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Journal articles on the topic 'Shielded transmission line'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

S. Sadovic, D. Lepley, E. Brocard, and J. M. George. "Line Surge Arresters Applications On The Compact Transmission Lines." Journal of Energy - Energija 60, no. 1-4 (August 19, 2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2011601-4260.

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This paper presents application of line surge arresters on the compact transmission lines. Single and double circuit compact transmission lines are considered. Line lightning performance is computed using sigma slp simulation software. Different line surge arrester installation configurations are considered. Line lightning performance is computed for different tower footing resistance. Line performance before and after line surge arrester installation are compared. Line lightning performance of the unshielded line with line surge arresters is compared with the performance of the shielded line without line surge arresters. For double circuit shielded compact lines, double circuit outage rate is computed. Influence of the tower footing resistance on the double circuit outage rate is presented.

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2

Hassan, E. E. "Field Solution, Polarization, and Eigenmodes of Shielded Microstrip Transmission Line." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 34, no. 8 (August 1986): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.1986.1133456.

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3

Payandehjoo, K., A. Tavallaee, and R. Abhari. "Analysis of Shielded Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures Using Multiconductor Transmission-Line Theory." IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging 33, no. 1 (February 2010): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tadvp.2009.2019266.

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4

Aref’yev, A. S., V. A. Neganov, and E. I. Nefedov. "An electrodynamic theory of the shielded asymmetric two-slot transmission line." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 41, no. 4 (April 1998): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02676560.

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5

Tarasiewicz, E. J., F. Rimmer, and A. S. Morched. "Transmission line arrester energy, cost, and risk of failure analysis for partially shielded transmission lines." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 15, no. 3 (July 2000): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.871353.

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6

Campione, Salvatore, Aaron J. Pung, Larry Kevin Warne, William L. Langston, Ting Mei, and Howard Gerald Hudson. "VALIDATION OF SHIELDED CABLE MODELING IN XYCE BASED ON TRANSMISSION-LINE THEORY." Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters 87 (2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierl19060311.

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7

Gnilenko, A. B., and A. B. Yakovlev. "Electric dyadic Green functions for applications to shielded multilayered transmission line problems." IEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 146, no. 2 (1999): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-map:19990137.

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8

Zanetta, L. C., and C. Ede M. Pereira. "Application studies of line arresters in partially shielded 138-kV transmission lines." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 18, no. 1 (January 2003): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2002.803697.

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9

Zanetta, L. C., and C. E. M. Pereira. "Application Studies of Line Arresters in Partially Shielded 138 kV Transmission Lines." IEEE Power Engineering Review 22, no. 8 (August 2002): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2002.4312535.

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10

Elek, F., and G. V. Eleftheriades. "Dispersion analysis of the shielded Sievenpiper structure using multiconductor transmission-line theory." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 14, no. 9 (September 2004): 434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2004.832075.

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11

Sartenaer, T., and P. Delogne. "Deterministic modeling of the (shielded) outdoor power line channel based on the multiconductor transmission line equations." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 24, no. 7 (July 2006): 1277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2006.874423.

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12

Tyurnev, V. V. "Analysis of a shielded transmission line containing circular cylindrical conductors and coplanar lines on a grounded shield." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 52, no. 11 (November 2007): 1252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226907110083.

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13

Malits, P., M. Haridim, and Y. Chattah. "Characteristic Impedance of a Shielded Transmission Line with Non-Concentric Arc-Shaped Conductors." Electromagnetics 29, no. 4 (May 29, 2009): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726340902876993.

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14

Tyurnev, V. V. "Calculation of transverse waves in a shielded transmission line containing circular cylindrical conductors." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 51, no. 7 (July 2006): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226906070084.

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15

Paul, C. R., and B. A. Bowles. "Symbolic solution of the multiconductor transmission-line equations for lines containing shielded wires." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 33, no. 3 (1991): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/15.85128.

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16

Diveker, E., S. Levi, H. Matzner, and H. Nissan. "Efficient moment method solution for a shielded two arc type wires transmission line." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 35, no. 3 (September 24, 2002): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.10555.

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17

S. Sadovic and T. Sadovic. "Line Surge Arresters Applications On The Multi Circuit Overhead Lines." Journal of Energy - Energija 60, no. 1-4 (August 22, 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2011601-4265.

