Journal articles: 'Shipping of Japan'

1

Managi, Shunsuke. "Maritime Shipping Industry and Productivity in Japan." Maritime Economics & Logistics 9, no. 4 (November 29, 2007): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100187.

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Azuma, Takashi, Takashi Nakano, Ryuji Koizumi, Nobuaki Matsunaga, Norio Ohmagari, and Tetsuya Hayashi. "Evaluation of the Correspondence between the Concentration of Antimicrobials Entering Sewage Treatment Plant Influent and the Predicted Concentration of Antimicrobials Using Annual Sales, Shipping, and Prescriptions Data." Antibiotics 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040472.

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The accuracy and correspondence between the measured concentrations from the survey and predicted concentrations on the basis of the three types of statistical antimicrobial use in Japan was evaluated. A monitoring survey of ten representative antimicrobials: ampicillin (APL), cefdinir (CDN), cefpodoxime proxetil (CPXP), ciprofloxacin (CFX), clarithromycin (CTM), doxycycline (DCL), levofloxacin (LFX), minocycline (MCL), tetracycline (TCL), and vancomycin (VMC), in the influent of sewage treatment plant (STP) located in urban areas of Japan, was conducted. Then, the measured values were verified in comparison with the predicted values estimated from the shipping volumes, sales volumes, and prescription volumes based on the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB). The results indicate that the correspondence ratios between the predicted concentrations calculated on the basis of shipping and NDB volumes and the measured concentrations (predicted concentration/measured concentration) generally agreed for the detected concentration of antimicrobials in the STP influent. The correspondence ratio on the basis of shipping volume was, for CFX, 0.1; CTM, 2.9; LFX, 0.5; MCL, 1.9; and VMC, 1.7, and on the basis of NDB volume the measured concentration was CFX, 0.1; CTM, 3.7; DCL, 0.4; LFX, 0.7; MCL, 1.9; TCL, 0.6; and VMC, 1.6. To our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the accuracy of predicted concentrations based on sales, shipping, NDB statistics and measured concentrations for antimicrobials in the STP influent.

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LIN, MAN-HOUNG. "Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the Pacific, 1895–1945." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 5 (December 2, 2009): 1053–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990370.

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AbstractFor the history connecting East Asia with the West, there is much literature about contact and trade across the Atlantic Ocean from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries.1 This paper notes the rapid growth of the Pacific Ocean in linking Asia with the larger world in the early twentieth century by perceiving the economic relationships between Taiwan and Hong Kong while Japan colonized Taiwan. The Pacific route from Taiwan directly to America or through Japan largely replaced the Hong Kong–Atlantic–Europe–USA route to move Taiwan's export products to countries in the West. Other than still using Hong Kong as a trans-shipping point to connect with the world, Japan utilized Taiwan as a trans-shipping point to sell Japanese products to South China, and Taiwan's tea was sold directly to Southeast Asia rather than going through Hong Kong. Taiwan's exports to Japan took the place of its exports to China. Japanese and American goods dominated over European goods or Chinese goods from Hong Kong for Taiwan's import. Japanese and Taiwanese merchants (including some anti-Japanese merchants) overrode the British and Chinese merchants in Hong Kong to carry on the Taiwan–Hong Kong trade. America's westward expansion towards the Pacific, the rise of the Pacific shipping marked by the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, and the rise of Japan relative to China, restructured intra-Asian relations and those between Asia and the rest of the world.

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Paduloh, Paduloh, and Tiswy Mayana. "Optimization of Delivery Cost on Reverse Logistic for Product Claim in the Two-Wheel Vehicle Industry." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 22, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jiti.v22i1.21469.

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Product returns are one of the obstacles faced by two-wheeled motor vehicle industry companies in Indonesia, where the company's head office is based in Japan. The obstacle faced is the excess cost of shipping product claims compared to the planned cost budget. These products are replacement parts for CBU (completely built-up) units for two-wheeled motor vehicles exported to Japan. This case will be solved using reverse logistics, where the initial analysis is carried out by finding the value of the bullwhip effect on the company's orders and requests. The next stage is forecasting for the next period using the ARIMA method using Rstudio. The results showed the occurrence of a bullwhip effect, and then the best result was the ARIMA model (0,1,3) (2,1,0). The value of the bullwhip effect managed to decrease by applying the forecasting model. Then optimizing the shipping cost of claim products processed by LINGO results in a 5% reduction in shipping costs from the budget.

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Shibasaki, Ryuichi, and Toshihisa Fujiwara. "International Ferry and RORO Ship Simulation in Eastern Asia Using Intermodal Freight Flow Model." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.760.

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This paper develops a simulation model to include the short-sea shipping (SSS) on the intermodal freight flow model the author already developed, in order to measure an impact of policy that encourages the utilization of the SSS. The developed model is applied to the real shipping network connecting the northern Kyushu area in Japan with China and Korea; as a result, the model reproduces the actual maritime shipping market well, and some implications are acquired such that in order to advance utilization of the SSS, a kind of drastic policy such as mutual recognition of chassis is needed.

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Yonekura, Hitoshi. "The Sixth Sector Industrialization of Agriculture and the Relay Shipping of Vegetables in Japan." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 350–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.87.10576.

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This paper aims to extract lesson from the experiences of Japan for escaping from the middle income trap which many countries in Asia and Africa confront. This paper will review in detail the efforts to increase the income levels of rural and agricultural firms by establishing a value chain under an almost zero growth economy in the 2000s in Japan. After referring to the condition of Japan agriculture and the framework of structural reform of agricultural policy of Japan, the core action schemes of the Sixth Industrialization and Relay Shipping are focused on. The mechanisms of relay shipping of vegetables and the institutions for facilitating the scheme are reviewed in detail. It is revealed that institutional capacity for greater inter-sector and government coordination are essential for implementing the schemes to establish effective and efficient value chain. These are institutional reform and capacity building efforts in Japan. Experiences in Japan reveal that various executing agencies with good governance are required to establish the mechanism of effective resource mobilization and implement reform of value chain. There have been no detail studies on implementing such reform for establishing sustainable value chain in countries where escaping middle income trap is needed. This study should be useful lesson for countries confronting the middle income trap.

