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1
Mouchtouri, Varvara, Diederik Van Reusel, Nikolaos Bitsolas, Antonis Katsioulis, Raf Van den Bogaert, Björn Helewaut, Inge Steenhout, Dion Damman, Miguel Dávila Cornejo, and Christos Hadjichristodoulou. "European Web-Based Platform for Recording International Health Regulations Ship Sanitation Certificates: Results and Perspectives." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091833.
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The purpose of this study was to report the data analysis results from the International Health Regulations (2005) Ship Sanitation Certificates (SSCs), recorded in the European Information System (EIS). International sea trade and population movements by ships can contribute to the global spread of diseases. SSCs are issued to ensure the implementation of control measures if a public health risk exists on board. EIS designed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) “Handbook for Inspection of Ships and Issuance of SSC”. Inspection data were recorded and SSCs issued by inspectors working at European ports were analysed. From July 2011–February 2017, 107 inspectors working at 54 ports in 11 countries inspected 5579 ships. Of these, there were 29 types under 85 flags (including 19 EU Member States flags). As per IHR (2005) 10,281 Ship Sanitation Control Exception Certificates (SSCECs) and 296 Ship Sanitation Control Certificates (SSCCs) were issued, 74 extensions to existing SSCs were given, 7565 inspection findings were recorded, and 47 inspections were recorded without issuing an SSC. The most frequent inspection findings were the lack of potable water quality monitoring reports (23%). Ships aged ≥12 years (odds ratio, OR = 1.77, 95% confidence intervals, CI = 1.37–2.29) with an absence of cargo at time of inspection (OR = 3.36, 95% CI = 2.51–4.50) had a higher probability of receiving an SSCC, while ships under the EU MS flag had a lower probability of having inspection findings (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.66–0.79). Risk factors to prioritise the inspections according to IHR were identified by using the EIS. A global information system, or connection of national or regional information systems and data exchange, could help to better implement SSCs using common standards and procedures.
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Stoica, Florentina Camelia, Irina Soare, and Radu Ștefan Pătru. "Theoretical and practical aspects relating to occupational accidents aboard ships." SWS Journal of SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ART 3, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/ssa2021/issue1.01.
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This study analyses the theoretical and practical aspects relating to a special category of occupational accidents, more precisely the occupational accidents aboard ships. The International Labour Organization (I.L.O.), while aware of the importance of this topic, has issued the Maritime Labour Convection (MLC 2006) – ratified by Romania through the Law no. 214/2015 - ensuring the legal framework for maritime personnel by taking into account the special labour conditions thereof. On the internal level, a series of regulations in the Romanian law provide a legal framework in this matter. Among these, we may mention the Guide of March 19, 2018 for the safe management and health protection of seafarers aboard the ships flying the Romanian flag, a document bringing important regulations in this field. In this study we will also present the jurisprudential issues regarding the occupational accidents aboard ships which, together with the theoretical approach, will lead conclusions relating to the relevant regulations in the internal law.
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Brennan, Chris, Virginia Routley, and Joan Ozanne-Smith. "Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas Suicide in Victoria, Australia 1998-2002." Crisis 27, no. 3 (May 2006): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.27.3.119.
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Motor vehicle exhaust gas suicide (MVEGS) is the second most frequent method of suicide in Victoria, Australia. It is a highly lethal method of suicide with 1.5 deaths for every hospital admission. Australian regulations require all vehicles manufactured since 1998 to have a maximum carbon monoxide exhaust emission level of 2.1 g/km, reduced from the previous level of 9.6 g/km. Information surrounding all Victorian MVEGS between 1998-2002 was analyzed to determine whether suicides occurred in vehicles with the lower emission levels. Between 1998-2002, 607 suicides by this means were recorded while just 393 hospital admissions were recorded for the same period. Mean carboxyhaemoglobin levels were significantly lower in fatalities using vehicles manufactured from 1998, however suicide still occurred in these vehicles (n = 25). The extent to which the new regulations contributed to the relatively low rate of suicide in vehicles less than 5 years old compared to their frequency in the fleet remains unknown. Based on international experience and the age of the Victorian vehicle fleet, it may take well over a decade until substantial decreases in MVEGS are observed in the absence of active preventive measures.
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Liu, Chenhong. "Public Health and International Obligations of States: The Case of COVID-19 on Cruise Ships." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 20, 2021): 11604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111604.
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Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 outbreak onboard the cruise ship Diamond Princess, both the flag State and the port State should act according to international obligations during the sailing stage, quarantine period after ships’ berthing, and the time when the quarantine period expires. However, the potential danger of the absence of a “genuine link” between the cruise shipowners and the flag State, the lack of coordination of jurisdiction in different sea areas and between different States, and also the lack of special or systematic regulations for infection prevention and control (IPC) at sea and for cruise ships increase the risk of a State’s breach of international obligations. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to improve the responsive measures in international law. This paper, after review and analysis, sheds light on various recommendations on how to improve the responsive measures in international law, including (i) strengthening of the jurisdiction of the flag State, (ii) establishment of a special international cooperation mechanism with an alliance between the WHO and the IMO, and (iii) construction of an IPC mechanism for home ports of cruise ships.
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Agung Ngurah Ade Dwi Putra, Anak, and Ni Putu Dian Permata Prasetyaningrum. "PROTECTION FOR PASSENGER SHIPS WHEN NEW NORMAL." IJLLE (International Journal of Law and Legal Ethics) 1, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47701/ijlle.v1i1.954.
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When Covid 19 hit Indonesia, the Government began to close shipping access. The government confirmed that the closure of the port during the Covid-19 emergency period was the authority of the Central Government in this case the Ministry of Transportation cq. Directorate General of Sea Transportation. This is stated in Circular of the Director General of Sea Transportation number Circular Letter 13 of 2020 dated March 26, 2020 concerning Limitation of Passengers on Ships, Logistics Transportation and Port Services during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 Emergency Disaster Management (Covid-19). In the circular, the port closure mechanism was set up by the Regional Government in order to prevent the spread of Corona 19. The purpose of this study was to determine the Form of Protection for ship passengers during New Normal. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The research approach used in this paper is the statute approach. The statute approach is carried out by examining all laws and regulations relating to the legal issues being addressed. The research conducted is aimed more at the approach to laws and regulations associated with the protection of ship passengers in the new normal era. Data Analysis Techniques Data analysis techniques used for this study are deductive analysis methods, which are data analysis methods that begin with general postulates and certain paradigms as a base for starting conclusions. In an effort to protect ship passengers in the new normal era, the Government released special rules related to sea transportation services in the face of a period of adaptation to new or new normal habits. The rule is contained in Circular Letter 12 of 2020 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of the Trip of People with Transportation in the Adaptation Period of New Habits Towards Productive and Safe Communities Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). The Circular was issued following the enactment of Minister of Transportation Regulation (Permenhub) No. 41 of 2020 concerning Amendments to Permenhub Number 18 of 2020 concerning Transportation Control in the Prevention of the Distribution of Covid-19. In the operation of sea transportation during the adaptation period this new custom has been set criteria that must be met by every passenger, passenger ship operator, passenger terminal operator and Syahbandar at the port of embarkation / debarkation. Passengers must also be responsible for their health by implementing health protocols. The health protocol includes keeping a distance, wearing a mask, and washing hands as well as complying with applicable regulations. In addition, passengers are required to show tickets, boarding passes, identification along with other required documents. Specifically for passengers who come from abroad must conduct a PCR Test upon arrival at the port in the country and activate the Protect Care application on the cell phone device. Regarding the amount of passenger capacity allowed for aboard, the Ministry of Transportation emphasized that passenger capacity is adjusted to the characteristics of the ship while still using the principles of health protocol.
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Sunaryo, Sunaryo, Eko Djatmiko, Siti Fariya, Rafet Kurt, and Sefer Gunbeyaz. "A Gap Analysis of Ship-Recycling Practices in Indonesia." Recycling 6, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6030048.
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Ship recycling is gaining attention in Indonesia due to the increase in end-of-life ships and uneconomical nationally flagged ships, and is considered a prospective source of economic development and employment opportunity, and yet conceivably poses a threat to the health and safety of workers and the environment. There are international and national regulations that govern ship-recycling activities to ensure that the hazardous impacts of the industry are minimized. We investigated the disparity between current ship-breaking practices in Indonesia and the requirements of related international and national regulations, with the findings intended for use as a stepping stone to proposing a strategy to establish a green and sustainable ship-recycling industry. A benchmark study of the world’s leading ship-recycling countries was conducted, and a gap analysis was performed by comparing existing international and national regulations with current ship-breaking practices in Indonesia. We identified two types of ship-breaking practices in Indonesia: Conventional environmentally unfriendly ship-breaking method, conducted by most Indonesian ship-breaking yards, and a rather modern, more environmentally friendly method, conducted by ship-repair yards. However, neither of the practices met the requirements of the regulations, and improvements are therefore needed to make the ship-recycling industry more green and sustainable, and to gain international recognition.