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This paper presents application of line surge arresters (LSA) on the different voltage level multi circuit overhead lines. Double circuit shielded compact line with and without distribution circuit on the same tower is analyzed. Distribution circuit has lower insulation level, meaning that almost all flashovers will happen on that circuit. Flashovers on the distribution circuit help to improve lightning performance of the transmission circuits. Flashovers on the distribution circuit diverts fraction of the lightning current along its phase conductors, improving at the same time coupling between distribution and transmission circuits. All software simulations are performed using sigma slp software package. A short description of the modeling for multi circuit flashover rate determination is given. In order to prevent flashovers on the distribution circuit LSA are installed on this circuit only. The improvement in the transmission circuit lightning performance is similar to that obtained without LSA. LSA installed on the distribution circuit are much cheaper than transmission LSA.

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18

Abboud, Izz K., Shahir F. Nawaf, and Mohammed H. Dervish. "Reduction the electric field effect generated by high voltage on fiber optic cables using metal shielding." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i1.1658.

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Because of the fiber optic cables have perfect resistant to weather and environmental effects they can be installed on or with transmission line towers for the power supply control and data communication. To avoid the damages of fiber optic cables, it is used shielded fiber optic cables. Due to the using of this shielding, the electric field that produced from transmission line will be effected .In this paper is studied and compared the influence of metal shielding of fiber-optic cable in the strong electric field which produced by a high voltage transmission line for various types of channel configuration. Based on the results obtained, the metal shielding of fiber optic cables will reduce the electric field strength that lead to good efficiency of communication through the optical cable.

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19

M. Puharić, M. Mesić, M. Lovrić, J. Radovanović, and S. Sadović. "Lightning Performance Improvement Of 123 kV Line Ston – Komolac By Use Of Line Surge Arresters." Journal of Energy - Energija 60, no. 1-4 (August 22, 2022): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2011601-4264.

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This paper presents HEP - Transmission System Operator Ltd. Line surge arrester (LSA) application pilot project on the Ston – Komolac 123 kV line. This 44 km long single circuit shielded transmission line operates in the region with a high lightning activity (keraunic level about 70 thunder days). In addition, it was very difficult to obtain good footing resistance. For these reasons, considered line used to have very bad lightning performance. It was decided to install Line surge arresters for line lightning performance improvement. In order to optimize arrester installation configuration sigma slp software simulations were performed. LSA are installed according to the results of the software simulations. LSA are installed in summer 2007 (110 gapless, IEC-class II Line arresters). Sixty one LSA are equipped with Excount - II monitoring sensors (monitoring arrester leakage current and peak of the impulse current). Based on the 8-month experience, LSA installation has improved line lightning performance. New line performance is close to the targeted once (improvement by 50 to 60 %). Surge arrester monitors collect very interesting information. Collected info will be compared with the software simulations.

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20

Huangfu, Youpeng, Luca Di Rienzo, and Shuhong Wang. "Frequency-Dependent Multi-Conductor Transmission Line Model for Shielded Power Cables Considering Geometrical Dissymmetry." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 54, no. 3 (March 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2017.2751958.

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21

Render, M. C., and A. C. Marvin. "A multiple mode equivalent transmission line model of crosstalk between conductors in shielded environments." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 37, no. 3 (1995): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/15.406543.

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22

Song, Wen Wu, Meng Tao Qin, and Dong Dong Wang. "Study on the Cable Crosstalk of Ship Cabin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.652.

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The mechanism of cable crosstalk involving what and how does the factors affect the level of crosstalk is introduced in detail. A transmission line model for predicting crosstalk between power cable and the other wires nearby with common reference ground based on multiconductor transmission theory (MTL) is developed. Crosstalk among circuit configurations when the victim cables with load terminations are different types is analyzed and simulated. Models where the types of the victim lines are shielded coaxial cable, shielded twisted pair and unshielded twisted pair are simulated. It is found that the shielding can provide an attenuation of about 50dB than the unshielded cables. In addition, the condition of multi-cable coupling is simulated and some thoughts are brought out to inspire more detailed study. Finally, some measures are suggested to suppress the crosstalk between cables according to the two-type of coupling mechanism (inductive coupling and capacitive coupling).