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7

Hwang, Je Ho, and Dal Won Kang. "Emission Control Routes in Liner Shipping between Korea and Japan." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2023): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122250.

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Maritime shipping is considered a major air pollutant that directly affects global warming and climate change. This study aims to design an emission control route (ECR) that can contribute to long-term initiatives along with emission prevention policies. Applying a scenario analysis, this paper has analyzed the impact of ECR implementation on air quality in the shipping route between Korea and Japan. In this study, the ECR is defined as eco-friendly shipping routes that recommend maintaining a specific level of speed while sailing. Based on the navigation trajectories of 55 O/Ds, which were extracted by the automatic identification system (AIS) data of 135 container ships for each port call during one year, the ECR domains were designated. To analyze the introduction impacts, this study employed a scenario analysis based on the current Vessel Speed Reduction Program (VSRP) recommendation of 12 knots or less. The results demonstrated that the introduction of ECR in the liner services between Korea and Japan would increase the average travel time by 10.47–16.98%. However, according to the results of the scenario analysis, the introduction of the ECR can reduce emissions by 25.65% to 39.73%. By suggesting the initial concept of ECR and analyzing the emission reduction effects of its implementation, this study provides useful insights for a balance between economic and environmental performance.

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Sawhill, Steven G., and Claes Lykke Ragner. "Shipping nuclear cargo via the Northern Sea Route." Polar Record 38, no. 204 (January 2002): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017289.

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AbstractThe commercial nuclear industry is considering the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as an alternative transit route for shipments of radioactive material between Europe and Japan, and as an import$sol;export route for shipments into and out of Russia. Technologically, the NSR is a practicable route, and factors that currently make it uneconomical for most commercial cargoes do not generally apply to nuclear ones. A shorter route between Europe and Japan may reduce operating costs and could enhance the safety and security of nuclearmaterial. Shippers are also attracted by the prospect of reducing political opposition along current routes. These advantages are offset by the cost of building specialised ships, uncertainties associated with Russia and its icebreaker fleet, and uncertainties regarding the risk and effects of a severe transport accident involving radioactive material. The likelihood of using the NSR for nuclear transport remains uncertain. Transit use is unlikely without a basis for long-term transport between Europe and east Asia. Russia's plans to expand its nuclear services industry are not dependent on using the NSR: the Arctic alternative via the port of Dudinka is only one of several suggested routes. Whether it is selected will depend upon whom Russia gains as customers and whether it provides the most convenient, cost-efficient option.

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9

오용식. "Korea - Japan Free Trade Agreement and Shipping and Logistics Industry." Journal of Shipping and Logistics 52, no. ll (March 2007): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37059/tjosal.2007.52..153.

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10

Kim, Yunjae, and Dohyung Lee. "A study on the Management Strategies of East Asian Shipping Companies in response to changes in the International Environment: Focusing on Leading Shipping Companies in Korea, China and Japan." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 25, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2023.25.4.219.

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This study aims to present the strategic direction of domestic shipping companies by comparing and analyzing the management strategies of representative Korean, Chinese, and Japanese East Asian shipping companies that are competitive in the frequently changing shipping industry. As a research method, literature research and case studies were conducted. The results of this study are as follows. First of all, most East Asian shipping companies were found to be adopting both a cost leadership strategy and a strategic partnership strategy, but as seen in the cases of Japanese and Chinese companies, it is also considered a strategy worth considering to solidify the position of the shipping industry by choosing a centralized strategy that provides more reliable maritime transport services to specific customers. Next, a common problem among shipping companies was found to be low punctuality. To solve this problem, introduce a logistics system that optimizes ship operation routes using big data analysis and provide customer support from ship and cargo schedule inquiries to real-time tracking. It appears that a differentiated strategy is needed to provide all transportation-related services.

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11

Rusinov, I. A., I. A. Gavrilova, and A. G. Nelogov. "JAPAN’S EXPERIENCE IN GOVERNING LINER SHIPPING." World of Transport and Transportation 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2017-15-1-13.

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[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT The article continues a series of publications [1-3] on regulatory framework for linear navigation of the world’s major maritime countries. Domestic researchers [4, 5] periodically turned to the topic of functioning of Japan’s maritime transport, regulation of its activities and significance for foreign trade. Nevertheless, the authors consider it necessary to return to it again, since there have been serious changes in the world shipping in the past. The new analytical work provides information on the largest Japanese shipping companies, their participation in carrier associations. The activities of the regulator, the principles of its activities and individual cases from practice are considered. An additional relevance of the article is given by the discussion that has unfolded in connection with the discussion of the draft law on introducing amendments to the Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian Federation. Keywords: sea transport, linear conferences, linear navigation, sea transportation in Japan, economy, trade, foreign markets.

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12

Moe, Arild, and Olav Schram Stokke. "Asian Countries and Arctic Shipping: Policies, Interests and Footprints on Governance." Arctic Review on Law and Politics 10 (2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v10.1374.

