Journal articles: 'Ship breaking'

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Sunaryo, Sunaryo, Eko Djatmiko, Siti Fariya, Rafet Kurt, and Sefer Gunbeyaz. "A Gap Analysis of Ship-Recycling Practices in Indonesia." Recycling 6, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6030048.

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Ship recycling is gaining attention in Indonesia due to the increase in end-of-life ships and uneconomical nationally flagged ships, and is considered a prospective source of economic development and employment opportunity, and yet conceivably poses a threat to the health and safety of workers and the environment. There are international and national regulations that govern ship-recycling activities to ensure that the hazardous impacts of the industry are minimized. We investigated the disparity between current ship-breaking practices in Indonesia and the requirements of related international and national regulations, with the findings intended for use as a stepping stone to proposing a strategy to establish a green and sustainable ship-recycling industry. A benchmark study of the world’s leading ship-recycling countries was conducted, and a gap analysis was performed by comparing existing international and national regulations with current ship-breaking practices in Indonesia. We identified two types of ship-breaking practices in Indonesia: Conventional environmentally unfriendly ship-breaking method, conducted by most Indonesian ship-breaking yards, and a rather modern, more environmentally friendly method, conducted by ship-repair yards. However, neither of the practices met the requirements of the regulations, and improvements are therefore needed to make the ship-recycling industry more green and sustainable, and to gain international recognition.

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Guo, Jian, Zhijun Chen, and Haiqi Tang. "Simulation Analysis on Cable Breaking of Large Ships in a Port." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 1, no. 2 (September 24, 2022): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.1.2.207.

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Simulation analysis on drifting of an oil tanker of 300,000 tons deadweight (DWT) after cable breaking was done with a large ship maneuver simulator. Risks such as being stranded and colliding into other docks or ships are illustrated when cable breaking accident happens to a large ship under different wind and current directions. Specific emergency countermeasures are proposed to ensure safety operation.

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Guo, Jian, Zhijun Chen, and Haiqi Tang. "Simulation Analysis on Cable Breaking of Large Ships in a Port." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2022): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.2.1.207.

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Simulation analysis on drifting of an oil tanker of 300,000 tons deadweight (DWT) after cable breaking was done with a large ship maneuver simulator. Risks such as being stranded and colliding into other docks or ships are illustrated when cable breaking accident happens to a large ship under different wind and current directions. Specific emergency countermeasures are proposed to ensure safety operation.

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Watagawa, M., T. Shinoda, and K. Hasegawa. "ESTIMATING THE AMOUNT OF SHIP RECYCLING ACTIVITY USING REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 24, 2016): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-1195-2016.

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The Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) was launched for earth observation and there are more than 6 million scenes of archives including coastal areas during period of five years. The wealth of satellite imagery is noticeable for investigating monitoring methods such as ship detection in wide ocean area. Especially, it is useful way to estimate past behaviour from satellite imagery compared to reference data. We collected satellite imagery and analysis breaking process in major ship breaking yards between year 2009 and 2011. Comparing the number of recycling ships by satellite imagery to the world statistics is in good agreement. In this study, Remote Sensing Application has been discussed in order to assess the potential to be used for economic activities such as ship recycling in wide coastal area. It was used to evaluate the performance of ship recycling monitoring by Satellite imagery. Additionally, an approach for recognizing ships by SAR imagery regardless of weather conditions is presented.

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Watagawa, M., T. Shinoda, and K. Hasegawa. "ESTIMATING THE AMOUNT OF SHIP RECYCLING ACTIVITY USING REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 24, 2016): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-1195-2016.

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The Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) was launched for earth observation and there are more than 6 million scenes of archives including coastal areas during period of five years. The wealth of satellite imagery is noticeable for investigating monitoring methods such as ship detection in wide ocean area. Especially, it is useful way to estimate past behaviour from satellite imagery compared to reference data. We collected satellite imagery and analysis breaking process in major ship breaking yards between year 2009 and 2011. Comparing the number of recycling ships by satellite imagery to the world statistics is in good agreement. In this study, Remote Sensing Application has been discussed in order to assess the potential to be used for economic activities such as ship recycling in wide coastal area. It was used to evaluate the performance of ship recycling monitoring by Satellite imagery. Additionally, an approach for recognizing ships by SAR imagery regardless of weather conditions is presented.

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Thomas, Manoj T. "The Alang Ship-breaking Yard." Asian Case Research Journal 11, no. 02 (December 2007): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927507000965.

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The case deals with the issue of environmental dumping in the poorer nations by more advanced nations. The trigger for the case is the sending back of the French naval ship Clemenceau from Indian coasts on the grounds that it contained prohibited environmentally hazardous materials like asbestos. The issue raised intense debates both in the public domain and the legal courts. Environmentalists, who brought the news in the public domain, sought legal intervention and argued in the public media. While the ship was sent back to France following the decision by France's highest administrative court, it raised questions about the entire ship breaking business. Alang, where the ship was initially supposed to be broken down, had seen an increase in business owing to the relatively cheap labour and less stringent environmental legislations compared to the established ship breaking centres in Europe and China. As poorer countries with even less regulated ship breaking centres, such as Bangladesh and Pakistan entered the fray, Alang had seen a decline in business. Ship breaking in Alang contributes to employment and the sending away of Clemenceau was seen by many supporters of ship breaking at Alang as lost opportunity for reviving the stagnating business at Alang. Others, however, saw it as an opportunity for Alang to improve environmental compliance and to introduce new technologies in ship breaking so that it can be sustainable in the long run. The case presents these different perspectives and tries to demonstrate the decision dilemma faced by a policy maker or regulator.

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Ali, Md Ashim, Kazuo Suzuki, and Sou Miyauchi. "Study on bow wave breaking around ultra large block coefficient ship." Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 10, no. 2 (December 24, 2013): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v10i2.16104.