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23

Ahirwar, S., D. Ramakrishna, and V. M. Pandharipande. "Design and Development of a Compact Rat-Race Coupler." Advanced Electromagnetics 8, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v8i3.1047.

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In this paper, design and development of compact Rat- Race coupler is presented. The device is designed with commercially available semi rigid coaxial cable. The semi rigid coaxial is modified for desired impedance to suit the requirement of Rat- race hybrid coupler. The physical structure of the coupler is in rectangular form instead of the conventional ring form. With this structure, all the ports are available in line on the same side. This eases the integration of the device with other modules or devices in the system. The total area occupied the coupler is reduced drastically by meandering the transmission line. The shielded transmission line provides better port isolation and less radiation loss. Design, implementation and measured results are presented.

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24

Dutta, Bimal Raj, Binod Kumar Kanaujia, and Chhaya Dalela. "3D FSS with multiple transmission zeros and pseudo elliptic response." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1292.

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The three-dimensional frequency selective surface (3D FSS) with band reject multiple transmission zeros and pseudo-elliptic response is designed from two-dimensional (2D) periodic array of shielded micro strip lines to realize wide out-of–band radio wave rejection. The 3D FSS array consists of multimode cavities whose coupling with air can be controlled to obtain a desired frequency range. The proposed FSS with shorting via to ground exhibits pseudo-elliptic band-reject response in the frequency range from 6GHz to 14GHz. As the plane wave of linear polarization incidents perpendicularly to the shielded micro strip line with perfect electric conductor (PEC) and perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary walls, two quasi-TEM modes are obtained known as air mode and substrate mode. The first 3D FSS design is a combination of two or more resonators. Furthermore, second 3D FSS design with three shorting vias result more elliptic band reject frequency response and a pass band transmission pole. All in phase resonators of design give transmission poles and out of phase combination of resonators give transmission zeros respectively. The proposed 3D FSS is designed and simulated using Ansys HFSS software. These designs exhibit an improved performance for many practical applications such as antenna sub-reflector, and spatial filters.

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25

HARIDIM, M. "A Shielded Two-Arc-Shaped-Conductor Transmission Line Solved by a Fast Converging Moment Method." Electromagnetics 23, no. 6 (January 2003): 491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726340390222035.

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26

Kuo, C. W., and T. Itoh. "Characterization of shielded coplanar type transmission line junction discontinuities incorporating the finite metallization thickness effect." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 40, no. 1 (1992): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.108325.

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27

Abadpour, Sevda, Parisa Dehkhoda, Ruzbeh Moini, and Seyyed Hesameddin Hossein Sadeghi. "Susceptibility of a Shielded and an Unshielded Microstrip Transmission Line against a Near Interference Source." Universal Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2, no. 3 (March 2014): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujeee.2014.020308.

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28

He, Wei Xing, Chun Fang Yin, and Xiao Ping Chen. "Design and Implementation of Rolling Bearing’s Vibration Signals Transmission System in Oil Drilling Rig." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.49.

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Based on the characteristics of rolling bearing vibration signals in oil drilling rig and the operation principles of oil drilling equipments, a signal transmission strategy combining wireless communication technology and signal line transmission is proposed. A reusing equipment of current loop bus time-sharing switching is innovatively designed. By adopting wireless time-sharing control and switching technology, the transmission of multi-road high-frequency vibration signals is completed by means of a high quality shielded coaxial cable. The fixture greatly simplifies the wiring connection mode and reduces the patch number. Thus, the equipment cost is lowered and higher reliability of system is achieved. The fixture realizes the real-time and efficient transmission of vibration signal of rolling bearing in oil drilling rig.

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29

OKUBO, Kensuke, Mitsuyoshi KISHIHARA, Akifumi IKEDA, Jiro YAMAKITA, and Isao OHTA. "Shielded Structure of Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line Using Substrate Integrated Waveguide and Floating-Conductor." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E93-C, no. 7 (2010): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e93.c.1055.

