Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Shopping Needs'

The focus of this research is upon the measures that Swedish Crisis Management System carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic toward the shopping needs (i.e., food/groceries, medicines) of home-quarantined individuals (those who should stay at home according to the authorities’ recommendations because they were either elderly or regardless their ages, were in risk groups or had symptoms of disease). The research identifies the immediate responsible authority concerning this need and examines how this actor behaved and what measures took to address the shopping needs of home-quarantined. The interaction between this responsible actor and other social parties (e.g., humanitarian actors/civil society, and/or Local Communities), explored to illustrate whether the responsible actor had carried out its immediate duty or not. The outcomes of various operations that different social actors performed are analyzed and compared. For assessing the Swedish Crisis Management System and the measures carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic, five case studies conducted; the action of the municipalities in four cities (Örebro, Staffanstorp, Uppsala and Umeå) and one Community Initiative in Örebro (named Coronahjälpen, which launched and operated via a Facebook group) examined and compared. Additionally, the pattern exercised in more than a hundred cities explored. The relationship/interaction between state agents (mainly municipalities) from one side and Civil Society organizations or Community Initiatives is illustrated by applying one practical categorization of the relationship between state and Civil Society and one politico-economic categorization. For the latter, the Neo-liberal paradigm applied for such an analysis toward the relationships. Based on the primary and secondary data and the discussion upon them, the failure or success of the Swedish Crisis Management System during the Covid-19 pandemic regarding shopping needs of home-quarantined individuals was examined. In the conclusion part of the paper, a recommendation for such a system is provided.

Ständig förändring är strakt förknippat med modeindustrin, då nya trender och stilar tenderar att förändras kontinuerligt. I västvärlden konsumerar människor betydligt mer modeprodukter än vad naturens resurser tillåter. Modekonsumenterna fick dock en insyn av textilbranschens negativa miljöpåverkan år 2017. Det skrevs då en ny lag som föreskriver att modeföretag måste informera sina modekonsumenter om bärkassarnas, speciellt plastbärkassens, negativa påverkan. I samband med att lagen stiftades, skapades organisationen One Bag Habit som fick modekonsumenterna att tänka en extra gång innan de konsumerar bärkassar i modebutikerna. På grund av bland annat One Bag Habit avstår modekonsumenter numera att konsumera bärkassar på grund av miljöaspekter, dock fortsätter de att konsumera mängder av modeprodukter utan att blicka. Modekonsumenter har sedan år 2017 blivit medvetna om de problem som bärkassen medför och väljer då att avstå dessa, men när det kommer till modeprodukter finns troligtvis en medvetenhet om problemet där också men konsumtionen fortsätter ändå. Detta har lett till att denna uppsats belyser hur denna kontrast bildas mellan att konsumera modeprodukter och att avstå från bärkassen på grund av miljöskäl. Denna studie undersöker detta gap genom att fokusera på hur modekonsumenter förhåller sig till konsumtion av bärkassar i förhållande till modeprodukter. Resultatet ger en förståelse för varför det blir en kontrast mellan konsumtion av bärkassar och modeprodukter. Därav kommer resultatet resultera i en djupare förståelse kring varför ett attityd-beteende gap skapas och en stadig grund för vidare forskning. För att förstå och tolka det empiriska materialet modifierades en modell av attityd-beteende gapet. Utöver det kommer behovsidentifikation att ligga till grund för den teoretiska referensramen. En kvalitativ intervju, tre fokusgruppsintervjuer och en observation utgör det empiriska materialet. Urvalet bestod av studenter från tre olika högskolor i Sverige (Textilhögskolan i Borås, Göteborgs Universitet och Mälardalens högskola i Västerås). Slutsatserna av studien är att modeföretagen måste börja informera modekonsumenterna varför och hur de kan agera hållbart, istället för att informera att de ska agera hållbart. Utöver det måste de hållbara modeprodukterna vara prismässigt jämförbart med inte hållbara modeprodukter, för att modekonsumenterna ska agera hållbar. Slutligen krävs det att de hållbara modeprodukterna har tillräckligt attraktiv design för att modekonsumenterna ska investera i hållbara modeprodukter.
Constant change is closely associated with the fashion industry, as new trends and styles tent to change continuously. In the Western world, people consume considerably more fashion products than what the natural resources allow. The fashion consumers, however, gained an insight into the fashion industry´s negative environmental impact in 2017. A new law was founded to alert the fashion consumers of the negative effect of the shopping bags, especially made with plastic. In association with the new law, an organization, naming One Bag Habit was created. This led the fashion consumers to think extra before deciding to consume a shopping bag when they made a purchase of fashion item. Due to One Bag habit, fashion consumers now avoid from consuming shopping bags because of environmental aspects. The reluctance to consuming a shopping bag in addition to the fashion purchase has decreased yet impacts on the actual fashion consumption have not changed. Previous research has identified an attitude-behaviour gap between how fashion consumers value sustainable products and their actual behaviour in accordance with these values. This has led to this paper highlighting how this contrast is formed between consuming fashion products and refraining from the shopping bags because of environmental reasons. This study has a textile management approach, which means that the study is primarily aimed at companies in order to help them understand how fashion consumers value and act in different purchasing situations. This study will examine how fashion consumers consume shopping bags in relation to fashion products. The findings will contribute to creating an understanding of the created contrast between sustainable consumption regarding shopping bags and non-sustainable one regarding fashion consumption itself. Moreover, the findings will contribute to a deeper understanding of why the attitude-behaviour gap has created such a contrast among the fashion consumer. In order to understand and interpret the empirical material of this study, a theoretical model of attitude-behaviour gap was created. In addition, an understanding of how needs are created among consumers will be contributing to the formation of the theoretical framework. Furthermore, data was collected through qualitative interviews, three focus groups, and an observation. The data sample frame consisted of students from three different universities in Sweden (the Swedish School of Textiles in Borås, University of Gothenburg and Mälardalens University in Västerås). The findings of the study show that fashion companies need to be more specific when informing the fashion consumers on why and how they can act more sustainably when consuming fashion and shopping bags. In addition, the sustainable fashion products should be comparable in prices terms to non-sustainable fashion products in order for fashion consumers to act sustainable. Finally, it is suggested that the sustainable fashion products have an appealing designs in order for the fashion consumers to invest in sustainable fashion products.