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Kordsmeyer, Ann-Christin, Natascha Mojtahedzadeh, Jan Heidrich, Kristina Militzer, Thomas von Münster, Lukas Belz, Hans-Joachim Jensen, et al. "Systematic Review on Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 on Cruise, Navy and Cargo Ships." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 5195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105195.
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The confined environment of a ship promotes the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to close contact among the population on board. The study aims to provide an overview of outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 on board of cruise, navy or cargo ships, to identify relevant outbreak management techniques, related problems and to derive recommendations for prevention. Four databases were searched. The study selection included reports about seroprevalences or clinically/laboratory confirmed infections of SARS-CoV-2 on board ships between the first of January, 2020 and the end of July, 2020. A total of 37 studies were included of whom 33 reported outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 on cruise ships (27 studies referred to the Diamond Princess). Two studies considered outbreaks on the Grand Princess, three studies informed about Nile River cruises and one study about the MS Westerdam (mention of multiple outbreaks possible in one study). Additionally, three studies reported outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 on navy vessels and one study referred to a cargo ship. Problems in handling outbreaks resulted from a high number of asymptomatic infections, transportation issues, challenges in communication or limited access to health care. Responsible operators need to implement infection control measures which should be described in outbreak management plans for ships to prevent transmission risks, including, e.g., education, testing strategies, communication lines, social distancing and hygiene regulations.
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Mossop, Joanna. "Law of the Sea and the Pandemic—Humanitarian Principles under Siege?" Australian Year Book of International Law Online 39, no. 1 (December 9, 2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660229-03901007.
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Abstract In the COVID-19 pandemic two particular issues have arisen in relation to borders and the law of the sea: the right of ships—particularly cruise ships—to enter port and the ongoing restrictions on seafarers aboard merchant ships. In these cases, the sovereign interests of states in preventing the spread of a dangerous virus have been pitted against the humanitarian interests of those onboard the vessels. This article first describes the humanitarian concerns created by states’ responses to the emergence of COVID-19. It then discusses the various legal principles that apply to the situation, primarily the International Health Regulations, the doctrine of distress and the Maritime Labour Convention. Finally, it considers whether any lessons can be learned from this experience to hopefully lessen humanitarian problems if another pandemic happens in the future.
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Zhang, Xiaohan, and Chao Wang. "Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Pandemic on International Cruise Ships: The Legal Controversies." Healthcare 9, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030281.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, a number of international cruise ships were infected, thereby resulting in serious public health and human rights problems. Multiple difficulties were encountered in the prevention and control of the coronavirus disease onboard ships, while rule-based international cooperation in this regard appeared inefficient and ineffective. By applying interdisciplinary methodologies, including empirical research of law, policy science, and health studies, this research reviewed the legal difficulties in the prevention and control of COVID-19 on international cruise ships and sought solutions from a policy-making and strategic perspective. We found that, apart from the inherent nature of cruise ships such as crowded semi-enclosed areas, shared sanitary facilities and limited medical resources, there are also nonnegligible legal reasons affecting the effectiveness of containment measures on board. In particular, there is ambiguity and even inconsistency of relevant international norms and domestic regulations, and some of the key rules are neither mandatory nor enforceable. We conclude by suggesting that rule-based international cooperation on this issue must be strengthened with respect to information sharing and management, a more effective supervisory mechanism, clarification of key rules over jurisdiction and distributions of obligations among the port states, flag states, nationality states, and cruise ship companies.
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Hu, Jianbo, Mengtao Deng, Shitao Peng, and Zhaoyu Qi. "UAV Inspection of Compliance of Fuel Sulfur Content of Sailing Ships in the Pearl River Delta, China." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111894.
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Air pollutants emitted by ships are one of the major causes of global environmental and human health problems, especially for sulfur oxides (SO2). In this study, a mini-sniffing sensor was mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to monitor the concentration relationship between CO2 and SO2 in the exhaust gas of sailing ships, then the sulfur content of the ship’s fuel oil was estimated to evaluate the compliance of the fuel sulfur content (FSC) with IMO regulations. In the experiment, the measurement results of the exhaust gas of sailing ships in the Pearl River Delta were presented, the data set from February to April 2022 was provided, and 445 ships were comprehensively analyzed from the perspectives of ship length and ship type. From the experimental results, considering the error of the sensor, the compliance rate of the FSC of sailing ships entering and leaving the Pearl River reached 93.7%. To some extent, the current situation for meeting the 0.5% (m/m) limit is basically optimistic. The results represent the effectiveness of DECA policy implementation. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability of the UAV monitoring method in monitoring emissions from ships, and in more effectively monitoring the impact of shipping on air quality. Furthermore, an accurate and non-contact monitoring method is proposed, which can allow law enforcement officers to judge in advance whether the ships sailing is suspected of illegally using high-sulfur fuels. It can improve the efficiency of law enforcement and reduce the cost of supervision.
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Garbatov, Yordan, and Petar Georgiev. "Air Pollution and Economic Impact from Ships Operating in the Port of Varna." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 1526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091526.
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The present work develops a multidisciplinary approach for evaluating the air pollution and economic impact from ships operating in the port of Varna. The work collects and analyses automatic identification system (AIS) data of the arriving and queuing dry cargo ships in the seaport of Varna in identifying the statistical descriptors of the length of the ships, gross tonnage (GT), and ship engine power. The queueing theory (QT) is employed to analyse the ship operations in a single queue and is processed by three parallel terminals, satisfying the port regulations. The Gaussian dispersion model (GDM) is adopted to predict the pollution concentration from ships arriving at the seaport, queuing, approaching, waiting, processing at the berth, and departing. The gas emission is estimated as a function of the ship movement trajectory, and the time duration at any stage is defined by QT for the most critical surrounding areas, considering the wind speed, as well as horizontal and vertical dispersion as a function of the location of the ship, accounting for the effective emission height, weather conditions, and speed. To mitigate the potential impact on health, the gas emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and air-borne particles (PM10) generated by ships during the queuing and port operation are evaluated. Potential cleaning measures for any ship are implemented to satisfy the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) in surrounding areas. The implemented ship pollution cleaning measures and overall ship and terminal operating costs are minimised to identify the most efficient berth operation. The developed approach is flexible and can be used for any particular conditions for ships operating in ports.
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Polk, Kenneth, Fiona Haines, and Santina Perrone. "Work Death in Victoria, 1987–1990: An Overview." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 28, no. 2 (June 1995): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589502800204.
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This investigation describes the level and nature of work-related traumatic work deaths which occurred in Victoria in 1987–90. There were a total of 353 such deaths reported to the coroner in this period. While a large number of these deaths involved farmers or self-employed workers, a majority were found to involve work in the context of a company. Further, most of these company work deaths involved some amount of negligence on the part of the employer. In all, there were prosecutions in only 34 of the 353 fatalities, all of which resulted in convictions. Despite the fact that at least 25 of these deaths could be seen as resulting from extreme employer negligence, and that at least four of the negligent companies were repeat offenders, there were no prosecutions of either individuals or companies under provisions of the Crimes Act (all convictions were obtained for breaches of occupational health and safety regulations). There is in these data, then, further evidence of a ‘gentle’ posture on the part of regulatory agencies.
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Janlar Huseynova, Nurana. "PREVENTION FOR INFRINGEMENT OF COASTAL STATES’ LAWS AND REGULATIONS IN THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 23, 2021): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/237-240.
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The modern contiguous zone is the result of the coming together of different kinds of claim to maritime jurisdiction definable in State practice. It is the most poorly understood and used international maritime zone. Article 33 of UNCLOS 1982 only controls regarding special jurisdiction for customs, taxation, immigration, and health or immiorality, while if it is related to Article 303 paragraph (2) permits the state to conduct its legal authority in the field of protection of underwater cultural heritage. Confusion about exactly what enforcement operations can lawfully be carrying out by coastal states against foreign ships in the zone has existed from its creation in 1958. Key words: contiguous zone, special jurisdiction, regulations, state’s control, custom, fiscal, immigration, sanitary
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Rutkowski, Grzegorz, and Jarosław Korzeb. "Occupational Noise on Floating Storage and Offloading Vessels (FSO)." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051898.
