Relevant bibliographies by topics / Shia

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Shia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Shia"

1

Makhsum, Ali. "STIGMATISASI DAN PROPAGANDA ANTI-SYIAH: SOROTAN DESKRIPTIF GERAKAN ANNAS." Jurnal CMES 12, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.12.2.37894.

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<p>The term anti-Shi'a is prejudice or hatred towards Shiite Muslims based on their religion and heritage. Anti-Shi'a efforts portray Shia as dangerous teachings by linking the Iraq and Syria conflicts, thus forcing some religious groups and the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) to issue heretical fatwas for Shi'ite teachings. How does anti-Shi'a propaganda manifest in describing Shi'ism? This paper describes the plot and context of anti-Shi'a in Indonesia. The anti-Shi'a container known as the National Anti-Shi'a Alliance (ANNAS) has become a new medium in campaigning for Shiite heresy. The sentiment of this movement adds a new list of Islamic boxes by giving birth to exclusive Islam. The participation of extremist, Salafi and conservative groups in the Shia stigmatization resulted in sentiments and propaganda towards Shia teachings.</p>
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Mohamed Fathillah, Mohamed Fairooz, Muhammad Yosef Niteh, Muhammad Yusuf Marlon Abdullah, and Mohd Shairawi Mohd Noor. "Persepsi Terhadap Akidah Ahli Sunah Waljamaah: Kajian Ajaran Syiah di Negeri Kedah (The Perception towards the Aqidah of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah: Study of the Shias in Kedah)." UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 69–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/umran2020.7n1.333.

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The Shias grew rapidly since the Iranian Revolution in 1979 and has prompted debates of Islamic thought around the world. The encounter with the Shias implicates religion the Muslim community in Malaysia. This is evidenced by the increasing number of Shia groups in Malaysia, a country which the majority are Ahl al-Sunah wa al-Jamaah. This is likely because the Shias use the human rights approach as an argument for spreading their creed. In the meantime one of the states in Malaysia that the Shia teachings spread widely is the State of Kedah. Therefore, this study is aimed at identifying the perception of the Shias against the aqidah of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah in Kedah. The al-Zahra's Husainiyah Center located in the Pendang district was chosen as the location of the study. In addition, three types of data collection techniques are used for document analysis, observation and interview. Then data analysis is made narrative. The findings show that Shia development in Kedah was active in the early 1990s. In addition, the findings illustrate the good interactions between the Shias and the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah. Meanwhile, the study finds a contradiction between the beliefs, perceptions and practices among the Shias. Even the Shias accept the differences in the question of Imamah found between the Shias and the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah. This study contributes information on the development of Shias in Kedah, and helps religious institutions deal with Shia influence in the country. At the same time, this study provides guidance to the society on the difference between the Shia and the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah
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Dogra, Sufyan Abid. "Karbala in London: Battle of Expressions of Ashura Ritual Commemorations among Twelver Shia Muslims of South Asian Background." Journal of Muslims In Europe 6, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 158–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341346.

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Abstract The roots of the struggle for authority among various groups of Twelver Shias of South Asian background living in London revolves around the idea of what is ‘true and authentic’ Shia Islam. The theological and political genealogy of this power struggle can be traced by examining the history of Shia Islam in South Asia. This article provides historical analyses and ethnographic accounts of Shia Islam and how it is practised in London. It investigates the influence of London-based Iranian and Iraqi Shia transnational networks on South Asian Hussainias and those who attend them. While some London-based Shias of South Asian origin conform to the Iran-backed reformist versions of globally standardised ritual commemoration of Ashura, others detest this and search for religious reinterpretations that assert South Asian ways of commemorating the Ashura ritual.
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Vahed, Goolam. "Between the Local and the Global: The Iranian Revolution and Sunni-Shia Relations in South Africa." Islamic Africa 13, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21540993-01301001.

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Abstract This article charts the contours of Sunni-Shia relations in South Africa, with a particular focus on the period since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which was received positively by many Muslims in a context of American hegemony globally and heightened anti-apartheid political activism locally. The growth of Saudi Arabian funded religious organisations within the Sunni majority community, and similar investment by Iran in emerging and existing Shia communities have fuelled relations between Sunni and Shia globally. This article considers the increasing tensions between Shias and mainstream Sunni Ulema in South Africa. The period has been witness to growing anti-Shia discourse, a physical attack against worshippers in a Shia mosque and a failed attempt at a truce. The growth in broadcast and social media and religious transnationalism have exacerbated historic fissures and antagonism, and these tensions seem destined to deepen and spread in the period ahead.
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Abdullah AF, Syamzan Syakur, and Susmihara. "Melacak Akar Permasalahan Hubungan Antara Sunni dan Syi’ah." Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan dan Sosial 1, no. 4 (January 18, 2023): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.58540/jipsi.v1i4.151.