The shopping centre was born in Europe and matured in North America, and it now exists in cities with a wide variety of cultures and politics (Dawson, 1983: 1). According to Casazza et al. (1985:1), the shopping centre is probably the most successful land use, development, real estate, and retail business concept of the 20th century. According to Casazza et al. (1985: 2), the shopping centre is a specialised, commercial land use and building type that previously thrived primarily in suburbia, but today is found throughout the country. When using the term ?shopping centre? accurately, a shopping centre refers to: ?A group of architecturally unified commercial establishments built on a site that is planned, developed, owned and managed as an operating unit related in its location, size, and type of shops to the trade area that it serves. The unit provides on-site parking in definite relationship to the types and total size of the stores? (Casazza et al., 1985: 2). This study investigated the need for a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp. Therefore, this study determined whether a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp would be viable. Klerksdorp and its district are quite unique in certain ways, especially due to the farming and mining activities that are found there. Klerksdorp provides goods and services especially for the people residing in Klerksdorp itself, Kanana, Alabama, Jouberton, Hartbeesfontein, Orkney, Vaal Reefs and Stilfontein. The main shopping activity is generally found in the Central Business District (CBD) of Klerksdorp and its surrounding areas. Klerksdorp has only one major shopping centre (the City Mall) that provides goods and services for the people in an enclosed surrounding area. This causes an over concentration in the CBD and too much traffic in an already limited space. The need for Klerksdorp to provide a bigger centre for the citizens of the town, as well as the surrounding areas, is high. Another regional shopping centre close to Klerksdorp is found in Potchefstroom, namely the Mooirivier Mall, and mainly provides in the extra shopping needs of the people living in Klerksdorp and its surrounding areas. This study therefore determined whether there is a need for a shopping centre from a retail and consumer point of view, and also whether it will be viable. The empirical study revealed that approximately half of the respondents are not satisfied with the current shopping centres in Klerksdorp and that more than half of the respondents feel that the shopping centres do not cater for enough parking. The study revealed that, from a consumer point of view, there is definitely a need for a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp. Urban-Econ Development Economists (2009: 56) concluded that the retail market has been fairly buoyant, and although the effects of interest rate hikes and increased inflation and global recession have become visible, fair growth is still expected in the following years, once the economy starts to recover. This indicates that Klerksdorp has a need for a new shopping centre, as 89,705 m2 GLA is available. This shows that if a new shopping centre is built, the other shopping centres in Klerksdorp will still be sustainable, and a new shopping centre will be sustainable and viable.
Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Title: How does the buying decision process really function within e-commerce? - A qualitative study of consumer behavior when they consume on Internet. Institution: School of Economics, Linnaeus University, Växjö. Course code: 2FE16E. Authors: Sara Hjärne, Mathilda Perem, Ewelina Wallin. Tutor: Dan Halvarsson. Examiner: Åsa Devine. Key words: Buying decision process, purchase decision process need recognition, information search, evaluation, purchase decision, postpurchase behavior, consumer decision making, E-commerce, E- commerce channels, online shopping, online purchase, e-retail, internet shopping, electronic shopping, consumer behavior, online appereal shopping, social media, decision making, online retailing, website design, customer satisfaction, webshopping, perceived risk, convinience, price, online consumption behavior. Background: Buying decision process is a model that marketers use to get a better understanding of their customers and their behavior when purchasing a product. This process consists of five different steps; need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and evaluation. Buying decision process has for a long time been an accepted model but scientists argue that the introduction of Internet as a channel for consumption has changed this process. The Internet has also led to a change of power in which customers today have greater influence, which greatly affects the buying decision process in e-commerce Purpose: The purpose is to explore how consumers perceive their behavior when they consume through e-commerce. Research questions:How do consumers perceive the buying decision process they experience when they consume through e-commerce?How do consumers perceive different factors that are important to them when they consume through e-commerce? Methodology: Qualitative study, cross-sectional design, semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: This thesis shows that the traditional model of the buying decision process is not consistent with consumers' perception of how they are undergoing the process when applied to an e-commerce context. This process is influenced by different factors, which is influence, convenience, webpage's atmosphere, risk, price, supply, consumption occasions, expectations, delivery and return.
Titel: Hur fungerar egentligen köpbeslutsprocessen inom e-handel?- En kvalitativ studie om konsumenternas beteende vid konsumtion på Internet. Institution: Ekonomihögskolan, Linnéuniversitetet, Växjö. Kurskod: 2FE16E. Författare: Sara Hjärne, Mathilda Perem, Ewelina Wallin. Handledare: Dan Halvarsson. Examinator: Åsa Devine. Nyckelord: Buying decision process, purchase decision process need recognition, information search, evaluation, purchase decision, postpurchase behavior, consumer decision making, E-commerce, E- commerce channels, online shopping, online purchase, e-retail, internet shopping, electronic shopping, consumer behavior, online appereal shopping, social media, decision making, online retailing, website design, customer satisfaction, webshopping, perceived risk, convinience, price, online consumption behavior. Bakgrund: Köpbeslutsprocessen är en modell som marknadsförare använder för att få en bättre förståelse för sina kunder och deras beteende vid köp av en produkt. Denna process består av fem olika steg; behov, informationssökning, värdering av alternativ, köpbeslut och utvärdering. Köpbeslutsprocessen har länge varit en accepterad modell men forskare menar att introduktionen av Internet som en kanal för konsumtion har även förändrat denna process. Internet har även lett till ett maktskifte där kunderna idag har större inflytande, vilket i hög grad påverkar köpbeslutsprocessen inom e-handel Syfte: Syftet är att utforska hur konsumenterna uppfattar sitt beteende när de konsumerar genom e-handel. Forskningsfrågor: Hur uppfattar konsumenter den köpbeslutsprocess de går igenom när de konsumerar genom e-handel?Hur uppfattar konsumenterna olika faktorer som är betydelsefulla för dem när de konsumerar genom e-handel? Metod: Kvalitativ studie, Tvärsnittsdesign, Semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats: Studien visar att den traditionella modellen för köpbeslutsprocessen inte stämmer överens med konsumenternas uppfattning om hur de genomgår processen i en e-handel kontext. Denna process påverkas av faktorerna inflytande, bekvämlighet, webbsidans atmosfär, risk, pris, utbud, konsumtionstillfällen, förväntningar, leverans och retur.

