Journal articles: 'Shock compression experiments'

1

Knudson, M. D., M. P. Desjarlais, and R. W. Lemke. "Shock compression experiments on Lithium Deuteride (LiD) single crystals." Journal of Applied Physics 120, no. 23 (December 21, 2016): 235902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4972553.

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Cao, Buyang, David H. Lassila, Chongxiang Huang, Yongbo Xu, and Marc André Meyers. "Shock compression of monocrystalline copper: Experiments, characterization, and analysis." Materials Science and Engineering: A 527, no. 3 (January 2010): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.08.047.

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Kalita, Pat, Marcus D. Knudson, Tom Ao, Caroline Blada, Jerry Jackson, Jeffry Gluth, Heath Hanshaw, and Ed Scoglietti. "Shock compression of poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA in the 1000 GPa regime: Z machine experiments." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 035902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128681.

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Hydrocarbon polymers are used in a wide variety of practical applications. In the field of dynamic compression at extreme pressures, these polymers are used at several high energy density (HED) experimental facilities. One of the most common polymers is poly(methyl methacrylate) or PMMA, also called Plexiglass® or Lucite®. Here, we present high-fidelity, hundreds of GPa range experimental shock compression data measured on Sandia’s Z machine. We extend the principal shock Hugoniot for PMMA to more than threefold compression up to 650 GPa and re-shock Hugoniot states up to 1020 GPa in an off-Hugoniot regime, where experimental data are even sparser. These data can be used to put additional constraints on tabular equation of state (EOS) models. The present results provide clear evidence for the need to re-examine the existing tabular EOS models for PMMA above ∼120 GPa as well as perhaps revisit EOSs of similar hydrocarbon polymers commonly used in HED experiments investigating dynamic compression, hydrodynamics, or inertial confinement fusion.

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Wang, Shaojun, Dawei Yuan, Huigang Wei, Fuyuan Wu, Haochen Gu, Yu Dai, Zhe Zhang, Xiaohui Yuan, Yutong Li, and Jie Zhang. "Interaction of multiple shocks in planar targets with a ramp-pulse ablation." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 11 (November 2022): 112701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097285.

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Interaction of multiple shocks plays a critical role in setting up an adiabatic compression of megabar pressure in nanosecond timescale in inertial confinement fusion. In this paper, we present observations of dynamic behavior and interaction of multiple shocks in polystyrene (CH) planar targets driven by a single-ramp pulse of 2.5 ns at the SG-II laser facility with a specially designed velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR). A maximum pressure of [Formula: see text] and a mass density of [Formula: see text] are measured, respectively. Radiation-hydrodynamic simulations reveal the interaction process of the multiple shocks and are in good agreement with the measurements. A theoretical model is proposed to invert the space-time history of the shock generation with the VISAR data. Moreover, an optimized double-slope ramp pulse is proposed for further compression experiments. The improved multiple-shock coalescence is expected to effectively enhance both density and velocity for an initial compression of the CH target.

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Mashimo, Tsutomu. "Phase Transition Behavior of Solids under Shock Compression." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1053.

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Through the measurement of Hugoniot parameters, we can get useful information about high-pressure phase transitions, equations of state (EOS), etc. of solids, without pressure calibration. And, we can discuss the transition dynamics, because the relaxation times of phase transition and compression process are of the same order. We have performed the Hugoniot-measurement experiments on various kinds of compound materials including oxides, nitrides, borides and chalcogenides by using a high time-resolution streak photographic system combined with the propellant guns. The structure-phase transitions have been observed for several kinds of inorganic materials, TiO2, ZrO2, Gd3Ga5O12, AlN, ZnS, ZnSe, etc. The phase transition pressures under shock and static compressions of metals, ionic materials, semiconductors and some ceramics are consistent with each other. Those are not consistent for strong covalent bonding materials such as C, BN and SiO2. Here, the Hugoniot compression data are reviewed, and the shock-induced phase transitions and the dynamics are discussed, as well as the EOS of the high-pressure phase up to evem 1 TPa.

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Joshi, Akshay, Vatsa Gandhi, Suraj Ravindran, and Guruswami Ravichandran. "An investigation of shock-induced phase transition in soda-lime glass." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 20 (May 28, 2022): 205902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086627.

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There exists a large body of evidence from experiments and molecular dynamics simulations to suggest the occurrence of phase transitions in soda-lime glass (SLG) and other silica glasses subject to shock compression to pressures above 3 GPa. In light of these findings, the current work investigated the existence of phase transition in SLG using shock and release experiments. The experiments employed symmetric SLG–SLG impact to achieve complete unloading to zero stress after shock compression to stresses in the range of 3–7 GPa. The stress–strain response and the Lagrangian release wave speed behavior of SLG obtained from these experiments are seen to reveal a mismatch between the loading and unloading paths of the pressure–strain curve for the material, which serves as compelling evidence for the occurrence of a shock-induced phase transition in the material at relatively low pressures. Furthermore, the release wave speed vs strain data obtained from experiments were used to construct a methodology for modeling the shock and release behavior of SLG. This scheme implemented in numerical simulations was able to capture the release behavior of shock compressed SLG, for which a robust and satisfactory model was previously unavailable.

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Rao, Usha, Shivanand Chaurasia, C. D. Sijoy, Vinayak Mishra, and M. N. Deo. "In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Liquid Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Under Static and Laser-Driven Shock Compression." Applied Spectroscopy 73, no. 12 (August 12, 2019): 1420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702819856372.

