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Academic literature on the topic 'Shoot'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Shoot"

1

Wilson, Brayton F. "Shoot-length frequencies in black birch (Betula lenta)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-207.

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Lengths of all parent and current shoots were measured on three 8- to 10-year-old black birch (Betulalenta L.) trees with branches <8 years old. Older branches had more short shoots (<1 cm long) and shorter long shoots (>2 cm long) than younger branches. Parent long shoots produced three to nine basal short shoots. Observations on short-shoot production were consistent with the hypothesis that only buds with adequate nutrition formed long shoots. Three growth rules were developed for a model that simulated individual branch growth: (i) a regression predicting lateral shoot number from each parent shoot length; (ii) probabilities for the number of short shoots produced by a parent shoot based on the total number of current shoots produced per parent shoot; (iii) a regression predicting current shoot length from parent shoot length, current shoot position (longest to shortest), branch age, and main-axis elongation in the current and previous year. Simulations of 81 branches using these rules predicted shoot numbers and total shoot lengths close to those of the actual branches (R2 = 0.73–0.84).

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2

Yagi, Takanobu. "Relationships between shoot size and branching patterns in 10 broad-leaved tall tree species in a Japanese cool-temperate forest." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 12 (December 2006): 1894–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-138.

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Within-tree variations in branching patterns (the patterns of daughter shoot production by mother shoots) are the basis of tree architectural plasticity and, therefore, were studied in 10 cool-temperate broad-leaved tall tree species including three species with distinct short shoots. The relationships between mother shoot length versus branching patterns (i.e., the number and size of daughter shoots) were quantified for each species using regression equations. The number and stem length of daughter shoots were greater on longer mother shoots, although the majority of daughter shoots were short on mother shoots of any size. The magnitude of lateral spread of the mother shoot – daughter shoot system relative to that of its main axis extension increased with increasing mother shoot length, indicating weaker apical control on longer mother shoots. Among species, the lower limit of daughter shoot length was shorter and the frequency of short daughter shoots was greater on mother shoots of species with more distinct short shoots. This indicates that species with distinct short shoots effectively avoid branch overcrowding by minimizing daughter shoot extension. Differences in branching patterns among mother shoots of different sizes are discussed in relation to their functional importance for tree architectural development.

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3

Lauri, Pierre-Éric, and Jean-Jacques Kelner. "Shoot type demography and dry matter partitioning: a morphometric approach in apple (Malus ×domestica)." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 1270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-113.

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In a study of the apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) canopy structure, 5-year-old 'Fuji' and 'Braeburn' trees grafted on a low-vigour rootstock (M9) were compared at both fruiting branch and shoot levels. Percentages of short ([Formula: see text]5 cm) shoots and short shoot leaf area were significantly higher on 'Braeburn' than on 'Fuji', (76.8% vs. 72.6% and 46.9% vs. 42.9% for 'Braeburn' and 'Fuji', respectively). This high percentage of short shoots as compared with literature data was probably due to the training method, which reduced vigour. At shoot level, the ratio between dry masses of axis and leaf, called the axialization index, was determined to compare short and long shoots. Axialization values were higher for 'Braeburn' than for 'Fuji'. Although overall and individual leaf area was greater on long shoots, long shoot axialization (0.64 and 0.54 for 'Braeburn' and 'Fuji', respectively) was approximately twice that of short shoots (0.36 and 0.24, respectively). Therefore, for short shoots, the reduced carbon investment in supporting tissues may explain the significant role short shoots played in supporting early fruit development. For long shoots, the longer time required to reach the autotrophic and then exporting stage as well as the detrimental effect of early extension shoot development on fruit set might be explained by greater axialization.Key words: long shoot, short shoot, axialization index, apple, Malus ×domestica, biomass partitioning.

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Ishihara, Masae, and Kihachiro Kikuzawa. "Species-specific variation in shoot production patterns of five birch species with respect to vegetative and reproductive shoots." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-099.

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We tested whether the difference in shoot production patterns of reproductive and vegetative shoots is only due to resource or meristem availability or also due to species-specific factors. Rates of shoot production by four shoot types (reproductive long shoots, vegetative long shoots, reproductive short shoots, and vegetative short shoots) in Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var. japonica (Miq.) Hara, Betula davurica Pall., Betula ermanii Cham., Betula grossa Sieb. et Zucc., and Betula maximowicziana Regel were compared. In the first three species, each shoot type produced all four shoot types. However, in the latter species, limited shoot production pathways were found both in reproductive shoots and in vegetative shoots, which do not carry any costs associated with reproduction. Furthermore, shoot production by reproductive shoots was not always diminished, but rather was enhanced compared with that by vegetative shoots in B. maximowicziana. These results suggest the importance of species-specific patterns in shoot production, in addition to previously suggested explanations involving resource or meristem limitation.Key words: species specificity, cost of reproduction, Betula, reproductive shoots, vegetative shoots.

