hemispheres as related to utilization of particular defensive coping styles, level of anxiety, and perceptual styles. The right and left hemispheres are also presented in the literature as differing in visual-spatial and verbal-auditory short term memory abilities.
The present research studied 127 right handed undergraduates' relative performance on forward spatial and digits memory spans in relation to hemispheric lateralization and other perceptual and personality variables hypothesized in the literature to be related to hemispheric arousal.
It was hypothesized that the forward spatial and digit memory spans would display asymmetrical sensitivity to hemispheric arousal. That is, in a series of successive factor analyses, a hemispheric balance factor, a trait anxiety factor, and a short term memory factor would emerge. The three factors were hypothesized to be unrelated to each other.
During an initial group pretesting, subjects were given pencil and paper measures of handedness, trait anxiety, and several defensive coping styles. During a second individual testing, subjects were administered measures of short term memory, field independence, and a computerized presentation of geometric designs which measured the subjects ability to detect differences which occurred at either the global or analytic level (Navon task).
The factor analyses revealed only the hypothesized trait anxiety factor. The hypothesized short term memory and hemispheric balance of arousal factors did not emerge. Instead, a. defensive coping style factor and separate verbal—auditory and visual-spatial short term memory factors emerged.
Several methodological difficulties of the present study which possibly contributed to the failure of the two hypothesized factors to emerge were discussed. Several additional findings, including sex differences in hemispheric lateralization, were presented. Also, signal detection analysis revealed a pattern such that trait anxious subjects were biased toward over-reporting differences on the Navon task. Implications for further research were presented.
26
Murray, Alexandra. "The capacity and precision of visual short-term memory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558547.
Abstract:
Despite continued interest in the capacity limitations of Visual Short-Term Memory (VSTM), there is uncertainty as to how these limited resources are distributed: among a limited number of high resolution slots or flexibly according to task demands. This thesis extends current knowledge by exploring how top-down and perceptual mechanisms affect VSTM capacity. The General Introduction describes the current understanding and investigation of capacity limits. This appraisal extends into Chapter 2, which focuses on the specific behavioural, psychometric, and electrophysiological approaches taken in this thesis to estimate effects on the precision and probability of recall of VSTM representations. Most experiments used a change-detection task that parametrically varied the precision of the VSTM representations required for accurate responses. Chapter 3 presents an event- related potential (ERP) study involving a pre-cue, which enabled a shift of spatial attention in anticipation of an upcoming memory array. ERP signatures of anticipatory spatial attention predicted behavioural cueing benefits. As a complement, the study in Chapter 4 involved orienting attention to items already in VSTM. Results from both chapters suggest that attention affects the probability of recall rather than the precision of representations. Chapter 5 describes four experiments exploring the ability to trade the number versus precision of representations in VSTM according to task goals. No flexibility was found in setting this trade-off, suggesting that the balance between number and precision is mainly determined by stimulus driven factors. Experiments in Chapter 6 investigate whether and how competitive dynamics that characterise perceptual processing continue to influence VSTM representations. Competition among item features that were orthogonal to the task relevant features continued to influence performance. Perceptual differences between the conditions cannot account for this effect. Competitive effects were consistent across spatial and non-spatial dimensions. The General Discussion synthesises all results and highlights opportunities for future research.
27
Zwilling, Christopher E. "Forgetting in short term memory the effect of time /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5720.
Abstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
28
Yang, Tianshu. "Electric Load Forecasting Using Long Short-term Memory Algorithm." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6027.
Abstract:
Abstract
Power system load forecasting refers to the study or uses a mathematical method to process
past and future loads systematically, taking into account important system operating
characteristics, capacity expansion decisions, natural conditions, and social impacts, to
meet specific accuracy requirements. Dependence of this, determine the load value at a
specific moment in the future. Improving the level of load forecasting technology is
conducive to the planned power management, which is conducive to rationally arranging
the grid operation mode and unit maintenance plan, and is conducive to formulating
reasonable power supply construction plans and facilitating power improvement, and
improve the economic and social benefits of the system.