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High pressure (up to ∼2.2 GPa) Raman scattering studies were performed in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) under static and dynamic compressions using diamond anvil cell (DAC) and laser-driven shock methods, respectively, and their results are compared. The laser-driven shock experiments were conducted in a glass-confined target geometry. The symmetric stretching mode ν1, symmetric bending mode ν2, and asymmetric bending mode ν4 blueshifts with pressure. Mode Gruneisen parameters were obtained for the above Raman modes. Time-resolved Raman spectroscopic (TRRS) studies were performed under laser-driven shock compression at different delay times. Shock velocity deduced from the intensity ratios of Raman signal scattered from unshocked and shocked regions of symmetric stretching mode is in agreement with the one obtained from one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.

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8

Liu, J. J. "Sound wave structures downstream of pseudo-steady weak and strong Mach reflections." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 324 (October 10, 1996): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096007938.

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Sound wave structures, downstream of moving incident shocks reflecting from straight compressive wedges, are analysed for both weak and strong Mach reflections (MR) using existing experiments. It is shown that the reflected waves can be well described by using the acoustic criterion or the weak oblique shock approximation, when the classical three-shock theory gives forward-facing reflected shock solutions. The predicted triple-point trajectory angles are found to be in close agreement with the experiments. The distinction between the applicabilities of the two methods is given by an analytically defined ‘smallness’ for the angle of reflecting wedges. The physics of the success of the two methods is discussed. It is concluded that forward-facing reflected shock solutions of pseudo-steady MR should be ruled out physically because sound waves cannot coalesce into Mach waves that propagate upstream of the triple point. In their place, MR-like phenomena occur with the reflected waves being normal Mach waves or finite compression waves for ‘small’ or ‘not-small’ reflecting wedge angles, respectively, and they are classified as the first- or second-king von Neumann reflections, respectively. Boundaries separating regimes between the first and second kinds of von Neumann reflections, and backward-facing MR are determined.

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9

Schiffer, A., M. N. Gardner, R. H. Lynn, and V. L. Tagarielli. "A new apparatus to induce lysis of planktonic microbial cells by shock compression, cavitation and spray." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 3 (March 2017): 160939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160939.

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Experiments were conducted on an aqueous growth medium containing cultures of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) XL1-Blue, to investigate, in a single experiment, the effect of two types of dynamic mechanical loading on cellular integrity. A bespoke shock tube was used to subject separate portions of a planktonic bacterial culture to two different loading sequences: (i) shock compression followed by cavitation, and (ii) shock compression followed by spray. The apparatus allows the generation of an adjustable loading shock wave of magnitude up to 300 MPa in a sterile laboratory environment. Cultures of E. coli were tested with this apparatus and the spread-plate technique was used to measure the survivability after mechanical loading. The loading sequence (ii) gave higher mortality than (i), suggesting that the bacteria are more vulnerable to shear deformation and cavitation than to hydrostatic compression. We present the results of preliminary experiments and suggestions for further experimental work; we discuss the potential applications of this technique to sterilize large volumes of fluid samples.

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10

Hemmi, N., K. A. Zimmerman, Z. A. Dreger, and Y. M. Gupta. "High spectral resolution, real-time, Raman spectroscopy in shock compression experiments." Review of Scientific Instruments 82, no. 8 (August 2011): 083109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3627444.

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11

Fratanduono, D. E., R. F. Smith, D. G. Braun, J. R. Patterson, R. G. Kraus, T. S. Perry, A. Arsenlis, G. W. Collins, and J. H. Eggert. "The effect of nearly steady shock waves in ramp compression experiments." Journal of Applied Physics 117, no. 24 (June 26, 2015): 245903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4922583.

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12

Wang, Cong, Xian-Tu He, and Ping Zhang. "First-Principles Calculations of Shocked Fluid Helium in Partially Ionized Region." Communications in Computational Physics 12, no. 4 (October 2012): 1121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.290411.121211a.

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AbstractQuantum molecular dynamic simulations have been employed to study the equation of state (EOS) of fluid helium under shock compressions. The principal Hugoniot is determined from EOS, where corrections from atomic ionization are added onto the calculated data. Our simulation results indicate that principal Hugoniot shows good agreement with gas gun and laser driven experiments, and maximum compression ratio of 5.16 is reached at 106 GPa.

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13

Jiang, Dong Dong, Jin Mei Du, Yan Gu, and Yu Jun Feng. "Electrical Behavior of PSZT Ferroelectric Ceramic under Shock Wave Compression." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.21.

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Electric power of hundreds of kilowatts can be produced in a few microseconds by sudden release of bound charge on the surface of ferroelectric ceramic through shock wave compression. In order to understand the depolarization process, knowledge of the discharge behavior of ferroelectric ceramic under shock wave compression is essential. Gas-gun facility has been used to investigate the shock-induced depolarization kinetics of tin-modified lead zirconate titanate ferroelectric ceramic. Experiments were conducted in the normal mode in which the shock propagation vector was perpendicular to the remanent polarization. Two kinds of specimens with the ferroelectric-toantiferroelectric transformation hydraulic pressure respectively at 80 MPa and 180 MPa were tested. The output currents as a function of load resistance were measured. A computation model was developed to describe the electrical behavior of PSZT ceramic under shock wave compression, which adequately explained the observed experimental results.