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5

Souza, João Paulo, Carlos Henrique B. A. Prado, Ana Lúcia S. Albino, and Maria A. Damascos. "Shoot-foliage relationships in deciduous, semideciduous, and evergreen cerrado tree species." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 21, no. 1 (2009): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202009000100009.

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The morphology and the biomass allocation in shoots and leaves were investigated in 15 cerrado tree species with distinct leaf phenology growing under natural conditions. Higher values of leaf/shoot ratio on mass base, individual leaf area, leaf area per shoot, leaf display index, and leaf number per shoot length were found in deciduous than in evergreen species. The differences about shoot-foliage relationship across leaf phenological groups could be explained by plagiotropic shoots on deciduous and by erect shoots in semideciduous and evergreen species. Plagiotropic shoots allow similar irradiance along shoots and high biomass allocation in favor of leaves without foliage self-shading in deciduous tree species. The structural differentiation between short and long shoots was indicated by an exponential relationship between leaf display index and shoot length in all deciduous, in three semideciduous, and in two evergreen species. Therefore, especially in deciduous, the short shoots had higher leaf area per unit of length than the long shoots. The differentiation between short and long shoots depends on the shoot length in deciduous because of the leaf number on shoot is predetermined in buds. Contrastingly, the leaf neo-formation in semideciduous and in evergreen tree species keeps the shoot-leaf relationship per shoot length more constant, because of the foliage being produced according to the shoot growth during the year. In conclusion, the foliage persistence, the shoot inclination, the type of leaf production and the resources allocation between autotrophic and heterotrophic vegetative canopy parts are interdependent in cerrado tree species across different leaf phenological groups.

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Remphrey, W. R., and G. R. Powell. "Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: an analysis of higher order branching." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-038.

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Quantitative analysis and simulation modelling of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch branches revealed a complex system of architectural patterns and correlations. Numbers of lateral buds and long shoots were positively correlated with parent-shoot length, but the relationships varied among shoot orders and for sylleptic shoots. For order 2 and sylleptic shoots, numbers of lateral long shoots were also correlated with associated terminal-shoot lengths. Sylleptic shoots produced more lateral long shoots than equivalent proleptic shoots. Lateral long-shoot lengths decreased basipetally and were correlated with terminal-shoot lengths. Lengths of order 2 lateral long shoots also varied independently with crown position. Generally, the degree of apical control decreased and the proportion of short shoots increased with positions of less vigour in the crown. Terminal long-shoot lengths varied with parent-shoot length, location, and to some extent parent-axis leader length. Terminal short-shoot production was associated with shorter parent shoots. Shorter order 2 shoots (<60 mm) and most order 3 shoots produced no lateral long shoots. The net result was that branch structural development ceased in less vigorous crown positions. The spatial disposition of shoots, as defined by elevation and divergence angles, varied with position of origin around and along parent shoots. Although variable, elevation angles decreased and divergence angles increased basipetally.

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7

Johnson, R. S., and A. N. Lakso. "Carbon Balance Model of a Growing Apple Shoot: I. Development of the Model." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 2 (March 1986): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.2.160.

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Abstract A computer model simulating the C balance of a growing ‘Jonamac’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) shoot was constructed to estimate the time of first net carbohydrate export from the shoot. The model was based on measurements of net photosynthesis and dark respiration rates and estimates of the dry weight in the different components of the shoot. Under the prevailing weather of 1981, the model indicates that a shoot growing to a final length of 50 cm became a net exporter of carbohydrates 19 days after budbreak, a time corresponding to a shoot 4 cm long with 10 unfolded leaves. Assuming the same early growth rates, a shoot with a final length of 2 cm starts exporting at 15 days after budbreak. The total export of carbohydrates remains higher from short shoots than long shoots until 36 days after budbreak, indicating that short shoots supply greater amounts of carbohydrates to the rest of the plant during this early period. The model estimates the total import of carbohydrates from reserves of about 165 mg for the long shoot and 80 mg for the short shoot. In each instance, these reserves only accounted for about 20% of the total carbohydrates used by the shoot up to that point. The remainder was supplied by current photosynthates.

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Saouab, Fatima-Ezzahra, and Mohammed Bendriss Amraoui. "Short Shoot Growth and Reproduction Response to Light Conditions Vary with Order Branching in the Proximal Part of C. atlantica Crown." International Journal of Forestry Research 2020 (February 10, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8383010.