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The classic slander in the growth and development of Islam from time to time is the Shi'a problem which is a separate group outside the Muslim groups in general which is called ahlussunnah or sunni. So that disputes between Shia and Sunni do not only occur in the Gulf States or Arab countries, but Sunni and Shia disputes extend to Islamic countries in various parts of the world, including Indonesia. At first the Shiites were a cultural group who empathized with Ali bin Ali Talib and named themselves Shi'ah 'Ali (supporters of 'Ali), where they saw that Ali bin Abi Talib had more rights to become a leader after the death of the Prophet Muhammad than his companions. another. However, in its journey this group which was originally cultural in nature then transformed into a group with a political and Aqidah pattern to this day. The difference between the Shia and the Sunni is not only the difference in the schools of law, but the Shia differs from Muslims in general in very basic matters, including the pillars of Islam and the pillars of faith, in the theology of the Imamate where the Shia only believe in the Imams. their imam as a leader, on the issue of taqiyah where the Shi'a equate taqiyah with prayer services, while in ahlussunnah wal jama'ah it is not known as taqiyah, respecting the companions of the Prophet in such a way, but not so in the yi'ah understanding. The Shi'a judged the Prophet's companions negatively to a very extreme level.
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Aghdassi, Abbas, and Seyed Mohammad Marandi. "African American Twelver Shia Community of New York." Sociology of Islam 6, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00601002.

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Few studies analyze minorities among the African American Muslims in the United States. The absence of ethnographic research shows that the current scholarship neglects the minority status of African American Twelver Shias. Based on fieldwork observations from March to December 2015 and several informal interviews, I try to understand how the African American Shia community of New York was formed and how it negotiated its identity when encountered with African American non-Shia Muslims and with Twelver Muslims of other ethnic backgrounds. I try to revisit the diasporic/immigrant religious culture that some Twelver Shias like to practice. This culture seems to have no resonance for the African American Twelver Muslims. Because some African American Twelvers joined Shia Islam after the end of the classic period of the Nation of Islam, it is argued that highlighting cultural practices by the immigrant community might force some African American Twelvers back to their practices of origin.
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Ibrahim, Musa. "Sunni and Shia Muslim and Christian encounters in northern Nigeria." Africa 92, no. 5 (November 2022): 678–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972022000614.

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AbstractThis article analyses how the circulation of ideas and hybrid rituals between Shia Muslims and Christians reveals a much more intentional political process whereby minority religious groups consciously create shared experiences and a sense of commonality in the face of political marginalization in northern Nigeria. One example is the Shia invention of Jesus’s Mawlid (Jesus’s birthday), which they perform in a different way from the conventional Christmas but that is attended by some Christians. Also, some Christians participate in the annual celebration of Mawlid al-Nabiy (the Prophet Muhammad’s birthday), organized by Shias. Despite the adherents of the two religions participating in mixed religious practices, they continue to see themselves separately as Muslims and Christians. Reactions to these hybrid rituals impact relationships among the mainline Sunni groups. Sufis (Tijanis and Qadiris), who were previously united in the face of the anti-Sufi reform movement (Izala), now diverge over how to respond to Shia Islam. While they disagree with Shias intellectually, not everyone supports the attacks against Shias by Salafi activists. These dynamics add to the understanding that the concept of ‘tolerance’ is not sophisticated enough to capture all forms of religious coexistence in Nigeria.
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Ahmad, Jumal. "Hadis dan Ilmu Hadis dalam Pandangan Ahl al-Sunnah dan Syiah." JOURNAL OF QUR'AN AND HADITH STUDIES 6, no. 1 (November 27, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/quhas.v6i1.13404.

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This study focused on hadith and the science of hadith in the view of Ahlus Sunnah and Shia. Ahl al-Sunnah and Shia view the hadith as a source of Islam. The existence of different cultural roots of each group makes the Hadith can not be separated from the interests of group authority. The Shi'a believe that the revelation did not stop after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. In the verification of the hadith, the Shi'ah provided the criteria for the existence of a continuation of the ma'shum and all the narrators in the sanad came from the Shi'a group at all levels.
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Ilyina, Yu I. "Iranian Religious and Political Influence in Persian Gulf Countries (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait)." RUDN Journal of Political Science, no. 3 (December 15, 2016): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2016-3-36-42.

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This article is focuses on evolution of Iranian political influence in Persian Gulf countries. It examines theological and political aspects of such influence and its consequences for the region. The author analyses origins of the transnational Shia movements such as “Harakat ar-Risala” and “ad-Dawa” linked with traditional Shia institutions at Najaf and Kerbela, and its ambiguous relationships with post-revolution Iranian elite. In the same way, not all of Shias of Persian Gulf was “fascinated” by “Islamic revolution” in Iran and became admirers of R. Khomeini’s conception of “vilayat-e-faqih”. In addition, the author traces history of local political Shia movements, that are, in fact, more influential on domestic politics of Gulf countries that mythical “Iran’s hand”.
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Kadir, Abdul. "Melacak Permasalahan Hubungan Sunni dan Syi’ah." JURNAL SIPATOKKONG BPSDM SULSEL 3, no. 4 (January 9, 2023): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.58643/sipatokkong.v3i4.179.