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14

CONSTANTIN, C., E. DEWALD, C. NIEMANN, D. H. H. HOFFMANN, S. UDREA, D. VARENTSOV, J. JACOBY, U. N. FUNK, U. NEUNER, and A. TAUSCHWITZ. "Cold compression of solid matter by intense heavy-ion-beam-generated pressure waves." Laser and Particle Beams 22, no. 1 (March 2004): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034604221115.

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Experimental investigations of heavy-ion-generated shock waves in solid, multilayered targets were performed by applying a Schlieren and a laser-deflection technique. Shock velocity and the corresponding pressures, temporal and spatial density profiles inside the material compressed by multiple shock waves, and details of the shock dynamics were determined. Important for equation-of-state and phase transition studies, such experiments extend their relevance to inertial confinement fusion and astrophysical fundamental research.

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15

Rastogi, Vinay, Usha Rao, Shivanand Chaurasia, Chakkalakkal Davis Sijoy, Vinayak Mishra, Shashank Chaturvedi, and Mukul Narayan Deo. "Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polytetrafluoroethylene Under Laser-Shock Compression." Applied Spectroscopy 71, no. 12 (August 11, 2017): 2643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702817726542.

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Shock-wave-induced high pressure and nanosecond time-resolved Raman spectroscopic experiments were performed to examine the dynamic response of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in confinement geometry targets. Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy was used to observe the pressure-induced molecular and chemical changes on nanosecond time scale. Raman spectra were measured as a function of shock pressure in the 1.2–2.4 GPa range. Furthermore, the symmetric stretching mode at 729 cm–1 of CF2 was compared to corresponding static high-pressure measurements carried out in a diamond anvil cell, to see if any general trend can be established. The symmetric stretching mode of CF2 at 729 cm–1 is the most intense Raman transition in PTFE and is very sensitive to change in pressure. Therefore, it can also be utilized as a pressure gauge for large amplitude shock wave compression experiments. A maximum blueshift of 12 cm–1 for the 729 cm–1 vibrational mode has been observed for the present experimental pressure range. A comparative study on the similarities and differences from the earlier work has been done in detail. One-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations were performed to validate our shock compression results and are in very good agreement.

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16

Oka, Keiichi, Kenichi Ogata, and Tsutomo Mashimo. "Hugoniot-Measurement Experiments of the Heated Samples." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.525.

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Pressure calibration in static compression experiments have been undertaken on the basis of the equation of state (EOS) derived from the Hugoniot data of the pressure scale materials such as Au, Pt and MgO. However, room-temperature isothermal compression curve and further high temperature compression curve have been derived by using the assumed Grüneisen parameters, which cause the larger error at the higher temperature. If the Hugoniot data of the heated sample are measured, the accurate high-temperature EOS can be obtained, and the Grüneisen parameter (γ) can be directly discussed. We have measured Hugoniot data of Cu, W, Au, etc. by using the high-time resolution streak camera system equipped with a powder gun and two-stage light gas gun. In this study, the Hugoniot-measurement technique of the elevated temperature sample using high-frequency heating apparatus was established equipped with a powder gun. We succeeded in the measurement of the Hugoniot data (shock-velocity and particle-velocity) of the heated sample at 800°C on W.

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17

Ali, S. J., C. A. Bolme, G. W. Collins, and R. Jeanloz. "Development of a broadband reflectivity diagnostic for laser driven shock compression experiments." Review of Scientific Instruments 86, no. 4 (April 2015): 043112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4917195.

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18

Fat'yanov, O. V., and P. D. Asimow. "Equation of state of Mo from shock compression experiments on preheated samples." Journal of Applied Physics 121, no. 11 (March 21, 2017): 115904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4978607.

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19

Renou, Richard, Laurent Soulard, Emilien Lescoute, Corentin Dereure, Didier Loison, and Jean-Pierre Guin. "Silica Glass Structural Properties under Elastic Shock Compression: Experiments and Molecular Simulations." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121, no. 24 (June 12, 2017): 13324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b01324.

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20

Nagayama, Kunihito, Yasuhito Mori, and Kota Hidaka. "Shock compression experiments on several polymers in the 1 GPa stress region." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 85, no. 1-3 (January 1999): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(98)00247-7.

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21

Hazell, P. J., C. Beveridge, K. Groves, and G. Appleby-Thomas. "The shock compression of microorganism-loaded broths and emulsions: Experiments and simulations." International Journal of Impact Engineering 37, no. 4 (April 2010): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2009.08.007.

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22

Suggit, Matthew, Giles Kimminau, James Hawreliak, Bruce Remington, Nigel Park, and Justin Wark. "Nanosecond x-ray Laue diffraction apparatus suitable for laser shock compression experiments." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 8 (August 2010): 083902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3455211.

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23

Mostovych, A. N., Y. Chan, A. Schmitt, and J. D. Sethian. "Compression of Deuterium to Extreme Pressures with Laser Driven Shock-Reflection Experiments." Contributions to Plasma Physics 41, no. 2-3 (March 2001): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3986(200103)41:2/3<279::aid-ctpp279>3.0.co;2-d.

