Academic literature on the topic 'Shock absorber characteristics'

Siam Suspension Innovation Co. Ltd. (SSI) in 2004 manufactured the first local brand of shock absorber for motor cycles (GAZI brand) in Thailand. This case documents how several entrepreneurs with a passion for motorcycles grasped an opportunity to invent, manufacture and successfully brand a decorative shock absorber for the ubiquitous motorcycle riders of Thailand. Prior to the development of the GAZI brand, shock absorbers were simply just another OEM (original equipment manufacturer) component on a motor bike that was typically only replaced when it was worn out. Shock absorbers were differentiated on their performance characteristics of smoothness of ride. Siam Suspension Company (SSI) changed all that with their decorative GAZI brand that had a mass appeal to consumers under 25 years who possessed a 125–150cc motorcycle (by far the largest segment) who simply wanted their motorcycles to look attractive. Rather than compete in the high volume, low margin standard shock absorber segment, SSI positioned GAZI as a decorative shock absorber. However, because GAZI used a new innovative gas filled technology (all other brands used oil filled cylinders) it also gave a much smoother ride on the rough roads of Thailand. GAZI's management initially created a “first-mover” advantage by targeting Gen Y consumers and convincing them to use shock absorbers to decorate their motorcycles. Hence a replacement market was born for decorative shock absorbers, with many riders replacing the OEM shocks as soon as they purchased a new motorcycle. Sales grew at a rapid pace until other manufacturers of standard shocks saw the success of GAZI. At this time the barriers to entry were quite low. As a SME (small to medium size enterprise) with limited capital, the challenge for SSI in 2012 is how to regroup and stay one step ahead of the competition and protect its market share from further erosion.

The application of acoustic measurements brings about a new diagnostic method for evaluating the conditions of shock absorbers. In shock absorber diagnostics, it is advantageous to observe and understand what phenomena occur during the working cycle in the inner tube. Using a non‑destructive and non‑contact method can avoid dismantling whole device. For the research of this new acoustic method, a classic sound meter, an automotive and a train shock absorber were used. FFT analysis and concurrent filtration were applied for the measurement evaluation of obtained data. It has been proven that applying acoustic methods can lead to diagnostics of aeration in the shock absorbers. A defective shock absorber changes its damping characteristics as well as noise radiation compared with the properly functioning one; these differences in noise are measurable and quantifiable. The results show that characteristics of acoustic radiation of the aerated shock absorbers relate to the shock construction type.

The objectives of this paper are essentially twofold. In the first case an experimental study of a number of shock absorbers is presented; the restoring force surface method of non-linear system identification is applied in order to determine the non-linear characteristics of the absorbers in an easily visualizable manner. In the second part, a new physical model for the absorber is presented which incorporates effects due to compressibility of the fluid in the absorber; this provides a more realistic representation of the stiffness characteristics than previous simple models. The new model is compared with the experimental data.

The article describes the developed methodology for calculating the parameters of a single-tube hydropneumatic shock absorber. The calculation procedure is presented including calculating the volume of the gas filling cavity, calculating the parameters of the gas and the working fluid, determining the energy intensity of the shock absorber, checking the possibility of cavitation in the operating modes, as well as calculating the strength of the shock absorber parts.. A comparative analysis results of the calculated characteristics and the experimental characteristics of the hydropneumatic shock absorber are presented, the absorber having been produced according to the obtained design parameters. Based on the analysis, recommendations are given to increase the running smoothness of the car by replacing the standard hydraulic shock absorbers with hydropneumatic ones, taking into account the selection of the throughput of the discharge valves.

Elastomeric shock absorbers are used in various technical fields to protect equipment from impacts. Elastomers made in an arched shape have complex nonlinear force characteristics due to large deformations, loss of stability of working elements and closing of surfaces. In this regard, obtaining the power characteristics of arched elastomeric shock absorbers is a complex computational problem. It is noteworthy that, in the literature, these characteristics are given only for the case of normal compression. However, when assessing the possibility of using a shock-absorbing system based on arched elastomeric shock absorbers, it is necessary to take into account their lateral force. The study proposes to solve the problem of determining the elastic force characteristics of a shock absorber while operating in the normal and lateral directions in the system of finite element analysis in a flat formulation. Analytical expressions are obtained for the normal and transverse static reactions of the shock absorber under simultaneous loading in the normal and transverse directions. Analytic expressions can be used to simulate complex shock-absorbing systems with a large number of such shock absorbers.