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This article examines the classic slander in the growth and development of Islam from time to time, namely the problem of Shi'a which is a separate group outside the Muslim community in general, which is called ahlussunnah or sunni. Disputes between Shia and Sunni do not only occur in the Gulf States or Arab countries, but Sunni and Shia disputes extend to Islamic countries in various parts of the world, including Indonesia. At first the Shiites were a cultural group who empathized with Ali bin Ali Talib and named themselves Shi'ah 'Ali (supporters of 'Ali), where they saw that Ali bin Abi Talib had more rights to become a leader after the death of the Prophet Muhammad than his companions. another. However, in its journey this group which was originally cultural in nature then transformed into a group with a political and Aqidah pattern to this day. The difference between the Shia and the Sunni is not only the difference in the schools of law, but the Shia differs from Muslims in general in very basic matters, including the pillars of Islam and the pillars of faith, in the theology of the Imamate where the Shia only believe in the Imams. their imam as a leader, on the issue of taqiyah where the Shiites equate taqiyah with prayer services, while in ahlussunnah wal jama'ah it is not known as taqiyah, as well as the attitude towards the companions of the Prophet. If the ahlussunnah wal jama'ah (sunnis) respect the companions of the Prophet in such a way, but that is not the case in the Shi'a understanding. The Shiites judged the Prophet's companions negatively to a very extreme level.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shia"

1

Elbadri, Rachid. "Shia rituals the impact of Shia rituals on Shia socio-political character." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Mar/09Mar%5FElbadri.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Kadhim, Abbas ; Baylouny, Anne M. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Shia, Ashura rituals, Battle of Karbala, Shia Schism, majalis al-ta'ziya, ziyarat Ashura, ziyarat arba'in, al-mawakib al-husayniyya, tashabih, zangeel, latm, qira'ah, qari or khateeb, niyahah, Shia procession, self-flagellation, Emile Durkheim, Khomeini, Sistani, Motahhari. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-87). Also available in print.
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Friberg, Linus. "Läroböcker och Shia-islam." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-74303.

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This essay has focused on the presentation of shia-islam in textbooks. It is a study of textbooks for lower secondary school and has analysed three different textbooks. The essay looks into what the textbooks and its authors writes about shia-islam and what information they leave out. The essay studies previous research on Islam in textbooks and other textbook studies. It focuses also on shia-islam as a whole and provides a description of various elements of shia-islam that are not present in the textbooks. Elements such as the shia-islams pillars of faith and the role of the imams in shia. These elements of shia-islam are elements of such nature that they could have been a part of the textbook since they differ from the sunni-islam point of view. These parts of islam are presented in the textbooks but solely from the sunni-muslim perspective. The essay analyses the textbook in form and content and conclude what difficulties the description of shia-islam offers.
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Alhabib, Mohammad E. "The Shia Migration from Southwestern Iran to Kuwait: Push-Pull Factors during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_theses/41.

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This study explores the “push-pull” dynamics of Shia migration from southwestern Iran (Fars, Khuzestan and the Persian Gulf coast) to Kuwait during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although nowadays Shias constitute thirty five percent of the Kuwaiti population and their historical role in building the state of Kuwait have been substantial, no individual study has delved into the causes of Shia migration from Iran to Kuwait. By analyzing the internal political, economic, and social conditions of both regions in the context of the Gulf sheikhdoms, the British and Ottoman empires, and other great powers interested in dominating the Gulf region, my thesis examines why Shia migrants, such as merchants, artisans and laborers left southwestern Iran and chose Kuwait as their final destination to settle. The two-way trade between southwest Iran and Kuwait provided a pathway for the Shia migrants and settlers into Kuwait. Moreover, by highlighting the economic roles of the Shia community in Kuwait, my thesis enhances our understanding of the foundation and contributions of the Shia community in Kuwait. Thus it fills a significant gap in Kuwaiti historiography. The research for this thesis draws from a variety of primary sources, including British government documents, the writing of western travelers, the Almatrook business archive, and oral-history interviews with descendants of Shia immigrants to Kuwait.
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Jiwani, Nisara. "Shia Muslim Canadian women's discursive constructions of physical activity." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28060.

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The purpose of this thesis was to explore young Shia Muslim Canadian women's discursive constructions of physical activity in relation to Islam and the Hijab. The aims of the study were primarily informed by feminist poststructuralist and postcolonial theories. Qualitative methods were favored and poststructuralist discourse analysis was used to analyze the transcripts of conversations with 10 young Hijab-wearing Shia Muslim women residing in the Ottawa or Toronto regions. The results show that the participants discursively constructed physical activity in terms of being physically active (involved in fitness activities rather than sport), feeling good about themselves (i.e., being physically and mentally healthy), and losing weight or remaining "not fat." The participants were extremely heterogeneous in their ideas and experiences but, nevertheless, a majority mentioned that they would choose Islam over physical activity if they had to make a choice between the two. Wearing the Hijab while participating in physical activity was seen by most as difficult and limiting but, in the end, neither the Islamic religion nor the Hijab were considered barriers to physical activity. Participants strongly resisted the Islamophobic discourse present in Canada, they appealed to a discourse dominant in their own communities that presents a relatively progressive interpretation of the Quran and they constructed themselves as modern Muslim subjects yet they located themselves within a dominant gendered/religious discourse on women and physical activity. In the end, the young Shia Muslim women appropriated an intersectional discourse that legitimates their refusal to choose between their right to religious freedom and their right to physical activity.
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Dayerizadeh, Raheleh. "“Neither East nor West”: Shia Women Negotiating Gender Norms in America." Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7140.