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24

Takagi, Sota, Kouhei Ichiyanagi, Atsushi Kyono, Shunsuke Nozawa, Nobuaki Kawai, Ryo Fukaya, Nobumasa Funamori, and Shin-ichi Adachi. "Development of shock-dynamics study with synchrotron-based time-resolved X-ray diffraction using an Nd:glass laser system." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519016084.

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The combination of high-power laser and synchrotron X-ray pulses allows us to observe material responses under shock compression and release states at the crystal structure on a nanosecond time scale. A higher-power Nd:glass laser system for laser shock experiments was installed as a shock driving source at the NW14A beamline of PF-AR, KEK, Japan. It had a maximum pulse energy of 16 J, a pulse duration of 12 ns and a flat-top intensity profile on the target position. The shock-induced deformation dynamics of polycrystalline aluminium was investigated using synchrotron-based time-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD) under laser-induced shock. The shock pressure reached up to about 17 GPa with a strain rate of at least 4.6 × 107 s–1 and remained there for nanoseconds. The plastic deformation caused by the shock-wave loading led to crystallite fragmentation. The preferred orientation of the polycrystalline aluminium remained essentially unchanged during the shock compression and release processes in this strain rate. The newly established time-resolved XRD experimental system can provide useful information for understanding the complex dynamic compression and release behaviors.

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Tracy, Sally June, Stefan J. Turneaure, and Thomas S. Duffy. "Structural response of α-quartz under plate-impact shock compression." Science Advances 6, no. 35 (August 2020): eabb3913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb3913.

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Because of its far-reaching applications in geophysics and materials science, quartz has been one of the most extensively examined materials under dynamic compression. Despite 50 years of active research, questions remain concerning the structure and transformation of SiO2 under shock compression. Continuum gas-gun studies have established that under shock loading quartz transforms through an assumed mixed-phase region to a dense high-pressure phase. While it has often been assumed that this high-pressure phase corresponds to the stishovite structure observed in static experiments, there have been no crystal structure data confirming this. In this study, we use gas-gun shock compression coupled with in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction to interrogate the crystal structure of shock-compressed α-quartz up to 65 GPa. Our results reveal that α-quartz undergoes a phase transformation to a disordered metastable phase as opposed to crystalline stishovite or an amorphous structure, challenging long-standing assumptions about the dynamic response of this fundamental material.

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26

Eliezer, S. "Guest editor's preface: Laser and particle induced shock waves — A perspective." Laser and Particle Beams 14, no. 2 (June 1996): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600009861.

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The science of high pressure (Eliezer et al. 1986; Eliezer & Ricci 1991) is studied experimentally in the laboratory by using static and dynamic techniques. In static experiments the sample is squeezed between pistons or anvils. The conditions in these static experiments are limited by the strength of the construction materials. In the dynamic experiments shock waves are created. Since the passage time of the shock is short in comparison with the disassembly time of shocked sample, one can do shock-wave research for any pressure that can be supplied by a driver, assuming that a proper diagnostic is available. In the scientific literature, the following shock-wave generators are discussed: chemical explosives, nuclear explosions, rail guns, two stage light-gas gun, exploding foils, magnetic compression, and high-power lasers.

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27

Dwivedi, Anand Prashant, Sylvain Petitgirard, Karen Appel, Erik Brambrink, Zuzana Konopková, Marius Millot, Thomas Preston, et al. "Towards higher densities of matter: ultra-high pre-compression in shock dynamic experiments." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 77, a2 (August 14, 2021): C457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767321092291.

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28

McCarty, Annastacia K., Ling Zhang, Sarah Hansen, William J. Jackson, and Sarah A. Bentil. "Viscoelastic properties of shock wave exposed brain tissue subjected to unconfined compression experiments." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 100 (December 2019): 103380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103380.

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29

DESPRÉS, BRUNO. "DISCRETE COMPRESSIVE SOLUTIONS OF SCALAR CONSERVATION LAWS." Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations 01, no. 03 (September 2004): 493–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219891604000226.

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We prove the convergence of numerical approximations of compressive solutions for scalar conservation laws with convex flux. This new proof of convergence is fully discrete and does not use Kuznetsov's approach. We recover the well-known rate of convergence in O(Δx½). With the same fully discrete approach, we also prove a rate of convergence in O(Δx) uniformly in time, if the initial data is a shock, or asymptotically after the compression of the initial profile. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical analysis.

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Liu, Qiancheng, Tao Xue, Jun Li, Jiabo Li, and Xianming Zhou. "Optical absorption spectra of MgO single crystals under shock compression between 50 and 132 GPa." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 23 (June 21, 2022): 235901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096642.

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Optical properties of transparent windows at high pressures are of essential importance in dynamic experiments. To investigate the effects of plastic deformation-induced defects on optical transparency of MgO single crystals, real-time absorption spectra are measured via impact experiments and fast multi-color pyrometry. Shock pressure ranges from 50 to 132 GPa. Optical transmission histories are measured in each experiment via an on-board light source generated by shock-wave, from which absorption coefficient [Formula: see text] is determined as a function of the wavelength [Formula: see text]. The resultant real-time absorption spectrum ([Formula: see text] vs [Formula: see text]) peaks around 520 nm ([Formula: see text]2.39 eV), which blueshifts with increasing pressure. These featured spectra are possibly attributed to defective absorption at defect-centers (color-centers) in MgO single crystals generated by shock-waves. Plasticity-induced defects are most likely responsible for the decrease in transparency. MgO single crystals are not suited to be used as an optical window for thermometric in the visible light spectrum under shock pressures above 129 GPa.