The study shows that multi-sided markets pose difficulties when the relevant product market is to be defined. These difficulties pertain to two questions. The first question is whether one or several markets should be defined. In this regard, it is not easy to extract a coherent method from the cases examined. Instead, the methods applied give the impression of ad hoc-solutions, where similar circumstances result in dissimilar outcomes. Indeed, it is hard to reconcile the different market definitions in Visa International MIF and MasterCard MIF. The uncertainties are not limited to these two cases, as the methods applied in Google Shopping too give rise to ambiguities. Why was the market for general search engine platforms separated into two distinct product markets, but the market for comparison shopping services encompassed both sides? Unfortunately, this discussion was not present in the decision. This only serves to reinforce the impression that these questions are solved on an ad hoc-basis. A clear method of approaching multi-sided markets is desirable, not least because the enforcement of competition rules must be characterized by consistency and foreseeability. Hopefully, the judgement in Google Shopping will bring further clarity to this. Nonetheless, the conclusion is that one market should be defined when differences between competitive constraints on the two sides are absent. E contrario, this means that two markets should be defined when such differences are present. This is true regardless of the market in question being a transaction or a non-transaction market. This method seems preferable to strictly adhering to the division of multi-sided markets into transaction or non-transaction markets. If the Commission’s analysis is correct in that there are no differences in competitive constraints on the two sides of comparison shopping services, in combination with crossing network effects, the platform’s multi-sidedness is a necessary trait for both sides. This means that a substitute has to be multi-sided in order for it to be included on the relevant product market, which minimizes the risk for false negatives. Vice versa, the definition of two markets allows for one-sided products to be included on the relevant product market, which minimizes the risk for false positives. This is important not only for the binary finding of dominance or non-dominance, but also the degree of dominance. As concluded above, incorrectly defining one market may artificially inflate the degree of dominance into false super-dominance, and incorrectly defining several markets may artificially dilute the degree of dominance. The second question is how substitutability should be measured. It is obvious from the cases examined that qualitative measures are used and not quantitative measures. The products’ characteristics, intended use, purpose, functionalities, users’ perceptions of the product, etc. were given much attention. The SSNIP test was not applied in any of the cases. The first conclusion to be drawn from the examination above is therefore that the difficulties regarding measuring substitutability on multi-sided markets mainly concern quantitative measures. The arguments against applying a SSNIP test related to the cellophane fallacy (in two different forms, one of which was deceivingly similar to the reverse cellophane fallacy) and differences in price sensitivities between the two sides. Network effects present an additional difficulty, which may lead to exaggerated results when measuring substitutability. The second conclusion to be drawn is that there exists a reluctance to apply a SSNIP test in a way that is tailored for multi-sided markets. One method that has been proposed is to apply the test on the total sum paid by both sides, while allowing the intermediary to adjust the increase in price in accordance with its price structure. The categorical dismissal of applying the test in this way suggests that adapted versions have some time to wait before being introduced into case law and decisional practice. If they, as their proponents argue, are a robust way of broadening the evidence of possible substitutability, this is unfortunate. The risk of defining the market overly narrow or overly broad is of course present in this regard as well. A broader spectrum of evidence therefore minimizes the risk of incorrectly finding both dominance and non-dominance.