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The purpose and scope of this paper are to provide guidance of the potential impacts of being subjected to high level noise recorded on 1st generation (30 years old) floating storage and offloading vessels (FSO) in sector offshore. The international community recognizes that vibroacoustic impacts from commercial ships may have negative consequences for both humans (worker’s) and marine life, especially marine mammals. As regards the effect of noise on human health, there are legal requirements imposing the noise exposure control on personnel working on ships. The acceptable noise exposure standards are established in European Union Directive 2003/10/EC (2003), the NOPSEMA Regulation (2006), the Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) guidelines (2006), and the recommendations of the International Maritime Organization IMO contained, e.g., IMO MEPC.1/Circ.833 (2014). These regulations inform employers and employees what they must do to effectively protect both the marine environment and the health and life safety of workers employed in the maritime industry offshore. This study also presents an analysis of the results of noise measurements carried out on exemplary 1st generation FSO units.
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Ramacher, Martin O. P., Lin Tang, Jana Moldanová, Volker Matthias, Matthias Karl, Erik Fridell, and Lasse Johansson. "The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part II: Scenarios for 2040." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 17 (September 11, 2020): 10667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020.
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Abstract. Shipping is an important source of air pollutants, from the global to the local scale. Ships emit substantial amounts of sulfur dioxides, nitrogen dioxides, and particulate matter in the vicinity of coasts, threatening the health of the coastal population, especially in harbour cities. Reductions in emissions due to shipping have been targeted by several regulations. Nevertheless, effects of these regulations come into force with temporal delays, global ship traffic is expected to grow in the future, and other land-based anthropogenic emissions might decrease. Thus, it is necessary to investigate combined impacts to identify the impact of shipping activities on air quality, population exposure, and health effects in the future. We investigated the future effect of shipping emissions on air quality and related health effects considering different scenarios of the development of shipping under current regional trends of economic growth and already decided regulations in the Gothenburg urban area in 2040. Additionally, we investigated the impact of a large-scale implementation of shore electricity in the Port of Gothenburg. For this purpose, we established a one-way nested chemistry transport modelling (CTM) system from the global to the urban scale, to calculate pollutant concentrations, population-weighted concentrations, and health effects related to NO2, PM2.5, and O3. The simulated concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 in future scenarios for the year 2040 are in general very low with up to 4 ppb for NO2 and up to 3.5 µg m−3 PM2.5 in the urban areas which are not close to the port area. From 2012 the simulated overall exposure to PM2.5 decreased by approximately 30 % in simulated future scenarios; for NO2 the decrease was over 60 %. The simulated concentrations of O3 increased from the year 2012 to 2040 by about 20 %. In general, the contributions of local shipping emissions in 2040 focus on the harbour area but to some extent also influence the rest of the city domain. The simulated impact of onshore electricity implementation for shipping in 2040 shows reductions for NO2 in the port of up to 30 %, while increasing O3 of up to 3 %. Implementation of onshore electricity for ships at berth leads to additional local reduction potentials of up to 3 % for PM2.5 and 12 % for SO2 in the port area. All future scenarios show substantial decreases in population-weighted exposure and health-effect impacts.
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Gultom, Elfrida R. "The Importance of Sea Boat as a Supporting Transportation Facility for People and Goods." SHS Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 06015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185406015.
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KM. Sinar Bangun which sank in Lake Toba on June 18, 2018 caused 4 passengers died and 183 others missing. Four days later, the accident occurred again on the same lake, involved KM. Ramos Risna Marisi. The results of the investigation stated that this accident happens since the ship did not meet the seaworthy criteria and not feasible for sailing. Many cases about ship accidents are caused by other factors. Then, how are the rules regarding seaworthiness and ship loading according to the Regulation on Sea Transportation? Moreover, what are the efforts of the Government, Ship and Transport Owners to minimize accidents at sea? These are going to be the subject matter of this research. The research method used is Normative method, it is done by analyze the data descriptively, using secondary data which are obtained through literature study. The conclusion of this research is that the seaworthiness according to shipping regulations is the condition of the ship that must meet the requirements of ship safety, prevention of marine pollution from ships; Escort, Loading, Health and welfare of crew and passengers and legal status for sailing in certain waters. Efforts made by the Government and the responsibility of the Ship and Carrier Owner are to impose strict regulations on the obligation of the Sea Freight Company to check the feasibility of the sea of ships before sailing for carrying people and goods
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Lin, Lin, Kuishuang Feng, Zheng Wan, Peng Wang, Xianghui Kong, Ning Zhang, Klaus Hubacek, and Jiashuo Li. "Unexpected side effects of the EU Ship Recycling Regulation call for global cooperation on greening the shipbreaking industry." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (March 18, 2022): 044024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5a68.
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Abstract The recent European Union Ship Recycling Regulation and other existing conventions aimed to reduce harmful environmental and health impacts of ship shipbreaking, may push the shipbreaking industry further to South Asian countries, where ecosystem and public health are threatened due to the lack of monitoring for dirty beaching methods for ship breaking. Such unsustainable patterns may continue to expand due to the mismatch of economic beneficiaries and environmental costs in the shipbreaking industry, the ineffectiveness of existing conventions and regulations, and the prospect of a large number of ships to be dismantled in the near future. Our study focuses on these emerging issues and raises the urgency of joint actions for the shipbreaking industry.
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Archetti, Maurizio, Emilio Audasso, Barbara Bosio, and Dario Bove. "High temperature fuel cells to reduce CO2 emission in the maritime sector." E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233404013.
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Recently the interest in the sustainability of the maritime sector has increased exponentially. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) set as objective the reduction of CO2 emissions by 2030 by a margin of 40% compared to 2008. Recent studies showed that, according to the ships and the emission mitigation method applied, only 15–25% of CO2 reduction is de facto needed. Fuel cells represent an answer to meet this regulation. We propose two different solutions: (i) produce with SOFCs instead of engines the minimum power necessary to cut 20% of the emissions, or (ii) reduce the engine power of about 10% balancing the power requirement using MCFCs with CO2 capture. Using Aspen Plus each solution was investigated. The analysis contemplated LNG steam reforming to produce the H2 necessary for cell operation and the separation and liquefaction of CO2. Two case studies were considered comparing existing passenger ships with engines working on HFO and on LNG respectively. Although both solutions showed potential for the reduction of CO2 emissions respecting the IMO regulations, the SOFC solution requires a major change in the design of the ship, while MCFCs are proposed as an urgent solution allowing ship retrofitting without demanding update.
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O'Connor, Margaret M., Roger W. Hunt, Julian Gardner, Mary Draper, Ian Maddocks, Trish Malowney, and Brian K. Owler. "Documenting the process of developing the Victorian voluntary assisted dying legislation." Australian Health Review 42, no. 6 (2018): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18172.
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Many countries across the world have legislated for their constituents to have control over their death. Commonalities and differences can be found in the regulations surrounding the shape and practices of voluntary assisted dying (VAD) and euthanasia, including an individual’s eligibility and access, role of health professions and the reporting. In Australia there have been perennial debates across the country to attempt legislative change in assisting a terminally ill person to control the ending of their life. In 2017, Victoria became the first state to successfully legislate for VAD. In describing the Victorian process that led to the passage of legislation for VAD, this paper examines the social change process. The particular focus of the paper is on the vital role played by a multidisciplinary ministerial advisory panel to develop recommendations for the successful legislation, and is written from their perspective. What is known about the topic? VAD has not been legal in an Australian state until legislation passed in Victoria in 2017. What does this paper add? This paper describes how the legislation was developed, as well as the significant consultative and democratic processes required to get the bill to parliament. What are the implications for practitioners? In documenting this process, policy makers and others will have an understanding of the complexities in developing legislation. This information will be useful for other Australian jurisdictions considering similar legislative changes.
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Carberry, Clare, and Ann Carey. "Best Practice in Community Midwifery: The Safe Care of Non-English Speaking Background Women." Australian Journal of Primary Health 2, no. 1 (1996): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py96009.
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In view of the 'sunsetting' of restrictive regulations, which for years have obstructed comprehensive midwifery practice in Victoria, it is timely for the nature of midwifery care in a primary health care setting to be explicated. A best practice framework is employed to examine the pre-conditions and key process factors which facilitate and potentiate quality of midwifery care in the North Richmond Community Health Centre's shared care maternity program. The process of care is considered in detail, while outcomes and client perceptions are outlined. The nature of safe midwifery practice at the individual client/practitioner level�the micro dimension of care�is explored in the context of broader societal issues which directly and indirectly affect health status and outcomes for clients�the macro dimension. This discussion seeks not only to delineate best practice but also to challenge accepted notions of what constitutes safe care.
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Goller, Jane L., Jacqueline Coombe, Christopher Bourne, Deborah Bateson, Meredith Temple-Smith, Jane Tomnay, Alaina Vaisey, et al. "Patient-delivered partner therapy for chlamydia in Australia: can it become part of routine care?" Sexual Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20024.