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This study compared the effects of shading in individual branch orders 2 and 3 on the needle survival, growth, and reproduction of five categories of short shoots of the proximal part of wild Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) G. Manetti ex Carrière). The sun exposure did not affect the number of short shoots in the two branch orders, whereas light compared to shade only stimulates the unbranched short shoot elongation of the branch order 3. The impact of shade exposure compared to sun on the loss of needles depends on the order of branching; it is weak to order 2 and increases to higher order. This effect in the branch order 3 is achieved by a significant decrease of the fallen leaf number in the unbranched short shoot SSnr and the short shoot SS/T worn by Twigs while in the branch order 2 only short shoot SS (nr + r) loses significantly few needles. In terms of short shoot extension and needle loss, the SS/T of the branch order 3 behaves in the same way as the SS (nr + r) of the branch order 2. The shadow compared to sunlit only decreases significantly the production of pollen strobili of the branch order 2. Close relationships between short shoot extension, leaf life span, and pollen strobili production of axillary products in the proximal part of C. atlantica crown were found.

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Remphrey, W. R., and G. R. Powell. "Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: production and disposition of foliage and their simulation." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 2234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-306.

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In saplings of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch (tamarack), correlations between projected leaf area (PLA) and architectural variables such as shoot length and shoot age were incorporated into existing simulation models to estimate the distribution of PLA in the crown according to several spatial, temporal, and morphological parameters. After five generations of simulated shoot growth, PLA values ranged from 8.2 m2 for trees with short height growth increments (HGIs) and no syllepsis to 25.5 m2 for those with long HGIs and heavy syllepsis. Although PLA increased, the rate of increase declined over time. In early simulated generations, long-shoot PLA predominated. In the fifth simulated generation, short shoots bore about 75% of the PLA. There was a basipetal increase in PLA by HGI, but the relationship was nonlinear. In trees with syllepsis, sylleptic origin branches on individual HGIs carried more PLA than concomitant proleptic branches for 1 year but thereafter the proportions were reversed. Over successive generations, the contribution of different branch orders to the total PLA shifted from mostly first-order long shoots (including PLA on daughter short-shoot axes) to second-order shoots carrying more than 50% by year 5. Because of the short-shoot contribution, there was considerable PLA in all regions of the crown, although the greatest concentration was in lower regions of midconic zones. Simulated PLA index increased substantially with crown development. Trees with short HGIs had the greatest PLA index and those with long HGIs had the least.

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Ruan, Yiqin, and Mark H. Brand. "In Vitro Responses of Tissues from Rhododendron Plants With and Without Tissue Proliferation." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 873D—873. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.873d.

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Rhododendron `Montego' shoot cultures initiated from plants with and without tissue proliferation (TP and NTP) served as explant sources for all studies (Note: in vitro TP shoot cultures produce primarily dwarf shoots, some long shoots, and stem tumors). Calli induced from TP leaves and tumors and NTP leaves were cultured on woody plant (WP) medium containing NAA and 2-iP. During the first 4 weeks of culture, calli from NTP leaves had higher relative growth rates than calli from TP leaves or tumors. However, calli from TP leaves and tumors grew faster than calli from NTP leaves for all subculture periods that followed. Shoot tips (5 mm) were excised from TP dwarf shoots, TP long shoots, and NTP shoots and were cultured on WP medium with or without 15 μM 2-iP. Shoot tips from TP dwarf and long shoots multiplied on medium without 2-iP, averaging 18.4 and 1.7 shoots per shoot tip in 12 weeks, respectively. Shoot tips from NTP shoots only multiplied when maintained on 2-iP-containing medium. When placed on 2-iP-containing medium, both types of TP shoot tips produced clusters of callus-like nodules that gave rise to highly tumorized, short shoots or leafy meristems.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shoot"

1

Stephenson, Debra Phyllis. "Transfer of training in a shoot-don't-shoot scenario simulation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29517.

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Robertson, Paul. "Police dilemmas of interpretation and action : the 'shoot/no-shoot dilemma'." Thesis, University of Abertay Dundee, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.650525.

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3

Rivers, Tiffany. "Shoot or Be Shot| Urban America and Gun Violence among African American Males." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10841331.

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Gun homicides are highly concentrated in African American communities and are widespread in urban neighborhoods. African American males are disproportionately victims and perpetrators of gun violence, have a higher propensity to use and carry weapons, and are more likely to die due to gun violence. Few studies, however, provide a detailed account of the history of gun carrying, the value of gun carrying, and the individual and situational factors that lead to or inhibit the use of guns among young African American males.