Dans cette thèse nous étudions l’impact de l’expérience de magasinage sur le comportement du consommateur dans un contexte de magasin physique proposant des dispositifs digitaux à ses clients. Nous cherchons ainsi à mesurer la valeur ajoutée de l’utilisation des dispositifs digitaux sur l’expérience vécue en magasin et sur le comportement du consommateur. Nous testons aussi le rôle modérateur des variables individuelles qui sont le besoin de toucher (Need For Touch) et le niveau optimal de stimulation (Optimal Level of Stimulation) sur le lien entre le degré d’utilisation des dispositifs digitaux et l’expérience vécue. Après avoir réalisé une revue de la littérature sur nos concepts clés, nous avons conduit trois études successives : une étude qualitative auprès de managers, puis, deux études quantitatives menées en magasin réel. La recherche a montré un impact positif du degré d’utilisation des dispositifs digitaux en magasin sur l’expérience et sur le comportement du consommateur. L’effet modérateur du niveau optimal de stimulation a été validé ; celui du besoin de toucher l’a été partiellement
In this thesis we study the impact of the shopping experience on consumer behavior in a physical store context offering digital devices to its customers. We thus seek to measure the added value ofthe use of digital devices on the experience lived in store and on the consumer’s behavior. We alsotest the moderating role of the individual variables which are the need to touch (Need For Touch) and the optimal level of stimulation (Optimal Level of Stimulation) on the link between the degreeof use of digital devices and the lived experience. After carrying out a literature review on our keyconcepts, we conducted three successive studies: a qualitative study with managers, then two quantitative studies conducted in store with customers. Research has shown a positive impact of the degree of use of in-store digital devices on consumer experience and behavior. The moderating effect of the optimal level of stimulation has been validated ; that of the need for touch has beenpartially