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Duffy, Thomas, Jue Wang, Federica Coppari, Raymond Smith, Jon Eggert, and Gilbert Collins. "Laser-Based Dynamic Compression of Solids to Ultrahigh Pressures." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331409603x.

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Laser-based dynamic compression provides new opportunities to study the structures and properties of materials to ultrahigh pressure conditions. In this technique, high-powered laser beams are used to ablate a sample surface and by reaction a compression wave is generated and propagate through the sample. By controlling the shape and duration of the laser pulse, either shock or ramp (shockless) compression can be produced. Diagnostics include velocity interferometry (from which the stress-density response of the material can be determined) and x-ray diffraction from which structural information is obtained. Magnesium oxide is a fundamental ionic solid which has been extensively examined at high pressures. Theoretical studies predict a change in MgO from a rocksalt (B1) crystal structure to a cesium chloride (B2) structure at pressures of about 400–600 GPa but diamond anvil cell experiments have not been able to reach these pressures. Here we present dynamic X-ray diffraction measurements of ramp-compressed magnesium oxide. We show that a solid–solid phase transition, consistent with a transformation to the B2 structure occurs near 600 GPa. On further compression, this structure remains stable to 900 GPa. Our results provide an experimental benchmark to the equations of state and transition pressure of magnesium oxide, and may help constrain interior properties of super-Earth extrasolar planets. We have also examined the high-pressure behavior of molybdenum under both shock and ramp loading. The melting curves and high-pressure phase diagrams of transition metals have been controversial, and Mo is an excellent test case for resolving these discrepancies. We have conducted shock compression experiments on Mo with an X-ray diffraction diagnostic to address previous claims of high-pressure phase transitions and to determine the location of the Hugoniot melting point. We have also carried out ramp compression experiments to test predictions of phase transitions in Mo at ultrahigh pressures and low temperatures.

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Yuan, Fuping, Vikas Prakash, and John J. Lewandowski. "Spall strength and Hugoniot elastic limit of a zirconium-based bulk metallic glass under planar shock compression." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 2 (February 2007): 402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0053.

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Results are presented on the shock response of a zirconium-based bulk metallic glass (BMG), Zr41.25Ti13.75Ni10Cu12.5Be22.5, subjected to planar impact loading. An 82.5-mm bore single-stage gas-gun facility at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, was used to conduct the shock experiments. The particle velocity profiles, measured at the back (free) surface of the target plate by using the velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR), were analyzed to (i) better understand the structure of shock waves in BMG subjected to planar shock compression, (ii) estimate residual spall strength of the BMG after different levels of shock compression, and (iii) obtain the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of the material. The spall strength was found to decrease moderately with increasing levels of the applied normal impact stress. The spall strength at a shock-induced stress of 4.4 GPa was 3.5 GPa while the spall strengths at shock-induced stresses of 5.1, 6.0, and 7.0 GPa were 2.72, 2.35, and 2.33 GPa, respectively. The HEL was estimated to be 6.15 GPa.

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DESAI, T., R. DEZULIAN, and D. BATANI. "Radiation effects on shock propagation in Al target relevant to equation of state measurements." Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2007): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034607070048.

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We present one-dimensional simulations performed using the multi group radiation hydro code MULTI with the goal of analyzing the target preheating effect under conditions similar to those of recent experiments aimed at studying the Equation of State (EOS) of various materials. In such experiments, aluminum is often used as reference material; therefore its behavior under strong shock compression and high-intensity laser irradiation (1013–1014 W/cm2) should be studied in detail. Our results reveal that at high laser irradiance, the laser energy available to induce shock pressure is reduced due to high X-rays generation. Simultaneously X-rays preheat the bulk of the reference material causing significant heating prior to shock propagation. Such effects induce deviations in shock propagation with respect to cold aluminum.

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Thompson, J. Michael T. "Advances in Shell Buckling: Theory and Experiments." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 25, no. 01 (January 2015): 1530001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127415300013.

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In a recent feature article in this journal, coauthored by Gert van der Heijden, I described the static-dynamic analogy and its role in understanding the localized post-buckling of shell-like structures, looking exclusively at integrable systems. We showed the true significance of the Maxwell energy criterion load in predicting the sudden onset of "shock sensitivity" to lateral disturbances. The present paper extends the survey to cover nonintegrable systems, such as thin compressed shells. These exhibit spatial chaos, generating a multiplicity of localized paths (and escape routes) with complex snaking and laddering phenomena. The final theoretical contribution shows how these concepts relate to the response and energy barriers of an axially compressed cylindrical shell. After surveying NASA's current shell-testing programme, a new nondestructive technique is proposed to estimate the "shock sensitivity" of a laboratory specimen that is in a compressed metastable state before buckling. A probe is used to measure the nonlinear load-deflection characteristic under a rigidly applied lateral displacement. Sensing the passive resisting force, it can be plotted in real time against the displacement, displaying an equilibrium path along which the force rises to a maximum and then decreases to zero: having reached the free state of the shell that forms a mountain-pass in the potential energy. The area under this graph gives the energy barrier against lateral shocks. The test is repeated at different levels of the overall compression. If a symmetry-breaking bifurcation is encountered on the path, computer simulations show how this can be suppressed by a controlled secondary probe tuned to deliver zero force on the shell.