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Due to the increase of maritime transportation volume day by day it is necessary to design a ship hull having large carrying capacity with low resistance. In case of slow moving ships, usually wave breaking occurs in front of bow. A considerable portion of resistance occurs due to the energy dissipation of such wave breaking in case of Ultra Large Block coefficient Ship (ULBS) suggested by the authors. The key objective of this research work is to investigate the relationship between bow wave breaking and free surface disturbance function that may be used as a parameter for numerical prediction of bow wave breaking. In this regard, the experiments and numerical calculations have been carried out for six models of ULBS. From the results, it can be concluded that the wave breaking area in front of bow increases with the increase of surface integral of the square of free surface disturbance function, Froude number and block coefficient.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v10i2.16104

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Karim, Md Saiful. "Violation of Labour Rights in the Ship-Breaking Yards of Bangladesh: Legal Norms and Reality." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 25, Issue 4 (December 1, 2009): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2009025.

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Ship-breaking started as an industry in Bangladesh in the early 1970s. This industry is not technically organized, and the management is also primitive and unsound. Although specific information is not available, it is estimated that about 700 workers have been killed and, at the same time, a total of 10,000 workers have been injured in explosions at the ship-breaking yards over the last three decades. This process continues unabated in the absence of specific legislation for regulating ship-breaking industries in Bangladesh. Against this backdrop, this paper identifies the major issues relating to enforcement of labour rights in the ship-breaking yards of Bangladesh.

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Nascimento, Maria Francisca, Claudio Freitas Neves, and Geraldo De Freitas Maciel. "WAVES GENERATED BY TWO OR MORE SHIPS IN A CHANNEL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (February 2, 2011): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.waves.60.

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The numerical model FUNWAVE+Ship simulates the generation and propagation of ship waves to shore, including phenomena such as refraction, diffraction, currents and breaking of waves. The interaction of two wave trains, generated by ships moving either in the same direction at different speeds or in opposite directions, is studied. Focus is given to the wave orbital velocities and to the free surface pattern.

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Sikder, Md Shahidullah, Mohammed Saiful Islam Bhuiyan, Ajay Ghosh, and Farzana Rabin. "Pattern of skin diseases among workers in ship-breaking yards in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Medical Journal 45, no. 3 (July 5, 2017): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v45i3.33132.

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Dealing with different toxic chemical and physical agents in ship scrapping activities of ship breaking workers make them vulnerable to suffer from different occupational health hazards including skin diseases. this cross sectional study was carried out in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka and a temporary health center established near the ship-breaking yards of Shitakunda, Chittagong to describe the frequency and pattern of skin diseases among ship-breaking workers in Bangladesh. Five hundred workers of ship breaking yards were included consecutively, history was taken and examined to diagnose skin diseases. Physical examination and laboratory tests (patch test, prick test, woods lamp test, microscopy and histopathology) were done where needed. Most (69.2%) of the workers were from the age group 15 to 62 years and 27.8% were <18 years. Only 27 (5.4%) had some sorts of training and 24.8% do not use any type of protective measure. At least one form of skin disease was found in 47.8% workers. Types of skin diseases were contact dermatitis (19.4%), scabies (15.8%), accidental cut/burn/scald (15.6%), fungal infection (dermatophytosis / pityriasis versicolor/ candidiasis) (10.6%), impetigo / pyoderma (9.8%), seborrheic dermatitis (9.6%), acne 7.2%, palmoplantar keratoderma 4.8%, glossitis/stomatitis/ chelitis 4.4%, lichen simplex chronicus 3.4%, urticaria 2.4% and psoriasis 1.2%. Contact dermatitis, scabies, accidental cut/burn/scald, fungal infections, impetigo/pyoderma, seborrheic dermatitis and acne are the common skin diseases among ship breaking workers. Ensuring adequate protective measures, awareness and training can control these skin diseases among ship-breaking workers.Bangladesh Med J. 2016 Sep; 45 (3): 147-150

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Alcaidea, Juan Ignacio, Francisco Piniella, and Emilio Rodríguez-Díaza. "The “Mirror Flags”: Ship registration in globalised ship breaking industry." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 48 (October 2016): 378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.08.020.

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Cairns, George. "A critical scenario analysis of end-of-life ship disposal." critical perspectives on international business 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-10-2012-0049.

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Purpose – This paper aims to critically engage with the premise of development at the “bottom of the pyramid” through consideration of the current and potential future status of the workers who dismantle end-of-life ships in the breaking yards of “less developed countries”, here with specific reference to the dynamic situation in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach – The study applies “critical scenario method” (CSM) to explore different possible and plausible futures for the ship-breaking industry globally and locally. Findings – The paper argues that the status of the workers in the ship-breaking industry of Bangladesh can be conceptualised as firmly set at the “bottom of the pyramid”, and that, for most if not all, this situation cannot be changed within any industry future without wider, radical change to socioeconomic and political structures both in the country and globally. Originality/value – This paper offers a contribution to the discourse on consumption at the “bottom of the pyramid” as a development process.

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Shi, Fengyan, Matt Malej, Jane M. Smith, and James T. Kirby. "Breaking of ship bores in a Boussinesq-type ship-wake model." Coastal Engineering 132 (February 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.11.002.

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Misra, Hrudanand. "Informality Patterns in Alang Ship Breaking Industry." Indian Journal of Social Work 82, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32444/ijsw.2021.82.1.99-114.

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Sujauddin, Mohammad, Ryu Koide, Takahiro Komatsu, Mohammad Mosharraf Hossain, Chiharu Tokoro, and Shinsuke Murakami. "Characterization of ship breaking industry in Bangladesh." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 17, no. 1 (January 8, 2014): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-013-0224-8.