At present, there are many methods for load forecasting. The newer algorithms mainly
include the neural network method, time series method, regression analysis method,
support vector machine method, and fuzzy prediction method. However, most of them do
not apply to long-term time-series predictions, and as a result, the prediction accuracy for
long-term power grids does not perform well.
This thesis describes the design of an algorithm that is used to predict the load in a long
time-series. Predict the load is significant and necessary for a dynamic electrical network.
Improved the forecasting algorithm can save a ton of the cost of the load. In this paper, we
propose a load forecasting model using long short-term memory(LSTM). The proposed
implementation of LSTM match with the time-series dataset very well, which can improve
the accuracy of convergence of the training process. We experiment with the difference
time-step to expedites the convergence of the training process. It is found that all cases
achieve significant different forecasting accuracy while forecasting the difference timesteps.
Keywords—Load forecasting, long short-term memory, micro-grid
29
Payne, Tabitha W. "Working memory capacity and pitch discrimination." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28831.
30
Cowey, Carolyn May. "Working memory and divided attention : the effects of frontal and temporary lobe lesions on short-term memory." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285156.
31
Bailey, Tony J. "Neuromorphic Architecture with Heterogeneously Integrated Short-Term and Long-Term Learning Paradigms." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554217105047975.
32
Fukuda, Keisuke, and Keisuke Fukuda. "The Capacity of Visual Short Term Memory Determines the Bandwidth of Information Transfer into Visual Long Term Memory." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12391.
Abstract:
Visual long term memory (VLTM) research has shown that we are capable of learning a virtually infinite amount of visual information. At the same time, visual short term memory (VSTM) research has shown that there is a severe limitation in the amount of information we can simultaneously apprehend at a given time. How does the severe capacity limitation in the initial uptake of information influence the encoding of information into VLTM? To this date, there has been no direct test of such influence, and the effect of such limitation has been unclear. Here, we demonstrate that, across wide varieties of conditions, the severe-capacity limitation in VSTM dictates the encoding of information into VLTM by determining the "bandwidth" of information transfer. This finding has a substantial implication for the understanding of the role of severely-capacity limited VSTM in forming many types of VLTM representations.10000-01-01
33
Lin, Mingkuan. "Genetic association study of spatial working memory." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4591.
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009.Vita: p. 120. Thesis director: Karl J. Fryxell. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Bioinformatics. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 12, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-119). Also issued in print.
34
Yangyang, Wen. "Sensor numerical prediction based on long-term and short-term memory neural network." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39165.
Abstract:
Many sensor nodes are scattered in the sensor network,which are used in all aspects of life due to their small size, low power consumption, and multiple functions. With the advent of the Internet of Things, more small sensor devices will appear in our lives. The research of deep learning neural networks is generally based on large and medium-sized devices such as servers and computers, and it is rarely heard about the research of neural networks based on small Internet of Things devices. In this study, the Internet of Things devices are divided into three types: large, medium, and small in terms of device size, running speed, and computing power. More vividly, I classify the laptop as a medium- sized device, the device with more computing power than the laptop, like server, as a large-size IoT(Internet of Things) device, and the IoT mobile device that is smaller than it as a small IoT device. The purpose of this paper is to explore the feasibility, usefulness, and effectiveness of long-short-term memory neural network model value prediction research based on small IoT devices. In the control experiment of small and medium-sized Internet of Things devices, the following results are obtained: the error curves of the training set and verification set of small and medium-sized devices have the same downward trend, and similar accuracy and errors. But in terms of time consumption, small equipment is about 12 times that of medium-sized equipment. Therefore, it can be concluded that the LSTM(long-and-short-term memory neural networks) model value prediction research based on small IoT devices is feasible, and the results are useful and effective. One of the main problems encountered when the LSTM model is extended to small devices is time-consuming.