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Most studies of Asian state involvement in Arctic affairs assume that shorter sea-lanes to Europe are a major driver of interest, so this article begins by examining the prominence of shipping concerns in Arctic policy statements made by major Asian states. Using a bottom-up approach, we consider the advantages of Arctic sea routes over the Suez and Panama alternatives in light of the political, bureaucratic and economic conditions surrounding shipping and shipbuilding in China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. Especially Japanese and Korean policy documents indicate soberness rather than optimism concerning Arctic sea routes, noting the remaining limitations and the need for in-depth feasibility studies. That policymakers show greater caution than analysts, links in with our second finding: in Japan and Korea, maritime-sector bureaucracies responsible for industries with Arctic experience have been closely involved in policy development, more so than in China. Thirdly, we find a clear tendency towards rising industry-level caution and restraint in all three countries, reflecting financial difficulties in several major companies as well as growing sensitivity to the economic and political risks associated with the Arctic routes. Finally, our examination of bilateral and multilateral Chinese, Japanese and Korean diplomatic activity concerning Arctic shipping exhibits a lower profile than indicated by earlier studies. Responsible Editor: Øyvind Ravna, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

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13

Huff, Gregg, and Shinobu Majima. "Financing Japan's World War II Occupation of Southeast Asia." Journal of Economic History 73, no. 4 (November 15, 2013): 937–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050713000843.

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This article analyzes how Japan financed its World War II occupation of Southeast Asia, the market-purchased transfer of resources to Japan, and the monetary and inflation consequences of Japanese policies. Occupation was financed principally by printing large quantities of money. While some Southeast Asian countries had high inflation, hyperinflation hardly occurred because of a sustained transactions demand for money and because of Japan's strong enforcement of monetary monopoly. Highly specialized Southeast Asian economies and loss of Japanese merchant shipping limited resource extraction.

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14

Hunt, Gordon E. "EXPORTING GRAPEFRUIT TO JAPAN: THE FLORIDA EXPERIENCE." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 588f—588. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.588f.

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Florida has been exporting grapefruit to Japan since that market opened up in the 1970's. Since that time, Japan has become the largest single export market in the world for Florida grapefruit. Taking primarily white grapefruit, Japan has been the savior of the white grapefruit industry in Florida. Florida's success in Japan is the result of a number of factors, including an aggressive generic marketing program, extensive market research, close cooperation with local importers, marked increases in product quality, Fruit Fly protocols with the Japanese government, development of cold-treatment shipping technologies, and strong US government financial and administrative support. The Florida success story is a case study of how a major market can be developed for the export of citrus products.

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15

Baumann, Jennifer. "Shifting to Sustainable Shipping: Actors and Power Shifts in Shipping Emissions in the IMO." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (August 23, 2023): 12742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712742.

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Emissions from shipping have consequences for human health and climate change, yet achieving policy change to reduce these emissions remains challenging on a global scale. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the UN Agency tasked with formal international policy-making for the maritime sector, stands at the center of a complex maritime governance architecture. Yet, it is often criticized for heavy industry influence and power concentrated in the hands of a few actors. There has been recent research supporting this, while other research suggests that there are new actors influencing the agenda on shipping emissions. This article examines if the increasingly multi-actor and multi-layered governance architecture in shipping means that the actors and power in the IMO have shifted as well. The data were compiled from a selected sampling of the IMO documents from the Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) meetings between 1988 and 2021. The paper follows the agenda item of focus, ‘Air Pollution’, as it evolves over time and identifies actors utilizing three indicators of influence, submissions to the MEPC, the ISWG-GHG, and the delegations at the MEPC meetings. The research shows that some of the early state actors on this issue are still highly active (Norway, Japan, US), while other actors emerge over time (China, Marshall Islands). The emergence of the NGO Clean Shipping Coalition is notable, as is the complex role of the European Commission. Industry associations and flag states maintain active roles, yet the changes noted suggest they do not have the same influence they once did over emissions issues in the IMO.

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Guo, Jianke, Shaobo Wang, Dandan Wang, and Tianbao Liu. "Spatial structural pattern and vulnerability of China-Japan-Korea shipping network." Chinese Geographical Science 27, no. 5 (September 8, 2017): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11769-017-0903-9.

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17

Iijima, Yukito, and Shogo Hayashi. "Study Towards a 21st-Century Intelligent Ship." Journal of Navigation 44, no. 2 (May 1991): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300009929.

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The current state of the shipping and ship-building industries indicates that they are having difficulty surviving. This is especially so in Japan, which imports oil, ores, food and most of the materials used in manufacturing products for the domestic and foreign markets. The issue of maintaining stable and effective transportation overseas is, therefore, vital.

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Arai, Koki, and Yuichiro Hayakawa. "Three E-commerce Case Studies in the Context of Japanese Competition Enforcement: Comparative Considerations with the US Experience." World Competition 46, Issue 1 (January 1, 2023): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2023004.

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This study compares three case studies in the context of Japanese competition law enforcement with the US experience. Although each case involves important issues, this study focuses on extracting common aspects of competition law by critically examining the following cases of Antimonopoly-Law-suspected violations pursued by the Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC): the e-commerce case against Amazon Japan, the shipping charges case against the Rakuten group, and billing-related suspected violations by Apple. After extracting the common aspects from each case, this study recursively re-examines the cases to clarify the aspects that should be emphasized in competition law enforcement.

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19

Moore, Michael J. "How we all kill whales." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 4 (February 14, 2014): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu008.

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Abstract Today there is enormous popular interest in marine mammals. Western media tend to dwell on the ongoing debate about commercial whaling by Japan, Norway and Iceland. There is, however, relative silence as to how the shipping and fishing industries of many if not all maritime countries are also catching and sometimes killing whales, albeit unintentionally. Thus, western countries have, through the development and increase in fishing and shipping in continental shelf waters, essentially resumed whaling as vessel speeds and fishing gear strength have increased in recent decades. The ways in which these animals die, especially in fixed fishing gear that they become entangled in and swim off with, would raise substantial concern with consumers of seafood were they to be aware of what they were enabling.

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20

Lee,Hee-Yong. "A Study on the Factors of Continuos Business Relations between Shipper and Liner Shipping Company in Korea-Japan Shipping Route." KOREA INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL REVIEW 29, no. 4 (December 2014): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.18104/kaic.29.4.201412.199.

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21

김대진. "A Study on the Revitalization of the Domestic Shipping Finance Market by Comparing Korea, China and Japan Shipping Finance Markets." Journal of Shipping and Logistics 35, no. 3 (September 2019): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.37059/tjosal.2019.35.3.387.