Based on semi-structured interviews of 11 African American males obtained via snowball sampling, this thesis explains the causes of African American male gun violence, and describes the patterns and decision-making processes around gun carrying and the use of guns (i.e. how gun were introduced, obtained, used or not used, loved, and despised) among African American males in Oakland, California. Based on the sample’s insight, this thesis concludes that strengthening collective efficacy and community-police relationships, providing employment and educational opportunities and resources, implementing mentorship and restorative justice programs, and Crime Prevention Through Experimental Design (CPTED) strategies can reduce gun violence.

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4

Rumbke, Leif. "Run, Shoot, Catch : Kinetik im Computerspiel." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3328/.

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Die Bedeutung der Bewegung im Computerspiel wird von vielen Seiten immer wieder betont. Dies ist keinesfalls verwunderlich, wenn man sich einmal die „Verben“ vor Augen führt, die den Handlungsraum klassischer Computerspiele konstituieren: „Laufen“, „Schießen“ und „Fangen“ sollen hier nur als Stellvertreter für ein Repertoire an möglichen Aktionen stehen, die allesamt auf der kinetischen Ebene stattfinden. Diese Handlungen erschöpfen sich aber nicht in sich selbst, sondern stellen auch Sinnzusammenhänge unterhalb der Spielelemente her. In den meisten klassischen Games sind es eben diese kinetischen Relationen, welche die singulären Elemente überhaupt erst zu einem diegetischen Spielraum zusammenfügen, und das Spiel so ermöglichen. Umso verwunderlicher mutet es da an, dass dieser Gestaltungsebene von analytischer Seite bislang so wenig Aufmerksamkeit zu Teil wurde. Mein Aufsatz soll an die Möglichkeiten einer kinetischen Perspektive bei der Betrachtung von Computerspielen heranführen und aufzeigen, welches Potential in einer Analyse wie auch der gestalterischen Nutzung dieser bislang weitgehend vernachlässigten Gestaltungsebene liegen könnte.
The significance of movement in computer games has always been emphasized by many views. This is not at all surprising when one considers the verbs describing the actions that occur in classic games: “Running”, “Shooting” and “Catching” are just a taste of the wide array of playing possibilities, all taking place on a level of kinetics. However these are not just words describing movement but rather create significant relations between the elements in the game. In most classic games it is exactly these kinetic correlations that bring together the single elements to create a diegetic space, thereby rendering the game possible. All the more remarkable is the lack of attention this level of design has received from any analytical standpoint. This document should provide an introduction to the possibilities of observing video games from a kinetics point of view, and bring to light what kind of potential lies in a dedicated analysis of this much neglected level of design as well as its utilization in the creative process.

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Venn, Peter. "Regulation of shoot apical meristem activity." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20969/.

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All above ground plant organs initiate or derive from stem cells at the shoot apical meristem. The activity of the shoot apical meristem determines the rate of leaf initiation, which is repressed by the ACTIN RELATED PROTEIN2/3 (ARP2/3) complex in the dark. The ARP2/3 complex is an ancient nucleator of actin filament branches, with roles in a variety of subcellular processes. However, the mechanism by which the ARP2/3 complex regulates shoot apical meristem activity is unknown. In this thesis I show that the increased shoot apical meristem activity of arp3 in prolonged darkness required the polar auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1). Wild-type shoot apical meristem activity was largely unaffected by inhibitors of polar auxin transport in the dark, and a pin1 mutant had similar shoot apical meristem activity to wild-type. By stark contrast, the increased shoot apical meristem activity of arp3 was hypersensitive to inhibitors of polar auxin transport, and abolished in an arp3pin1 double mutant. Furthermore, multiple phenotypes of a brassinosteroid biosynthesis mutant det2, reported to have reduced PIN1 expression and polar auxin transport, were rescued in an arp3det2 double mutant grown in the light. These results indicate that the ARP2/3 complex regulates the activity of PIN1, possibly by facilitating PIN1 endocytosis, and suggest that the ARP2/3 complex is a repressor of brassinosteroid responses. The auxin response factors ARF4 and ARF5 were found to be repressors of shoot apical meristem activity in the same pathway as the ARP2/3 complex. This result led to the proposal of a model where auxin minima, rather than auxin maxima (where ARF4 and ARF5 are active) are required to initiate new leaves at the shoot apical meristem. The increased shoot apical meristem activity of arp3 required sugar, the glucose sensor TOR kinase, and the initial steps of glycolysis which generate precursors for cell wall biosynthesis. In a candidate approach to identify novel transcriptional regulators of dark development, the IND transcription factor was found to repress shoot apical meristem activity redundantly with its homologue HEC2. IND was also found to interact genetically with the phytochrome interacting factors PIF3 and PIF4 to differentially regulate shoot apical meristem activity. Microarray analysis revealed that the primary target of IND is the sugar transporter SWEET15 (upregulated), which promoted shoot apical meristem activity. This research identifies potential avenues for generating crop varieties with increased shoot apical meristem activity in the dark, which might be advantageous in a mulched system, and for generating semi-dwarf crop varieties, by activating a subset of brassinosteroid responses in brassinosteroid deficient crops.