35
Byrne, Linda Kathleen. "A common storage mechanism in short-term, working and long-term memory?: some evidence from control and schizophrenia samples." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2007. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00004084/.
Abstract:
[Abstract]:Background:Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) multi-component model of working memory (WM) has provided the basis for exploration into the nature of remembering and manipulating information over a short period of time. This model arguesthat the passive short-term storage system is not involved in the more dynamic working memory tasks and has formed the basis of much research on clinical populations known to have deficits in WM. However, other models argue that short-term memory and working memory rely on common storagefacilities. The aim of this thesis was to explore whether there is justification for the continued separation of WM into fractionated components.Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with a wide range of cognitive deficits, including working memory problems. There is also some evidence to suggest that psychotic symptoms exist on a continuum and cognitive deficits similar to those found in SZ have been reported in people endorsing “psychotic-like” symptoms without a formal diagnosis of schizophrenia. It was hypothesizedthat the pattern of errors made by the SZ group would help to delineate the nature of deficit shown on WM tasks.Methods:General MethodsIn order to explore the structure of WM and performance of groups hypothesized to be impaired on WM tasks, a range of span and non-span tasks were administered. Forty-two (42) control subjects were recruited for the study. Based on their scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ - Raine, 1991), this group was divided into low scoring (NCL = 27 ) and high scoring (NCH = 15) groups. Thirty (30) people with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia were also recruited.Experiment 1Experiment one investigated the performance of these groups on simple, complex and delayed span tasks. A simple four-word recall task, with and without interference was used to examine accuracy, error types and anyrelationship to symptomatology.Experiment 2Experiment two set out to investigate the contributions to span performance. All subjects were administered measures of articulation speed, lexical access ability, and a range of STM, WM and LTM tasks.Experiment 3This experiment used a cued-recall paradigm to explore proactive interference effects by manipulating phonological and semantic representations over briefperiods. The task consisted of trials where the subject studied a series of one or two blocks of four words.Results:Experiment 1The results of this experiment replicated previous findings (Tehan, Hendry & Kocinski, 2001) of similar patterns of performance across the three tasks withperformance decrements increasing with task difficulty. The SZ group showed significant deficits even on the simple four-word span task. Patterns of errors were similar across the groups once overall levels of performance were taken into account. SZ subjects made more movement (order) errors than the other two groups and movement errors were associated with disorganised symptoms. The association between disorganised symptomsand loss of items from the end of the list were suggestive of impaired maintenance of item information. The high schizotypy control group performed below that of the low schizotypy controls, but only a few of the differences were significant.Experiment 2For both groups articulation and lexical access formed two of the composites. For the control group, all memory tasks contributed to form one single factor. For the SZ group three separate memory composites were needed. Usingregression analyses previous findings (Tehan & Lalor, 2000; Tehan, Fogarty & Ryan, 2004) were replicated for the control group with both lexical access and to a lesser degree, rehearsal speed contributing to memory performance.Rehearsal speed was a more important predictor for recall of familiar materials (such as letters and digits) in the SZ group. The reverse was true for simple word span, with lexical access making a significant impact and rehearsal speed having little impact. For more complex memory tasks,neither articulation rate nor access to lexical memory contributed to the performance of the SZ group. Once again poorer performance for the SZ group was associated with disorganised symptoms.Experiment 3The findings from this experiment revealed that even on the simple one block trials, the SZ subjects had difficulty accurately recalling the target word with acategory cue, even in the absence of distractor activity. The SZ group made more omissions and significantly more intrusion errors than the control groups. Intrusion errors were associated with disorganised symptoms on thePositive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). Despite their poorer overall performance, the SZ group did not have significantly more block-1 intrusions than the control groups suggesting that the interference effects for semantic and phonemic information were the same.Conclusions:This thesis presented evidence which is somewhat supportive of a common storage approach to WM. It calls into question the need to fractionate WMinto components. The multi-component model of WM is often used to investigate performance of SZ subjects, a population know to have WM deficits. Errors across a range of STM, WM and LTM tasks were examined in a SZ group and their performance was compared to two groups of controls: agroup with high scores on a measure of psychometric schizotypy and one with low scores. Implications regarding the purported source of deficits in WM are discussed.