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Abstract Background Patient-delivered partner therapy (PDPT) is a method for an index patient to give treatment for genital chlamydia to their sexual partner(s) directly. In Australia, PDPT is considered suitable for heterosexual partners of men and women, but is not uniformly endorsed. We explored the policy environment for PDPT in Australia and considered how PDPT might become a routine option. Methods: Structured interviews were conducted with 10 key informants (KIs) representing six of eight Australian jurisdictions and documents relevant to PDPT were appraised. Interview transcripts and documents were analysed together, drawing on KIs’ understanding of their jurisdiction to explore our research topics, namely the current context for PDPT, challenges, and actions needed for PDPT to become routine. Results: PDPT was allowable in three jurisdictions (Victoria, New South Wales, Northern Territory) where State governments have formally supported PDPT. In three jurisdictions (Western Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania), KIs viewed PDPT as potentially allowable under relevant prescribing regulations; however, no guidance was available. Concern about antimicrobial stewardship precluded PDPT inclusion in the South Australian strategy. For Queensland, KIs viewed PDPT as not allowable under current prescribing regulations and, although a Medicine and Poisons Act was passed in 2019, it is unclear if PDPT will be possible under new regulations. Clarifying the doctor–partner treating relationship and clinical guidance within a care standard were viewed as crucial for PDPT uptake, irrespective of regulatory contexts. Conclusion: Endorsement and guidance are essential so doctors can confidently and routinely offer PDPT in respect to professional standards and regulatory requirements.
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Chia, Yong Hwa, Ivan CK Tam, and Arun Kr Dev. "Impact of Maritime Labour Convention on design of new ships." Maritime Business Review 2, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 376–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-07-2017-0022.
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Purpose The Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) embodies standards of existing international maritime labour conventions and recommendations, as well as the fundamental principles to be found in other international labour conventions. The aim of the convention is to address the employment standards of seafarers in the areas of fair wages, contractual terms, working and living conditions, as well as their health and safety on board ships. The purpose of this paper is to provide an in-depth study of MLC Regulation 3.1, specifically on the layout design of the accommodation spaces and possible solutions to meet the new demands as those will certainly affect the crew comfort, health and well-being on board ships. Design/methodology/approach The approach used includes a review of pre- and post-MLC conventions and regulations. This is then followed by looking at the impact of MLC Regulation 3.1 on new ship design. Possible solutions for new ship design are then proposed. Findings The findings from the paper were as follows: More flexibility in the form of non-mandatory guidelines and substantial equivalence under MLC. Under MLC, only Special Purpose Ship (SPS) is allowed to accommodate four persons in one room. The requirement for increased height and floor spaces would result in increased gross register tons (GT) for post-MLC built vessels. Impact due to post-MLC requirements would be more unfavourable for the design of smaller vessels below 500 GT than of bigger vessels of up to less than 3,000 GT. Possible solutions include applying for exemptions and substantial equivalents with flag states or registering with a non-ratifying flag state. Originality/value This paper has been based on a dissertation carried out for the partial fulfilment of a post-graduate degree. It has not been published in any journal.
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Bugeja, Lyndal, Erin Cassell, Lisa R. Brodie, and Simon J. Walter. "Effectiveness of the 2005 compulsory personal flotation device (PFD) wearing regulations in reducing drowning deaths among recreational boaters in Victoria, Australia." Injury Prevention 20, no. 6 (June 23, 2014): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041169.
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Luengo Hernández De Madrid, Gustavo E. "Conflicts Between the Disciplines of EC State Aids and WTO Subsidies: Of Books, Ships and Aircraft." European Foreign Affairs Review 13, Issue 1 (February 1, 2008): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2008001.
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Abstract. This article examines the differences between the regulation of state aids in the EC and subsidies in the WTO, which create conflicts between the two systems. In particular, the sources of conflicts between the EC state aid rules and the WTO rules on subsidies are found, on the one hand, in the different scope of both regulations (i.e. the different definitions of ‘state aid’ and ‘subsidy’) and, on the other hand, in the different objectives that they pursue, as a result of which the EC authorizes state aids that constitute prohibited subsidies according to Article 3 of the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) or subsidies that can be actionable if they negatively affect the interests of another WTO Member, according to Article 5 of the ASCM. The negative consequences that these conflicts imply for the EC and its Member States from the international perspective will also be addressed.
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Chang, Ching-Chih, Yu-Wei Chang, and Po-Chien Huang. "Effects of the INDC and GGRMA Regulations on the Impact of PM2.5 Particle Emissions on Maritime Ports: A Study of Human Health and Environmental Costs." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 6133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106133.
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This study employs an activity-based model to estimate the PM2.5 particle emissions from ships, cargo-handling equipment, and heavy-duty vehicles in the Port of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. External health costs, the index of health impact (IHI), and external environmental costs are assessed to quantify the impact of PM2.5 particle emissions. The mitigation regulations applied in this study are the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Act (INDC) and the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act (GGRMA). The provisions in these acts are incorporated into Scenario-INDC and Scenario-GGRMA. The results are as follows: from 2005 to 2017, PM2.5 particle emissions caused an external health cost of 3238.30 DALY (disability-adjusted life year), an IHI value of 8.53%, and environmental cost of USD 2176.04 million annually. For Scenario-INDC and Scenario-GGRMA, it is predicted that PM2.5-related external health costs, IHI value, and external environmental cost will decrease by 927.64 DALY, 2.45%, and USD 608.86 million and by 1736.28 DALY, 4.58%, and USD 1139.84 million, respectively, as compared to BAU-2030 and BAU-2050. The results indicate that compliance with INDC and GGRMA regulations will lead to a significant mitigation of PM2.5 particle emissions, resulting in a significant improvements in air quality and human health in addition to a reduction in environmental costs.
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Kumar, Kaushal, Abhay Kumar Sharma, Manas Sarkar, Arun Chauhan, and Rajeev Sharma. "Surveillance of Aedes aegypti (L.) Mosquitoes in Mumbai International Seaport (India) to Monitor Potential Global Health Risks." Journal of Insects 2014 (June 29, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/951015.
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Aedes mosquitoes are highly invasive and can survive almost any climatic conditions. They transmit a number of major world's deadly diseases. Therefore, a study was undertaken during December 2010 to evaluate the entomo-epidemiological risk of Aedes mosquito borne diseases (VBD) in Mumbai international seaport areas to minimize potential global health risks and prevent introduction of new VBD in India. Surveys were undertaken in operational and residential areas of Mumbai Port Trust (MPT). All the entomological indices were found to be above the critical level, prescribed for seaports by International Health Regulations Act, 2005. The operational areas where large goods are handled from cargo ships were found to be more prone to mosquito breeding comparing to residential areas. High insecticide tolerance of Aedes aegypti population against temephos and fenthion from Mumbai port area is reported for the first time. A careful and regular invigilation of the international seaports to prevent building up of vector density of dengue/chikungunya and yellow fever is recommended.
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Gadducci, Eleonora, Thomas Lamberti, Loredana Magistri, Massimo Rivarolo, Andrea Dellacasa, Barbara Campora, Gerardo Borgogna, Agnese Lancella, Enrico Speranza, and Andrea Voiello. "Characterization and experimental comparison of commercial PEMFC stacks for marine applications." E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233404003.
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PEM Fuel Cells are considered among the most promising technologies for hydrogen utilization in both stationary and automotive applications. The number of FC installations on board ships – alone or in hybrid configuration with batteries – is increasing significantly, although international regulations that drive their installation are still missing. In this scenario, the project TecBia aims to identify a dedicated test protocol and the best commercial PEMFC technology for marine applications, assessing the integration of a 140 kW PEMFC system on the Zero Emission Ultimate Ship (ZEUS) vessel. The system design and technology provider has been chosen after a technical comparison based on a dedicated experimental campaign. The experimental campaign had two goals: (i) analyse the performance of the different PEMFC systems to define the best characteristics for maritime applications; (ii) verify the compliance with naval requirements with reference to current and future standards. The present study shows the resulting test protocol for FC Systems (FCS) for maritime applications, defined starting from the existing international regulations on FCS installations and on naval environment requirements; the results of its application on the commercial system chosen for the installation on ZEUS are reported.
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Nascimento, Felipe Tiago do, Carlos Augusto do Nascimento, Fernando Rosado Spilki, Rodrigo Staggemeier, and Cláudio Marcos Lauer Júnior. "Efficacy of a solar still in destroying virus and indicator bacteria in water for human consumption." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 4 (July 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2084.