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6

Smith, Dianne J. "They shoot single people, don't they?" [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000520.

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Abad, Vivero Ursula Citlalli. "Morphogenesis at the shoot Apical Meristem." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN088/document.

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Le phénomène de morphogenèse est le fruit de la division des cellules et de leur expansion, qui sont contrôlées de façon différentielle selon les types cellulaires et les tissus. Dans le cas des plantes, le méristème apical caulinaire (MAC) produit de façon continue les organes aériens à partir de primordia qui sont initiés suite à l’accumulation locale d’une hormone végétale, l’auxine. Pour étudier le processus de formation des organes aériens, nous utilisons l’inflorescence d’Arabidopsis thaliana, dont les fleurs sont mises en place selon un patron régulier à partir de cellules dérivées de cellules souches. Au cours de ce processus, ARF5/MP– un facteur de réponse à l’auxine se liant à l’ADN – joue un rôle central. Une fois activé, il induit l’expression des facteurs de transcription LEAFY, AINTEGUMENTA et AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6, qui sont nécessaires pour la spécification de l’identité florale et pour la croissance proliférative. A l’échelle cellulaire, des excroissances latérales sont initiées suite à des hétérogénéités locales de croissance. Dans les cellules végétales, ces différences sont dues à des modifications de la paroi cellulaire impliquant l’auxine et ses cibles, qui induisent des variations dans la dynamique des microtubules corticaux résultant en des changements de direction de croissance. Dans une moindre mesure, l’auxine diminue la rigidité des parois cellulaires préalablement à la formation d’un nouvel organe, conduisant à des changements de taux de croissance. Ceci est corrélé à l’activation transcriptionnelle de nombreux gènes qui sont impliqués dans les modifications de la paroi. Ainsi, la voie de signalisation de l’auxine régule l’initiation des primordia en intégrant d’une part l’activation d’un réseau de régulation transcriptionnelle et, d’autre part, la rigidité et l’anisotropie de la paroi cellulaire, impactant directement le taux et la direction de croissance.Cette thèse soutient l’idée selon laquelle l’initiation des organes dans le MAC repose sur des boucles de rétroaction là où des changements locaux de propriétés de la paroi cellulaire influent sur le réseau moléculaire. Il est probable que d’autres hormones soient nécessaires afin de canaliser l’initiation des organes
The process of morphogenesis is driven by cell division and expansion, which are controlled ina differential manner among cell types and tissues. In plants, the above ground organs arecontinuously produced by the shoot apical meristem (SAM), where the initiation of newprimordia is triggered by the local accumulation of the plant hormone auxin. We study theprocess of morphogenesis in the inflorescence of Arabidopsis thaliana, where flowers areformed in a regular pattern from the SAM.The DNA-binding auxin response factor ARF5/MP plays a central role in the initiation offlowers. After its activation, it induces the expression of LEAFY, AINTEGUMENTA andAINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 transcription factors necessary for the specification of floralidentity and proliferative growth. However, at the cellular level, the initiation of lateraloutgrowths depends on regional differences in growth. In plant cells, these processes areregulated via modifications of the cell wall. Auxin and its downstream targets are also involvedin these processes, by activating changes in the dynamics of the cortical microtubules, whichresult in changes in growth direction. Auxin also slightly reduces wall rigidity prior to organoutgrowth in the SAM, which results in changes in growth rate. This is correlated with thetranscriptional activation of a number of cell wall modifying genes.Thus, auxin signaling regulates primordium initiation by integrating the activation of atranscriptional regulatory network and both the stiffness and anisotropy of the cell wall, whichdirectly influence the rate and direction of growth.The findings of this thesis provide evidence indicating that the mechanisms of organ initiationat the SAM involve feedbacks where changes in the local properties of the cell wall influencethe molecular regulation of the transcriptional regulatory network. Our results suggest that thismight require the influence from other hormones, different from auxin, that funnel theinitiation of lateral outgrowths

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Sorefan, Karim. "The max4 Shoot Branching Regulator of Arabidopsis." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485139.