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안우철. "A Comparative Study on development of Coastal Shipping between Korea and Japan." Journal of Shipping and Logistics 29, no. ll (October 2013): 715–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37059/tjosal.2013.29..715.

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23

Adelberg, Jeffrey, Robert Pollock, Nihal Rajapakse, and Roy Young. "Micropropagation, Decontamination, Transcontinental Shipping and Hydroponic Growth of Cattleya while Sealed in Semipermeable Membrane Vessels." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 547A—547. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.547a.

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Two varieties of Cattleya orchids (C. Loddigessi `Elen' × C. Loddigessi Alba `Extra' and Brassolaeliocattleya. Mem. `Helen Brown' Sweet Afton) were micropropagated in sealed, three-dimensional polypropylene vessels with microporous, semi-permeable membrane films to allow diffusion of water, dissolved nutrients, and gas to plant material inside the vessels. During tissue culture on sugar-containing media, chance contaminants were eliminated on the vessels outer surface using 5% bleach solution. Proper decontamination treatment did not effect carbohydrate content or subsequent growth of tissues contained within the vessels. Plantlets remaining in membrane vessels were shipped (7 days at 14–30°C) from Japan to the United States in the dark in a plastic tray and arrived without changes in fresh or dry weight of whole plantlets. However, shoot dry weight did increase significantly. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose reserves established on sugar-containing media were greater in root than shoot tissue and were largely expended during shipping concurrent with increased shoot dry weight. It is likely carbohydrate catabolism provided energy for these CAM plantlets to continue carbon fixation, resulting in positive net carbon assimilation in the dark shipping environment. Changes in starch concentrations during shipping were not significant. Plantlets grew photoautotrophically in hydroponic culture in the greenhouse, following transport in the same sealed membrane vessels. Carbohydrate concentration of plantlets following hydroponic culture was not significantly different than after the shipping process. Sealed-membrane vessels for micropropagation, decontamination, shipping and greenhouse growth were useful for culture of Cattleya to facilitate scale-up of materials handling and international commerce of tissue-cultured plants.

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Wang (王學新), Hsueh-hsin. "The Relationship between the Strategic Expulsion of the Douglas Steamship Company by the Japanese Colonial Governor-General of Taiwan and the Transportation of Mainland Chinese Workers during the Japanese Colonial Period in Taiwan." Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2015): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-00900006.

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In the early days of Taiwan’s occupation by Japan, Douglas Lapraik & Co monopolized the nautical route between Tamshui and Xiamen across the Taiwan Strait, on which passengers and cargo transports were frequent. For Japan as a new colonial power, this undoubtedly was not something to be happy about. So Governor Kodama issued a secret order to osk to start the South China shipping route in March 1899, in order to drive out Douglas Co. from Taiwan. Owing to a subsidy from the Government-General of Taiwan, Ōsaka merchant shipping companies could cut down ticket fees to extreme depth, snatch away the customers of Douglas Co. and purchase her stocks secretly. This strategy made Douglas Co. suffered badly. People would have thought that Douglas Co. would go down all the way, but from the tea-manufacturing period of 1901 onwards, she drew up a new approach of Armageddon to snatch tea workers from the Mainland and transport them to Taiwan. Although this strategy seems to have been very successful, Douglas quit shipping around Taiwan since 1904. Why did Douglas Co. quit? According to the author’s research, the real cause is not long-term losses, but the implementation of the system of managing Chinese workers from October 1904 onwards. It seems clear, that the post of Chinese worker’s manager was set up to deal with the new approach of Douglas Co., because it facilitated the establishment of a monopoly for Douglas Co.’s main competitor, osk, so that the former lost the last glimmer of hope and could not but quit. (This article is in English.)

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Kozai, Toyoki, and Tadashi Ito. "COMMERCIAL TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION PRACTICES AND RECENT RESEARCH IN JAPAN." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 615e—615. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.615e.

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Commercial transplant production in Japan has been increasing rapidly since 1985. Transplant production began with plug seedlings for bedding plants, followed by carnation and Chrysanthemum plug transplants vegetatively-propagated using cuttings. Next, production more recently includes plug seedlings of lettuce and cabbage, and micropropagated tubers of potato plants and grafted transplants of tomato, eggplant, cucumber, and watermelon plants. The reasons for the rapid increase in commercial production of transplants will be reviewed. The current “cutting edge” practices include hardening before shipping or planting. The pros and cons of current transplant production systems in Japan will be discussed. Recent research advances in production of micropropagated, grafted and seedling transplants are reviewed with special reference to environmental control for hardening or acclimatization. Research on robotic or automated systems for micropropagation, grafting, and transplanting currently developed in Japan are described.

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Yazuru, Watanabe. "NEW STRATEGY JAPANESE MILITARY IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION AND THE IMPACT ON INTERNATIONAL SECURITY STABILITY." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 9, no. 2 (August 21, 2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v9i2.23803.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the new Japanese military strategy in the Asia Pacific region and its impact on international security stability. The South China Sea conflict is one of the major conflicts for the Southeast Asia region and also the Asia Pacific region. Japan has a role in supporting countries involved in the conflict such as Vietnam. Japan promised Vietnam six patrol boats during Prime Minister Abe's visit to Southeast Asia.The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach and the type of research carried out is descriptive by explaining certain phenomena systematically, actually and accurately regarding facts, characteristics, and relationships. The patrol boat is aimed at enhancing Vietnam's capability in maritime law enforcement related to the South China Sea conflict. Japan, which is Vietnam's biggest foreign investor after South Korea, has no territorial claims in the South China Sea conflict. The South China Sea region has a big role in geopolitics because it is a meeting point between China and countries within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in terms of territory, security, natural resources and energy security. Disputes in the region include territorial sovereignty and maritime sovereignty. The South China Sea area consists of, among others, several small islands that are widely distributed, but there are two groups of islands that are much contested, namely the Spratly Islands and the Paracels. In addition, the South China Sea area is an important shipping lane and is often referred to as the maritime superhighway because it is one of the busiest international shipping lanes in the world.