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Lin, Lin, Kuishuang Feng, Zheng Wan, Peng Wang, Xianghui Kong, Ning Zhang, Klaus Hubacek, and Jiashuo Li. "Unexpected side effects of the EU Ship Recycling Regulation call for global cooperation on greening the shipbreaking industry." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (March 18, 2022): 044024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5a68.

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Abstract The recent European Union Ship Recycling Regulation and other existing conventions aimed to reduce harmful environmental and health impacts of ship shipbreaking, may push the shipbreaking industry further to South Asian countries, where ecosystem and public health are threatened due to the lack of monitoring for dirty beaching methods for ship breaking. Such unsustainable patterns may continue to expand due to the mismatch of economic beneficiaries and environmental costs in the shipbreaking industry, the ineffectiveness of existing conventions and regulations, and the prospect of a large number of ships to be dismantled in the near future. Our study focuses on these emerging issues and raises the urgency of joint actions for the shipbreaking industry.

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Kutub, Md Juel Rana, Nishat Falgunee, Shahreen Muntaha Nawfee, and Yasin Wahid Rabby. "Ship Breaking Industries and their Impacts on the Local People and Environment of Coastal Areas of Bangladesh." Human and Social Studies 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2017-0013.

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Abstract The coastal area of Bangladesh is one of the most ecologically productive and it contains a rich biodiversity which includes several species that are endemic to this region. Much attention has been focused on ship breaking industries in the coastal areas because of the threat they pose to this thriving biological communities along with their other environmental impacts and the perilous working environment of the workers. The coastal environment of Sitakunda is severely contaminated by various processes related to ship-breaking i.e. the disposal of different toxic wastes into the sea water, deforestation by expanding ship breaking yard, changing land-use pattern and release of toxic substance into the soil. Moreover, the workers of this industry are exposed to an extremely risky and toxic working environment which makes them vulnerable to both physical and psychological disorder as well as to accidental deaths and injury. Still, workers embrace these risks for very poor wages and most of the profits go to the already rich businessmen. Despite various negativities, this industry has gained importance due to the increasing demand of raw material for re-rolling industries and employment opportunities for the people of the coastal areas. As this industry is indispensable due to its importance in the macro and micro economy of Bangladesh, a sustainable management approach should be taken to at least minimize the environmental and health impacts of ship breaking industries. The current paper aims to investigate the extent to which this industry is affecting the ship breaking yard labors and the environment, despite the growing concern nationally and internationally, and it uses both primary and secondary data.

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Cairns, George M. "Return to Chittagong: ten years since the “postcard”." critical perspectives on international business 13, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-06-2017-0037.

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Purpose This paper aims to revisit the author’s 2007 “Postcard from Chittagong” to reprise the past decade of activity related to the ship breaking industry of Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on content analysis of global and local source documentation. This includes academic works, research reports from non-governmental organizations and general and specialist media reports. Findings Over the past decade, there have been a number of international initiatives that seek to control the disposal and dismantling of redundant ships. However, based on evidence of ongoing environmental and health impacts in Bangladesh, the effectiveness of these is questioned. Research limitations/implications The paper is intended to prompt debate on the ship breaking industry in Bangladesh and on the nature of global supply chains and logistics in the consumption society. Originality/value The paper revisits and updates a 2007 study that has been referred to and cited in a range of outlets. It is intended to continue and enhance discussion.

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Wang, Ping, and Jun Cheng. "Mega-Ship-Generated Tsunami: A Field Observation in Tampa Bay, Florida." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2021): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040437.

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The displacement of a large amount of water in a moderate-sized estuary by a fast-moving mega-ship can generate tsunami-like waves. Such waves, generated by cruise ships, were observed in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Two distinct, long tsunami-like waves were measured, which were associated with the passage of a large cruise ship. The first wave had a period of 5.4 min and a height of 0.40 m near the shoreline. The second wave had a period of 2.5 min and was 0.23 m high. The peak velocity of the onshore flow during the second wave reached 0.65 m/s. The shorter, second wave propagated considerably faster than the first wave in the breaking zone. The measured wave celerity was less than 50% of the calculated values, using the shallow water approximation of the dispersion equation, suggesting that nonlinear effects play an important role. A fundamental similarity among the generation of tsunamis, as induced by mega-ships, landslides or earthquakes, is a process that causes a vertical velocity at the sea surface, where a freely propagating wave is produced. This mega-ship-generated tsunami provides a prototype field laboratory for systematically studying tsunami dynamics, particularly the strong turbulent flows associated with the breaking of a tsunami wave in the nearshore, and tsunami–land interactions. It also provides a realistic demonstration for public education, which is essential for the preparation and management of this unpreventable hazard.

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Olivieri, A., F. Pistani, R. Wilson, E. F. Campana, and F. Stern. "Scars and Vortices Induced by Ship Bow and Shoulder Wave Breaking." Journal of Fluids Engineering 129, no. 11 (June 7, 2007): 1445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2786490.

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Experimental data are provided for physical understanding and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation for the surface combatant David–Taylor model basin Model 5415 bow and shoulder wave breaking. A photographic study was conducted using 5.72m replica and 3.05m geosim models of Model 5415 over a range of Froude numbers (Fr) to identify Fr and scale effects on wave breaking and choose the best Fr for the local flow measurements, which include near- and far-field means and rms wave elevation and mean velocity under the breaking waves. The larger model and Fr=0.35 were selected due to the large extents of quasisteady plunging bow and spilling shoulder wave breaking. A direct correlation is shown between regions of wave slope larger than 17deg and regions of large rms in wave height variation. Scars characterized by sudden changes in the mean wave height and vortices induced by wave breaking were identified. Complementary CFD solutions fill the gaps in the relatively sparse measurements enabling a more complete description of the bow and shoulder wave breaking and induced vortices and scars. The combined results have important implications regarding the modeling of the bubbly flow around surface ships, especially for bubble sources and entrainment.