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
圖文傳播學系
99
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the content of online cosmetic stores. This study first used content analysis to understand the status quo of the shopping services in 57 online cosmetic stores. Then, by online survey, consumers’ needs of the shopping services provided by online cosmetic stores were understood. There were totally 485 valid questionnaires for the analysis. And further comparing the difference between shopping services offered by online cosmetic stores and what consumers need, the research results were as follows: 1.“Customer support” was the most emphatic information item of interactive services content of online cosmetic stores, and “Entertainment” was the lowest. However, “Security” was the most emphatic information item of commercial services content of online cosmetic stores, and “Payment” was the lowest. 2.“Customer support” was the highly needed interactive services content of online cosmetic stores by consumers, and “Entertainment” was the lowest. However, “Distribution” was the highly needed commercial services content of online cosmetic stores by consumers, and “Payment” was the lowest. 3.There were significant differences in consumers’ needs of interactive services content of online cosmetic stores between “gender” and “how long for suffering online cosmetic stores per times”. 4.There were significant differences in consumers’ needs of commercial services content of online cosmetic stores between “gender”, “age”, “monthly Salary”, “online shopping using qualification”, “online cosmetic stores shopping using qualification ”and “how long for suffering online cosmetic stores per times”. 5.There were extremely differences between the online cosmetic stores and consumers’ needs for “Feedback”, “Website design”, “Distribution” and “Security”. According to the results of the study, applicable suggestions were provided for the managers of online cosmetic stores and future researchers.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
圖文傳播學系
99
The purpose of this study was to explore the content and presentation of the original internet apparel stores shopping services.First of all, we used content analysis to understand the current status of the shopping service of 45 original apparel internet stores. Secondly, the study used online questionnaire investigation to realize the needs of online purchases experience consumers for original apparel internet stores shopping services. The information of the 448 valid questionnaires could be used. And further compare the difference between shopping services which offer from original apparel internet stores and what consumers need them. The findings of this study were as follows: 1.“Products information services” was the most emphatic item of the shopping services content of the original apparel internet stores, and “Online shopping promotion services” was the lowest. However, “Products classification ways” was the most emphatic item of the shopping services presentation, and “Products searching presentation ways” was the lowest. 2.“Online shopping transaction services” was the highly consumers’ needs of the original apparel internet stores shopping services content, and “Online shopping personalized services” was the lowest. However, “Products searching presentation ways” was the highly consumers’ needs of the shopping services presentation, and “Products surfing line” was the lowest. 3.There were significant differences in consumers’ needs of the original apparel internet stores shopping services content between “gender”, “age” , “occupation”, “ online shopping using qualification ” ,“original apparel internet stores using qualification ” , “how long for suffering original apparel internet per times ” and “how much for spending original apparel internet per times”. 4.There were significant differences in consumers’ needs of the original apparel internet stores shopping services presentation between “occupations”, “original apparel internet stores using qualification”, “how long for suffering original apparel internet per times” and “how much for spending original apparel internet per times”. 5.There were extremely differences between the original apparel internet stores and consumers’ need for “Online shopping promotion services”, “Online shopping customer support services” and“Products searching presentation ways”. According to the results of the study, it will provide applicable suggestions for the original apparel internet stores of managers, designers, consumers and future researchers.

碩士
中原大學
商業設計研究所
90
Over decades, signs help people find their way in unfamiliar environments, and holistically serve as a significant role of communication between people and environment. However, with the development of modern civilization, the complex built environment in which we are situated has become less intelligible to the ordinary people. Simple signs and their combination are insufficient in resolving people’s wayfinding problems. Thus, it is essential for the design profession to take on the challenge in sign design from the perspective of people’s wayfinding needs. Following the wayfinding theory of Romedi Passini, the cognition-map approach of Kevin Lynch, and qualitative methods of phenomenological analysis, this research conducted on-site observation and data collection at the newly established Tai-Mall shopping center. In-depth data analysis included 10 cognitive maps and 56 wayfinding samples. This resulted in 5 areas of findings pertaining to wayfinding behavior, which, in turn, can be converted into 17 sign-design guidelines for the shopping center under study. This research concludes with a proposed analytic method, sign design guidelines and procedure.

碩士
樹德科技大學
經營管理研究所
102
Within the increasing popularity of wireless networks, the numbers of 3G mobile users are increasing. In addition, the smart phones and tablet PCs have been rapidly growing; the mobile internet has become an indispensable part of living. According to III (MIC) "2013 Action Shopping Survey”, a survey for Taiwanese consumers has found out that 57.1 percent of the consumers has experience in the use of mobile devices for shopping in the past year , representing a significant growth of 16.4% since March 2012. This shows that consumers have improved the willingness of using mobile devices to purchase non-digital good. There is an increase in time spent for the consumers to use mobile shopping rather than a computer. Recently, there are many shopping promotions such as: limited promotions, exclusive offers, to reduce consumer’s decisions parity time, relative to the growth of mobile shopping. This research will conduct in mobile shopping basing on quality function deployment theory, through the requirement and fundamental element of the information interface which were required by the customer. According to conclusion, the top fifth elements which customer required are, standardize of product information, service manner, problem solving, after-sales service and website design. This studied also find out that the improvement and design of information interface will enhance more competitive in growing mobile shopping market. Keywords :Mobiles Shopping、Mobile Devices、Smart phone、Mobile internet、Quality Function Deploymen