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Avdakov, Igor. "THE MARITIME TRANSPORT OF JAPAN UNDER GLOBALIZATION." Eastern Analytics, no. 2 (2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-02-007-012.

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The process of globalization which today engulfed the majority of world countries, is most closely related to the development of international transportation infrastructure and, in the first turn, of maritime transport, which have the significant portion of cargo transportation service. The maritime transport is the important instrument of these processes. Simultaneously the high tempos of the international cooperation force to search for the new ways of upgrading the efficiency with the aim to satisfy the time demands. Starting from this fact there is observed the appearance of international transportation corridors and innovations based on the recent science and technology achievements. The international freight transportation of Japan is dominated by maritime transport. The volume of cargo carried by Japanese shipping vessels increased enormously during globalization. But the railway and automobile transport corridor between Japan and Russia will do much to upgrade the efficiency of Eurasia cargo service.

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IEDA, Hitoshi, Ryuichi SHIBASAKI, and Satoki NAITO. "An Asian-Range Model of International Container Shipping Including Domestic Transport in Japan." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 16 (1999): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.16.731.

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29

Üstündağ-Algın, Pınar, Hatice Karaaslan, and Tim Murphey. "Leader-Ship as an Empathy-Based Sharing-Caring-Ship of Partnered Ethical-Ecological Teaching and Mentor Shipping." Relay Journal 5, no. 2 (May 23, 2023): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37237/relay/050203.

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A sharing community cares for those involved and shares material and non-material caregiving and learning. We would like to propose that we as educators concentrate more of our efforts toward sharing, caring, and “shipping” (acting) rather than dominating, controlling, and testing. Below we recognize several authors, researchers, programs, and activities that have already started types of “Share-Care-Shipping” without naming it as such, and we offer our own examples as well. Pınar and Hatice describe how they have inspired the caring actions of student-mentors at a university in Turkey who have developed into more helpful and caring people along with their peers. Tim has attempted to see how students in online classes in Japan during the last few years of the pandemic have been able to teach others (family and friends) important things they learned in class. He shares their case studies of caring-teaching stories.

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Yong Ung, Yu, Park Sung Ho, Jung Dong Ho, and Lee Chang Hee. "Improving Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering in Korea through the Chinese and Japanese Experiences." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 9585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229585.

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The International Maritime Organization has strengthened global environmental regulations related to sulfur and nitrogen oxides contained in ship fuel oil since the beginning of 2020. One strategy to comply with the regulations is to fuel ships with liquefied natural gas (LNG) rather than with traditional heavy fuel oil. China and Japan are both developing a business structure for the bunkering of LNG through public–private partnerships to expand their leadership in the field in Northeast Asia and secure a competitive advantage. Compared to China and Japan, Korea has relatively inadequate laws, policy support, and best practices for safe and efficient LNG bunkering for ships. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the LNG bunkering regulation systems in China and Japan and addresses how these systems can be mirrored by Korea to improve the Korean system. It compares the legislative and normative rules of China and Japan regarding the complex global scenario of maritime transportation. The results show that Korea must revise its guidelines and create the advanced institutional framework required for the LNG bunkering market to support an eco-friendly shipping industry and maintain a competitive edge against China and Japan.

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Kurnia Santi, Tanti Nurgiyanti, Bagus Subekti Nuswantoro, and Yeyen Subandi. "Implementasi Perdagangan Ekspor Pisang Cavendish PT. Great Giant Pineapple (GGP) dengan Jepang pada Tahun 2022." SOSMANIORA: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 2, no. 2 (June 28, 2023): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55123/sosmaniora.v2i2.1698.

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This study aims to determine the implementation of the cavendish banana export trade at PT. Great Giant Pineapple (Indonesia) with Japan. The theory used in this study is the theory of comparative advantage according to David Ricardo, using qualitative research methods. The results showed that the implementation of the cavendish banana export trade by PT. Great Giant Pineapple (Indonesia) with Japan was realized through several stages, namely the purchasing stage which consisted of a purchasing order (PO), namely a document made to show the goods purchased, signing the SO and goods entering the warehouse. In addition, the sales stage which consists of sales orders (SO), travel documents, sales invoices, and receipt of accounts receivable, and finally, the export process stage which consists of stuffing goods, sending goods to the port to the destination country, namely Japan, then distributing it to buyers. . The documents needed in implementing PT GGP's export trade to Japan include the main documents, namely invoices, packing lists, shipping instructions, PEB and bills of lading, as well as supporting documents consisting of COO, health cert, and phytosanitary cert.

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Abe, Seiji. "Transport Accident Investigation Status and Issues." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0185.

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Railroad, aviation, and shipping transport accidents tend to be handled as organizational incidents. The objective of accident investigation is to effectively decrease and prevent accident recurrence, rather than to ascribe blame to any person. Such investigations clarify technological, system-based, and managerial shortcomings. By eliminating factors that cause accidents, we may be able to prevent similar recurrences. In this article, we first review the global status of accident, then, look at current situations and issues as they apply to accident investigation in Japan.

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Nabil, Lutfan, and Said Salim Dahda. "Risk Analysis of the Packing Process at the Logistics Department of PT. XYZ used REBA method." Journal of Applied Engineering and Technological Science (JAETS) 4, no. 1 (October 31, 2022): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37385/jaets.v4i1.1119.