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30

Jorge Luiz De Franco, Craig Sutton, Carlos Riva, Jorge Tuesta Rivera, Jose Francisco Montes, Wilson Alonzo, Mussolini Tarazona, and Manuel Contreras. "Experience of Tyco & Antamina in the Lightning Performance and Reliability Improvement of 220 kV Transmission Lines in Peru." Journal of Energy - Energija 60, no. 1-4 (August 22, 2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2011601-4262.

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The Antamina Mine is located in the Antamina valley in the Andes Mountains in the Ancash region of north-central Peru, approximately 270 kilometers north of Lima, Peru. Antamina Mine operations began in late 2001, with an estimated mine life of more than 20 years. The deposit is one of the largest copper-zinc ore bodies in the world. Antamina Mine is electrically connected to five 220 kV transmission lines located in regions with isokeraunic levels from 15 to 90 thunderstorm days per year. In the period from 2002 to 2006, 80 nonschedule outages due to lightning which have affected the process productive have been observed in these lines. Antamina has too a 23 kV overhead shielded distribution ring network in which outages due to lightning have been also observed. In the middle of 2003 Antamina started to work in partnership with Tyco Electronics in order to evaluate the lightning performance of the distribution and transmission lines. With basis in these studies from January 2006 till June 2007, approximately 450 units of line arresters were installed along the distribution network and 265 gapless transmission line arresters (TLA) were installed along the sections of the two 220 kV transmission lines with poorer lightning performance. From October 2006 on only one outage due to lightning was recorded in these two lines, proving the effectiveness of this protection system. This paper presents details about the transmission line lightning performance studies and evaluation carried out by Tyco Electronics and Antamina in this partnership project. Methods to select the arresters characteristics and to define the quantity and the optimized arresters location along the lines are presented. Field experience obtained in these two first years and the line performance / reliability of the system after the TLA application in comparison with the performance before the arresters’ installation are presented and discussed

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31

Yang, Bill, Alexander G. Yarovoy, A. Shenario Ezil Valavan, Koen Buisman, and Oleksiy Shoykhetbrod. "A novel LTCC differentially Fed UWB antenna for the 60 GHz band." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 2 (March 15, 2011): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711000237.

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In this paper a novel differentially fed Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna in low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology to be used in the 60 GHz band for integrated RF front-ends is presented. The antenna is based on the aperture stacked patch fed via H-shaped aperture to achieve more than 10 GHz operational bandwidth. The antenna is fed by a parallel-wire transmission line which enables the antenna to be directly integrated with differential Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs). To alleviate influence of the surface waves (efficiently excited in LTCC material due to its high dielectric constant) on the antenna radiation and realize uni-directional radiation patterns, a dedicated shield is added to the antenna. The measured results of the shielded antenna showed that the antenna has an operational bandwidth from 51 GHz to over 65 GHz, the gain is about 3.5–8 dBi, and −5 dB beamwidth is about ±30°. The measurement results also demonstrated that the shield indeed improves the antenna impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation patterns substantially.

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32

Huang, T. W., and T. Itoh. "The influence of metallization thickness on the characteristics of cascaded junction discontinuities of shielded coplanar type transmission line." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 41, no. 4 (April 1993): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.231666.

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33

Kogut, A. E., S. O. Nosatyuk, V. A. Solodovnik, and R. S. Dolya. "Excitation of High-Q Whispering Gallery Modes in a Hemispherical Shielded Dielectric Cavity Using a Slot Transmission Line." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 57, no. 7 (December 2014): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11141-014-9535-4.

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34

Bagheriasl, Mohammad, and Guido Valerio. "Bloch Analysis of Electromagnetic Waves in Twist-Symmetric Lines." Symmetry 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2019): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11050620.

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We discuss here under which conditions a periodic line with a twist-symmetric shape can be replaced by an equivalent non-twist symmetric structure having the same dispersive behavior. To this aim, we explain the effect of twist symmetry in terms of coupling among adjacent cells through higher-order waveguide modes. We use several waveguide modes to accurately derive the dispersion diagram of a line through a multimodal transmission matrix. With this method, we can calculate both the phase and attenuation constants of Bloch modes, both in shielded and open structures. In addition, we use the higher symmetry of these structures to further reduce the computational cost by restricting the analysis to a subunit cell of the structure instead of the entire unit cell. We confirm the validity of our analysis by comparing our results with those of a commercial software.