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Hartsfield, T. M., and D. H. Dolan. "Establishing temperature from radiance of dynamically compressed metals." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 18 (May 14, 2022): 185901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089457.

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Precise temperature determination is a significant challenge in extreme environments of dynamic compression studies. How can radiance measurements taken in high-pressure shock experiments constrain temperature in a meaningful and physically consistent way? Experiments maintaining sample compression against a transparent window can be tailored to present a uniform measurement area with uncertain spectral emissivity. We compare several methods to analyze radiance collected at multiple wavelengths, applying statistical methods and physical principles to improve temperature inference. With proper radiance collection and analysis, dynamic temperature uncertainties become comparable to thermomechanical ambiguities of the emitting surface.

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TALANTSEV, EVGUENI F., SERGEY I. SHKURATOV, JAMES C. DICKENS, and MAGNE KRISTIANSEN. "THE CONDUCTIVITY OF A LONGITUDINAL-SHOCK-WAVE-COMPRESSED Nd2Fe14B HARD FERROMAGNETICS." Modern Physics Letters B 16, no. 15n16 (July 10, 2002): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984902003956.

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The conductivity of Nd 2 Fe 14 B hard ferromagnetic subjected to compression by a longitudinal shock wave (the shock wave propagates along the magnetization vector M) with a pressure of 35 GPa is measured. The results of the experiments show that the conductivity of the longitudinal-shock-wave-compressed Nd 2 Fe 14 B is σsw = (2.83 ± 0.24) × 102 (Ω cm )-1, which is 22 times lower than the conductivity of Nd 2 Fe 14 B under normal conditions.

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Murao, Reiko, Masae Kikuchi, Kiyoto Fukuoka, Eiji Aoyagi, Toshiyuki Atou, and Yasuhiko Syono. "Microtexture of shock reaction products of niobium and silica mixtures." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 7 (July 1999): 3169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0425.

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Shock compression experiments on powder mixtures of niobium metal and quartz were conducted for the pressure range of 30–40 GPa by a 25-mm single-stage propellant gun. Chemical reaction occurred above 35 GPa, and products were found to be mainly so-called “Cu3Au-type” Nb3Si, which contained a small amount of oxygen. Microtextures of the specimen were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A field-emission transmission electron microscope was used for energy-dispersive x-ray analysis of microtextures in small particles found in the SiO2 matrix, and various species with different Nb/Si ratio and oxygen content were shown to be produced through the nonequilibrium process of shock compression.

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Maevskii, Konstantin Konstantinovich. "Germanium and germanium-gold alloys under shock-wave loading." Mathematica Montisnigri 50 (2021): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/mathmontis-2021-50-12.

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The results of numerical experiments upon modeling thermodynamic parameters such as value of pressure and compression of germanium and its alloys with gold are presented. The calculations were performed using the model TEC (thermodynamic equilibrium components). The model allows us to take into account the phase transition of germanium under shock-wave action. The interest in investigating of the compressibility for such materials is related both to the possibility of creating materials with the necessary properties and to the properties of the materials themselves. The results of calculations are compared with the known experimental results of different authors. The value of pressure and compression for shock wave loading of pure germanium and alloys with germanium as a component of various compositions are calculated.

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Wadas, Michael J., Griffin Cearley, Jon Eggert, Eric Johnsen, and Marius Millot. "A theoretical approach for transient shock strengthening in high-energy-density laser compression experiments." Physics of Plasmas 28, no. 8 (August 2021): 082708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0055414.

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Dreger, Z. A. "Polymorphism and decomposition of HE single crystals: Insight from static and shock compression experiments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 500, no. 11 (May 7, 2014): 112021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/500/11/112021.

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Wu, Zhifei, and Guangzhao Xu. "Modeling and Analysis of a Hydraulic Energy-Harvesting Shock Absorber." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (February 8, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1580297.

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This paper proposes a hydraulic energy-harvesting shock absorber prototype, which realizes energy harvesting of the vibration energy dissipated by the automobile suspension system. The structural design of the proposed shock absorber ensures that the unidirectional flow of oil drives the hydraulic motor to generate electricity while obtaining an asymmetrical extension/compression damping force. A mathematical model of the energy-harvesting shock absorber is established, and the simulation results indicate that the damping force can be controlled by varying the load resistance of the feed module, thus adjusting the required damping force ratio of the compression and recovery strokes. By adjusting the external load, the target indicator performance of the shock absorber is achieved while obtaining the required energy recovery power. A series of experiments are conducted on the prototype to verify the validity of the damping characteristics and the energy recovery efficiency as well as to analyze the effect of external load and excitation speed on these characteristics.

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HOLMES, RICHARD L., GUY DIMONTE, BRUCE FRYXELL, MICHAEL L. GITTINGS, JOHN W. GROVE, MARILYN SCHNEIDER, DAVID H. SHARP, ALEXANDER L. VELIKOVICH, ROBERT P. WEAVER, and QIANG ZHANG. "Richtmyer–Meshkov instability growth: experiment, simulation and theory." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 389 (June 25, 1999): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099004838.