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PT. XYZ is a company that produces automotives and is one of the largest in Asia. PT. XYZ produces various types of springs, both leaf springs and conch springs which have been licensed from Mitsubishi Steel Manufacturing, Japan. Products from PT. XYZ will be exported to several countries such as the United States, Japan and India. In shipping can not be separated from the packaging process. In the packing process, it is found that the work posture is not good so that it can trigger complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders. This study aims to determine the level of risk and work posture of workers. The method used is the REBA method, the results obtained in this study are with a grand score of 10 which indicates that work posture must be improved as soon as possible.

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Kamiirisa, Hikaru, and Björn Windén. "Review and discussion of recent publications on underwater noise from shipping." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 7 (November 30, 2023): 1612–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0244.

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The IMO is currently deliberating on revisions to the Guidelines for the reduction of underwater noise from commercial shipping. To shed light on the knowledge base that these deliberations are based on, and the views of important stakeholders, state-of-the-art papers on the issue of underwater shipping noise and mitigation of impacts on marine life through design, engineering and operational measures were reviewed in this project. These are the same publications that have been selected by the IMO to guide their deliberations in the latest round. This paper summarizes the current progress at the IMO, including the revised guidelines and proposed revisions by Japan, and puts it into context with the reviewed publications. Thirty-six papers on mitigation methods, modeling, measurement techniques and ecosystem impacts were reviewed. It is concluded that the most appropriate guidelines for many stakeholders would consist of: 1) clear procedures and instructions for setting and adhering to target noise level, 2) identifying measurement procedures, 3) numerical modeling, and 4) monitoring plan to achieve the goal. Based on the results of the paper review, we discuss future research approaches to establish useful guidelines.

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Fukumoto, Yasuhiko, Toshihiro Hamada, Jun Suyama, Akira Yamamoto, and Terufumi Naka. "Development of Flowering Stage Inspection Equipment for Small-Flowered Chrysanthemum." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 23, no. 2 (April 20, 2011): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2011.p0310.

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Small chrysanthemums are a major type of cut flower used in Japan for which we are developing flowering stage inspection equipment. This equipment has a camera and a flower carrier. When a flower is input to equipment, the equipment captures the flower image from the zenith, recognizes the flower and leaf parts in the image, determines whether it is appropriate for shipping, and drops it into the appropriate output area. Considering usability, equipment is designed to be attached to the weight grading equipment widely used by growers of small chrysanthemums. In this paper, we introduce this equipment and the results of evaluation experiments.

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An, Sewoong, Sung Kyeom Kim, Jin Su Lee, Tae Cheol Seo, Hee Chun, Chun Woo Nam, and Yurina Kwack. "Current Status of Vegetable Grafted Seedling Shipping Export to Japan and Analysis of Transportation Environment." Journal of the Korean Society of International Agricultue 30, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12719/ksia.2018.30.4.313.

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Chang, Yu-Chia, Ruo-Shan Tseng, Guan-Yu Chen, Peter C. Chu, and Yung-Ting Shen. "Ship Routing Utilizing Strong Ocean Currents." Journal of Navigation 66, no. 6 (July 17, 2013): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463313000441.

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From the Surface Velocity Program (SVP) drifter current data, a detailed and complete track of strong ocean currents in the north-western Pacific is provided using the bin average method. The focus of this study is on the Kuroshio, the strong western boundary current of the North Pacific flowing northward along the east coast of Taiwan and then turning eastward off southern Japan. With its average flow speed of about 2 knots, the Kuroshio can significantly increase the ship's speed for a “super-slow-steaming” container ship travelling at speeds of 12 knots between the ports of Southeast Asia and Japan. By properly utilizing knowledge of strong ocean currents to follow the Kuroshio on the northbound runs and avoid it on the return trip, considerable fuel can be saved and the transit time can be reduced. In the future, the detailed Kuroshio saving-energy route could be built into electronic chart systems for all navigators and shipping routers.

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Jessup, AJ, and R. Sloggett. "Residues in apples and their packaging following fumigation with methyl bromide." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 4 (1993): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930499.

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Apples (cv. Granny Smith) were fumigated with 40 g methyl bromide/m3 for 2 h at 17�C, then aerated for 2 h and stored for 10 days at 1�C as a proposed quarantine schedule for export to Japan. Residues of methyl bromide decreased from 0.1 �g/g following fumigation and cold storage to <0.002 �g/g after a further 20 days at 1�C (to simulate shipping time to Japan). Statistical analysis estimated that methyl bromide residues would decrease to 0.001 �g/g after 14.2 days storage at 1�C after fumigation. Methyl bromide residues in apple carton materials decreased to <0.01 �g/g after 7 days at 1�C, and to below the detection limit (0.002 �g/g) after 7 extra days storage at 1�C. Inorganic bromide residue after fumigation and cold storage for 30 days was 3.9 �g/g. This was less than the maximum residue limit (5 �g/g) set by the US Food and Drug Administration.

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Hu, Zhi-Hua, Chan-Juan Liu, and Paul Tae-Woo Lee. "Analyzing Interactions between Japanese Ports and the Maritime Silk Road Based on Complex Networks." Complexity 2020 (May 15, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3769307.

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This article considers how the Japanese ports interact with the ports of China and along the 21st century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) while they are embedded in the global port network, especially in the context of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. At a port level, it primarily uses connectivity analysis to analyze the port relations and significances in the maritime network. In contrast, at the network level, it applies the methods from network sciences to analyze the significances of these maritime networks and the interactions among the maritime networks of Japan, China, and MSR. This article extracts a large-scale maritime network from ports and vessels’ profiles and data of vessels’ Automatic Identification System (AIS). It then examines the relations among the networks (including Japan, China, MSR, and global ports) after defining the maritime networks, network generation schemes, and port network analysis tools. Based on the analysis results and findings, this study draws some implications for regional ports and shipping development and the global supply network.

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Min, Young-Hun, Jong-Kwang Joo, and JungHwan Moon. "A Study on Implementation of the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies in Korea." Korea Association of Maritime Transportation Studies 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.58316/kamts.2022.1.1.89.