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35

Park, Hyunbae, Intae Jung, Hyunmi Song, Pierre Ocvirk, Paul R. Shapiro, Taha Dawoodbhoy, Ilian T. Iliev, Kyungjin Ahn, Michele Bianco, and Hyo Jeong Kim. "Crucial Factors for Lyα Transmission in the Reionizing Intergalactic Medium: Infall Motion, H ii Bubble Size, and Self-shielded Systems." Astrophysical Journal 922, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2f4b.

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Abstract Using the CoDa II simulation, we study the Lyα transmissivity of the intergalactic medium (IGM) during reionization. At z > 6, a typical galaxy without an active galactic nucleus fails to form a proximity zone around itself due to the overdensity of the surrounding IGM. The gravitational infall motion in the IGM makes the resonance absorption extend to the red side of Lyα, suppressing the transmission up to roughly the circular velocity of the galaxy. In some sight lines, an optically thin blob generated by a supernova in a neighboring galaxy results in a peak feature, which can be mistaken for a blue peak. Redward of the resonance absorption, the damping-wing opacity correlates with the global IGM neutral fraction and the UV magnitude of the source galaxy. Brighter galaxies tend to suffer lower opacity because they tend to reside in larger H ii regions, and the surrounding IGM transmits redder photons, which are less susceptible to attenuation, owing to stronger infall velocity. The H ii regions are highly nonspherical, causing both sight-line-to-sight-line and galaxy-to-galaxy variation in opacity. Also, self-shielded systems within H ii regions strongly attenuate the emission for certain sight lines. All these factors add to the transmissivity variation, requiring a large sample size to constrain the average transmission. The variation is largest for fainter galaxies at higher redshift. The 68% range of the transmissivity is similar to or greater than the median for galaxies with M UV ≥ −21 at z ≥ 7, implying that more than a hundred galaxies would be needed to measure the transmission to 10% accuracy.

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36

Moros, Eduardo G., William L. Straube, and William F. Pickard. "The radial transmission line as a broad-band shielded exposure system for microwave irradiation of large numbers of culture flasks." Bioelectromagnetics 20, no. 2 (1999): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1999)20:2<65::aid-bem1>3.0.co;2-w.

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37

Pudipeddi, S. S., and P. V. Y. Jayasree. "Investigation of the Effect of Normal Incidence of RF Wave on Human Head Tissues Employing Cu and Ni Grid PET Films." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 9445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5252.

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The rising number of frequency bands and the demand for wireless communication devices has become a growing concern regarding health and safety. The human head is a vulnerable body part when exposed to mobile phones. To ensure a high level of protection of the head from undesirable Electromagnetic Field (EMF) emissions, a shield is incorporated in this paper between the head and the mobile smartphone. The shielding material used to protect the head from the RF emissions is Copper (Cu) grid transparent Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) film and Copper (Cu) grid transparent PET film with Nickel (Ni) coating forming a laminated mesh. The RF emission metric from the smartphone is determined to evaluate the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) numerically with a variation in frequencies ranging from 850MHz to 5.47GHz at normal wave incidence by the Transmission Line Method. The variation in frequency is observed in two head models, one of an adult and one of a child. Compared with the no shield condition, a significant SAR reduction is observed when PET-Cu or PET-Cu-Ni conductive coating transparent shielded mesh is embodied on the front part of the mobile phone between the phone and the head. In the child 7-layered head model at 5.47GHz, a significant reduction in SAR is observed from 10.5W/kg to 0.00001W/kg using the Cu grid PET film and to 0.0000032W/kg using Cu and Ni grid PET film.

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38

Sadovic, S., R. Joulie, S. Tartier, and E. Brocard. "Use of line surge arresters for the improvement of the lightning performance of 63 kV and 90 kV shielded and unshielded transmission lines." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 12, no. 3 (July 1997): 1232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.636955.

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39

Le Gouguec, Thierry, Najib Mahdi, Stéphane Cadiou, Cédric Quendo, Erich Schlaffer, Walter Pessl, and Alain Lefevre. "Modeling up to 45 GHz of coupling between microvias and PCB cavities considering several boundary conditions." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 8, no. 3 (February 19, 2016): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078716000192.