36
Kornisch, Myriam. "Visual and Verbal Short-Term Memory Correlates of Variability in Vocabulary Size." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Communication Disorders, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6737.
Abstract:
This study investigated the relationship between working memory and language in typically developing young children. The aim was to gain a better understanding of language development, in particular, the involvement of visual and verbal short-term memory in language acquisition and its influence on vocabulary size. It explored possible underlying causes of why some children have problems in the process of learning to talk, whereas other children acquire language easily. A total of 51 New Zealand English speaking children aged two to five completed a battery of assessments measuring receptive and expressive vocabulary and visual and verbal short-term memory. The standardized tests administered included the Receptive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test (Brownell, 2000b), the Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test (Brownell, 2000a), the Visual Patterns Test (Stokes, Klee, Cruickshank, & Pleass, 2009), and the Test of Early Nonword Repetition (Stokes & Klee, 2009a). Receptive vocabulary knowledge was strongly associated with visual (r = .75) and verbal (r = .60) short-term memory performance and age (r = .72). The relationship of expressive vocabulary to visual short-term memory (r = .80) was stronger than to verbal short-term memory (r = .62) but significant for both and also for age (r= .83). Significant unique predictors for expressive vocabulary were age (R2 change = .60) as well as visual (R2 change = .04) and verbal (R2 change = .04) short-term memory. However, age appeared to be the only unique predictor for receptive vocabulary (R2 change = .54). In addition, the findings suggested that visual and verbal short-term memory increases as children get older. Hence, the Visual Patterns Test and Test of Early Nonword Repetition seem to be good predictors, over and above age, of expressive vocabulary knowledge.
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Morales, Dawn A. "Memory for color over brief intervals : one capacity or two? /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3089470.
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Jameson, Tina L. "Working memory and individual differences in decision making." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2004/t%5Fjameson%5F072604.pdf.
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Ng, Li Huang Honey. "Evaluating models of verbal serial short-term memory using temporal grouping phenomena." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0059.
Abstract:
[Truncated abstract] Various capabilities such as the ability to read or conduct a conversation rely on our ability to maintain and recall information in the correct order. Research spanning more than a century has been devoted to understanding how units of information are retained in order in short-term memory. The nature of the mechanisms that code the positions of items in serial short-term verbal recall can be investigated by examining a set of phenomena that can be termed temporal grouping effects. Inserting extended pauses to break a list of verbal items into sub-lists (e.g. SHD-QNR-BJF, where the dashes represents the pauses) improves the accuracy of serial recall relative to performance observed without this temporal grouping. In addition, two other effects are linked to temporal grouping. One of these effects is a shift in the shape of the serial position function, which changes from a single bowed function to a multiple-bowed function. That is, the serial position curve for ungrouped sequences is typically characterized by better performance for the beginning and ending items compared to the mid-list items. For grouped lists, the multiple-bowed function comprises better recall for the beginning and ending items within each group. Another effect associated with temporal grouping is a change in the patterns of order errors. For ungrouped sequences (e.g. SHDQNRBJF), order errors often involve the swapping of items in neighbouring positions, such as exchanging D for Q or R for B. By contrast, grouped sequences (such as SHD-QNR-BJF) show a reduction in order errors that cross group boundaries such as exchanging items D and Q or R and B; instead, there tend to be an increased incidence of exchanging items that share similar within-group positions such as swapping H and N or Q and B. According to several current models of short-term memory, items are retained by associating them with extra-list information such as contextual information. ... This was done by unconfounding temporal position (time from group onset) and ordinal position (number of items from group onset) for certain key items in sequences comprising two groups of four consonants. The critical manipulation was to vary the SOAs within and across the two groups. Errors that involve items migrating across groups should preserve within-group temporal position according to oscillator models, but should preserve within-group ordinal position according to non-oscillator models. Results from the intergroup errors strongly favored preservation of ordinal rather than temporal position. Finally, the Appendix reports an unpublished experiment that examined patterns of errors in recalling sequences of nine visually presented letters, where the letters were grouped into threes using temporal gaps. A critical manipulation was the insertion of a tobe- ignored item (an asterisk) between the first and second letters of selected groups. Inclusion of this item failed to alter the patterns of errors observed, indicating that the coding of serial position is based on only those events represented for recall. The central conclusion based on all the studies is that serial order for verbal items is retained using contextual positional codes that change with each presentation of a tobe- remembered item, are influenced by large temporal gaps that lead to grouping, but otherwise are not dependent on the timing of events.