碩士
國立臺中科技大學
資訊管理系碩士班
107
Nowadays, more and more enterprises are investing their resources in developing virtual reality（VR）content. To increase customer satisfaction and purchase intention by providing innovative shopping methods, has become one of the key focus of today''s enterprises. Previous research on VR concentrated more on the application to education and entertainment fields than on the discussion of VR shopping issues in the retail industry. In attempting to fill the gap left out in the past research, this study applied VR to the online shopping environment in the retail industry, to explore those factors that affect the customers. In view of this, this study explained user''s IT adoption behavior with theoretical framework of perceived needs-technology-fit (TTF). In which, usage and satisfaction theory (motivation needs) and innovation diffusion theory (technical characteristics) were used as the antecedents. Also, by adding immersion and spatial presence, this study had constructed a complete research model, to explore consumer''s willingness to use VR for shopping. An empirical study was carried out by an online survey questionnaire, data collected from the survey were analyzed by partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Finally, the study found motivational needs and relative advantage, service compatibility, trialability significantly affect perceived need-technology fit which in turn affect satisfaction and purchase intention. Furthermore, immersion also has a significant effect on customer satisfaction. The results of this study may provide useful help to electronic commerce (EC) industries to attend to utilitarian and hedonic aspects, and to strengthen their system compatibility and operational smoothness.

碩士
國立政治大學
資訊管理學系
104
While online shopping websites are facing the difficulties of price and low-quality competition, cross-border online shopping is on a vigorous development trend, showing that cross-border online shopping is an important trend of online shopping field. Due to the complexity of cross-border online shopping is much higher than the traditional domestic online shopping, so understanding the value of cross-border online shopping consumers is the most important success factors. Companies want to develop new markets abroad, must understand the local consumer’s behavior and their decision-making process in order to make good business strategies. This study uses means-end chain to construct Taiwanese cross-border online shopping consumers’ hierarchical value map, and also apply to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, then sorting these value elements’ importance by their position in hierarchy of needs. After obtained the reason why consumers use cross-border online shopping service and what values they got in this service. Researcher can predict and analyze the evolution and development of cross-border online shopping, provide reference for future online shopping academic studies and online shopping industry’s decision-making.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Finanças.
O comércio a retalho encontra-se em constante mudança e depara-se com novos desafios e necessidades dos consumidores. Contudo, este tipo de comércio tem conseguido adaptar-se ao tempo e à mudança. Todas as adaptações do comércio a retalho levam ao aparecimento dos Centros Comerciais que visam melhorar a qualidade da experiência de compra sentida pelo consumidor, uma vez que apresenta uma grande diversidade de lojas e atividades confinadas no mesmo espaço, visando despertar as suas motivações de compra. Com o alargamento da quantidade de Centros Comerciais os consumidores tornaram-se mais seletivos na hora de escolher qual o centro comercial que irão frequentar. É neste quadro que apresentamos este estudo empírico no âmbito do Mestrado em Finanças, que tem como objetivo analisar quais as razões que levam os consumidores a frequentar os centros comerciais. Tendo em conta os objetivos desta investigação, optámos por uma abordagem que engloba o recurso ao inquérito por questionário, construído para o efeito. Serão ainda explorados os resultados relativos às variáveis explicativas do estudo nomeadamente apresentada uma caracterização sociográfica dos inquiridos, identificar os Centros comerciais mais procurados e definir o que os distingue dos demais.
The retail market is constantly changing and finding new challenges and needs of consumers. However , this market has been able to adapt to time and change. All adjustments of the retail market lead to the emergence of shopping centers to improve the quality of the shopping experience felt by the consumer. as it features a wide variety of shops and activities in the same confined space, seeking to awaken their motivations for purchase. With the extending network of Shopping Centers consumers have become more selective in choosing which one they will attend. It´s in this context that we present this empirical study within the Master in Finance , which aims to analyse the reasons which lead consumers to frequent Shopping Centers . Given the objectives of this research, we opted for an approach that includes the use of questionnaire survey, built for the purpose. Further results related to the explanatary variables of the study will be presented, a particular respondentes sociograph characterization will be presented, the most popular Shopping Center will be identified and what distinguishes it from the others will be defined.
Orientação: Prof. Doutor Fernando Oliveira Tavares.