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In the last June, the WTO MC 12 has made the millstone where the MC 12 adopted the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies for prohibiting subsidies on overcapacity fisheries, and overfishing, and eliminating subsidies on IUU fishing. It still remains “instrument of acceptance” of the protocol of the Agreement on fisheries Subsidies, but the international communities and the WTO secretariat are calling WTO members to deposit their instruments of acceptance. For its operation, two-thirds of WTO members need to deposit them at the WTO. Korea is one of the major fishing countries such as China, Japan, Norway and others and so enforcement of this agreement will have significant effects on the Korean fishing industry, especially distant shipping. On the basis of the Distant Water fisheries Development Act of Korea, the Korean government is supporting its distant shipping industry in terms of policy support, subsidies, consulting and others. The WTO subsidies agreement has not specified and detailed which fisheries subsidies of the agreement will include governmental support as the prohibited subsidies. In this line, the Korean government should be able to implicate the Korean policy to the agreement in terms of extent of the Korean subsidies.

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Pei, Zhiyong, Yuhan Kang, and Fei Long. "Research and Development of Inland Green and Smart Ship Technologies in China." Applied Sciences 14, no. 6 (March 9, 2024): 2316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14062316.

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Nowadays, the development of green and smart ships has become a trend in the global shipping industry. Some countries such as Japan and Korea, as well as several European countries, have already made some progress and advantages. In recent years, China has issued a series of policies to encourage and support the development of green and smart ships. Beyond that, the demonstration of green and smart ships has been promoted along with the trend of larger-sized and standardized inland vessels. The Chinese status and plans of green technologies are summarized including air layer drag reduction, efficient propulsion, DC networking, and clean energy. Some smart technologies have also been illustrated, for instance, intelligent driving, intelligent engine rooms, energy efficiency, hulls, cargo control, and information integration. Smart ship technologies need to be fully validated in order to improve industrialization applications. In the shipping industry, the development and application of smart ship technology need international and inter-regional cooperation, so as to achieve much higher energy savings, ensure environmental protection, achieve collaborative intelligence, and ensure safety and reliability. In turn, this will aid economic advances worldwide.

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Zheng, Xue-Bin, Yul-Seong Kim, and Young-Ran Shin. "Cost Effectiveness Analysis in Short Sea Shipping: Evidence from Northeast Asian Routes." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (November 29, 2021): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121340.

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Nowadays, roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) is an important mode for short sea shipping (SSS) due to its advantages of fast and convenient load and unloading system. Despite the advantages, the market share of Ro-Ro is insignificant compared with lift-on/lift-off (Lo-Lo) in the Northeast Asian region that is geographically suitable for fostering SSS. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to have a better understanding of the effectiveness or Ro-Ro and Lo-Lo in the regional SSS market. For this purpose, this paper develops a model to estimate the total logistics cost of the two transportation modes. The total logistics costs of Ro-Ro and Lo-Lo are calculated on three major SSS routes between Korea and Japan. The results show that Lo-Lo outperforms Ro-Ro on most routes in terms of the cost effectiveness, and Ro-Ro is competitive only for high-priced and time-sensitive cargo. However, it is also documented that Ro-Ro transport has a significant impact on reduction in the total logistics costs when companies integrate the supply chain and improve the cooperative relationship to a high level.

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Tsokhas, Kosmas. "The Eastern & Australian Steamship Company and the Shipping Dispute between Australia and Japan, 1936–39." Business History 34, no. 2 (April 1992): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076799200000038.

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Boston, Thomas D. "Nea Presidential Address, 1991: Sixteenth-Century European Expansion and the Economic Decline of Africa (In Honor of Walter Rodney)." Review of Black Political Economy 20, no. 4 (June 1992): 5–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02696978.

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Prior to the sixteenth century, the Indian Ocean trading network was one of the wealthiest commercial regions in the world. It included states of East Africa, the Arabian peninsula, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, China and Japan. By circumnavigating Africa, Portugal was the first European nation to gain access to the region. Through the exercise of naval superiority, blockading of strategic shipping lanes, imposition of duties and expulsion of Swahili and Muslim merchants, Portugal exercised a mercantile monopoly which ultimately led to the region's rapid economic decline. Using rare historical documents from Portugal and Africa, this study traces the effects of Portuguese expansion on the economies of East Africa and trade in the Indian Ocean.

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Manieri, Antonio. "Technical Education in Nara Japan: Text and Context of the Yōshi kangoshō (ca. 720)." Annali Sezione Orientale 82, no. 1-2 (September 5, 2022): 172–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685631-12340132.

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Abstract The Yōshi kangoshō (Notes on Chinese Words by Master Yako, ca. 720) is a bilingual Sinitic-Japanese dictionary, now lost and surviving only in indirect transmission thanks to quotations in the Wamyōruijushō (Categorized Notes on Japanese Nouns, ca. 934) by Minamoto no Shitagō (911–983). The lexical domains covered by the Yōshi kangoshō deal with technical knowledge, such as terminology for anatomy and medicine, archery, constructions, shipping and shipbuilding, the textile sector (clothes, belts, shoes, sewing, weaving, sericulture, dyeing, etc.), hippology and stock-breeding, agriculture, cooking, carpentry, sea and earth products, kinship. In this paper, I propose a reconstruction of the Yōshi kangoshō, furnishing the complete list of its quotations. I would therefore like to propose that the Yōshi kangoshō should be reconsidered as an educational tool for learning terminologies, and that it was particularly useful for the technical education of clerks.

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Yokoyama, Victoria Y., Gina T. Miller, and Preston L. Hartsell. "Methyl Bromide Control of Codling Moth on Nectarines Packed in Export Shipping Containers, 1989." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/15.1.52.