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Natural water distillation can destroy and/or inactivate microorganisms that are sensitive to heat and ultraviolet radiation (UV). This method is currently used to provide fresh water in ships and in the desalination of brackish water. For the development of this research, a pilot-scale solar still was built and installed in the southern region of Brazil, in order to assess its efficiency in water disinfection, which was based on the most probable number (MPN) of total coliforms and Escherichia coli, in addition to the DNA copy number of human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) in raw, undistilled samples and in treated distilled water. Results showed that the distillation process removed 100% of total coliform and Escherichia coli and 4.5 log (99.997%) of HAdV-5, which meets the microbiological standards for drinking water according to national Brazilian regulations, as well as USEPA and HEALTH CANADA requirements.
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Woo, Donghan, and Namkyun Im. "Estimation of the Efficiency of Vessel Speed Reduction to Mitigate Gas Emission in Busan Port Using the AIS Database." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030435.
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To mitigate marine atmospheric pollution causing greenhouse gas (GHG) and a threat to coastal residents’ health in dense hub port cities, the Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) programs were implemented in the Republic of Korea. Spatial analysis of the efficiency of the VSR programs is essential to monitor and improve the present programs. In the present study, the efficiency of the VSRs from the Busan Port (BP), including North Port (NP) and Gamcheon Port (GP), were analyzed. A bottom-up activity-based approach using automatic identification system (AIS) data was introduced herein for the estimation of spatial marine gas emission in real time. The BP has implemented the VSR program since 2020; thus, this study spatially analyzed marine gas emissions in the areas in 2019 and 2020 to demonstrate the efficiency of VSR. To demonstrate the VSR programs in the aspect of the comparison of gas emissions in each year, the total annual fuel consumption in each year is divided by the total arrival ships’ GT respectively. According to the comparison of the spatial gas emission inventory between two years in the designed area, 19.2% of the annual marine gas emissions per ships’ GT in BP in 2020 were reduced with the implementation of the VSR program. The spatial analysis clearly showed the mitigation of the ships’ gas emissions along the passageway to BP. The spatial analysis of the efficiency of the VSR program will be useful basic data to reflect the local gas emission state on the improvement of the VSR program and newly established environmental regulations.
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Lowe, Kate. "The Beliefs, Aspirations and Methods of the First Missionaries in British Hong Kong, 1841-5." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 13 (2000): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900002775.
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The British phase of Hong Kong’s history started when Hong Kong was ceded to Britain on 20 January 1841. The negotiations were carried out by Captain Charles Elliott for the British and the commissioner Ch’i-shan for the Chinese. A small British contingent landed at what came to be known as Possession Point on the northwest of Hong Kong island on 25 January and drank the health of Queen Victoria; on the following day they signalled the taking of possession by hoisting the union flag. Hong Kong had been suggested as a possible British acquisition only on 11 January, when other more acceptable islands, such as Chusan off the northern coast, had been vetoed by the Chinese. Hong Kong was mainly known to sea captains as it had been used as a rendezvous for opium ships for a number of years, but most other people in the area had very little idea about its appearance, population, or potential as a colony.
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Lack, D. A., and J. J. Corbett. "Black carbon from ships: a review of the effects of ship speed, fuel quality and exhaust gas scrubbing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 3509–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-3509-2012.
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Abstract. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has moved to address the health and climate impact of the emissions from the combustion of low-quality residual fuels within the commercial shipping industry. Fuel sulfur content (FS) limits and an efficiency design index for future ships are examples of such IMO actions. The impacts of black carbon (BC) emissions from shipping are now under review by the IMO, with a particular focus on the potential impacts of future Arctic shipping. Recognizing that associating impacts with BC emissions requires both ambient and onboard observations, we provide recommendations for the measurement of BC. We also evaluate current insights regarding the effect of ship speed (engine load), fuel quality and exhaust gas scrubbing on BC emissions from ships. Observations demonstrate that BC emission factors (EFBC) increases 3 to 6 times at very low engine loads (<25% compared to EFBC at 85–100% load); absolute BC emissions (per nautical mile of travel) also increase up to 100% depending on engine load, even with reduced load fuel savings. If fleets were required to operate at lower maximum engine loads, presumably associated with reduced speeds, then engines could be re-tuned, which would reduce BC emissions. Ships operating in the Arctic are likely running at highly variable engine loads (25–100%) depending on ice conditions and ice breaking requirements. The ships operating at low load may be emitting up to 50% more BC than they would at their rated load. Such variable load conditions make it difficult to assess the likely emissions rate of BC. Current fuel sulfur regulations have the effect of reducing EFBC by an average of 30% and potentially up to 80% regardless of engine load; a removal rate similar to that of scrubbers. Uncertainties among current observations demonstrate there is a need for more information on (a) the impact of fuel quality on EFBC using robust measurement methods and (b) the efficacy of scrubbers for the removal of particulate matter by size and composition.
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Lack, D. A., and J. J. Corbett. "Black carbon from ships: a review of the effects of ship speed, fuel quality and exhaust gas scrubbing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 9 (May 4, 2012): 3985–4000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3985-2012.
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Abstract. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has moved to address the health and climate impact of the emissions from the combustion of low-quality residual fuels within the commercial shipping industry. Fuel sulfur content (FS) limits and an efficiency design index for future ships are examples of such IMO actions. The impacts of black carbon (BC) emissions from shipping are now under review by the IMO, with a particular focus on the potential impacts of future Arctic shipping. Recognizing that associating impacts with BC emissions requires both ambient and onboard observations, we provide recommendations for the measurement of BC. We also evaluate current insights regarding the effect of ship speed (engine load), fuel quality and exhaust gas scrubbing on BC emissions from ships. Observations demonstrate that BC emission factors (EFBC) increases 3 to 6 times at very low engine loads (<25% compared to EFBC at 85–100% load); absolute BC emissions (per nautical mile of travel) also increase up to 100% depending on engine load, even with reduced load fuel savings. If fleets were required to operate at lower maximum engine loads, presumably associated with reduced speeds, then engines could be re-tuned, which would reduce BC emissions. Ships operating in the Arctic are likely running at highly variable engine loads (25–100%) depending on ice conditions and ice breaking requirements. The ships operating at low load may be emitting up to 50% more BC than they would at their rated load. Such variable load conditions make it difficult to assess the likely emissions rate of BC. Current fuel sulfur regulations have the effect of reducing EFBC by an average of 30% and potentially up to 80% regardless of engine load; a removal rate similar to that of scrubbers. Uncertainties among current observations demonstrate there is a need for more information on a) the impact of fuel quality on EFBC using robust measurement methods and b) the efficacy of scrubbers for the removal of particulate matter by size and composition.
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Nikitina, Valentina N., Galina G. Lyashko, Nina I. Kalinina, Ekaterina N. Dubrovskaya, Alexander M. Vishnevskiy, Anna B. Razletova, and Roman Ya Nizkiy. "Normative and methodological support of control of electromagnetic fields at the ships." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 61, no. 6 (August 7, 2021): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2021-61-6-402-407.
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The seafarers carried out the professional activity in a complex electromagnetic environment (EME), with technical means, structural materials, depending on the purpose of the watercraft, architectural features, and vessel classification. There are static electric fields, permanent magnetic and low-frequency electric and magnetic fields on ships. Marine radio-electronic means (REM) creates Electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the radio frequency range that provide communication, the safety of navigation and operation, and solving navigation problems. According to the documents of the sanitary legislation, specialists carry out control of the maximum permissible EMF levels for watercraft and marine structures at the design stage of the vessel by calculating the intensity of electromagnetic fields during commissioning, instrumental control of EMF levels. There are new technical means in modern automated vessels of various types and purposes that create electromagnetic fields in the crew's stay zones, which makes it urgent to improve regulatory and methodological documents in the area of ensuring the electromagnetic safety of the team and passengers. The study aims to develop proposals for regulatory, methodological, and hardware control over compliance with the maximum permissible levels of electromagnetic fields on ships to ensure the electromagnetic safety of the crew. Generalization of materials of own research of EME on ships, systematization of sources of electromagnetic fields. Analysis of regulations in occupational safety and health for the protection of the crew from the effects of EME, methodological documents on the calculation forecasting, and instrumental determination of the levels of electromagnetic fields. Experts have revealed that there are electromagnetic fields of a wide frequency range in the premises of ships and on open decks. The study showed that electromagnetic fields of a wide frequency range are created in the premises of ships and on open decks. Indoors, the most significant is the impact on the crew of electric and magnetic fields with a frequency of 50 Hz created by the ship's electric power systems. In addition, on open decks (at workplaces and in crew recreation areas), the protection of the crew from EMF antennas of the radio frequency range is relevant. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods for calculating the prediction of EMF levels and improve the means of measuring electromagnetic fields on ships. The most common sources of EMF in the crew's stay areas are radio communication and radar facilities, ship's electric power systems. The task of developing a methodological document on the calculated prediction of EMF levels in rooms and on open decks at the design stage of ships is urgent. In addition, it is necessary to develop devices-meters of electromagnetic fields for instrumental monitoring of EMF levels in actual operating conditions of the vessel.