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With growing hostilities towards the Ummah (Muslim global community and Diaspora) in Western countries and the fear of Sharia laws, the socialization of international human rights norms within religious institutions, makes for a timely case study. Specifically, this dissertation project aims to capture the process of norm transformation at the grassroots level by investigating the religious, cultural, and social encounter between Islam and the West by interviewing Shia women at a local mosque in Florida. Critical constructivism, post-colonial feminism, and qualitative interpretive methods, are used to address the following: how practicing Shia women are navigating between competing liberal gender equality and traditional Islamic gender complementarity norms in regards to women’s rights and status in society? How are they self-identifying themselves and consciously picking and choosing what gender norms to follow and practice and teach the next generation? Finally, as “norm entrepreneurs,” how are these Shia women creating an alternative path which is neither purely liberal nor Islamic? It is argued that Islam is not a homogeneous religion and that Shia women are actively researching, self-reflecting, questioning, and proposing a new approach to Islamic gender norms. This dissertation seeks to show that these empowered Shia women are willfully paving a new path for more progressive Islamic gender norms centered on gender justice rather than gender equality which is still closely in line with the spirit of CEDAW, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms Discrimination against women. To improve the power dynamics of the global system which is bias in favor Western liberal norms, more focus should be put on why countries and people may oppose or challenge such norms. As such, progressive Muslims need to have their voices heard within international human rights discourses.
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Matthiesen, Toby. "The Shia of Saudi Arabia : identity politics, sectarianism and the Saudi state." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549178.

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Morady-Kolkhouran, Farhang. "Continuity and change : a study of Shia Islam and modernisation in Iran." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1993. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/555/.

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This study examines the processes of continuity and change in modern Iran,covering the period before and after the 1979 revolution, analysing the changing character of Shia Islam historically to explain Shia thinkers' perception of and response to the modern world. In making this assessment, elements of the history of Shia Islam are examined. This is to illustrate its relationship with modernity, not as a historical treatment of Islam. In explaining its relationship to modernity, this study identifies the nature of the development of the Iranian political economy - from pre-capitalism to modern capitalism - as having taken an uneven form. This unevenness is largely a consequence of the incorporation of the old mode of production into modern capitalism. The key area in this process has been the modern oil industry and its relation to the state - which emerged as a rentier state (a state which receives a huge amount of income without the need to impose high taxation), and continues to play a vital role in Iran's political economy. The uneven development is reflected in social and cultural areas, where there has not been uniformity in the integration to the world economy; rather the adaptation to new developments has been uneven. Shia Islam as an ideology has not been immune from this process: the original ideas and beliefs may be presented anew but the core survives, in the Koran, Hadith (sayings of Prophet) and traditions. Religious leaders have had to concern themselves with the transformation occurring within the community, whether at local or global level. The role of Shia thinkers becomes vital in explaining major transformation in their perceptions, promoting an understanding of modern institutions such as the nation, state and constitution. The establishment of the Islamic Republic in 1979 showed elements of both continuity and discontinuity in the perception of Shia thinkers and these are examined, in particular, concerning the role of the state and the oil industry. This continued to play a vital role after the revolution, as the state still had to obey the dictates of the world market, for the export of its oil and import, not only of necessary raw materials and capital goods for the operation of the nationalised industries, but also to provide the supply of arms required to fight its war with Iraq. Forced by these economic and political constraints, Shia thinkers' perceptions relating to modernisation continues to present itself in diverse forms.
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Torabi, Sam. "A Shia Muslim perspective on international studies, American globalism and the Persian Gulf." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428154.

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Salih, Såma. "Ett enat Irak - en förlorad dröm? : En jämförande fallstudie om förutsättningarna för ett konsociationellt Irak." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och kulturvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-72776.