碩士
國立成功大學
資訊工程學系
107
Nowadays, many people can buy things online without going out. In Taiwan, auction sites, such as Ruten, PC-HOME, are well-known. Many people buy what he or she wants through online channels. Some functions, like the searching bar, common searching words, products categories, …, is very useful. However, we can’t get the advices and recommends via online shopping. When we go outside to buy things, we often get advice from sellers. However, if we buy things online, we can only search data by ourselves. So, we want to create a shopping chatbot to provide users some advices when they are shopping. We propose the ATCN model, Activity-Task-Consumption Need model, to train the data using shopping articles. ATCN model is based on complex structure, in which there are four layers. We use four database tables, which produced by ATCN model, to build the shopping chatbot. We have two experiments, one is to evaluate the performance of task extraction and the other is to evaluate the performance of related task prediction. We think the shopping chatbot will be more convenient soon. We can use less time and effort in shopping.

There is a popular lay-belief that consumers always strive to repair their negative mood. However, one can think of contrary instances where people seek out melancholic music when they feel sad, or choose to remain miserable when something frustrates them. My dissertation proposes that people vary considerably in the degree to which they need to feel better when they experience negative feelings. Specifically, my dissertation advances current understanding of why certain individuals do not engage in mood repair. It also allows us to decipher when people would form judgments and decisions in a mood-congruent versus mood-incongruent manner, thereby accounting for the lack of robustness of mood repair effects. To this end, I advance a construct called the "Need to Feel Better" (NFB), and propose four distinct facets of NFB that individuals differ on: 1) behavioral tendency to repair bad moods, 2) aversion to negative feelings, 3) pleasure derived from negative feelings, and 4) tendency to reflect on negative feelings. I also propose a scale that measures this construct and the four facets it encompasses. My dissertation shows that NFB is associated with stronger preference for common mood repair activities such as leisure shopping and exercise. It is also associated with certain demographics (e.g., age and gender), personality traits (e.g., extraversion and agreeableness), and self-regulation constructs (e.g., promotion-focus). NFB also predicts people's tendency to engage in mood repair when they experience negative moods and their attitudes towards mood lifting appeals. From a managerial standpoint, this work provides insights for the marketing of "feel-good" products (e.g., aromatherapy and vacation packages) and the use of mood repair appeals (e.g., Volkswagen's "Get Happy" Super Bowl commercial and the "Look Good Feel Better" campaign for women with cancer by the cosmetics industry).

碩士
朝陽科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
101
Recently, the increased self-awareness of online shoppers has promoted vigorous development in online shopping, developing personalized functions and uses for online shopping. The consuming behaviors of online shoppers vary, and the needs and expectations of online shoppers are unpredictable. Specifically, online shoppers emphasize the need for uniqueness (NFU) to establish a self-styled consuming behavior. Consequently, shopping websites must not only emphasize the NFU of online shoppers, but also satisfy the purchasing needs and expectations through personalized services. This study primarily explored the effects that personalized services offered by shopping websites have on relationship quality, using NFU of online shoppers as the moderating variable. The website subject of this study was the Yahoo! Shopping website. The formal survey of this study consisted of 2 parts. For the first part, Chaoyang University of Technology students with shopping experiences using the Yahoo! Shopping website were employed. For the second part, through the online questionnaire approach, non-student group with similar shopping experiences using Yahoo! Shopping website was adopted. The data analysis methods included sample structural analysis, descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, validity analysis, exploratory factor analysis, t test, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and hierarchicalregression analysis. The study results included the following: (a) the 2 items in shopping websites, which included personalized services regarding purchase inquiries and tracking and the quality of product and service customizations, significantly and positively affected the relationship quality of online shoppers and shopping websites (including satisfaction, trust, and loyalty); and (b) the NFU regarding image and style of online shoppers interfered with the resulting effects that personalized services for purchase inquiries, tracking, and product selection have on relationship quality (i.e., satisfaction and trust). The results of this study can provide shopping websites with reference for designing personalized online marketing strategies.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
經營管理系碩士班
101
This research focuses on the influence of different types of social virtual product experience(SVPE) on social shopping value, which moderated by consumers’need for uniqueness (CNFU) and product types. In study 1, we can understand the types of social virtual product experience through intensive interview and focus group interview. The study 2 adopts the research results of study 1 to design the two types of website (c2c giving SVPE and b2c exchange SVPE), to examine the interaction between consumers’need for uniqueness, product types and social virtual product experience. The result found that: high- uniqueness consumers’ social shopping value and purchase intention for publicly consumed products are higher than low-uniqueness consumers on the situation of b2c exchange SVPE. In addition, low- uniqueness consumers’ social shopping value and purchase intention for publicly consumed products are higher than high-uniqueness consumers on the situation of c2c giving SVPE. Whether SVPE is exchange or giving, purchase intention is no difference for privately consumed products between high and low uniqueness consumers.