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Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is investigated for negative Atwood number and two-dimensional sinusoidal perturbations by comparing experiments, numerical simulations and analytic theories. The experiments were conducted on the NOVA laser with strong radiatively driven shocks with Mach numbers greater than 10. Three different hydrodynamics codes (RAGE, PROMETHEUS and FronTier) reproduce the amplitude evolution and the gross features in the experiment while the fine-scale features differ in the different numerical techniques. Linearized theories correctly calculate the growth rates at small amplitude and early time, but fail at large amplitude and late time. A nonlinear theory using asymptotic matching between the linear theory and a potential flow model shows much better agreement with the late-time and large-amplitude growth rates found in the experiments and simulations. We vary the incident shock strength and initial perturbation amplitude to study the behaviour of the simulations and theory and to study the effects of compression and nonlinearity.

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Lomonosov, I. V. "Multi-phase equation of state for aluminum." Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 4 (December 2007): 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034607000687.

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AbstractResults of theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of the equation of state (EOS) at extreme conditions are discussed and applied to aluminum. It is pointed out that the available high pressure and temperature information covers a broad range of the phase diagram, but only irregularly and, as a rule, is not thermodynamically complete; its generalization can be done only in the form of a thermodynamically complete EOS. A multi-phase EOS model is presented, accounting for solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states, as well as two-phase regions of melting and evaporation. The thermodynamic properties of aluminum and its phase diagram are calculated with the use of this model. Theoretical calculations of thermodynamic properties of the solid, liquid, and plasma phases, and of the critical point, are compared with results of static and dynamic experiments. The analysis deals with thermodynamic properties of solid aluminum at T = 0 and 298 K from different band-structure theories, static compression experiments in diamond anvil cells, and the information obtained in isentropic-compression and shock-wave experiments. Thermodynamic data in the liquid state, resulting from traditional thermophysical measurements, “exploding wire” experiments, and evaluations of the critical point are presented. Numerous shock-wave experiments for aluminum have been done to measure shock adiabats of crystal and porous samples, release isentropes, and sound speed in shocked metal. These data are analyzed in a self-consistent manner together with all other available data at high pressure.The model's results are shown for the principal shock adiabat, the high-pressure melting and evaporation regions and the critical point of aluminum. New experimental and theoretical data helped to improve the description of the high-pressure, high-temperature aluminum liquid. The present EOS describes with high accuracy and reliability the complete set of available information.

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Kluwick, A., and E. A. Cox. "Weak shock reflection in channel flows for dense gases." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 874 (July 3, 2019): 131–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.415.

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The canonical problem of transonic dense gas flows past two-dimensional compression/expansion ramps has recently been investigated by Kluwick & Cox (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 848, 2018, pp. 756–787). Their results are for unconfined flows and have to be supplemented with solutions of another canonical problem dealing with the reflection of disturbances from an opposing wall to finally provide a realistic picture of flows in confined geometries of practical importance. Shock reflection in dense gases for transonic flows is the problem addressed in this paper. Analytical results are presented in terms of similarity parameters associated with the fundamental derivative of gas dynamics $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4})$, its derivative with respect to the density at constant entropy $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC})$ and the Mach number $(M)$ of the upstream flow. The richer complexity of flows scenarios possible beyond classical shock reflection is demonstrated. For example: incident shocks close to normal incidence on a reflecting boundary can lead to a compound shock–wave fan reflected flow or a pure wave fan flow as well as classical flow where a compressive reflected shock attached to the reflecting boundary is observed. With incident shock angles sufficiently away from normal incidence regular reflection becomes impossible and so-called irregular reflection occurs involving a detached reflection point where an incident shock, reflected shock and a Mach stem shock which remains connected to the boundary all intersect. This triple point intersection which also includes a wave fan is known as Guderley reflection. This classical result is demonstrated to carry over to the case of dense gases. It is then finally shown that the Mach stem formed may disintegrate into a compound shock–wave fan structure generating an additional secondary upstream shock. The aim of the present study is to provide insight into flows realised, for example, in wind tunnel experiments where evidence for non-classical gas dynamic effects such as rarefaction shocks is looked for. These have been predicted theoretically by the seminal work of Thompson (Phys. Fluids, vol. 14 (9), 1971, pp. 1843–1849) but have withstood experimental detection in shock tubes so far, due to, among others, difficulties to establish purely one-dimensional flows.

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Shiwai, B. A., A. Djaoui, T. A. Hall, G. J. Tallents, and S. J. Rose. "Improvements to ion-correlation experiments in dense plasmas." Laser and Particle Beams 10, no. 1 (March 1992): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600004195.

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Improved measurements of ion-correlation effects in a dense shock-compressed plasma are presented. The extended X-ray-absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) technique on the aluminum K edge is used to observe the short-range order within a dense plasma. Densities of about three times solid density were measured with good accuracy. The experimental measurements of density give results that are in good agreement with the MEDUSA onedimensional fluid code predictions. The improved quality of the data enabled us to calculate the ion coupling parameter during the compression and the subsequent heating of the plasma. An estimation of the temperature is given on the basis of published models, and an approximate agreement is obtained with the MEDUSA code predictions.

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Ostrik, A., and D. Nikolaev. "Shock induced melting of sapphire." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2154, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2154/1/012010.