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Frågan om ett enat Irak har sedan en tid tillbaka diskuterats av såväl irakiska som utländska politiker, inte minst efter att de USA-ledda militära trupperna avtog och lämnade landet under 2011. Däremot har det varit svårt att uppnå ett enat irakiskt samhälle, sett till det faktum att landet består av många olika religiösa och etniska fraktioner som driver olika politiska agendor. Denna uppsats ämnar att jämföra hur en del utvalda villkor (avseende regerinsbildning, autonomi och representation) från Arend Lijpharts teori om konsociationalism har förändrats i Irak före och efter den kurdiska självständighetsomröstningen den 25:e september 2017. Det är en jämförande fallstudie med en kvalitativ metod. Resultatet visar att villkoret "maktbalans" inte var uppfyllt mellan 2005-2017, men att det delvis uppfylls från 2017 och framåt. Villkoret "flerpartisystem och representation" möttes till viss del mellan 2005 och några år framåt, dock inte från 2017 och framåt. Slutligen är villkoret "segmentell autonomi" uppfyllt under båda tidsperioderna, men efter det kurdiska referendumet har omständigheterna och relationerna mellan KRG och centralregeringen i Baghdad förändrats.
The issue of a united Iraq has for some time been discussed by both Iraqi and foreign politicians, not least after the US-led military troops declined and left the country during 2011. However, it has been difficult to achieve a united Iraqi society, considering the fact that the country consists of many different religious and ethnic groups that run different political agendas. This essay intends to compare how some selected conditions (regarding government formation, autonomy and representation) from Arend Lijphart’s theory of consociationalism have changed in Iraq before and after the Kurdish independence referendum the 25th of September 2017. It is a comparative case study with a qualitative approach. The result shows that the condition ”balance of power” was not fulfilled between 2005-2017, but that it is partly fulfilled from 2017 and onwards. The condition ”multi- party system and representation” was met to some extent between 2005 and a few years ahead, though not from 2017 and onwards. Lastly, the condition ”segmental autonomy” is fulfilled during both time periods, however after the Kurdish referendum, the circumstances and relations between KRG and the central government in Baghdad have altered in some ways.
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Khan, Hasan Ali. "Shia-Ismaili motifs in the Sufi architecture of the Indus Valley, 1200-1500 A.D." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2009. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29756/.

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The study of the relationship between Shiism and Sufism is one of the most unexplored areas of Islamic studies, which has traditionally been hindered by the lack of primary sources. This is especially so in the case of Ismailism in the Indo-Iranian world, where that denomination held sway in the latter medieval Islamic era. Fortunately, in the case of the Indus Valley, certain religious ceremonies and a number of monuments common to the medieval Ismaili da'wa (mission) and the associated Suhrawardi Sufi Order, have survived. The comparison of the religious ceremonial at the shrine of the renowned Ismaili missionary Shams, with the iconography found on contemporaneous Suhrawardi monuments yields the covert connection that had existed between them. This was through an astrological framework based on the Persian New Year, and the vice regency and succession of the first Shia Imam Ali, as declared in the last sermon of the Prophet according to all Shiism. The nature and use of this framework is necessarily Ismaili in the Indus Valley. The astrological resonances of All's vice regency and succession to Muhammad were first intercalated by Shams with the local calendar for the benefit of his followers, and subsequently used to create a transcendental multi-faith Islamic system called the Satpanth, or True Path. The application of the Satpanth is found as astrological symbolism on the monuments of the Suhrawardi Order. In addition, an unorthodox monument archetype which is common to the buildings associated with both Ismaili missionaries and Suhrawardi Sufis endorses this connection further. A combination of extant religious ceremonial and iconography, the common monument archetype and a critical re-examination of history with local sources constitutes the methodological process which shows the covert Shia-Ismaili beliefs of the Suhrawardi Order in the Indus Valley. In the present day, these monuments are at risk of being destroyed by the Pakistani state apparatus, which traditionally sees Suhrawardi Sufi heritage in a Sunni light. This pressure has been accentuated in the aftermath of the Afghan War when puritanical elements made inroads into the official bodies which manage these monuments and shrines.
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Books on the topic "Shia"

1

Orr, Tamra. Shia Labeouf. Hockessin, Del: Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2010.

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Murphy, Maggie. Shia LaBeouf. New York: PowerKids Press, 2011.

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Orr, Tamra. Shia Labeouf. Hockessin, Del: Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2010.

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Vaezi, Ahmad. Shia political thought. London: Islamic Centre of England, 2004.

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Naqvī, ʻAlī Riz̤ā. Shia divorce law. Lahore: The Ahl al-Bait World Assembly, 2012.

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Levy, Janey. Iran and the Shia. New York, NY: Rosen Pub., 2010.

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Tabrīzī, Abū Ṭālib. Spurious arguments about the Shia. Qum: Ansariyan, 2001.

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Mahdī, Āṣafī Muḥammad, ed. The faith of Shia Islam. Place of publication not identified]: Talee, 2014.

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Michel, Korinman, and Laughland John, eds. Shia power: Next target Iran? London: Vallentine Mitchell Academic, 2007.

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Jalālzaʾī, Mūsá K̲h̲ān. The Sunni-Shia conflict in Pakistan. Lahore: Book Traders, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Shia"

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Bokhari, Kamran, and Farid Senzai. "Arab Shia Islamism: Iraqi Shia Islamists and Hezbollah." In Political Islam in the Age of Democratization, 153–72. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137313492_9.

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Akbaba, Yasemin, and Özgür Özdamar. "Iran and Shia Revolutionism." In Role Theory in the Middle East and North Africa, 53–70. New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Role theory and international relations ; 9: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315160160-4.

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Armajani, Jon. "Shia Islam and politics." In Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics, 111–24. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003247265-9.

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Aramesh, Kiarash. "Religious Viewpoints: Shia Islam." In Xenotransplantation, 179–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29071-8_15.

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Spyer, Jonathan. "With the Shia Militias in Iraq." In Days of the Fall, 102–17. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203710982-8.

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Chang, H. K. "Shia Islam and the Safavid Dynasty." In Mapping Civilizations Across Eurasia, 327–38. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7641-6_25.