This article presents the effect of electrode design parameters on the damping force of an electrorheological (ER) shock absorber for passenger vehicles. As a first step, an ER fluid is synthesized by dispersing arabic gum particles into non-conducting oil, and its field-dependent Bingham characteristics are experimentally evaluated. The Bingham model of the ER fluid is then formulated and incorporated with the governing equations of motion of the ER shock absorber. Subsequently, several ER shock absorbers are designed and manufactured with various electrode designs, which have three different electrode gaps, lengths, and materials, respectively. The field-dependent damping force of the manufactured shock absorbers is demonstrated in the time domain and compared with simulation results. In addition, the vibration control performance of a quarter-car suspension system is presented and compared with different electrode gaps and lengths.

In order to find out the sensitivity of the thermophysical and structural parameters to the thermodynamic characteristics of twin-tube hydraulic shock absorbers, based on the bench test, a method for calculating the time-varying rate of the external work on the shock absorber oil is proposed. And then, a thermodynamic model of the twin-tube hydraulic shock absorber is established by using the basic thermodynamic principles. By analyzing the influence of each parameter on the thermodynamic characteristics of the shock absorber, it can be seen that, the radius of the working cylinder outer wall has the greatest influence on the temperature rise of the shock absorber, followed by the thermal conductivity of the oil, the height of the oil, the heat transfer length of the cylinder barrel, the radius of the oil storage cylinder outer wall, the emissivity of the oil storage cylinder outer wall, the height of the nitrogen, the thermal conductivity of the nitrogen, the specific heat capacity of the oil, the density of the oil, the thermal conductivity of the cylinder, and the mass of the working oil. The kinematic viscosity of the oil has the least influence on the temperature rise of the shock absorber. The research can provide an effective theoretical guidance and reference for the design of the twin-tube hydraulic shock absorber.

Motorcycle’s rear shock absorber has been built as a nonlinear mathematical model to analyze the shock absorber damping force characteristic. The model has been divided into various subsystems that including hydrodynamics flow model, friction model, elastic deformation model, and gas pressure model. It has been implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment, and validated against experimental test data. The results show that the model is sufficiently accurate, the practical behavior of the shock absorber can be reproduced. The relationship between the valve system parameters and shock absorber outer characteristics has also been analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of valve system parameters is analyzed to provide some theoretical basis for the motorcycle shock absorber performance optimization and structure improvement.

The structure of a shock absorber based on magnetorheological (MR) damper with a metering pin is proposed, and structure of the magnetic circuit of MR damper is optimized. By drop tests, the damping characteristics of the shock absorber and damping effect are tested. The experimental results show that the shock absorber has the characteristic of a wide damping force adjustment range and lower energy dissipation. The maximum vertical load and shock absorber piston displacement can be changed at same drop height by changing the current. It has also been proved that shock absorber based on MR damper is better than conventional oleo-pneumatic shock absorber on adjustment of damping force.

The thermodynamic study of the valve-controlled adjustable damping shock absorber is conducted in order to solve the problem of oil leakage caused by excessive temperature rise of shock absorber. In this paper, the temperature rise of the valve-controlled adjustable damping shock absorber is analyzed from the perspective of energy conservation. Combined with the theory of fluid mechanics, the damping heat model is established, and the heat dissipation model of the shock absorber is established based on heat convection, heat conduction and heat radiation. The corresponding thermal equilibrium equation is established on the basis of damping heat and heat dissipation. The effects of vibration velocity, outer diameter, thickness and length of reservoir cylinder, and wind velocity on its thermal performance have been investigated. Specifically, temperature after thermal equilibrium will grow with the increase of vibration velocity and thickness of reservoir cylinder and degrade with the increase of outer diameter, length of reservoir cylinder and wind velocity. The higher the balance temperature, the shorter time is required to arrive thermal equilibrium. The difference between the experimental and simulation values of oil temperature after thermal equilibrium was not more than 2 °C, which verified the correctness of the theoretical model, while the experimental value in the process of temperature rise lagged behind the simulation value, which was mainly caused by the cumulative error of step-by-step iteration and the mechanical hysteresis in the experiment. The conclusions obtained can provide some references for the design of shock absorbers.

This Diploma thesis deals with the design of facilities for measuring characteristics of the cars shock absorbers. It describes damped vibration, construction design of shock absorbers and their diagnostics methods followed by description of shock absorbers characteristics and the design of linear motor driven device.