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Zhang, Meng, Karl Garme, Magnus Burman, and Li Zhou. "A Numerical Ice Load Prediction Model Based on Ice-Hull Collision Mechanism." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020692.

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A simplified numerical model is introduced to predict ice impact force acting on the ship hull in level ice condition. The model is based on ice-hull collision mechanisms and the essential ice breaking characteristics. The two critical ice failure modes, localized crushing and bending breaking, are addressed. An energy method is used to estimate the crushing force and the indentation displacement for different geometry schemes of ice-ship interaction. Ice bending breaking scenario is taken as a semi-infinite plate under a distributed load resting on an elastic foundation. An integrated complete ice-hull impact event is introduced with ice failure modes and breaking patterns. Impact location randomness and number of broken ice wedges are considered in order to establish a stochastic model. The analysis is validated by comparison with the model ice test of a shuttle passenger ferry performed in May 2017 for SSPA Sweden AB at Aker Arctic Technology Inc. Good agreement is achieved with appropriate parameter selection assumed from the model test and when ice bending failure is dominant. This model can be used to predict the ice impact load and creates a bridge between design parameters (ice properties and ship geometry) and structure loads.

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Schwendeman, Michael S., and Jim Thomson. "Sharp-Crested Breaking Surface Waves Observed from a Ship-Based Stereo Video System." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 4 (April 2017): 775–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0187.1.

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AbstractA new ship-based stereo video system is used to observe breaking ocean waves (i.e., whitecaps) as three-dimensional surfaces evolving in time. First, the stereo video measurements of all waves (breaking and nonbreaking) are shown to compare well with statistical parameters from traditional buoy measurements. Next, the breaking waves are detected based on the presence of whitecap foam, and the geometry of these waves is investigated. The stereo measurements show that the whitecaps are characterized by local extremes of surface slope, though the larger-scale, crest-to-trough steepness of these waves is unremarkable. Examination of 103 breaking wave profiles further demonstrates the pronounced increase in the local wave steepness near the breaking crest, as estimated using a Hilbert transform. These crests are found to closely resemble the sharp corner of the theoretical Stokes limiting wave. Results suggest that nonlinear wave group dynamics are a key mechanism for breaking, as the phase speed of the breaking waves is slower than predicted by the linear dispersion relation. The highly localized and transient steepness, along with the deviation from linear phase speed, explains the inability of conventional wave buoys to observe the detailed geometry of breaking waves.

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Sunaryo, Sunaryo, and Dovan Pahalatua. "Green ship recycle yard design." Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v12i1.20450.

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The life cycle of a ship has an age limit related to its operation. When the ship economically is not profitable any more, it will be recycled or scrapped. Since the scrapped ship has plenty of hazardous materials, special care should be carried out to manage the wastes in accordance with the national and international available regulations. With regard to this a ship recycle yard that conducts ship breaking and recycle of the ships outfits, machineries, and infrastructure should be well designed in order to comply to all regulations that prevent it from producing harmful and polluting wastes to human and environment. The study was aimed to design an environmentally friendly or green ship recycle yard in Indonesia as a pilot project in anticipation to the booming of old used merchant ships fleet due to the implementation of cabotage principle. The project is located in the Maritime Industrial Cluster in Tanggamus Regency, Lampung Province, Sumatera. The ship recycle yard is designed with a capacity of maximum 30,000 DWT ship to be recycled, and all the activities involve in the yard would comply and refer to the environmental and IMO regulations, to ensure that no harm and hazardous wastes polluting the surrounding land and sea by arranging a proper layout and providing proper facilities and working procedures.

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Shi, Fengyan, Young-Kwang Choi, Matt Malej, Jane M. Smith, and James T. Kirby. "BOUSSINESQ MODELING OF SHIP-WAKES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO COASTAL EROSION IN AN ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT SYSTEM." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.waves.25.

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Heavy ship traffic causes a growing concern with respect to public safety, potential damage of coastal structures, and corresponding environmental impacts. High-speed ship-generated wakes such as solitons, undular bores, and breaking bores behave differently compared to wind waves and have a great potential for damage in vulnerable areas such as low-energy coasts and wetlands. In this study, we are developing a multi-grid model framework for the Fully Nonlinear Boussinesq Wave Model, FUNWAVE-TVD (Shi et al., 2012), for simulating ship-wakes in both the operational scale and refined process scales using full two-way coupling. Physical processes in areas of interest requiring higher model resolution, such as the ship-wake generation region, wave breaking in the near-field, and wave evolution with wave-structure interaction in the nearshore field, will be modeled in refined grids embedded in the operational-scale domain. A dynamically adaptive grid algorithm is implemented in order to track a vessel and calculate the physical processes precisely in the wave generation and breaking region in the vicinity of the vessel. Both pressure source and panel source methods for ship wave generation will be tested in the model framework. A concept of nesting layers based on the hierarchical basis, and an efficient parallelization method in the context of the full domain partition are utilized to allow the model to deal with a large-scale computation efficiently in a High Performance Computing (HPC) system.

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Yang, Jia Xuan, Shou Xian Zhu, Xun Qiang Li, Wen Jing Zhang, and Lei Wang. "The Review of Studies on Formulas for Calculating Wave Breaking Height." Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (September 2013): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.958.

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Wave breaking is the most complex and intensified physical process in coastal zone. And as the maximum in this area, the breaking wave height has a major impact on ocean engineering and ship sailing. In this paper, the present calculation methods for breaking height are concluded and divided into two categories: one is directly computing models using deep wave elements; the other is indirectly calculation models based on the surf wave calculation model and the criterion of breaking.

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Ji, Kefeng, Xiangwei Xing, Huanxin Zou, and Jixiang Sun. "A Novel Variable Index and Excision CFAR Based Ship Detection Method on SAR Imagery." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/437083.