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Wartner-Attarzadeh, Talieh. "Suffering Bodies, Relieved Souls." In Musik und Klangkultur, 187–206. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839458914-013.

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Laṭmiyeh is a commemorative Shia women ritual, which is practiced by Iranian-Arab-Shia women from the southwestern- Iranian province of Khuzestan. This mourning ritual is combined with metrical singing, body movements and self-flagellation. Despite its sad lyrics and context, laṭmiyeh has an energetic sound atmosphere, one that resembles joyful celebrations from the region. Powerful flagellations in this vocal performance replace percussion and strengthen the rhythmic ambience of the songs, even though they are unpleasant and painful acts for their practitioners. This article investigates the sonic elements and the body role in laṭmiyeh in the twenty-first century Khorramshahr, Iran.
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Pinault, David. "Shia Encounters in the United States: Notes on Teaching the Shia Tradition in American Classrooms." In Horse of Karbala, 209–24. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04765-6_10.

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Norton, Augustus Richard. "The Geopolitics of the Sunni-Shia Rift." In Regional Insecurity After the Arab Uprisings, 129–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137503978_7.

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Scharbrodt, Oliver. "Creating Shia Spaces in British Society: The Role of Transnational Twelver Shia Networks in North-West London." In British Muslims and Their Discourses, 101–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45013-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Shia"

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Mistanlı (Əliyev), Aqşin. "Sheyh Zahid Geylani." In International Symposium Sheikh Zahid Gilani in the 800th Year of His Birth. Namiq Musalı, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59402/ees01201809.

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In this article, it has been revealed that Sheikh Zahid Gilani and his student Sheikh Safieddin wrote rubai in Talish language in addition to Persian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kurdish and Gilak languages. Despite the fact that Sheikh Zahid Gilani propagated the ideology of the Sunni Shafei sect, one of his students, Sheikh Safieddin and others, created the "Alawi", "Bekdashi" and "Aliallahi" sects of the Shia movement, and it was determined that they founded the Shia states by spreading the Shia ideology. In addition, as a result of the research, not one, but several different dates of birth of Sheikh Zahid Gilani were revealed. Also according to this article, besides being a well-known cleric, Sheikh Zahid Gilani was also involved in farming, shipping and other fields. Keywords: Sheikh Zahid, Lankaran, Tomb, Archaeology, History, Sheikh Safieddin, IRI, Gilan, Hilakaran, Siyavrud, Talish, Seljuqids, Sufi, Khorasan.
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Halid, Dr. "Shia Muslim In Indonesia: Intellectual Transmission and Spreading Patterns in Indonesia." In International Conference on Culture and Language in Southeast Asia (ICCLAS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icclas-17.2018.40.

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Sari, Dini, Yuminah Yuminah, and Benny Herlena. "The Dynamics of Sunni and Shia Relationship: Majority and Minority Conflicts, in Psychological Perspective." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Colloquium on Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies (ICIIS) in Conjunction with the 3rd International Conference on Quran and Hadith Studies (ICONQUHAS). EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.7-11-2019.2294584.

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Wang, Xinnan, Peng Cui, and X. W. Tangpong. "In-Situ Characterization of MWCNTs Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposite Under Mechanical Load." In ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 40th North American Manufacturing Research Conference and in participation with the International Conference on Tribology Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2012-7397.

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In this study, the mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) reinforced epoxy nanocomposite were measured with the custom-built micro/nano three point bending tester mounted on an atomic force microscope (AFM). With in-situ observation of the AFM, the movement of an individual MWCNT on the sample surface was traced, captured, and quantified using the image correlation technique. The Halpin-Tsai and Hui-shia models were applied and compared with the experimental data. Results showed that the elastic modulus from the experiment is much lower than the predicted values from the two models. Detailed mechanical deformation behavior and MWCNT reinforcement mechanism were discussed.
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Siregar, Khairil Ikhsan. "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani's Approach Assessing the Transmitter Shia Qualifies the Tsiqah in the Book Tahdzib Al-Tahdzib." In International Conference on Islamic Education (ICIE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icie-18.2018.36.

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Hariyanto, Didik, Djarot Meidi Budi Utomo, and Ricka Astari. "Sunni and Shi’ah in Cultural Acculturation (Inter-Cultural and Religious Communication of Sunni and Shia Groups in Shelters)." In 1st Paris Van Java International Seminar on Health, Economics, Social Science and Humanities (PVJ-ISHESSH 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210304.066.

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Leininger, Wyatt, Xinnan Wang, X. W. Tangpong, and Marshall McNea. "Nanoscale Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Nanowire-Reinforced Polymer Composites." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64083.