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Zhang, Yongbo, Miaomiao Wen, Ying Sun, Hui Chen, and Yunkai Cai. "Black Carbon Emission Prediction of Diesel Engine Using Stacked Generalization." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111855.
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With the continuous growth of international maritime trade, black carbon (BC) emissions from ships have caused great harm to the natural environment and human health. Controlling the BC emissions from ships is of positive significance for Earth’s environmental governance. In order to accelerate the development process of ship BC emission control technologies, this paper proposes a BC emission prediction model based on stacked generalization (SG). The meta learner of the prediction model is Ridge Regression (RR), and the base learner combines four models: Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGB), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Regression (SVR). We used mutual information (MI) to measure the correlation between combustion characteristic parameters (CCPs) and BC emission concentration, and selected them as the features of the prediction model. The results show that the CCPs have a strong correlation with the BC emission concentration of the diesel engine under different working conditions, which can be used to describe the influence of the changes to the combustion process in the cylinder on the BC generation. The introduction of the stacked generalization method reconciles the inherent bias of various models. Compared with traditional models, the fusion model has achieved higher prediction accuracy on the same datasets. The research results of this paper can provide a reference for the research and development of ship black carbon emission control technologies and the formulation of relevant regulations.
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Mathers, A. J., and S. Savva. "EFFECTIVE SAFETY CASE DEVELOPMENT." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02050.
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Esso Australia Pty Ltd, in Victoria, Australia has recently been involved in the preparation of over 20 safety cases to meet both offshore (Victoria and Western Australia) [Petroleum {Submerged Lands} Act] and onshore [Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act] regulatory requirements.This paper focusses on the development of the onshore safety cases for both Longford and Long Island Point plants to meet the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety (Major Hazard Facilities) Regulations 2000. Both plants have been granted a five-year unconditional licence to operate.The objectives of the safety case development were to ensure that Esso:addressed major hazard facilities regulatory requirements; maximised benefit from the process, and to maximise benefit from existing work; was consistent with site approach to risk assessment/ safety culture; involved appropriate workforce from all areas— operations, maintenance and technical support; enhanced the effective knowledge and understanding of the workforce; and developed a communication tool to enable ease of understanding by site personnel.Esso’s approach of using qualitative risk assessment techniques (familiar to many site personnel) enabled the process to use tools that provided ease of involvement for the non-technical or safety specialists. This paper will explain this approach in greater detail, demonstrating how this successfully met the stringent requirements of the regulations whilst providing Hazard Register documentation readily understood by the key customer— our site workforce.The hazard register clearly identifies the relevant hazards and their controls, as well as highlighting the linkages to the safety management system and documented performance standards. A comprehensive training program provides all personnel working at site with an overview of the safety case, and the necessary skills and knowledge to be able to use the safety case and hazard register to its maximum advantage. The safety case resource booklet (similar to our offshore approach) is an integral part of the training program, and provides an ongoing reference source for trainees. It continues to receive recognition by both regulators and industry.
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Cassell, Erin, and Stuart Newstead. "Did compulsory wear regulations increase personal flotation device (PFD) use by boaters in small power recreational vessels? A before-after observational study conducted in Victoria, Australia." Injury Prevention 21, no. 1 (June 2, 2014): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041170.
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Kusnita, Noni, Irwan Syari Tanjung, and Yogi Sumarsono Wibowo. "Kebijakan Komunikasi dalam Penanganan Covid-19 di Provinsi Kepulauan Riau." Journal on Education 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 1222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i1.744.
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The policy for handling Covid-19 in the Riau Islands Province requires communication to provide information, educate and persuade to comply with health protocols and obey the regulations that have been set by the regional government of the Riau Islands province. Regulations which include the Enforcement of Restrictions on Community Activities or abbreviated as PPKM and Guidelines for the implementation of people's travel using sea transportation modes and ferry boats, and being willing to be vaccinated when a vaccination program is held by the government. The problem is how are the Guidelines for Implementing Community Transportation for the Mode of Sea Transportation or Ferry Boats during the Covid-19 pandemic in the regional government of the Riau Islands Province, how are the descriptions of communication messages about PPKM and the Instructions for Implementing Public Transportation for the Mode of Sea Transportation or Ferry Ships during the Covid-19 pandemic? 19 in the Regional Government of the Riau Archipelago Province. The policies carried out by the Government have principles including: openness in conveying data and information about Covid-19, Conducting interactive communication through radio channels to the public. Policies for handling Covid-19 are communicated through local mass media channels. The combination of communication media includes online media (new media) and social media. Policy messages regarding health protocols were also conveyed by placing pamphlets at a number of locations, banners and brochures in public service offices and government offices
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Schofield, Toni, Belinda Reeve, and Ron McCallum. "Australian workplace health and safety regulatory approaches to prosecution: Hegemonising compliance." Journal of Industrial Relations 56, no. 5 (January 17, 2014): 709–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185613509625.
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Enforcement of workplace health and safety regulations remains a contentious matter, especially in the context of Australia’s project to harmonise commonwealth, state and territory workplace health and safety legislation. This article presents the findings of a qualitative study investigating policies and practices associated with prosecution and enforcement in two Australian regulatory agencies, prior to harmonisation. The article finds that by 2008, both regulators had taken significant steps to render their enforcement policy and practice, particularly in relation to prosecution, more transparent and accountable to employers and the wider community. They produced detailed and publicly available enforcement policies and prosecution guidelines, reconfigured the work of the general inspectorate (confining it to routine workplace health and safety surveillance and the provision of education and advice to employers) and established a separate administrative unit responsible for investigation and prosecution. Both regulators structured prosecution processes to achieve explicitly technocratic outcomes, namely, enhanced efficiency, objectivity, timeliness, consistency and quality improvement in investigations. These processes went hand in hand with a dramatic decline in the use of prosecution in New South Wales from 2002 to 2010, and an uneven but marginal increase in Victoria for the same period. The article concludes by discussing what these findings might imply for workplace health and safety regulators’ approaches to prosecution and for deterrence under Australia’s new harmonised regime.
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Kiernan, Frederic, and Jane W. Davidson. "How Can Music Engagement Address Loneliness? A Qualitative Study and Thematic Framework in the Context of Australia’s COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010025.
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Social isolation and loneliness are serious public health concerns. Music engagement can strengthen social connections and reduce loneliness in some contexts, although how this occurs is not well understood; research suggests that music’s capacity to manipulate perceptions of time and space is relevant. This study adopted a qualitative perspective to examine how music engagement shaped the experiences of residents of Victoria, Australia, during conditions of restricted social contact during the lockdowns of 2020. Semi-structured interviews explored participants’ lived musical experiences while giving focus to perceptions of time and space (e.g., how music helped restructure home and workspaces in response to lockdown regulations, or punctuate time where older routines were no longer viable). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the interview transcripts identified five themes representing the key findings: (1) a super-ordinate theme of perceived control, which comprises four themes: (2) dynamic connection; (3) identity; (4) mobility; (5) presence. Each theme describes one generalised aspect of the way music engagement shaped participants’ perceptions of time and space during lockdown and supported their processes of adaptation to and coping with increased social isolation. The authors argue that these findings may inform the way music can be used to address loneliness in everyday life.
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Bandara, N. J. G. J. "Water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 12 (June 1, 2003): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0661.
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The primary problems concerning water resources in Sri Lanka are the depletion and degradation of the resource caused by various anthropogenic activities. Surface inland waters in urban areas are polluted heavily with domestic sewage and industrial effluents, and in rural areas with agricultural runoff. With regard to ground water in certain areas of the dry zone, there is a high fluoride content and in hard, rocky, alluvial areas, there is a high concentration of iron. In urban over-crowded cities, there is biological contamination of ground water. Over-utilization, particularly through tube wells, is another major problem affecting ground water resources in Sri Lanka. Oil spills, dumping of waste from ships, coral and sand mining, and industrial activities are the main causes of marine pollution in the country. Except for pipe-borne water supply, irrigation and hydropower schemes, in general water resources in Sri Lanka are managed very poorly. Regulations are available to control most water related problems but enforcement of these regulations is lacking. The ultimate result of degradation and depletion of water resources is the increasing health hazards. Water-borne and vector-borne diseases are prevalent, particularly amongst urban low-income communities with poor sanitary facilities and drainage. Despite government initiatives and legislation, very slow progress has been made towards combating water pollution. This paper examines the most significant water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka and their controlling mechanisms.
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Jamaluddin, M. B. Zaman, T. Pitana, Hari Prastowo, Dwi priyanta, N. Siswantoro, Hasanuddin, A. Purnomo, Sunaryo, and Surya Hariyanto. "Safety Analysis and Ship Recycling Yard Evaluation of Hong Kong International Convention for The Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 972, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/972/1/012052.