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When applying the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector to ship detection on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, multiple interferers such as upwelling, breaking waves, ambiguities, and neighboring ships in a dense traffic area will degrade the probability of detection. In this paper, we propose a novel variable index and excision CFAR (VIE-CFAR) based ship detection method to alleviate the masking effect of multiple interferers. Firstly, we improve the variable index (VI) CFAR with an excision procedure, which censors the multiple interferers from the reference cells. And then, the paper integrates the novel CFAR concept into a ship detection scheme on SAR imagery, which adopts the VIE-CFAR to screen reference cells and the distribution to derive detection threshold. Finally, we analyze the performances of the VIE-CFAR under different environments and validate the proposed method on both ENVISAT and TerraSAR-X SAR data. The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other existing detectors, especially in the presence of multiple interferers.

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Wu, Wei-Te, Yu-Jen Lin, Ya-Hui Yang, Chun-Yuh Yang, Jin-Huei Hsu, and Trong-Neng Wu. "Mortality Among Ship-breaking Workers—-A Retrospective Cohort Study." Epidemiology 22 (January 2011): S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000392005.94355.21.

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Neele, Filip, Hans Aksel Haugen, and Ragnhild Skagestad. "Ship transport of CO2 – breaking the CO2-EOR deadlock." Energy Procedia 63 (2014): 2638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.286.

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Jiao, Jialong, Yulin Zhao, Yufei Ai, Chaohe Chen, and Tianhui Fan. "Theoretical and Experimental Study on Nonlinear Hydroelastic Responses and Slamming Loads of Ship Advancing in Regular Waves." Shock and Vibration 2018 (September 5, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2613832.

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Wave loads estimation and structural strength evaluation are the fundamental work at the ship design stage. The hydroelastic responses and slamming strength issues are also concerned especially for large-scale high-speed ships sailing in harsh waves. To accurately predict the wave-induced motions and loads acting on the ship sailing in regular waves, a fully coupled 3D time-domain nonlinear hydroelasticity theory is developed in this paper. The vibration modal characteristics of the flexible hull structure derived by the 3D finite element method (FEM) and simplified 1D nonuniform Timoshenko beam theory are firstly described. The hydrostatic restoring force and hydrodynamic wave force are calculated on the real-time wetted surface of hull to address geometric nonlinearity due to the steep wave and large amplitude motions. The bow slamming and green water loads acting on the ship in severe regular waves are estimated by the momentum impact method and dam-breaking method, respectively. Moreover, a small-scaled segmented ship model is designed, constructed, and tested in a laboratory wave basin to validate the hydroelasticity algorithm. The results predicted by theoretical and experimental approaches are systemically compared and analyzed. Finally, future work for predictions of ship hydroelasticity and slamming loads in irregular waves is prospected.

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Mengot, Roy F., and Richard T. Woytowich. "The Breakup of Titanic: A Progress Report From the Marine Forensics Panel (SD-7)." Marine Technology and SNAME News 47, no. 01 (January 1, 2010): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mtsn.2010.47.1.37.

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RMS Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank on the morning of April 15, 1912. Testimony at hearings on both sides of the Atlantic included conflicting stories of the ship breaking in two or sinking whole. The discovery of the wreck in 1985 confirmed that the ship did break near the surface. Recent evidence and analysis indicates that the initial point of hull failure was at or near the double bottom and the ship effectively broke bottom up.

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McKenney, Timothy. "Feasibility of a Ship Scrapping Yard in Philadelphia." Journal of Ship Production 10, no. 03 (August 1, 1994): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1994.10.3.191.

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This paper examines the feasibility of establishing a ship scrapping facility on the present site of Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Potential ship disposal markets and the current state of the ship-breaking industry are examined. Current methods are reviewed and a new method incorporating emerging technologies is proposed. Five critical financial drivers that impact the viability of domestic scrapping firms are examined. On the basis of this background, two options are proposed for establishing a scrapping facility.

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Degtyarev, Alexander, Ivan Gankevich, Nataliia Kulabukhova, and Vasily Khramushin. "Computational Model of Unsteady Hydromechanics of Large Amplitude Gerstner Waves." EPJ Web of Conferences 226 (2020): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022602009.

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The computational experiments in the ship fluid mechanics involve the nonstationary interaction of a ship hull with wave surfaces that include the formation of vortices, surfaces of jet discontinuities, and discontinuities in the fluid under the influence of negative pressure. These physical phenomena occur not only near the ship hull, but also at a distance where the waves break as a result of the interference of the sea waves with waves reflected from the hull. In the study reported here we simulate the wave breaking and reflection near the ship hull. The problem reduces to determining the wave kinematics on the moving boundary of a ship hull and the free boundary of the computational domain. We build a grid of large particles having the form of a parallelepiped and, in the wave equation instead of the velocity field we integrate streams of fluid represented by functions as smooth as the wave surface elevation field. We assume that within the boundaries of the computational domain the waves do not disperse, i.e. their length and period stay the same. Under this assumption, we simulate trochoidal Gerstner waves of a particular period. This approach allows to simulate the wave breaking and reflection near the ship hull. The goal of the research is to develop a new method of taking the wave reflection into account in the ship motion simulations as an alternative to the classic method which uses added masses.

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Soloviev, Alexander, Christopher Maingot, Mike Agor, Lou Nash, and Keith Dixon. "3D Sonar Measurements in Wakes of Ships of Opportunity." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00120.1.