Магістерська дисертація на тему “Удосконалення ендопротезу колінного суглобу за рахунок використання магнітно-реологічного демпфера”, складається з __3__ розділів, обсяг пояснювальної записки __117__ сторінок основного тексту, включає _75__ рисунків і _31__ таблиця, та __8__ плакатів графічного матеріалу. Метою роботи є підвищення стабільності МРД протезу колінного суглобу в змінних умовах експлуатації. Для досягнення поставленої мети було сформульовано ряд задач: - провести аналіз існуючих конструкцій протезів колінних суглобів; - теоретично обґрунтувати та створити математичні моделі робочих процесів та дослідити вплив температури та напруженості магнітно поля на робочі характеристики МРД; - розробити експериментальну установку для перевірки та уточнення математичних моделей МРД; - провести експериментальні дослідження; - розробити рекомендації щодо створення адаптивних демпферів з урахуванням результатів отриманих при виконанні роботи. Перший розділ даної роботи присвячено аналітичному дослідженню впливу зовнішніх та внутрішніх факторів на демпфери протезу та методи адаптації під них. Другий розділ присвячено розробці математичної моделі яка описує залежність впливу температури на робочу характеристику демпфера. Третій розділ включає в себе створення стенду для проведення відповідних експериментальних досліджень, представлена схема та необхідна апаратура, що дозволили створити безпосередньо стенд для досліджень впливу температури та тиску робочого середовища на робочі характеристики МРД суглобу. Розробити методи експериментальних досліджень. Проведено серії експериментів, для визначення впливу перепаду тиску та температури на робочу характеристику. Об’єктом дослідження в даній роботі є процес функціонування МРД протезу колінного суглобу, а саме його дроселя при різних умовах експлуатації. Предметом дослідження є зв'язок конструктивних параметрів провідності регульованого дроселя та зміни температури робочої рідини. Науковою новизною даного дослідження є запропоновані аналітичні залежності, що відображають зміну витрати від прикладеної сили струму (магнітного поля). Розроблена уточнена математична модель процесу демпфування протезу колінного суглобу. Перелік ключових слів: Демпфер, протезування, моделювання в SolidWorks, адаптивні властивості, дросель. Для дослідження МРД використовувався пакет прикладних програм „MatLab ”, в додатку до нього „Simulink”. Результати дослідження дозволяють вдосконалити конструкцію МР демпфера та зменшити температурний фактор на його характеристики. Публікаціїї. За матеріалами магістерської дисертації було опубліковано 4 праці, а саме 3 тези доповідей на міжнародних науково-технічних конференціях студентів.
The master's thesis on the theme "Improvement of knee joint endoprosthesis due to the use of magnetic-rheological damper" consists of __3__ sections, the volume of the explanatory note __117__ pages of the main text, includes _75__ drawings and _31__ tables, and __8__ posters of graphic material. The aim of the work is to increase the stability of the MRI of the knee joint prosthesis under varying operating conditions. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were formulated: - to carry out an analysis of existing designs of knee joints; - theoretically substantiate and create mathematical models of work processes and investigate the influence of temperature and intensity of the magnetic field on the operating characteristics of the MRD; - to develop an experimental installation for checking and refinement of mathematical models of MRD; - to conduct experimental research; - to develop recommendations for the creation of adaptive damping taking into account the results obtained during the work. The first section of this paper is devoted to the analytical study of the influence of external and internal factors on the denture dampers and the methods of adaptation under them. The second section is devoted to the development of a mathematical model that describes the dependence of temperature influence on the performance of the damper. The third section includes the creation of a stand for conducting relevant experimental research, a diagram and the necessary equipment are presented, which allowed to create a stand directly for research on the influence of temperature and pressure of the working environment on the working characteristics of the MRD of the joint. Develop experimental research methods. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effect of pressure drop and temperature on the performance. The object of the research in this paper is the process of functioning of the MRI of the knee joint prosthesis, namely, its chokes under different operating conditions. The subject of the study is the connection of the design parameters of the conductivity of the regulated choke and changes in the temperature of the working fluid. The scientific novelty of this study is the proposed analytical dependence, reflecting the change in flow rate from the applied current strength (magnetic field). The refined mathematical model of the process of damping the knee joint prosthesis is developed. Keyword list: Damper, Prosthesis, Modeling in SolidWorks, Adaptive Properties, Choke. To study MRD, a package of applications "MatLab", in addition to "Simulink" was used. The results of the study allow to improve the design of the MP damper and reduce the temperature factor on its characteristics. Publications On the materials of the master's thesis 4 papers were published, namely 3 theses of reports at international scientific and technical conferences of students.
Магистерская диссертация на тему "Совершенствование эндопротеза коленного сустава за счет использования магнитно-реологического демпфера", состоит из __3__ разделов, объем пояснительной записки __121__ страниц у основного текста, включает _75__ рисунков и _31__ таблиц, и __8__ плакатов графического материала. Целью работы является повышение стабильности МРД протеза коленного сустава в изменяющихся условиях эксплуатации. Для достижения поставленной цели был сформулирован ряд задач: - провести анализ существующих конструкций протезов коленных суставов - теоретически обосновать и создать математические модели рабочих процессов и исследовать влияние температуры и напряженности магнитного поля на рабочие характеристики МРД; - разработать экспериментальную установку для проверки и уточнения математических моделей МРД; - провести экспериментальные исследования; - разработать рекомендации по созданию адаптивных демпферов с учетом результатов полученных при выполнении работы. Первый раздел данной работы посвящен аналитическому исследованию влияния внешних и внутренних факторов на демпферы протеза и методы адаптации в них. Вторая глава посвящена разработке математической модели описывающей зависимость влияния температуры на рабочую характеристику демпфера. Третий раздел включает в себя создание стенда для проведения соответствующих экспериментальных исследований, представлена схема и необходимая аппаратура, позволившие создать непосредственно стенд для исследований влияния температуры и давления рабочей среды на рабочие характеристики М РД сустава. Разработаны методы экспериментальных исследований. Проведено серии экспериментов, для определения влияния перепада давления и температуры на рабочую характеристику. Объектом исследования в данной работе является процесс функционирования МРД протеза коленного сустава, а именно его дросселя при различных условиях эксплуатации. Предметом исследования является связь конструктивных параметров проводимости регулируемого дросселя и изменения температуры рабочей жидкости. Научной новизной данного исследования предложенные аналитические зависимости, отражающие изменение расхода от приложенной силы тока (магнитного поля). Разработана уточненная математическая модель процесса демпфирования протеза коленного сустава. Перечень ключевых слов: Демпфер, протезирование, моделирование в SolidWorks, адаптивные свойства, дроссель. Для исследования МРД использовался пакет прикладных программ "MatLab", в приложении к нему "Simulink». Результаты исследования позволяют усовершенствовать конструкцию МР демпфера и уменьшить температурный фактор на его характеристики. Публикации. По материалам магистерской диссертации было опубликовано 4 работы, а именно 3 тезис а докладов на международных научно - технических конференциях студентов.