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Hoffman, Paul. "The impact of semantic impairements on verbal short-term memory." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489526.
Abstract:
This thesis considers the contribution of semantic cognition to verbal short-term memory (STM) in three groups of brain damaged patients. It directly compares patient groups that are typically studied separately. Patients with semantic dementia (SD) suffer a loss of core semantic representations and make phonological errors in STM tasks, suggesting that semantic knowledge binds phonological information.
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George, Anjali. "Verbal short-term memory and fluid vocabulary skills in toddlers." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Communication Disorders, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6709.
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Freedman, Carmen Mercedes. "The association between short-term memory impairment and language processing." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309366.
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Macken, William J. "Mechanisms of interference in short-term memory : a cognitive analysis." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336264.
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Broadley, Irene. "Teaching short term memory skills to children with Down's syndrome." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387268.
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Smith, Joanne. "The effects of cannabinoids on short term spatial working memory." Thesis, University of Reading, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440102.
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Hartley, Tom. "The role of syllable structure in verbal short-term memory." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317531/.
Abstract:
Remembering the sound of a new word when it is first encountered is an important skill which plays a critical role in the development of vocabulary (Gathercole & Baddeley, 1989), yet the mechanisms underlying this form of verbal short-term memory are not well understood. Errors in the repetition and serial recall of nonwords indicate that structural properties of the syllable are represented in short-term memory, but existing accounts of serial learning and recall do not incorporate any representation of linguistic structure. Models of speech production implicate syllable structure in the representation of phonological form, but do not explain how such representations are acquired. This thesis draws together theories of speech production and serial memory to develop a computational model of nonword repetition based on the novel idea that short-term memory for the serial order of a sequence of speech sounds is constrained by a syllabic template. The results of simulations using the model are presented and compared with experimental findings concerning short-term memory for nonwords. The interaction of short- and long-term phonological memory systems and the aquisition of vocabulary are discussed in terms of the model. The model is evaluated in comparison with other contemporary theories.
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Welch, John L. "Short term memory functioning in the detection of Alzheimer's disease." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321258.
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Hurlstone, Mark John. "The problem of serial order in visuospatial short-term memory." Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14214/.
Abstract:
How do we remember the order of a novel sequence of items? Much research has examined how people remember sequences of verbal stimuli (e.g., digits in a phone number), and several mechanisms of serial order have been proposed to underlie memory for such sequences. Less research has examined how people remember the order of sequences of visuospatial stimuli (e.g., a series of spatial locations), and the mechanisms of serial order underlying such sequences remain unspecified. This thesis explores the extent to which memory for sequences of visuospatial stimuli is explicable in term of mechanisms proposed to underlie memory for verbal sequences. Contemporary models of verbal short-term memory represent serial order either by: (I) using a competitive queuing sequence planning and control mechanism, by (2) position marking, by (3) a primacy gradient of activation, by (4) incorporating response suppression, and by (5) implementing output interference, or through some combination of these mechanisms. Empirical evidence suggests that all five mechanisms must coexist in any adequate model of serial order memory for verbal sequences. In this thesis, I argue that extant data indicating functional similarities between verbal and visuospatial serial order memory support the idea that visuospatial sequences are planned and controlled using a competitive queuing mechanism. However, direct evidence for the role of the four remaining mechanisms of serial order in visuospatial short-term memory is currently lacking. I present a series of twelve experiments examining memory for visuospatial sequences, combined with computational modelling work, which sought direct evidence for the role (or lack thereof) of the different mechanisms of serial order. The outcomes of the experiments and computational modelling work suggest that the serial order of a visuospatial sequence is represented by a competitive queuing system, equipped with a primacy gradient, positional markers, and response suppression. The results therefore buttress the notion that verbal and visuospatial short-term memory rely on some common mechanisms for the representation and generation of serial order.