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The recent developments in electronic cards such as the network equipment are characterized by the miniaturization of the board size and the increasing complexity of the layout. Because of these requirements, multi-layered printed circuit boards are commonly used and vias connecting signal lines on different layers, or integrated circuit devices to power and ground planes, are frequently used and often essential. However, a via is not an ideal transmission line. Besides, it creates discontinuities at high frequencies leading to high insertion loss degradation of signal which limits the performances of integrated circuit and systems. In this paper, the impacts of coupling between via and parallel-plates cavity on the response of microwave integrated devices are highlighted in the first part. Then, to describe the intrinsic interaction between the via transition and parallel-plate modes, the notion of parallel-plates matrix impedances is presented and new boundary conditions like open or plated through holes shielded boundaries of the cavities are introduced. Then, using this physics-based model, an intuitive equivalent circuit has been developed. Finally, the proposed approach and the equivalent circuits were validated by using comparisons with electromagnetic simulations and measurements in different scenarios.

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40

Smith, A., R. Kannan, E. Garaldi, M. Vogelsberger, R. Pakmor, V. Springel, and L. Hernquist. "The thesan project: Lyman-α emission and transmission during the Epoch of Reionization." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 512, no. 3 (March 24, 2022): 3243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac713.

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ABSTRACT The visibility of high-redshift Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies (LAEs) provides important constraints on galaxy formation processes and the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). However, predicting realistic and representative statistics for comparison with observations represents a significant challenge in the context of large-volume cosmological simulations. The thesan project offers a unique framework for addressing such limitations by combining state-of-the-art galaxy formation (IllustrisTNG) and dust models with the arepo-rt radiation-magnetohydrodynamics solver. In this initial study, we present Lyman-alpha centric analysis for the flagship simulation that resolves atomic cooling haloes throughout a $(95.5\, \text{cMpc})^3$ region of the Universe. To avoid numerical artefacts, we devise a novel method for accurate frequency-dependent line radiative transfer in the presence of continuous Hubble flow, transferable to broader astrophysical applications as well. Our scalable approach highlights the utility of LAEs and red damping-wing transmission as probes of reionization, which reveal nontrivial trends across different galaxies, sightlines, and frequency bands that can be modelled in the framework of covering fractions. In fact, after accounting for environmental factors influencing large-scale ionized bubble formation such as redshift and UV magnitude, the variation across galaxies and sightlines mainly depends on random processes including peculiar velocities and self-shielded systems that strongly impact unfortunate rays more than others. Throughout the EoR local and cosmological optical depths are often greater than or less than unity such that the exp (− τ) behaviour leads to anisotropic and bimodal transmissivity. Future surveys will benefit by targeting both rare bright objects and Goldilocks zone LAEs to infer the presence of these (un)predictable (dis)advantages.

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41

Cruciani, Silvano, Tommaso Campi, Francesca Maradei, and Mauro Feliziani. "Electromagnetic Interference in a Buried Multiconductor Cable Due to a Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051645.

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The aim of this study is to predict the electromagnetic interference (EMI) effect produced by a dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system on a buried multiconductor signal cable. The short-track DWPT system architecture is here considered with an operating frequency of 85 kHz and maximum power transferred to an EV equal to 10 kW. The EMI source is the DWPT transmitting coil which is activated when a vehicle passes over it. The electric and magnetic fields in the earth produced by the DWPT coil currents are calculated numerically using the finite elements method (FEM). These fields are then used to derive the voltage and current sources that appear in the field-excited multiconductor transmission line (MTL) model, used for the buried shielded cable. The MTL is analyzed considering the first ten harmonics of the current. The currents and voltages at the terminal ends are calculated considering the wireless charging of a single electric vehicle (EV) first, and then the simultaneous charging of 10 EVs which absorb a total power of 100 kW. The preliminary results reveal possible EMI problems in underground cables.

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42

Zhao, Zhongyi, and Shenyu Wang. "Lightning the Electromagnetic Pulse Coupling of Airborne Secondary Radar Electronic Equipment Using Intelligent Computing." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (July 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1810862.