Гармаш, Д. А. Проект легкового автомобіля ЗАЗ 1103 з модернізацією передньої підвіски : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 274 «Автомобільний транспорт» / Д. А. Гармаш ; науковий керівник В. М. Скляр ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка, кафедра автомобільного транспорту та галузевого машинобудування. – Чернігів, 2021. – 74 с.
Проведено аналітичний огляд легкових автомобілів певного класу й модельного ряду автомобілів. Проведено визначення масових показників та параметрів автомобіля та його двигуна. Проведено розрахунок зовнішньої швидкісної характеристики двигуна, силового балансу автомобіля та визначення параметрів трансмісії. Проведено розрахунок показників динамічності автомобіля при рівномірному та не рівномірному русі, метод силового балансу та динамічної характеристики. Проведено розрахунок паливної економічності автомобіля.
An analytical inspection of cars of a certain class and model range of cars was carried out. The determination of mass indicators and parameters of the car and its engine is carried out. The calculation of the external speed characteristics of the engine, the power balance of the car and the definition of transmission parameters. The calculation of the dynamics of the car with uniform and non-uniform motion, the method of force balance and dynamic characteristics. The calculation of fuel efficiency of the car is carried out. The types of car suspensions were considered, the calculation and modernization of the ZAZ 1103 car suspension were performed. During the bachelor's qualification work, calculations and drawings were performed in such programs as "Compass" and "Mathcad".

The diploma thesis titled, Computational model of shock absorber, is concerned with ways to simulate individual actuators of dampening with the goal of obtaining F-v characteristics dependent on the setup of the shock absorber. The work is divided into two halves, the first one being a review of literature and the second half being practical. The review part is focused on ways of shock absorber constructions and the physical principles involved with the present forces. The practical part of the work contains a computational model of a monotube shock absorber in the Matlab programming software.