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Abstract Nectarines exported to Japan are currently fumigated unpacked in field bins with a methyl bromide quarantine treatment of 48 g/m3 for 2 h at 21°C or above and 50% load to disinfest the fruit of potential codling moth infestations. Large-scale tests were used to determine efficacy of the quarantine treatment to control 1- d-old codling moth eggs, the least susceptible stage to methyl bromide, on nectarines in shipping containers. Nectarines that had been washed, sorted and packed in thermal-form-molded 32-cup styrene trays (35 by 41.5 cm) were obtained from a packinghouse. The fruit (n = 524) were infested with codling moth eggs in 5 infestation cages containing 800 to 1,000 adults/cage. Eggs collected on waxed paper sheets in each cage and unfumigated eggs on nectarines were used for controls. Infested and uninfested fruit were randomized in trays. A tray was placed into each of 9 Bliss-style, single wall, corrugated fiberboard shipping containers (37 by 41.5 by 11 cm). A macerated paper-filled pad (35 by 41.5 cm) was placed on the bottom and top of the tray. A paper instruction sheet and self-adhesive labels were placed in the container simulating commercial shipping materials. The container was sealed with hot melt adhesive and transparent box sealing tape. Containers with infested fruit were placed in nine positions in a 3.12 m3 fumigation chamber. The remainder of the chamber was filled to make a 50% load with containers packed with uninfested fruit. Fumigations using the quarantine treatment schedule were replicated 3 times. After aeration for 3.5 h, fumigated eggs were placed in an isolated area at about 23°C. Fumigated and control egg survival was determined weekly for 3 wk and 2 wk after treatment, respectively.

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Petersen, Nikolaj. "Arktisk politik og regimedannelse i 2010'erne." Nordlit 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2012): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.2310.

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Recent developments have placed the High North on the international agenda. These include global warming, the prospects of major oil and gas finds, the opening of the Arctic Ocean to international shipping and the ongoing partition of its outer continental shelf between the five coastal states. In the so-called Ilulissat Declaration of 2008 these "Arctic Five" promised to play according to the UNCLOS rules and to shoulder their responsibility as coastal states. Despite this, the future may see both cooperation and conflict in the Arctic. The aim of the article is to discuss the possibilities of cooperative schemes, regimes, to regulate the problems which increasing shipping and extraction industries and fisheries may cause. First, a survey of future Arctic actors and fora is presented. While Arctic politics isstill dominated by the eight members of the Arctic Council, other actors, most clearly China, South Korea, Japan and the European Commission, are pressuring for influence. Furthermore, the Arctic Council is pressured by the "Arctic Five" and has reacted by establishing a secretariat and by adopting its first binding decision, anagreement on cooperation in search and rescue operations. Other relevant fora are the IMO, the WMO and UNCLOS. Next, an inventory of future "tasks" facing the Arctic nations is presented. They include defence tasks, sovereignty tasks, national authority tasks, and tasks, which can only (or best) be handled in regimes. Such regimes seem most needed with respect to international shipping. In the final section the discussion on possible regimes gets more concrete. Many tasks can best be handled by the IMO, but the Arctic Council, the WMO and UNCLOS have also roles to play. In particular, the five Arctic costal states have acrucial role as providers of specific regime services. Without their participation Arctic regime-formation is a non-starter,

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Son, An-suk. "Research on the Development of Cities and Architecture in the Open Ports (International Settlements and Foreign Concessions) of East Asia." Impact 2021, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.2.93.

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In the past, to get from one country to another, a long journey on a ship was required. Trade between countries was also done using ships, which transported cargo via shipping routes across the globe. Ports in specific countries accommodated trade, including in East Asia where many were opened as a result of unequal treaties with western powers. Treaty ports were often agreed after western powers such as the UK and nUS defeated military powers in China, Japan and Korea and terms favouring the successful nations were agreed. Foreigners would arrive into the treaty ports, and commodities such as restaurants, foreigners clubs, churches and racecourses were built for these new citizens. Ultimately, colonisation occurred, with areas in China, Japan and Korea being commandeered by Western ways of life. A team of researchers led by Professor An-Suk Son, Research Center for Non Written Cultural Materials, Kanagawa University, Japan, is looking at the open ports of East Asia, investigating the history and architecture of the Japanese consulate, banks, schools, hospitals and spinning companies. A key focus for the researchers is on buildings that were developed during the time of foreign settlement. Previous studies that have been done in this area have tended to focus on Shanghai in China, Yokohama in Japan and Incheon in Korea, and Son's research is innovative in that it uses new materials that have emerged in the years since, such as English newspapers, magazines, pictures, leaflets and photo books. The team also plants to build on previous studies to include places such as Qingdao and Guangzhou.

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Tran, Cong Tri, and Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen. "Some Main Causes of Marine Pollution in Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1214.

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Vietnam is a coastal country located in the central region of Southeast Asia, Vietnam has a sea area connecting the important sea transport route between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, especially the East Vietnam Sea are oil and container shipping routes from other countries to Japan, South Korea and China, which are consuming huge amounts of energy. Vietnam is in a position to have a potential for marine economic development such as shipbuilding, sea transport, port development, and waterworks, marine product exploitation, marine and oil and gas resource exploitation, marine tourism and islands, sea services, and other related industries. With such a potential position, the exploitation of the sea and the protection of the marine environment is an extremely important issue.

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Tran, Cong Tri, and Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen. "Some Main Causes of Marine Pollution in Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.3.1214.

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Vietnam is a coastal country located in the central region of Southeast Asia, Vietnam has a sea area connecting the important sea transport route between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, especially the East Vietnam Sea are oil and container shipping routes from other countries to Japan, South Korea and China, which are consuming huge amounts of energy. Vietnam is in a position to have a potential for marine economic development such as shipbuilding, sea transport, port development, and waterworks, marine product exploitation, marine and oil and gas resource exploitation, marine tourism and islands, sea services, and other related industries. With such a potential position, the exploitation of the sea and the protection of the marine environment is an extremely important issue.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Shipping of Japan'

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