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In order to analyze the lightning coupling of the airborne secondary radar electronic equipment, this study analyzes the transient electromagnetic field strength of the airborne secondary radar electronic equipment and the current density distribution on the aircraft surface when the lightning directly hits the aircraft based on the simulation technology of the transmission-line matrix method. On this basis, the simulation research of field distribution and cable coupling is further carried out. Through the simulation calculation, it can be seen that when the lightning strikes the aircraft, the current density is relatively small in the continuous parts of the upper and lower surfaces of the fuselage and the middle of the wing. In addition to the areas where the lightning current is easily attached, structural irregularities such as windows, engines, front and rear edges of wings, and outboard antennas are often affected by edge effects, and the current density is often concentrated, requiring key protection. For more sensitive electronic equipment, the cable connected to it can be considered to use an appropriate type of shielded cable to achieve the shielding effect on the electromagnetic environment.

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43

Spadacini, Giordano, Flavia Grassi, Diego Bellan, Sergio A. Pignari, and Filippo Marliani. "Prediction of Conducted Emissions in Satellite Power Buses." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/601426.

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This work reports a modeling methodology for the prediction of conducted emissions (CE) in a wide frequency range (up to 100 MHz), which are generated by dc/dc converters and propagate along the power buses of satellites. In particular, the dc/dc converter seen as a source of CE is represented by a behavioral model, whose parameters can be identified by two unit-level experimental procedures performed in controlled test setups. A simplified multiconductor transmission-line (MTL) model is developed to account for the propagation of CE in shielded bundles of twisted-wire pairs used as power cables. The whole power system is represented by the interconnection of the circuit models of dc/dc converters, cables, and Power Conditioning and Distribution Unit (PCDU). By solving the obtained network, frequency spectra of CE can be predicted. Experimental results are reported to substantiate the accuracy of the proposed unit-level dc/dc converter model and the MTL model of cables. Finally, a system-level test setup composed of three dc/dc converters connected to a PCDU is considered, and predicted CE are compared versus experimental measurements.

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44

Fedorov, Vladimir M., Mikhail V. Efanov, Vasiliy Ye Ostashev, Vladimir P. Tarakanov, and Aleksander V. Ul’yanov. "Antenna Array with TEM-Horn for Radiation of High-Power Ultra Short Electromagnetic Pulses." Electronics 10, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091011.

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An antenna array with short shielded transverse electromagnetic horns (S-TEM-horns) for emitting high-power radiation of ultra-short electromagnetic pulses (USEMP) has been created and researched. The antenna unit consists of an ultra-wideband antenna array with four S-TEM horns, with each connected to a two-wire HF transmission line, and these four lines are connected to an antenna feeder. This feeder is connected to a semiconductor generator with the following parameters: a 50 Ohm connector, 10–100 kV high-voltage monopolar pulses, a rise time of about 0.1 ns, FWHM = 0.2–1 ns, and pulse repetition rates of 1–100 kHz. The antenna array was designed and optimized to achieve a high efficiency of about 100% for the antenna aperture by using a 2 × 2 array with S-TEM-horns, with shielding rectangular plates for the return current. The transient responses were studied by simulation using the electromagnetic 3D code “KARAT” at the time domain and experimentally with the use of our stripline sensor for measurement of the impulse electrical field with a 0.03 ns rise time and a 7 ns duration at the traveling wave. The radiators were emitting USEMP waves with a hyperband frequency spectrum of 0.1–6 GHz. The radiation with an amplitude of 5–30 kV/m of the E-field strength at a distance of up to 20 m was successfully applied to test the electronics for immunity to electromagnetic interference.

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45

Benhamou, S. M., M. Hamouni, and F. Ould-Kaddour. "Crossover Frequency and Transmission-Line Matrix Formalism of Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Laminated Conductive Sheets." Advanced Electromagnetics 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v7i2.566.

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This paper proposes an approach to calculate the crossover frequency of each layer in the multilayered shield and subsequently that of structure constructed by n layers. This important frequency provides a useful approximation for field penetration in a conductor. It is used in a wide variety of calculations. It is in this context that a simplification of the transmission-line matrix formalism for laminated conductive sheets is done using this frequency. Two ranges of frequency are considered: lower and higher than the crossover frequency. Simples formulas and easy to use of the reflection loss, the internal reflection, the absorption loss and the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of laminated shield are obtained. Analysis is carried out for the study of two shields: i) single shield of carbon nanotube polymer composites (CNTs), ii) multilayered shield constructed with Nickel–carbon nanotube polymer composites–Aluminum (Ni–CNTs–Al).