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Abstract The condition of the Indonesian fleet, which is in its old age, allows ships to be recycled as the best solution. However, conditions in the field, there are still many ship recycling processes that do not obey the rules, especially on the effect of workers and also the effect on the environment. In Indonesia, there are still many ship recycling yards that do not pay attention to the effects on workers and the effects on the environment and most of them are still traditional shipyards. Therefore, one of the best solutions is to renew existing regulations, namely the Hong Kong International Convention for The Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships. When the implementation of this convention, the ship recycling shipyard must adjust to the convention. This study focused on the analysis of the assessment of the condition of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). To evaluate the condition of the shipyard, the Gap Analysis method is by comparing the ideal conditions with the existing conditions at that time. The analysis is carried out using the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Risk Control (HIRARC) method. This method is carried out by identifying hazards, which then provides a risk assessment and recommends how to control it. Based on result, risk matrix were obtained, which contained the assessment categories of Low, Moderate, High and Extreme. The results of this study through the gap analysis method, the average value is 2.1, which means that this value is still very low because the value of 0 - 2 is categorized as still many sub-clause indicators that do not exist or are not handled. Furthermore, in research using the HIRARC method, 60 risk matrices were obtained, which contained the assessment categories of Low, Moderate, High and Extreme.
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Fan, Hongjun, Huan Tu, Hossein Enshaei, Xiangyang Xu, and Ying Wei. "Comparison of the Economic Performances of Three Sulphur Oxides Emissions Abatement Solutions for a Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020221.
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Ship-source air pollutants, especially sulphur oxides (SOx), have a major impact on human health, the marine environment and the natural resources. Therefore, control of SOx emissions has become a main concern in the maritime industry. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a global limit on sulphur content of 0.50% m/m (mass by mass) in marine fuels which has entered into effect on 1 January 2020.To comply with the sulphur limits, ship owners are facing the need to select suitable abatement solutions. The choice of a suitable solution is a compromise among many issues, but the economic performance offers the basis for which ones are attractive to ship owners. Currently, there are three technologically feasible SOx abatement solutions that could be used by ships, namely, liquified natural gas (LNG) as a fuel (Solution A), scrubbers (Solution B) and low-sulphur fuel oil (LSFO) (Solution C). To compare the economic performances of the mentioned three solutions for a newbuilding very large crude carrier (VLCC), this paper proposes a voyage expenses-based method (VEM). It was found that, within the initial target payback period of 6 years, Solution A and C are more expensive than Solution B, while Solution C is more competitive than Solution A. Five scenarios of target payback years were assumed to compare the trends of the three proposed solutions. The results show that Solution B maintains its comparative advantage. As the assumed target payback years becomes longer, the economy of Solution A gradually improves and the economics of Solution B and C gradually decline. A comparison between Solution A and C shows 6.5 years is a turning point. The advantage of Solution A is prominent after this payback period. In addition, the performance of a certain solution in terms of adaptability to the IMO greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions regulations is also a factor that ship owner need to consider when making decisions. In conclusion, when the IMO air pollutant regulations and GHG regulations are considered simultaneously, the advantages of using LNG are obvious.
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Eide, M. S., S. B. Dalsøren, Ø. Endresen, B. Samset, G. Myhre, J. Fuglestvedt, and T. Berntsen. "Reducing CO<sub>2</sub> from shipping – do non-CO<sub>2</sub> effects matter?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2012): 27425–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-27425-2012.
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Abstract. Shipping is a growing sector in the global economy and it contributions to global CO2 emissions are expected to increase. CO2 emissions from the world shipping fleet will likely be regulated in the near future, and studies have shown that significant emission reductions can be achieved at low cost. Regulations are being discussed for both existing ships, as well as for future additions to the fleet. In this study a plausible CO2 emission reduction inventory is constructed for the cargo fleet existing in 2010, as well as for container ships, bulk ships and tankers separately. In the reduction inventories CO2 emissions are reduced by 25–32% relative to baseline by a ship type specific cost-effectiveness criterion, and 9 other emission compounds are changed as a technical implication of reducing CO2. The overall climate and environmental effects of the changes to all 10 emission components in the reduction inventory are assessed using a chemical transport model, radiative forcing (RF) models and a simple climate model. We find substantial environmental and health benefits with up to 5% reduction in surface ozone levels, 15% reductions in surface sulfate and 10% reductions in wet deposition of sulfate in certain regions exposed to heavy ship traffic. The major ship types show distinctly different contributions in specific locations. For instance, the container fleet contributes 50% of the sulfate decline on the west coast of North America. The global radiative forcing from a 1-yr emission equal to the difference between baseline and reduction inventory, show an initial strong positive forcing from non-CO2 compounds. This warming effect is due to reduced cooling by aerosols and methane. After approximately 25 yr, the non-CO2 forcing is balanced by the CO2 forcing. For the global mean temperature change we find a shift from warming to cooling after approximately 60 yr. The major ship types show significant differences in the short term radiative forcing; for instance the direct SO4 forcing from tankers is 30% higher than for container and bulk. The net long term effects on RF are similar due to similar CO2 forcing. We assess an emission scenario where the reduction inventory is sustained on the fleet as it steadily diminishes over time due to scrapping and disappears in 2040. We find a net temperature increase lasting until approximately 2080. We conclude that changes in non-CO2 emission does matter significantly if reductions of CO2 emissions are made on the year 2010 cargo shipping fleet. In sum, we find that emission changes motivated by CO2 reductions in shipping will be beneficial from a long-term climate perspective, and there are also positive environmental and health effects identified as concentrations of key short-lived pollutants are reduced.
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Eide, M. S., S. B. Dalsøren, Ø. Endresen, B. Samset, G. Myhre, J. Fuglestvedt, and T. Berntsen. "Reducing CO<sub>2</sub> from shipping – do non-CO<sub>2</sub> effects matter?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 8 (April 18, 2013): 4183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4183-2013.
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Abstract. Shipping is a growing sector in the global economy, and it contributions to global CO2 emissions are expected to increase. CO2 emissions from the world shipping fleet will likely be regulated in the near future, and studies have shown that significant emission reductions can be achieved at low cost. Regulations are being discussed for both existing ships as well as for future additions to the fleet. In this study a plausible CO2 emission reduction inventory is constructed for the cargo fleet existing in 2010, as well as for container ships, bulk ships and tankers separately. In the reduction inventories, CO2 emissions are reduced by 25–32% relative to baseline by applying 15 technical and operational emission reduction measures in accordance with a ship-type-specific cost-effectiveness criterion, and 9 other emission compounds are changed as a technical implication of reducing CO2. The overall climate and environmental effects of the changes to all 10 emission components in the reduction inventory are assessed using a chemical transport model, radiative forcing (RF) models and a simple climate model. We find substantial environmental and health benefits with up to 5% reduction in surface ozone levels, 15% reductions in surface sulfate and 10% reductions in wet deposition of sulfate in certain regions exposed to heavy ship traffic. The major ship types show distinctly different contributions in specific locations. For instance, the container fleet contributes 50% of the sulfate decline on the west coast of North America. The global radiative forcing from a 1 yr emission equal to the difference between baseline and reduction inventory shows an initial strong positive forcing from non-CO2 compounds. This warming effect is due to reduced cooling by aerosols and methane. After approximately 25 yr, the non-CO2 forcing is balanced by the CO2 forcing. For the global mean temperature change, we find a shift from warming to cooling after approximately 60 yr. The major ship types show significant differences in the short-term radiative forcing. For instance, the direct SO4 forcing from tankers is 30% higher than for container and bulk. The net long-term effects on RF are similar due to similar CO2 forcing. We assess an emission scenario where the reduction inventory is sustained on the fleet as it steadily diminishes over time due to scrapping and disappears in 2040. We find a net temperature increase lasting until approximately 2080. We conclude that changes in non-CO2 emission does matter significantly if reductions of CO2 emissions are made on the year 2010 cargo shipping fleet. In sum, we find that emission changes motivated by CO2 reductions in shipping will be beneficial from a long-term climate perspective, and that there are positive environmental and health effects identified as concentrations of key short-lived pollutants are reduced.
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Ragusa, Angela T., and Andrea Crampton. "Cruising for better air quality: Australian clean air submissions, issues, and recommendations." E3S Web of Conferences 158 (2020): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015802003.