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Axillary bud growth is inhibited by auxin produced at the shoot apex and transported down the stem. Removal of the shoot apex by decapitation can release buds from inhibition, and application of auxin to the cut stump can restore bud inhibition. However auxin action is likely to be indirect because auxin does not accumulate in inhibited buds, and therefore requires a second messenger. The max4 mutant of Arabidopsis has increased b,ud growth that leads to increased branching in mature plants. The axillary buds of isolated nodes are also partially resistant to exogenous auxin applied to the apical cut stump. The max4 mutation also partially rescues the branch!ng of the axr3-1 auxin over-responding mutant. The auxin resistant phenotype of the max4 mutant appears to be specific to bud growth because max4 seedlings were only slightly resistant to exogenous auxin, and the max4 mutation did not rescue other auxin related phenotypes of the Bxr3-1 mutant. The phenotype and auxin physiology of the max4 mutant is reminiscent of the/amosus pea mutants. The ramosus1 mutant regulates a graft transmissible signal that interacts with auxin to inhibit bud growth. The max4 and ramosus1 mutant phenotypes are caused by mutations in orthologous genes, encoding a member of the polyene dioxygenase family. All of the family members characterised to date function around a carbon-carbon double bond of polyene chain compounds with cyclic carbon end groups. MAX4 is most related to animal polyene dioxygenases that cleave carotenoid substrates. Possibly the MAX4/RMS1 proteins cleave a carotenoid to produce a novel mobile signal that iFlhibits bud growth, and may act as an auxin second messenger.

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9

Ali, Md Sohrab. "Shoot morphogenesis of Aucuba japonica Thunb. (Cornaceae)." Kyoto University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145007.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第11605号
農博第1461号
新制||農||904(附属図書館)
学位論文||H17||N3998(農学部図書室)
23248
UT51-2005-D354
京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻
(主査)教授菊澤喜八郎, 教授野渕正, 教授藤田稔
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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10

George, Gilu. "Genotype by environment interaction in shoot branching." Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2831/.

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Plant development is highly plastic, allowing plants to adapt to constant changes in environmental conditions. An excellent example of developmental plasticity is shoot branching. The final architecture of the shoot system is determined by the integration of environmental cues such as light and nutrients with endogenous cues. In this thesis the effect of Nitrogen (N) availability on Arabidopsis shoot branching was used as a model to investigate plant developmental plasticity. In particular, natural variation in shoot branching response to N supply was investigated using a set of multi parent advanced generation inter cross (MAGIC) lines (Kover et al., 2009). Correlations between traits in a selected group of MAGIC lines revealed several interesting correlations, characterising two strategies for N response. One strategy involved flowering early, maintaining branch numbers of low N, and minimal shift in resource allocation to roots. This was associated with good seed yield and yield retention on low N. An alternative strategy involves late flowering, high branching on high N but low branching on low N, (i.e. high branching plasticity), and a substantial increase in root fraction on Low N. This was associated with high seed yields on high N, but poor yield retention on low N. The molecular basis for these different strategies are currently unknown, but it seems likely that plant hormones are involved. Analysis of bud activation on isolated nodal stem segments provided strong evidence that the regulation of branching by N availability requires strigolactone (SL), and that strigolactone acts by increasing the competition between buds. There was some evidence of strigolatone resistance in a low plasticity MAGIC line. Shoot system architecture is a key factor underlying crop yield, and yield stability under low N input is an agricultural priority. Therefore, in parallel the branching responses of a set of Brassica rapa lines to N limitation were determined. Results highlight many conserved features between Arabidopsis and Brassica, as well as some differences. These comparisons should aid breeding for shoot system architectures that can deliver improved yield under low N.

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Books on the topic "Shoot"

1

JANCE, J. A. Shoot, don't shoot. Rockland, MA: Wheeler Pub., 1998.

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JANCE, J. A. Shoot Don't Shoot. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.

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Bowering, George. Shoot! Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1994.

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Margaret, Ryan. Shoot! Aylesbury: Ginn, 1996.

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Mayfield, Sue. Shoot! New York: Crabtree Pub. Co., 2002.

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Ken, Cox, ed. Shoot! London: Egmont, 2002.

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Pannell, Ian. Shoot pool. London: Quantum, 2003.

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Ezban, Beatriz. Shoot!: Pintura. México: Galería Metropolitana, 1999.

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Chongtham, Nirmala, and Madho Singh Bisht. Bamboo Shoot. First edition. | Boca Raton ; London : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003032939.