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Abstract The method for calculation the melting curves of crystalline bodies based on the Debye model of heat capacity and the Lindemann melting rule is proposed. Hugoniot shock adiabate, determined in dynamic experiments and thermophysical characteristics of the substance under normal conditions are used as input data. Mathematically, the calculation of the melting curveis reduced to the Cauchy problem for a system of ordinary differential equations. This system is solved numerically by the Runge-Kutta method. Using the proposed method, the melting curves of copper, silver, gold, and sapphire at high pressures are calculated. The results obtained for copper, silver and gold were compared with available calculated and experimental data to validate the method. Experiments on shock compression of transparent sapphire sampleswere performed, using a Mach-type cumulative explosive generators. Investigated pressure range (280-1350 GPa) covered a region of shock-induced melting. The temperature of shock front was registered by fast optical pyrometer together with shock velocity. Particle velocity andpressure were obtained by impedance matching technique. Satisfactory agreement of calculatedand experimental data on temperature of melting behind the shock wave front in sapphire was obtained.

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Grigoryev, S. Yu, S. A. Dyachkov, A. N. Parshikov, and V. V. Zhakhovsky. "Failure model with phase transition for ceramics under shock loading." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 12 (March 28, 2022): 125106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082448.

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An explicit failure model for ceramics undergoing a solid–solid phase transition under shock compression is developed and tested on silicon carbide and aluminum nitride. This model enhances the applicability of our failure model recently developed for boron carbide. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of ceramics under shock loading are performed to optimize the model parameters using the velocity profiles obtained in available shock-wave experiments. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of a phase transition with hysteresis is essential for agreement between simulations and experiments. Evolution of damage spreading in samples with propagation of the failure wave front is discussed. We show that it changes from a homogeneous damage pattern to regular structures of failure bands, where growth is guided by distributions of equivalent stress and shear strength of material within the band tips.

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Pandolfi, Silvia, Thomas Carver, Daniel Hodge, Andrew F. T. Leong, Kelin Kurzer-Ogul, Philip Hart, Eric Galtier, et al. "Novel fabrication tools for dynamic compression targets with engineered voids using photolithography methods." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 103502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0107542.

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Mesoscale imperfections, such as pores and voids, can strongly modify the properties and the mechanical response of materials under extreme conditions. Tracking the material response and microstructure evolution during void collapse is crucial for understanding its performance. In particular, imperfections in the ablator materials, such as voids, can limit the efficiency of the fusion reaction and ultimately hinder ignition. To characterize how voids influence the response of materials during dynamic loading and seed hydrodynamic instabilities, we have developed a tailored fabrication procedure for designer targets with voids at specific locations. Our procedure uses SU-8 as a proxy for the ablator materials and hollow silica microspheres as a proxy for voids and pores. By using photolithography to design the targets’ geometry, we demonstrate precise and highly reproducible placement of a single void within the sample, which is key for a detailed understanding of its behavior under shock compression. This fabrication technique will benefit high-repetition rate experiments at x-ray and laser facilities. Insight from shock compression experiments will provide benchmarks for the next generation of microphysics modeling.

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Liu, Ze-Tao, Bo Chen, Wei-Dong Ling, Nan-Yun Bao, Dong-Dong Kang, and Jia-Yu Dai. "Phase transitions of palladium under dynamic shock compression." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 3 (2022): 037102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211511.

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For palladium (Pd) as a typical high-pressure standard material, studying its structural changes and thermodynamic properties under extreme conditions is widely demanded and challenging. Particularly, the solid-solid phase transition process of Pd under shock loading is understood still scarcely. In this paper, using the classical molecular dynamics simulations with embedded atom method (EAM) based on the interatomic potential, we investigate the phase transition of single crystal Pd from atomic scale under shock loading. A series of structural features is observed in a pressure range of 0–375 GPa, revealing that the structure feature transforms from the initial face-centered cubic (FCC) structure to the stacking faults body-centered cubic (BCC) structure with hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure, and finally complete melting. Under shock loading of <inline-formula><tex-math id="Z-20220123201122">\begin{document}$ \left\langle {100} \right\rangle $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20211511_Z-20220123201122.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20211511_Z-20220123201122.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> oriented bulk Pd, we find the transformation to BCC structure can take place almost at 70.0 GPa, which is much lower than the previous static calculation result. In addition, we find that the phase transition depends on the direction initially impacting crystal. Under impacting along the <inline-formula><tex-math id="Z-20220123201132">\begin{document}$ \left\langle {110} \right\rangle $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20211511_Z-20220123201132.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20211511_Z-20220123201132.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> direction and the <inline-formula><tex-math id="Z-20220123201127">\begin{document}$ \left\langle {111} \right\rangle $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20211511_Z-20220123201127.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20211511_Z-20220123201127.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> direction, the FCC-BCC phase transition pressures increase to 135.8 GPa and 165.4 GPa, respectively. Also, the introduction of defects will increase the phase transition pressure of FCC-BCC by 20–30 GPa in comparison with perfect crystals, which is verified by the distribution of the potential energy. An interesting phenomenon that FCC-BCC transition pressure of Pd decreases under shock loading is found in this work, which provides a new theoretical insight into the application of high pressure experiments in the future.

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Root, Seth, Thomas A. Haill, J. Matthew D. Lane, Aidan P. Thompson, Gary S. Grest, Diana G. Schroen, and Thomas R. Mattsson. "Shock compression of hydrocarbon foam to 200 GPa: Experiments, atomistic simulations, and mesoscale hydrodynamic modeling." Journal of Applied Physics 114, no. 10 (September 14, 2013): 103502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4821109.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Shock compression experiments'

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