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Abstract The aim of this work is to test the potential capabilities of 3D sonar technology for studying small-scale processes in the near-surface layer of the ocean, using the centerline wake of ships of opportunity as the object of study. The first tests conducted in Tampa Bay, Florida, with the 3D sonar have demonstrated the ability of this technology to observe the shape of the centerline wake in great detail starting from centimeter scale, using air bubbles as a proxy. An advantage of the 3D sonar technology is that it allows quantitative estimates of the ship wake geometry, which presents new opportunities for validation of hydrodynamic models of the ship wake. Three-dimensional sonar is also a potentially useful tool for studies of air-bubble dynamics and turbulence in breaking surface waves.

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Hengelmolen, Vera, and Peter R. Wellens. "An experimental study on added resistance focused on the effects of bow wave breaking and relative wave measurements." International Shipbuilding Progress 69, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 61–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/isp-210018.

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The added resistance is a resistance component that is not yet satisfactorily predicted, although its accurate estimation is crucial – both from an environmental and economic point of view – from the design stage of a ship until its operation. One of the possible sources of overprediction is the occurrence of bow wave breaking. The first aim of this paper is to study the effect of bow wave breaking on added resistance by combining visual observations with resistance tests. On the other hand, as the bow region of a ship appears to be the most dominant contributor to added resistance, this paper introduces a dynamic waterline detection method involving stereo vision. This experimental method is applied to reach the second aim of this paper, which is to stress the importance of the relative wave elevation in the bow region of the ship. By placing stereo rigs inside the hull of a semi-transparent ship, the waterline at each momnent in time can be tracked using an edge detection algorithm. By performing resistance tests on the Delft Systematic Deadrise Series ship model no. 523, the added resistance is observed to be proportional to the relative wave height squared. The data of the experiment and the information necessary to reproduce the experiment are shared through https://doi.org/10.4121/19525852.

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Fariya, Siti. "ANALISA TEKNIS PEMBANGUNAN SHIP RECYCLING YARD DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Teknologi Maritim 1, no. 2 (December 6, 2018): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35991/jtm.v1i2.826.

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Perencanaan pengembangan konektivitas melalui penerapan tol laut memunculkan gagasan untuk menambah dan meremajakan armada kapal nasional. Salah satu target diterapkan pada kapal tua yang perlu diganti dengan yang baru. Kapal yang pada kondisi masa akhir operasi dan pada akhirnya tidak digunakan lagi dalam kegiatan operasi pelayaran dapat dilakukan kegiatan daur ulang. Dimana kegiatan daur ulang kapal adalah kegiatan pemotongan dan penghancuran kapal yang tidak digunakan lagi dengan aman dan berwawasan lingkungan (Green Ship Recycling). Kondisi kekinian industri daur ulang kapal nasional perlu dikembangkan karena masih menggunakan fasilitas sederhana yang tidak ramah lingkungan dan tidak memperhatikan keselamatan pekerja. Untukmelakukan pengembangan Ship Breaking Yard menjadi Green Ship Recycling Yard, yang sesuai dengan aturan IMO diperlukan pengembangan dalam hal: fasilitas dan teknologi penanganan material dan layout. Pemilihan fasilitas dan teknologi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode fuzzy AHP sendangkan pemodelan layout dengan mempertimbangkan aturan IMO dan juga kondisi existing dari ship breaking yard. Hasil dari penelitianini: potensi pasar Ship Recycling di Indonesia sangat besar. Hal in dapat dilihat dari jumlah kapal dengan lifetime diatas 25 tahun sebanyak 1.404 unit dari 6.663 unit yang terdaftar di BKI, jumlah kapal ini seharusnya harus tidak beroprasi lagi. Sendangkan untuk pemilihan teknologi ship recycling yard sebagia berikut: docking menggunakan slipway dengan Interval Value 0,3933; Deacoating menggunakan Dry Ice dengan Interval Value 0,3351; Cutting dengan Oxy-accetylene dengan Interval Value 0,5487 dan Material Handling dengan Cawler crane dengan Interval Value 0,5512. Sendangkan untuk layout didesain untuk kapal dengan kapasitas 2.500 GT berlokasi di Kamal – Kabupaten Bangkalan, Madura. Aktivitas pemisahan bahan berbahaya dan tempat pembuangan-nya dalam layout ship recycling yard menjadi hal yang harus diutamakan, karena hal ini sangat kurang diperhatikan pada ship recycling yard di Indonesia

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Kim, Daegun, Eun-Ji Kang, and Ik-Soon Cho. "A Study on the Improvement of Mooring Configuration through Mooring Safety Assessment for Passenger Ship Berth." Korea Society of Coastal Disaster Prevention 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20481/kscdp.2022.9.2.145.

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Most of the domestic car ferries departing from Jeju Port in Korea were replaced through the construction of new ships or the introduction of new used ships starting in 2018 after the Sewol Ferry accident. Amid this trend of ship replacement, the size of passenger ship has also become larger than in the past to increase passenger sales and cargo transportation profits, but the passenger ship berth configuration at Jeju Port have not improved significantly. In this study, the current status of passenger ships at Jeju Port was investigated, and a mooring safety assessment was conducted on car ferries exceeding the design berth capacity of the pier. Risk factors of the target ship were identified through mooring safety assessment. Through the sensitivity analysis of each improvement plan, a plan to improve mooring configuration was proposed and its effect was confirmed. As a result, the in case of Arion Jeju which is berthed at No. 2 pier, improvement plan scenario case 1 to 4 from the operator’s perspective did not secure the mooring safety due to the problem of exceeding maximum traction force with the size of the mooring post. However in case of scenario case 5 of the improvement plan through the additional installation of High Height Bitt, it was analyzed that a load of about 23% or less of the breaking strength of all lines acts on the mooring line and the load of 44% or less of the maximum traction force of the mooring post acts that the mooring safety was evaluated to be secured. The results of this study are expected to be used as reference materials for the establishment of safe passenger ship berth mooring configuration and the development of guidelines for mooring a car ferry.