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Gilbert, Rebecca. "Temporal properties of rehearsal in auditory-verbal short-term memory." Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8301/.
Abstract:
Subvocal rehearsal, the use of inner speech for the maintenance of phonological material, is thought to play an important role verbal short-term memory (STM). The importance of rehearsal is based largely on indirect measures, as it is difficult to detect and quantify. To address this issue and investigate rehearsal timing, a novel ‘rehearsal-probe’ task was developed. Individuals silently rehearsed an auditory-verbal sequence, responding after an unpredictable probe (tone) by indicating the item currently being rehearsed. The presentation of probes after variable and repeated delays provides item response proportions over time. The data were analysed using a theory-neutral measure of temporal precision; the circular standard deviations of response distributions. The methods were established across seven experiments designed to explore whether timing precision is fixed or resource-limited. Experiment 3 showed that timing precision decreases with increased in memory load. Temporal precision was negatively correlated with auditory-verbal STM span in six experiments, including one designed specifically to examine individual differences. Experiments 6 and 7 investigated timing in developmental language disorders, which are characterized by serial ordering deficits. Adults with dyslexia and children with language impairments showed more temporal imprecision compared to matched controls. These results suggest that temporal precision is limited by shared resources and may play a role in language development. A computational model was also developed to describe the data with four separable temporal properties. The model captured the main characteristics of the data and provided quantitative estimates of each property. In an EEG experiment, event-related responses to item probes were modulated by the contents of rehearsal, and there was increased spectral power at the item rate during sequence presentation and rehearsal, but not baseline, periods. The findings suggest an important role for fine-grained timing information in serial order STM and have broader implications for debates about models of serial order.
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Holt, Jessica Louise. "Investigating visual short-term memory capacity within and between hemifields." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7626/.
Abstract:
A number of non-mnemonic tasks have revealed the existence of a bilateral field advantage (BFA; i.e. the increase in processing capacity when information is distributed across the two visual fields relative to within a single hemifield) in visual processing. Recent research suggests that the BFA may also extend to visual short-term memory (VSTM). However to date, studies have produced inconsistent findings, demonstrating a BFA in VSTM for spatial locations and orientations but not for colours (Delvenne, 2005; Umemoto, Drew, Ester, & Awh, 2010). Two possible hypotheses may account for those findings. The first suggests that the BFA is a feature of processing spatial information but not identity information (the stimulus domain hypothesis) whilst the second claims that the BFA is a feature of attentional selective processing (the attentional selection hypothesis). With the primary aim to uncover the conditions which promote a BFA in VSTM, the present thesis tested those hypotheses. Since the stimulus domain hypothesis predicts no possibility of a BFA for colour VSTM, Part One investigated whether colour VSTM may exhibit a BFA when the task demands on selective attention are increased. The findings revealed this to be the case, highlighting that the requirement to attentionally filter spatially distinct target stimuli from distracter stimuli promoted the BFA. In Part Two, selective attention was also found to promote a BFA in colour VSTM during maintenance. Specifically, the findings suggest that bilaterally encoded items can better survive decay in VSTM when spatial selective attention is oriented to stimuli locations at the encoding stage. Overall, the findings strongly suggest that the BFA in VSTM is a signature of attentional selective processing during VSTM encoding and VSTM maintenance. Those findings have important implications for our understanding of the capacity limits of VSTM and attention, and interhemispheric communication more generally.