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46

Hunziker, Patrick. "Minimising exposure to respiratory droplets, ‘jet riders’ and aerosols in air-conditioned hospital rooms by a ‘Shield-and-Sink’ strategy." BMJ Open 11, no. 10 (October 2021): e047772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047772.

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ObjectivesIn COVID-19, transfer of respiratory materials transmits disease and drives the pandemic but the interplay of droplet and aerosol physics, physiology and environment is not fully understood. To advance understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and to find novel exposure minimisation strategies, we studied cough-driven material transport modes and the efficacy of control strategies.DesignComputer simulations and real-world experiments were used for integrating an intensive care setting, multiphysics and physiology. Patient-focused airflow management and air purification strategies were examined computationally and validated by submicron particle exhalation imaging in volunteers.SettingHospital setting during a respiratory virus pandemic with transmission by respiratory droplets and aerosols.ParticipantsHealthy volunteers.Outcome measuresDistribution of, and exposure to, potentially infectious respiratory secretions.ResultsRespiratory materials ejected by cough exhibited four transport modes: long-distance ballistic, short-distance ballistic, ‘jet rider’ and aerosol modes. Interaction with air conditioning driven flow contaminated a hospital room rapidly. Different than large droplets or aerosols, jet rider droplets travelled with the turbulent air jet initially, but fell out at a distance, were not well eliminated by air conditioning and exposed bystanders at larger distance and longer time; their size predisposes them to preferential capture in the nasal mucosa, the primordial COVID-19 infection site. ‘Cough shields’ captured large droplets but induced lateral dispersion of aerosols and jet riders. An air purification device alone had limited efficacy. A ‘Shield and Sink’ approach combining cough shields with ‘virus sinks’ minimised exposure to all secretions in modelling and real-life experiments.ConclusionsJet riders have characteristics of highly efficient respiratory infection vectors and may play a role in COVID-19 transmission. Exposure to all droplet types can be minimised through an easily implemented Shield and Sink strategy.

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Eltaly, Boshra, Amen Saka, and Kamel Kandil. "FE Simulation of Transmission Tower." Advances in Civil Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/258148.

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The vital components of the transmission line are the electrical transmission towers. They are commonly used to support the phase conductors and shield wires of a transmission line. Also the accurate prediction of tower failure is very important for the reliability and safety of the transmission system. The current research describes nonlinear FE models of predicting the transmission tower failure. In the current FE simulations, the eccentricity and the joint effect of the tower were considered. The current models have been calibrated with results from previous full-scale tower tests and numerical models with good accuracy in terms of both the failure load and the failure mode.

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48

Chang, T. N., and Y. C. Wu. "Parameter-extraction-like approach to derivation of boundary integral equation for shielded transmission lines." IEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 143, no. 1 (1996): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-map:19960140.

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49

Li, Xiao Gang, Li Xue Li, Yi Hui Zheng, Xin Wang, Jian You Yu, and Jing Bo Yang. "Study on the Identification of Lightning Over-Voltage Based on ATP-EMTP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.799.

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Lightning overvoltage often leads to transmission lines trip, which is the weak link of power system. In this paper, 110-kV transmission line model is studied on the basis of the EMTP software. Several simulation models are established for back flashover lightning, induced lightning, shield failure. The transient process of lightning stroke is studied. According to the contrast of simulation results of three kinds of lightning, a set of discriminant basis to distinguish lightning on transmission line is put forward.

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Kim, Young Pyo, Cheol Man Kim, Woo Sik Kim, and Kwang Seon Shin. "Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in Girth Weld of Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.303.

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A clear understanding of fatigue properties for the pipeline steel and its weld is important to provide information for pipeline design during pipeline construction and predict pipeline fatigue life during pipeline operation. The materials used in this study are API 5L X65 pipeline steel generally used for natural gas transmission. This pipeline was welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with V-groove configuration. The fatigue crack growth behaviors of pipeline steel and its girth weld according to crack growth directions and stress ratios were investigated over a wide range of stress intensities in laboratory air.

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