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Maxeiner, Eric, Mostafa Shakeri, and James H. Duncan. "A parametric study of breaking bow waves using a 2D + T Technique." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 687 (October 14, 2011): 540–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.389.

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AbstractA mechanical two-dimensional wave maker with a flexible surface was used to create waves similar to those formed at the bow of a moving ship. Utilizing the two-dimensional plus time (2D + T) approximation, the wave maker was programmed so that its deformable wave board created a time sequence of shapes that simulated the line of intersection between one side of the hull of a slender ship model moving at constant speed and an imaginary vertical plane oriented normal to the ship model track. However, instead of simulating a particular ship hull, the wave maker was set to produce a parametric set of flat plate motions that represent components of typical bow shapes. The resulting surface waves were measured using a cinematic laser-induced fluorescence technique and the resulting wave profiles were analysed. A large variation of wave crest shapes was observed. An assortment of wave characteristics including the maximum contact point height, maximum wave height and plunging jet geometry were measured and related to the corresponding wave maker motion parameters. Despite the variety of wave maker motions and resulting wave crest shapes, it was observed that the gross parameters describing the wave, such as the maximum wave height, maximum contact point height and wave phase speed, correlate strongly with the wave maker velocity along the water line. Details of the crest shape at the moment of incipient breaking showed a stronger dependence on the initial acceleration of the wave board.

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Khan, Md Shahzad Kuli, Sheikh Aftab Uddin, and Mohammed Ashraful Haque. "Abundance and composition of zooplankton at Sitakunda coast of Chittagong, Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 2, no. 1 (April 27, 2015): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v2i1.23053.

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Correction: Table 1 and Table 2 were omitted in from the PDF of this article. On 29th April 2015 the two tables were included in the PDF and the page numbers were changed from 151-158 to 151-160.Eight groups of zooplankton were found at Sitakunda coast, Chittagong, northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal during January to June 2007. The identified groups were Appendicularia (2.46%), Chaetognatha (2.45%), Cladocera (2.31%), Copepoda (26.05%), Ctenophora (5.86%), Crustacean zooplankton (21.64%), Ichthyoplankton (17.77%) and Meroplankton (21.45%). Abundance of zooplankton varied from 413 to 7730 individuals/m3.Mangrove vegetate area (station- VI) has the highest abundant possibly due to the organic and inorganic matters dissolved in the water while ship breaking area (station- IV) has the lowest abundant. Zooplankton population was significantly (p>0.05) higher in the mangrove vegetate area than the fishermen community area and ship breaking area. The mangrove vegetate area has the highest composition (57.06%) of zooplankton than the fishers community area and ship breaking area (29.77% and 13.16%, respectively). Calanus sp. (12.29%) belonging to Copepods and fish eggs (9.25%) belonging to Ichthyoplankton were the most abundant and Oikopleura albicans (0.66%) from Appendicularia, Metapenaeus brevicornis (0.71%) and Metapenaeus monoceros (0.90%) belonging to Crustacean larvae were the lowest abundant species found at three major investigated area.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 151-160, April 2015

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Zhang, Min, Wei Luo, Gen Luo, Chao Wang, and Hong-Cheng Yin. "COMPOSITE SCATTERING OF SHIP ON SEA SURFACE WITH BREAKING WAVES." Progress In Electromagnetics Research 123 (2012): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pier11100811.

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Nandi, R., Md Murad, and Tapas Dey. "Homestead Plant Diversity at the Ship Breaking Areas of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Biology 4, no. 2 (January 10, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2017/36115.

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Mallat, Bachar, Grégory Germain, Jean-Yves Billard, and Céline Gabillet. "Breaking wave bubble measurements around ship model by optical probe." Ocean Engineering 246 (February 2022): 110438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110438.

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42

Girin, S., and T. Kuznetsova. "Elastic plastic deformation of ship hull under near breaking loads." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 2, S-I (2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2018-2-s-i-33-40.

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43

Rabbi, Hasan Ruhan, and Aevelina Rahman. "Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry of Bangladesh; Issues and Challenges." Procedia Engineering 194 (2017): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.143.

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Aoyama, Kazuhiro, Wu Chen Xi, Tomohiko Ishikawa, and Tsuyoshi Koga. "Development of disassembling module design system for ship-breaking planning." Marine Systems & Ocean Technology 6, no. 2 (December 2011): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03449297.

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Shah, Sayed Asghar, Hadi Hussain, and Mujahid Hussain. "Skill Gap Analysis in the Ship Breaking Industry of Pakistan." American Journal of Industrial and Business Management 07, no. 11 (2017): 1244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2017.711088.

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46

Zemlyak, V. L., V. M. Kozin, and A. S. Vasilyev. "Influence of the Shape of a Submarine Vessel on the Ice Breaking Capacity of Flexural-Gravity Waves." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 4 (February 1, 2022): 042040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/4/042040.

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Abstract The severe climatic conditions of the Arctic Regions impose great constraints on traditional methods of hydrocarbon extraction. That is why underwater technologies used for raw material extraction and handling are very promising. The influential factor for the safe operation of an submarine vessel (SV) during under-ice navigation is breaking the surface through the ice cover. The traditional method of coming to the surface does not always apply because of the difficult and dangerous maneuvering and ice partial depth of the broken ice. In fact, the load that arises in the ice moves generates a system of progressive flexural-gravity waves (FGW). In case the waves are intensive to a certain extent, the ice of heavy thickness can destruct. The paper informs on an experimental study of FGW ice-breaking capacity generated due to SV of different projects running. The experiments were conducted in an ice tank. The ice destruction efficiency is determined using the ice-breaking criterion. The authors conclude that the principal factor affecting the ice-breaking capacity is not the displacement of water, but a fineness ratio of a submarine ship, as well as a cross-section ship shape. The subject of the influence of the vessel depth on FGW characteristics is explored.