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illustrator, Lang Doreen, ed. Goal shoot. Winchester: Ransom Publishing Ltd., 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Shoot"

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Bigard, Barney. "“Shoot, shoot and reshoot.”." In With Louis and the Duke, 92–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08314-5_15.

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Palmer, Ian. "Duck Shoot!" In Essential Series, 127–36. London: Springer London, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0271-7_9.

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Stump, David. "The Shoot." In Digital Cinematography, 477–80. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429468858-12.

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Winters, Patrick. "The Shoot." In The Dos and Don'ts of Successful Filmmaking, 108–21. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429352133-11.

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Kaplan, Donald R., and Chelsea D. Specht. "Shoot Branching." In Kaplan's Principles of Plant Morphology, 279–307. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315118642-12.

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Merzbacher, Charles. "The Shoot." In The SHORT! Guide to Producing, 160–71. New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351186551-13.

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Tucker, Patrick. "The shoot." In Secrets of Screen Acting, 172–89. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003328070-11.

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Chongtham, Nirmala, and Madho Singh Bisht. "Introduction." In Bamboo Shoot, 1–36. First edition. | Boca Raton ; London : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003032939-1.

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Chongtham, Nirmala, and Madho Singh Bisht. "Glossary of Scientific Names." In Bamboo Shoot, 207–12. First edition. | Boca Raton ; London : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003032939-10.

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Chongtham, Nirmala, and Madho Singh Bisht. "Bamboo as Food and Medicine." In Bamboo Shoot, 37–70. First edition. | Boca Raton ; London : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003032939-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Shoot"

1

Carter, Marcus, Greg Wadley, and Martin Gibbs. ""Friendly, don't shoot!"." In the 24th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2414536.2414548.

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Silpasuwanchai, Chaklam, and Xiangshi Ren. "Jump and shoot!" In CHI '14: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557107.

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Boring, Sebastian, Manuela Altendorfer, Gregor Broll, Otmar Hilliges, and Andreas Butz. "Shoot & copy." In the 4th international conference on mobile technology, applications, and systems and the 1st international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1378063.1378068.

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Unknown. "Gimme somethin' to shoot." In ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2010 Courses. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1900520.1900538.

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Witschel, Tim, and Christian Wressnegger. "Aim low, shoot high." In EuroSys '20: Fifteenth EuroSys Conference 2020. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3380786.3391397.

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Lin, Stephanie, Samuel Luescher, Travis Rich, Shaun Salzberg, and Hiroshi Ishii. "Point-and-shoot data." In the 2012 ACM annual conference extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2212776.2223747.

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Buttery, Paula, and Anna Korhonen. "I will shoot your shopping down and you can shoot all my tins." In the Workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1629795.1629800.

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Buttery, Paula, and Anna Korhonen. "I will shoot your shopping down and you can shoot all my tins." In the Workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1642025.1642030.

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Ballagas, Rafael, Michael Rohs, and Jennifer G. Sheridan. "Sweep and point and shoot." In CHI '05 extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1056808.1056876.

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Türpe, Sven. "Point-and-shoot security design." In the 2012 workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2413296.2413300.

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Reports on the topic "Shoot"

1

Gaver, Donald P., and Patricia A. Jacobs. Probability Models for Battle Damage Assessment (Simple Shoot-Look-Shoot and Beyond). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada329197.

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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter B. Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham H. Halevy. Inhibition of the Gravitropic Shoot Bending in Stored Cut Flowers Through Control of Their Graviperception: Involvement of the Cytoskeleton and Cytosolic Calcium. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586533.bard.