В дипломній роботі виконано розроблення проект дільниці ремонтного цеху для ремонту гальмівної системи автомобіля марки ЗІЛ-433442 та дослідження методики та алгоритму загального діагностування автомобілів за зміною коефіцієнта корисної дії.
The diploma thesis elaborated the design of a repair shop section for repair of the ZIL-433442 car brake system and the study of the methodology and algorithm for the general diagnosis of vehicles by changing the efficiency.
Вступ 1 Загально-технічний розділ 2 Технологічний розділ 3. Конструкторський розділ 4 Спеціальний розділ 5 Науково-дослідний розділ 6 Проектний розділ 7 Обгрунтування економічної ефективності 8 Охорона праці та безпека в надзвичайних ситуаціях 9 Екологія Загальні висновки щодо магістерської роботи Бібліографія Додатки

The 20th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) offers an opportunity to look back on the record of the European Central Bank (ECB) and learn lessons that can improve the conduct of policy in the future. This volume charts the way the ECB has defined, interpreted, and applied its monetary policy framework—its strategy—over the years from its inception, in search of evidence and lessons that can inform those reflections. Our ‘Tale of Two Decades’ is largely a tale of ‘two regimes’: one—stretching slightly beyond the ECB’s mid-point—marked by decent growth in real incomes and a distribution of shocks to inflation almost universally to the upside; and the second—starting well into the post-Lehman period—characterized by endemic instability and crisis, with the distribution of shocks eventually switching from inflationary to continuously disinflationary. We show how the most defining feature of the ECB’s monetary policy framework, its characteristic definition of price stability with a hard 2 per cent ceiling, functioned as a key shock absorber in the relatively high-inflation years prior to the crisis, but offered a softer defence in the face of the disinflationary forces that hit the euro area in its aftermath. The imperative to halt persistent disinflation in the post-crisis era therefore called for a radical, unprecedented policy response, comprising negative policy rates, enhanced forms of forward guidance, a large asset purchase programme and targeted long-term loans to banks. We study the multidimensional interactions among these four instruments and quantify their impact on inflation and the macroeconomy.

Drillstrings are used extensively to drill for oil, gas and geothermal energy. Due to their construction, they are subject to instability which causes excessive vibrations. These vibrations cause extensive damage to the bit and drillstring. In this paper, we analyze the design parameters of a shock absorber (typically referred to as a shock sub) to be placed above the bit for the purpose of minimizing vibrations. The analysis is based on a laboratory drilling system at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) referred to as the Hard Rock Drilling Facility (HRDF). We show that the choice of spring stiffness and damping are very critical to minimizing vibrations. Too weak or too stiff a spring does not lead to reduction in vibrations. Similarly, too low or too high a damping constant is not effective at dissipating energy. Even though a test rig is used to represent the drillstring, the methodology is applicable to actual drillstrings utilized in the field. The results are validated experimentally at SNL.

Many energy-harvesting shock absorbers have been proposed in recent years, the most popular design is the electromagnetic harvester including linear electromagnetic shock absorbers, rotational electromagnetic shock absorbers, the mechanical motion rectifier (MMR), and the hydraulic-electromagnetic energy-regenerative shock absorber (HESA). With different energy converting mechanisms, the complicated effects of the inertia and nonlinear damping behaviors will greatly influence the vehicle dynamic performance such as the ride comfort and road handling. In this paper, we will theoretically analyze the dynamics of the suspension system with the HESA and give a guide for the HESA design. Then a simulation model of the HESA is built in AMESim to make comparison studies on the different vehicle dynamics caused by the nonlinear damping behaviors of the HESA. The advantages of HESA in terms of ride comfort and road handling will be evaluated in comparison with the similar design without accumulators and the traditional oil shock absorbers.

The dynamic performance of automotive vehicles is influenced by the suspension system design. Suspensions owing damping elements with a wide range of non-linear behaviour can provide higher mobility and better ride comfort performances. Pneumatic suspensions due to their inherent nonlinear behaviour can provide high mobility performance while suspensions with MR dampers can provide this nonlinearity through the controllable damping force produced by the control of the MR fluid. The pneumatic and MR suspension models are usually developed from experimental force-displacement and force-velocity characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to measure and compare the dynamic characteristics of pneumatic, magnetorheological, and hydraulic shock absorbers. The study is carried out through measuring the characteristics of the different types of dampers at different frequencies and amplitudes using an Electro-Servo Hydraulic (ESH) testing machine. The shock absorber is subjected to sinusoidal excitation of frequency varying from 0 to 10 Hz, and amplitude varying from 0 to 10 mm. In the case of the MR damper, the tests are also done at different current levels of between 0 and 2 amp. The input displacement and acceleration to the shock absorber were measured using an LVDT (Linear Voltage Displacement Transducer) and an accelerometer, respectively while the input velocity was derived from the measured displacement and acceleration. This dual identification of the input velocity was done in order to ensure accurate representation of the velocity. The output force response of the shock absorber was measured by means of a force transducer. The force-displacement and force-velocity characteristics of each shock absorber were subsequently derived from the measured data. The results show the tunability of the MR damper characteristics in comparison to those of the pneumatic and hydraulic dampers.