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In this study, the mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced epoxy composites were characterized using an in-house designed micro/nano tensile load stage in conjunction with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The surface of the nanocomposite was scanned by the AFM during intermittent tensile testing. Micro/nano deformation was observed, and the reinforcing mechanisms were discussed in conjunction with architecture and elastic modulus. Results show that the MWCNT reinforced nanocomposite has an increased elastic modulus. The Halpin-Tsai and Hui-Shia models were compared to the experimental results, and the Halpin-Tsai was found to correlate when only the load bearing outer layer of the MWCNTs were considered. Additionally, it is concluded that the combination of the load stage and AFM is capable of capturing insitu deformation progress for small strain increments.
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"Solving Religious-Based Social Conflict between the Sunni and the Shia in Sampang, Madura: When Can the State Stop Being Responsible?" In ABLE-18, ICLHESS-18 & MLEIS-18. Dignified Researchers Publication (DiRPUB), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/dirpub.dirh0118218.

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Wang, Yingxu, Guoming G. Zhu, and Ranjan Mukherjee. "Experimental Study of NMP Sample and Hold Input Using an Inverted Pendulum." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-8994.

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Early research showed that a zero-order hold is able to convert a continuous-time non-minimum-phase (NMP) system to a discrete-time minimum-phase (MP) system with a sufficiently large sampling period. However the resulting sample period is often too large to adequately cover the original NMP system dynamics and hence not suitable for control application to take advantage of a discrete-time MP system. This problem was solved using different sample and hold inputs (SHI) to reduce the sampling period significantly for MP discrete-time system. Three SHIs were studied analytically and they are square pulse, forward triangle and backward triangle SHIs. To validate the finding experimentally, a dual-loop linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control configuration is designed for the Quanser single inverted pendulum (SIP) system, where the SIP system is stabilized using the Quanser continuous-time LQR (the first loop) and an additional discrete-time LQR (the second loop) with the proposed SHIs to reduce the cart oscillation. The experimental results show more than 75% reduction of the steady-state cart displacement variance over the single-loop Quanser controller and hence demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed SHI.
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"Enhancing the Design for Safety System in South Korea's Construction Industry: A Stakeholder-Based Approach." In XXXVth Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference. International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47461/isoes.2023.shin.

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Reports on the topic "Shia"

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Sultan, Sadiqa, Maryam Kanwer, and Jaffer Mirza. A Multi-layered Minority: Hazara Shia Women in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.011.

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Shia account for approximately 10–15 per cent of the Muslim population in Pakistan, which has a largely Sunni Muslim population. Anti-Shia violence, led by extremist militant groups, dates to 1979 and has resulted in thousands killed and injured in terrorist attacks over the years. Hazara Shia, who are both an ethnic and a religious minority, make an easy target for extremist groups as they are physically distinctive. The majority live in Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan in central Pakistan, where they have become largely ghettoised into two areas as result of ongoing attacks. Studies on the Hazara Shia persecution have mostly focused on the killings of Hazara men and paid little attention to the nature and impact of religious persecution of Shias on Hazara women. Poor Hazara women in particular face multi-layered marginalisation, due to the intersection of their gender, religious-ethnic affiliation and class, and face limited opportunities in education and jobs, restricted mobility, mental and psychological health issues, and gender-based discrimination.
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Sultan, Sadiqa, Maryam Kanwer, and Jaffer Abbas Mirza. The Multi-Layered Minority: Exploring the Intersection of Gender, Class and Religious-Ethnic Affiliation in the Marginalisation of Hazara Women in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.005.

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The Shia Hazaras in Pakistan are one of the most persecuted religious minorities. According to a 2019 report produced by the National Commission for Human Rights, a government formed commission, at least 509 Hazaras have been killed since 2013 (NCHR 2018: 2). According to one of the Vice Chairs of the Human Rights Commission Pakistan, the country's leading human rights watchdog, between 2009 and 2014, nearly 1,000 Hazaras were killed in sectarian violence (Butt 2014). The present population of Shia Hazaras is the result of three historical migrations from Afghanistan (Hashmi 2016: 2). The first phase of migration occurred in 1880 1901 when Abd al Rahman Khan came to power in 1880 in Afghanistan and declared war against the Hazaras as a result of a series of revolts they made against the regime.
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Cigar, Norman. Iraq's Shia Warlords and Their Militias: Political and Security Challenges and Options. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada618219.

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Tadros, Mariz. Violence and Discrimination against Women of Religious Minority Backgrounds in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.003.

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The theme of this special collection of papers, the lived experiences of women who belong to religious minorities, has been a blind spot both in international development policy engagement and in much of the international scholarship on women, security and peace. Women who belong to religious minorities, who are socioeconomically excluded and are vulnerable to multiple sources of gender-based violence in Pakistan seem to have fallen through the cracks of the ‘leave no one behind’ agenda. The aim of this volume is to shed light on the day-to-day experiences of women and their families who belong to the Ahmadiyya, Christian, Hindu and Hazara Shia religious minorities in Pakistan. Each of the papers in this collection exposes the complexity of the intersections of gender, class and religious marginality in shaping the realities for women from these religious minorities.
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Horrocks, Ian, Ulrike Sattler, and Stephan Tobies. A Description Logic with Transitive and Converse Roles, Role Hierarchies and Qualifying Number Restrictions. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.94.