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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to study the mechanism involved in shoot graviperception and early transduction, in order to determine the sequence of events operating in this process. This will enable to control the entire process of gravity-induced differential growth without affecting vertical growth processes essential for development. Thus, several new postulated interactions, operating at the perception and early transduction stages of the signaling cascade leading to auxin-mediated bending, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon spikes and oat shoot pulvini, according to the following research goals: 1) Establish the role of amyloplasts as gravireceptors in shoots; 2) Investigate gravity-induced changes in the integrity of shoot actin cytoskeleton (CK); 3) Study the cellular interactions among actin CK, statoliths and cell membranes (endoplasmic reticulum - ER, plasma membrane - PM) during shoot graviperception; 4) Examine mediation of graviperception by modulations of cytosolic calcium - [Ca2+]cyt, and other second messengers (protein phosphorylation, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate - IP3). Revisions: 1) Model system: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) spikes and oat (Avena sativa) shoot pulvini, the model system of maize (Zea mays) primary roots was targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for graviperception. 2) Research topic: brassinolide, which were not included in the original plan, were examined for their regulatory role in gravity perception and signal transduction in roots, in relation to auxin and ethylene. Background to the topic: The negative gravitropic response of shoots is a complex multi-step process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel. Most of the long-lasting studies regarding the link between graviperception and cellular components were focused mainly on roots, and there are relatively few reports on shoot graviperception. Our previous project has successfully characterized several key events occurring during shoot bending of cut flowers and oat pulvini, including amyloplast displacement, hormonal interactions and differential growth analysis. Based on this evidence, the present project has focused on studying the initial graviperception process in flowering stems and cereal shoots. Major conclusions and achievements: 1) The actin and not the microtubule (MT) CK is involved in the graviperception of snapdragon shoots. 2) Gravisensing, exhibited by amyloplast displacement, and early transduction events (auxin redistribution) in the gravitropic response of snapdragon spikes are mediated by the acto-myosin complex. 3) MTs are involved in stem directional growth, which occurs during gravitropism of cut snapdragon spikes, but they are not necessary for the gravity-induced differential growth. 4) The role of amyloplasts as gravisensors in the shoot endodermis was demonstrated for both plant systems. 5) A gravity-induced increase in IP.

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Babur, John. Shoot Structure of Boschniakia hookeri Walpers (Orobanchaceae). Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6807.

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Eshed, Yuval, and Zachary B. Lippman. Optimization of shoot architecture for the agricultural field. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600022.bard.

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Lawlor, Bruce M., and Erin J. Lawlor. Setting the Standard: when Peacekeepers May Shoot to Kill. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada361138.

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Ostry, M. E., T. H. Nicholls, and D. D. Skilling. Biology and control of Sirococcus shoot blight on red pine,. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-rp-295.

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Kelley, Amanda M., Jeremy R. Athy, Melody King, Brad Erickson, Jim Chiaramonte, Melinda Vasbinder, and Adam Thompson. Think before You Shoot: The Relationship between Cognition and Marksmanship. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada553803.

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Ochoa, Danielle P. Why do some Filipinos support police shoot-to-kill policy? Edited by Tasha Wibawa. Monash University, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/bd7b-66dc.

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SWEET, JAMES N., RICHARD W. WAVRIK, STEPHEN C. HWANG, DANIEL DONACIANO VIGIL, LORRAINE S. CURTIS, JIMMIE T. MARTINEZ, JULIO P. MARCHIONDO, JR, PAUL V. PLUNKETT, and MATTHEW A. MONTANO. WRCIP Environmental Test Shoot-Out, PEMS vs. CHP Surface Mount Transistors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807058.

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Eshed, Y., and Z. B. Lippman. Fine tuning the shoot and inflorescence architectures for improved tomato yield. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134148.bard.

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In this project, we are determining the contribution of different types of variations, in gene function and in gene regulation, to altered shoot architecture first, and to field performance in the next stage. We are using tomato as a target, but also as a model for many other crops. Our focus is on two different components of yield associated traits - shoot architecture and organization of the inflorescence. Our focus was on two types of regulators; 1) genes involved in florigen - antiflogen balance and the way they impact the shoot, and 2) genes involved in inflorescence branching and it this way, the way they impact the number of flowers produced by the plant. For the first class, we described our thoughts on that matter in a joint review (Eshed and Lippman, 2019) where we argued that annualization of short-lived vine plants such as tomato and soybean was their major adaptation for intensive modern farming. This annualization was achieved by introduction of mutations in the anti florigen gene SELFPRUNING, mutations that were also used to domesticate/adapt cotton, roses, strawberries and more (Eshed and Lippman, 2019). Indeed, introduction of this mutation and additional one in another antifloraigen gene SP5G into a vine type tomatoes resulted in compact, early yielding plants suitable for urban agriculture (Kwon et al., 2020 - please note that Yossi Capua, a former graduate student from the Eshed group is a coauthor of this study). The other side of this project, customized generation of large branched inflorescences, relied on ongoing collaboration between the two labs on genes like S and genes of the SEP clade, J2 and EJ2. We first showed that highly branched j2 ej2 inflorescences can be quantitatively modified by introduction of either null or naturally weak alleles of the TM3/STM3 gene cluster (Alonge et al., 2020). We next showed that variation in inflorescence branching can be obtained by customized interreference in selected promoter motifs of S, a gene that is otherwise essential at the seed stage (Hendelamn et al., 2021). Overall, our joint project provided some prime examples for targeted use of genome editing for the formation of valuable alleles that can either improve modern crops or, significantly, open the door for rapid "domestication" of orphan crops

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