To improve the vehicle fuel economy and prolong the thermal fatigue life of the traditional shock absorbers, energy regenerative electromagnetic shock absorbers have attracted wide attentions. This paper discusses a hydraulic electromagnetic shock absorber (HESA), which has high reliability. A dynamic model of HESA is created in this paper, which shows that the damping force of HESA is composed of the electric damping force, friction damping force, the inerter force and the accumulator force. Influences of hydraulic motor and pipe diameter on the force are analyzed based on the modeling. The parameters of the nonlinear component accumulator are also studied experimentally. Both modeling and lab tests show that the accumulator force can counteract part of the effect of the inerter force, which is greatly beneficial for the vehicles. The damping characteristics and energy harvesting characteristics are also studied based on the lab tests. Results show that the damping coefficient of HESA ranges from 12000Ns/m to 92000Ns/m at a vibration input of 3Hz frequency and 5mm amplitude, and HESA has a unique damping characteristic which needs to be further studied for vehicle dynamics. In addition, the efficiency of HESA can achieve 30% at a vibration input of 3Hz frequency and 7mm amplitude with external resistance of 4 ohms. The average power at this excitation can reach 102 watts.

Abstract A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method, combined with a dynamic modeling technique were introduced to study the flow and performance of automotive hydraulic damper / shock absorbers. The flow characteristics of component obtained by using CFD was applied to dynamic modeling package to predict the damping force. The component CFD analysis showed unique features as far as flow part tern, discharge coefficients and pressure distribution for various shock absorber components. Dynamic damper model was constructed by using a commercial package Easy5 with flow information provided by CFD. A simple representation of the complicated design of shocks as a network of fixed and variable restrictions in series and parallel connected by compliant volumes of oil is suitable for capturing the dynamics important to vehicle handling simulations.

EI Consultants (formerly The Engineering Institute) has, for over a decade, researched and tested methods of mitigating the controllability effects of solid rear axle tramp by optimizing rear axle rotational damping. This optimization has explored the balance between increasing the damping forces of the shock absorbers and increasing the distance between the shock absorbers positioned along the axle. Axle tramp is detrimental to vehicle handling and stability, since the reduction in normal force at the rear tires can lead to a total loss of control situation. On solid rear axles such as those common on SUVs and light trucks, underdamped tramp motion will result in an oversteer characteristic of the vehicle as the rear lateral capacity is compromised due to the tires alternately bouncing out of firm contact with the road surface. In severe cases of axle tramp, the alternating normal forces at both the input tire and the opposite tire will go to zero when each tire fully leaves contact with the ground. EI Consultants has tested numerous SUVs and light trucks and their responses to axle tramp. In order to excite the tramp mode in a sustained fashion for close study of suspension design alternatives, the test methodology utilizes one rear tire with three vulcanized rubber lumps, placed equidistant about the circumference of the tire. Throughout this research, increased effective rotational damping has been repeatedly demonstrated to have a direct relationship to increased controllability. The most recent testing included maneuvers modeled after those recommended in test standard SAE J266: Steady-State Directional Control Characteristics for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks. This testing included multiple shock absorber configurations, and the data was analyzed in multiple domains to provide insight on the effectiveness of various shock absorber design strategies. Several shock absorber design variables were evaluated, with the most significant of these being the lateral distance between the shock mounts along the axle. Other variables that were able to be observed and evaluated in the latest testing included the balance between shock absorber rebound and compression forces, and the relative effect of “staggered” shocks in side-view angle, where one shock is positioned with a rearward angle, and the other shock is positioned with a forward angle. The effectiveness of placing shocks further apart along the length of the axle was unmatched. This paper is the second of two companion papers presenting theory and results on EI Consultants’ most recent axle tramp testing. Where the first paper focused on new understandings of test data analysis theory, this paper will summarize the results of numerous tests and their application to various design strategies for improving solid rear axle tramp damping, with a motivation for enhancing vehicle controllability and highway safety.