With the aid of a "case study" research design, this thesis analyses the typology of informational services, whose prudent application can influence relations of institutions existing within the drama industry with the broader public. The theoretical part sheds light on the problematic definition of "information services", which is placed in the context of online marketing, and introduces ways, in which this term possesses an added value in the form of affecting the applied processes of public relations within particular institutions. Secondly, it includes basic methodological perspectives on quantitative research, the rules of performing case study research as the selected research design, and last but not least, it describes utilised methods of data collection. The last and most key part of the thesis is based on resulting application of the typology of information services, discussed in the previous parts, and concerns itself with the aforementioned question of their influence on public relation processes of individual institutions. These include the information portal divadlo.cz, which serves caters for the domestic sphere of theatre, and an official web presentation of the Divadlo na Zabradli theatre. The analysis is of inductive nature and is not directed by a previously determined...

碩士
國立中正大學
企業管理系研究所
107
The popularity of technology devices has brought convenience to life and has made "online shopping" as an important way to purchase products. With consumers spend more on online shopping, the shopping trend has moved from offline to online. The competition between different shopping platforms has gradually intensified. How to attract customers and trigger purchase intention is an important issue to increase profits. In the past, research on purchasing intention mainly explored the influence of different products, ages, and prices under different personality traits; or simply discussed the influence of different brightness and hue. Only few literature studies how brightness and hue affect the purchasing intention for specific personality traits. This study uses brand-name sneakers as an example. With hue and brightness as the variables, and personality traits are added: "Sensation Seeking" and "Need For Touch" as moderate. Sample analysis suggests that consumers would have higher purchasing intention on blue background and on high brightness, while consumers with low need for touch have higher online shopping intention. But consumers with high sensation seeking may be affected by different products in terms of purchase intention. In addition, consumers with high sensation seeking and low need for touch hold higher purchase intentions. It is recommended that shopping platforms should combine personality traits and color design, using blue and high-brightness colors first; for those with low need for touch, high brightness should be adopted to maintain higher purchase intention. Furthermore, online shopping platforms can target the customer group who has high sensation seeking and low need for touch. As the proportion of cross-device online shopping increases, it is recommended that future research can be directed toward the color of the page of the mobile device.

The general body of academic knowledge on the commercial development of smaller towns is in its infancy. Yet its inherent potential is well perceived from a development and market perspective. Shopping centre development could have an important function in getting products and services to the marketplace in an economical way. Furthermore, it could have a very significant socio-economic impact in the central business district (CBD). Although such a shopping centre will surely create new businesses, employment and production opportunities for local businesses it is of importance to first determine the financial viability and impact of the new development on existing businesses. Developers and researchers often approach the subject of shopping centre development from different perspectives. The research output is often of limited impact as the critical link between demographical analysis and financial viability is not made. Researchers are usually excluded from the physical establishment, rental structures, tenant mix, design, cost of construction, return on investment, funding and future management of the proposed new shopping centre project. Linking demographic assessment and financial viability is a critical output of this study. Bethlehem and its district are quite unique in a number of ways, especially regarding the presence of a large farming community. Bethlehem provides goods and services to residents of Bethlehem, Clarens, Kestell, Harrismith, Heilbron, Paul Roux, Petrus Steyn, Reitz, Senekal and Warden. The main shopping activity occurs in the CBD of Bethlehem and its surrounding areas. Bethlehem only has one major shopping centre (the Metropolitan Centre) that provides goods and services for the people in the surrounding area. This causes an over concentration in the CBD and too much traffic in an already limited space. There is a high need for Bethlehem to provide a bigger shopping centre for the citizens of the town, as well as the surrounding areas. This study investigates the need for a new shopping centre in Bethlehem and will determine whether a new shopping centre will be viable within the area The empirical study revealed that approximately half of the respondents are not satisfied with the current shopping centres in Bethlehem. A greater amount of respondents felt that the shopping centres do not offer enough parking. The study revealed that, from a consumer point of view, there is definitely a need for a new shopping centre in Bethlehem and that there is a gap of approximately 12 892m² GLA (Gross leasable area). However, this was determined before the opening of the new Dihlabeng Mall. The Dihlabeng Mall occupies 24 142m², therefore an oversupply is already taken place.
MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013