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Clean air remains an elusive and inequitable human right. Air pollution unnecessarily increases morbidity, mortality rates, and environmental degradation globally. This paper presents results from a content analysis of all (n = 133) submissions to the 2019 New South Wales Government call for public feedback to its ‘Clean Air’ issues and action priorities. Findings show stakeholder agreement that air pollution’s regulation and measurement are problematic. Issue framing divulged stakeholder agendas, particularly for shipping industries, highlighted inconsistencies in government and industry regulations, and revealed mistrust and issue partiality. Science literacy, proximity to pollution source, socioeconomic status, and pollution visibility affected issue descriptions and recommendations. Cruise ships in Sydney Harbour received disproportionately high focus relative to their contribution to the shipping industry’s contribution to local air pollution. Government and health body submissions proposed public education, awareness raising, and personal action as key steps to avoid emission exposure. We argue such ‘deficit theory’ approaches are inadequate in light of international research evidencing pollution visibility and personal perception poorly reflect scientific air quality measures. To surpass Australian NIMBY approaches to air pollution, we propose adopting European international legislative reform to equitably enforce clean air ‘rights’ and actions across industries, governments, and communities, irrespective of stakeholder priorities.
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Nolan, Andrea, Jennifer Cartmel, and Kym Macfarlane. "Thinking about Practice in Integrated Children's Services: Considering Transdisciplinarity." Children Australia 37, no. 3 (August 9, 2012): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2012.27.
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Integrated service delivery in the early childhood education and care sector is burgeoning as a direct result of government agendas in Australia that privilege services for young children and families, especially those considered most vulnerable and at risk. In many cases this means reviewing and revising current practice to work more collaboratively with other professionals. This paper reports the findings of one aspect of a larger Australian study entitled: ‘Developing and sustaining pedagogical leadership in early childhood education and care professionals’. The focus of this paper is the understandings and practices of professionals in both Queensland and Victoria working in integrated Children's Services across the education, care, community and health sectors. The notion of transdisciplinary practice is also explored as a way to sustain practice. Qualitative data collection methods, including the ‘Circles of Change’ process, the ‘Significant Change’ method and semi-structured interviews were used. The findings indicate concerns around professional identity, feeling valued, role confusion and the boundaries imposed by funding regulations. Working in a transdisciplinary way was generally considered a useful way to move practice forward in these settings, although the ramifications for leadership that this approach brings requires further consideration.
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Levin, Iris, and Kathy Arthurson. "Living closely: residents' health and wellbeing in small multi-owned residential buildings." Property Management 38, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-03-2019-0013.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the causes, the nature and the extent of unneighbourly relations between neighbours living in small multi-owned residential buildings (MOBs, sometimes called strata) in Australian cities, and the effect of these relations on the health and wellbeing of residents. The impact of neighbour relations and conflicts on residents' health and wellbeing has not been explored before in the context of small MOBs in Australia (under 12 units).Design/methodology/approachThe research involved an analysis of secondary data on common problems experienced in MOBs between neighbours, in-depth face-to-face interviews with twenty-six residents and interviews with five managers of management agencies in metropolitan Melbourne (Victoria) and Adelaide (South Australia), Australia.FindingsWhen strata processes and management worked well residents were positive about living in such an arrangement. However, when the strata group was less harmonious residents reported that it impacted negatively on their health and wellbeing.Research limitations/implicationsThe study's findings are subject to the widely acknowledged limitations of small sample-based interview research. Findings indicate that there is a need to explore the benefits and disadvantages of living in small multi-owned residential buildings in Australia on a larger scale.Practical implicationsThere are three policy implications from the findings: a need for better education of prospective buyers regarding the nature of strata living; tighter regulation of rules for small multi-owned apartment buildings is required, (in a similar way to how the regulations operate in large apartment buildings); and a need to include private rental tenants living in strata in the everyday life around the management of the building.Originality/valueThe impact of neighbourly relations and conflicts on the health and wellbeing of residents living in MOBs, particularly small ones, has not been studied adequately, as current research focuses on large apartment buildings. This research addresses a gap in the literature in the study of small living arrangements (town houses, apartment buildings, terraces), with 12 or less apartments, with a focus on residents' health and wellbeing.
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Kizielewicz, Joanna. "Monitoring Energy Efficiency and Environmental Ship Index by Cruise Seaports in Northern Europe." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 4215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124215.
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Environmental organizations have alerted that rapid weather phenomena have intensified in recent years, such as floods, hurricanes, whirlwinds, droughts, fires and storms, caused by the deteriorating condition of the natural environment. Carbon emissions, which are the main cause of the deteriorating environment condition and dramatic climate change, are largely caused by the use of heavy fuel by shipping companies and generate large quantities of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. These compounds exert a strong negative impact on the environment and human health. Care for improving the marine environment and coastal areas has become the subject of interest of many international institutions, such as the International Maritime Organization, Organization of United Nations, European Sea Port Organization, European Commission and others, which introduce restrictive regulations and guidelines on the level of permissible harmful emissions into the environment as a result of ship operations in ports and at sea. In addition, they propose to monitor the level of pollution through the use of indicators, such as the Energy Efficient Design Index (EEDI), Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and Environmental Ship Index (ESI), among others. The aim of this paper is to assess the Northern Europe seaports’ commitment to monitor the level of pollutants emitted by cruise ships in their ports. This article may constitute a subject of interest for seaport authorities and cruise ship operators.
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Fossum, Mariann, Lee Hughes, Elizabeth Manias, Paul Bennett, Trisha Dunning, Alison Hutchinson, Julie Considine, Mari Botti, Maxine M. Duke, and Tracey Bucknall. "Comparison of medication policies to guide nursing practice across seven Victorian health services." Australian Health Review 40, no. 5 (2016): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15202.
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Objectives The objective of this paper is to review and compare the content of medication management policies across seven Australian health services located in the state of Victoria. Methods The medication management policies for health professionals involved in administering medications were obtained from seven health services under one jurisdiction. Analysis focused on policy content, including the health service requirements and regulations governing practice. Results and Conclusions The policies of the seven health services contained standard information about staff authorisation, controlled medications and poisons, labelling injections and infusions, patient self-administration, documentation and managing medication errors. However, policy related to individual health professional responsibilities, single- and double-checking medications, telephone orders and expected staff competencies varied across the seven health services. Some inconsistencies in health professionals’ responsibilities among medication management policies were identified. What is known about the topic? Medication errors are recognised as the single most preventable cause of patient harm in hospitals and occur most frequently during administration. Medication management is a complex process involving several management and treatment decisions. Policies are developed to assist health professionals to safely manage medications and standardise practice; however, co-occurring activities and interruptions increase the risk of medication errors. What does this paper add? In the present policy analysis, we identified some variation in the content of medication management policies across seven Victorian health services. Policies varied in relation to medications that require single- and double-checking, as well as by whom, nurse-initiated medications, administration rights, telephone orders and competencies required to check medications. What are the implications for practitioners? Variation in medication management policies across organisations is highlighted and raises concerns regarding consistency in governance and practice related to medication management. Lack of practice standardisation has previously been implicated in medication errors. Lack of intrajurisdictional concordance should be addressed to increase consistency. Inconsistency in expectations between healthcare services may lead to confusion about expectations among health professionals moving from one healthcare service to another, and possibly lead to increased risk of medication errors.
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Shemonayev, V. Y. "METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES TO ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION INTO MARINE CASUALTIES AND MARINE INCIDENTS." Shipping & Navigation 32, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/2306-5761.32.2021.120-130.
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High-priority question now is to provide a common approach for States to adopt in the conduct of marine safety investigations into marine casualties and marine incidents. Marine safety investigations do not seek to apportion blame or determine liability. Instead a marine safety investigation is an investigation conducted with the objective of preventing marine casualties and marine incidents in the future. This aim will be achieved through States: - applying consistent methodology and approach, to enable and encourage a broad ranging investigation, where necessary, in the interests of uncovering the causal factors and other safety risks; - providing reports to the Organization to enable a wide dissemination of information to assist the international marine industry to address safety issues. A marine safety investigation should be separate from, and independent of, any other form of investigation. However, not precluding any other form of investigation, including investigations for action in civil, criminal and administrative proceedings. Further, a State or States conducting a marine safety investigation should not refrain from fully reporting on the causal factors of a marine casualty or marine incident because blame or liability, may be inferred from the findings. Each flag State has a duty to conduct an investigation into any casualty occurring to any of its ships, when it judges that such an investigation may assist in determining what changes in the present regulations may be desirable, or if such a casualty has produced a major deleterious effect upon the environment. A flag State shall cause an inquiry to be held, by or before a suitably qualified person or persons into certain marine casualties or marine incidents of navigation on the high seas. However, if a marine casualty or marine incident occurs within the territory, including the territorial sea, of a State, that State has a right to investigate the cause of any such marine casualty or marine incident which might pose a risk to life or to the environment, involve the coastal State’s search and rescue authorities, or otherwise affect the coastal State.