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Li, Fang, and Luofeng Huang. "A Review of Computational Simulation Methods for a Ship Advancing in Broken Ice." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020165.

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Apart from breaking level ice, polar ships can interact with broken ice in various scenarios. In recent years, computational simulation models have increasingly been used for the evaluation of ship operability under broken ice conditions, presenting some challenging issues. This paper reviews existing simulation methods used to estimate ship performance and ice loads for ships advancing continuously in broken ice fields. Models for different types of broken ice, including ice floes, ice ridges, brash ice, and sliding ice pieces, are reviewed separately. A ship’s response in broken ice is divided into two categories: resistance, which relates to the overall ship performance, and local loads, which relates to structural safety. This review shows that most existing models are proposed for unbreakable ice particles, which are only applicable to broken ice of small size; most models treat fluid flow with extensive simplification, which does not reflect the influence of a ship’s wake or bow waves, and most models are aimed at resistance estimation, adopting elastic or viscoelastic contact models which do not include ice crushing. As for future work, it is suggested that more effort should be assigned to simulating a ship’s interaction with ice ridges and sliding ice pieces, the modelling of breakable ice floes, and the coupling of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). More attention to the local ice load estimation is also encouraged.

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Cheng, Z., X. Tang, H. Zhang, and L. Sun. "AB0096 MECHANISM OF SHIP IN NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAP IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 1179.1–1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.4764.

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BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis（RA） is a common autoimmune disease with unknown etiology. RA is characterized by the destruction of cartilage and bone. Neutrophils are abundant in synovial fluid of RA and are closely related to the development of RA 1。In recent years, it has been reported that neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps（NET）, which can not only kill different bacteria and viruses, but also closely related to autoimmune diseases 1,2 Studies have shown that NET is involved in the development of RA3. The Src homologous 2 domain containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP-1) controls the level of intracellular inositol 3-phosphate kinase product phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. SHIP can be used as a positive or negative regulatory signal in different stimuli.And So has studied that the inflammation of CIA mouse model is reduced after SHIP is inhibited.ObjectivesTherefore, we want to study whether SHIP is involved in the formation of rheumatoid arthritis NET and its relationship with NET.MethodsWe isolated neutrophils from RA peripheral blood, stimulated NETosis with PMA, and detected the changes of NETosis in the group with SHIP inhibitor by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. In addition, DBA mice were divided into three groups: HC, CIA and SHIP inhibitor intraperitoneal injection group. The degree of paw swelling and HE staining were used to detect the inflammation of mice, and the release of NET in CIA model was detected by flow cytometry.ResultsIn the DBA model, the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps decreased significantly in the intraperitoneal injection group of SHIP inhibitor. SHIP inhibitor can significantly inhibit the formation of NET in RA patients. In addition, we also found TNF- α Monoclonal antibodies reduced NETosis in RA patients, while SHIP inhibitors inhibited the generation of NET in RA patients. The results suggest that SHIP may inhibit the inflammatory factor TNF- α. In turn, it is involved in the release of NET in rheumatoid arthritisConclusionSHIP participates in the formation of NET in rheumatoid arthritis and affects the production of NET through pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, SHIP is expected to become a new target for the treatment of RA.References[1]Skopelja-Gardner, S.; Jones, J. D.; Rigby, W. F. C. “NETtling” the Host: Breaking of Tolerance in Chronic Inflammation and Chronic Infection. J. Autoimmun.2018, 88, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2017.10.008.[2]Lee, K. H.; Kronbichler, A.; Park, D. D.-Y.; Park, Y.; Moon, H.; Kim, H.; Choi, J. H.; Choi, Y.; Shim, S.; Lyu, I. S.; Yun, B. H.; Han, Y.; Lee, D.; Lee, S. Y.; Yoo, B. H.; Lee, K. H.; Kim, T. L.; Kim, H.; Shim, J. S.; Nam, W.; So, H.; Choi, S.; Lee, S.; Shin, J. I. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Autoimmune Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Autoimmun. Rev.2017, 16 (11), 1160–1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2017.09.012.[3]Khandpur, R.; Carmona-Rivera, C.; Vivekanandan-Giri, A.; Gizinski, A.; Yalavarthi, S.; Knight, J. S.; Friday, S.; Li, S.; Patel, R. M.; Subramanian, V.; Thompson, P.; Chen, P.; Fox, D. A.; Pennathur, S.; Kaplan, M. J. NETs Are a Source of Citrullinated Autoantigens and Stimulate Inflammatory Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sci. Transl. Med.2013, 5 (178), 178ra40-178ra40. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3005580.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

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Barua, BijoySonker, A. K. M. Saiful Islam Bhuian, Masud Kamal, MA Rashid, Md Asad Shariff, and Md Shuza Uddin. "Study on radiological contamination of ship scraps and environmental materials in ship breaking area of Chittagong, Bangladesh." Radiation Protection and Environment 36, no. 2 (2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-0464.128867.

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Choukroune, Leïla, and James J. Nedumpara. "Blue Trade and Forced Labour: Breaking the Resounding Silence of International Economic Law." Journal of World Investment & Trade 23, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340240.

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Abstract On 5 December 2017, the United Nations declared a ‘Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development’ to be observed from 2021 to 2030. Beyond the rhetoric of sustainability, the absence of a rights-based approach that places human beings at the core of ocean policy and governance is striking. The ocean indeed remains the scene of major human rights violations. From seafarers to ship breaking sites or fisheries, the ocean is not only the place where 90% of trade in goods happens, but also the territory where grave human rights violations, often related to the labour recruited for ocean trade and investments, occur. In this context and based on a series of case studies involving seafarers, ship breaking and fisheries, in various countries, this article interrogates the silence of international economic law instruments and dispute settlement mechanisms and suggests pathways for reform in better integrating the International Labour Organization approach.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ship breaking'

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