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As widely argued [HG97; Sat96], transitive roles play an important role in the adequate representation of aggregated objects: they allow these objects to be described by referring to their parts without specifying a level of decomposition. In [HG97], the Description Logic (DL) ALCHR+ is presented, which extends ALC with transitive roles and a role hierarchy. It is argued in [Sat98] that ALCHR+ is well-suited to the representation of aggregated objects in applications that require various part-whole relations to be distinguished, some of which are transitive. However, ALCHR+ allows neither the description of parts by means of the whole to which they belong, or vice versa. To overcome this limitation, we present the DL SHI which allows the use of, for example, has part as well as is part of. To achieve this, ALCHR+ was extended with inverse roles. It could be argued that, instead of defining yet another DL, one could make use of the results presented in [DL96] and use ALC extended with role expressions which include transitive closure and inverse operators. The reason for not proceeding like this is the fact that transitive roles can be implemented more efficiently than the transitive closure of roles (see [HG97]), although they lead to the same complexity class (ExpTime-hard) when added, together with role hierarchies, to ALC. Furthermore, it is still an open question whether the transitive closure of roles together with inverse roles necessitates the use of the cut rule [DM98], and this rule leads to an algorithm with very bad behaviour. We will present an algorithm for SHI without such a rule. Furthermore, we enrich the language with functional restrictions and, finally, with qualifying number restrictions. We give sound and complete decision proceduresfor the resulting logics that are derived from the initial algorithm for SHI. The structure of this report is as follows: In Section 2, we introduce the DL SI and present a tableaux algorithm for satisfiability (and subsumption) of SI-concepts—in another report [HST98] we prove that this algorithm can be refined to run in polynomial space. In Section 3 we add role hierarchies to SI and show how the algorithm can be modified to handle this extension appropriately. Please note that this logic, namely SHI, allows for the internalisation of general concept inclusion axioms, one of the most general form of terminological axioms. In Section 4 we augment SHI with functional restrictions and, using the so-called pairwise-blocking technique, the algorithm can be adapted to this extension as well. Finally, in Section 5, we show that standard techniques for handling qualifying number restrictions [HB91;BBH96] together with the techniques described in previous sections can be used to decide satisfiability and subsumption for SHIQ, namely ALC extended with transitive and inverse roles, role hierarchies, and qualifying number restrictions. Although Section 5 heavily depends on the previous sections, we have made it self-contained, i.e. it contains all necessary definitions and proofs from scratch, for a better readability. Building on the previous sections, Section 6 presents an algorithm that decides the satisfiability of SHIQ-ABoxes.
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Lutz, Carsten. Adding Numbers to the SHIQ Description Logic - First Results. Aachen University of Technology, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.117.

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Recently, the Description Logic (DL) SHIQ has found a large number of applications. This success is due to the fact that SHIQ combines a rich expressivity with efficient reasoning, as is demonstrated by its implementation in DL systems such as FaCT and RACER. One weakness of SHIQ, however, limits its usability in several application areas: numerical knowledge such as knowledge about the age, weight, or temperature of real-world entities cannot be adequately represented. In this paper, we propose an extension of SHIQ that aims at closing this gap. The new Description Logic Q-SHIQ, which augments SHIQ by additional, 'concrete domain' style concept constructors, allows to refer to rational numbers in concept descriptions, and also to define concepts based on the comparison of numbers via predicates such as < or =. We argue that this kind of expressivity is needed in many application areas such as reasoning about the semantic web. We prove reasoning with Q-SHIQ to be EXPTIME-complete (thus not harder than reasoning with SHIQ) by devising an automata-based decision procedure.
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Jha, Alok K. Nonlinear Ship Loads and Ship Fatigue Reliability. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390629.

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Martin, S., Larry Daggett, Morgan Johnston, Chris Hewlett, Kiara Pazan, Mario Sanchez, Dennis Webb, Mary Allison, and George Burkley. Houston Ship Channel Expansion Improvement Project – Navigation Channel Improvement Study : ship simulation results. Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (U.S.), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42342.

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In 2020, the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, provided technical oversight during a navigation study to assist the Galveston District evaluation of different channel widening alternatives for larger ships transiting the Houston Ship Channel (HSC), Texas. The widening proposals encompassed several areas of the HSC including the Bay Section, the Bayport Ship Channel, Barbours Cut Channel, and the Bayou Section. The study was performed at the San Jacinto College Maritime Technology and Training Center (SJCMTTC) Ship/Tug Simulator (STS) Facility in La Porte, TX. The SJCMTTC STS is a real-time simulator; therefore, events on the simulator happen at the same time rate as real life. A variety of environmental forces act upon the ship during the simulation transit. These include currents, wind, waves, bathymetry, and ship-to-ship interaction. Online simulations of the project were conducted at SJCMTTC over a 3-week period – May through June 2020. Several mariners including Houston Pilots and G&H tugboat Captains participated in the testing and validation exercises. ERDC oversight was performed remotely because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results in the form of engineering observations, track plots, and pilot interviews were reviewed to develop final conclusions and recommendations regarding the final design.
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Kuperman, W. A., and W. S. Hodgkiss. Tow-Ship Noise. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada438454.

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Abrell, Scarlett, and Andrew Sajban. Littoral Reconnaissance Ship. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada495481.

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