Journal articles: 'Shelters for the homeless'

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Siener, Christian D. "Homeless shelters and the blues." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 40, no. 2 (January 3, 2022): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02637758211067541.

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In this article, I analyze the emergence of New York City’s infrastructure of homeless shelters dialectically, relationally, and historically. The members of Boogie Down Productions met in an incipient New York City homeless shelter in the mid-1980s. Their relationship and music is a window into a critical political consciousness of men living in homeless shelters because the artists gave expression to an emergent structure of feeling of resistance taking hold during intense changes to New York’s political economy and its institutions. The paper first analyzes homeless policy and infrastructural change through a reading of archival sources and government reports and documents. The second section understands oral histories conducted with men living in a New York City homeless shelter as blues geographies—insurgent, critical explanations of these institutional spaces. Shelter residents actively challenge the material conditions, relations, and values that produce homeless shelters as essential instruments of the carceral state. I argue that they activate this resistance to the naturalization of shelters, and themselves as homeless, by narrating carceral spaces as abolitionist spaces.

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Maki, Gina, David Bowser, Anita Shallal, Tyler Prentiss, Marcus Zervos, and Najibah K. Rehman. "79. Detroit’s Response to COVID-19 in Homeless Shelters." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.389.

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Abstract Background Detroit, Michigan has a poverty rate nearly three times the national average. Homeless shelters are at risk for infectious outbreaks due to reduced healthcare access for residents, compounded by overcrowding, hygienic challenges, lack of resources, and transient nature of residents. Prior to the first reported COVID-19 case in Michigan, the Detroit Health Department prioritized screening of both asymptomatic and symptomatic homeless residents residing in the city’s shelters. Early identification of COVID-19 positive cases allowed for implementation of strategies to halt further spread. Methods A surveillance strategy was implemented prior to the first confirmed COVID-19 case in Michigan. Surveillance involved temperature and symptom checks at each homeless shelter, three times weekly. 24 shelters were screened for symptoms, 13 shelters had universal testing performed. Two city-operated quarantine sites for COVID-positive and –suspected homeless individuals were organized. If a shelter resident tested positive, that shelter was placed in quarantine, and new referrals stopped for 14 days. Temperature and symptom check frequency increased to daily for 14 days. If a patient was positive for fever or symptoms, they were transferred to the quarantine center for testing and isolation. Results Over 23,000 temperature and symptom checks occurred in 24 shelters across Detroit since February 22. This identified 15 patients who were referred to the quarantine site. From April 11 to May 31, 721 residents from 13 homeless shelters were screened with universal testing for COVID-19, and 93 (12.9%) tested positive (Figure 1). Of 95 homeless residents who were referred through shelter surveillance, from the local hospital system and via unsheltered street outreach, and tested on-site at the quarantine and isolation shelter, 29 (31%) tested positive for COVID-19, and 66 (69%) tested negative. Figure 1. System-wide homeless shelter testing of COVID-19 Conclusion Homeless populations across the US are especially vulnerable to COVID-19, with high risk for rapid spread due to crowding and difficulty with physical distancing. The need for increased testing- and prevention-based strategies in this population is crucial. The process performed in Detroit’s homeless shelters can be a model for other communities at risk for COVID-19 outbreaks. Disclosures Marcus Zervos, MD, Melinta Therapeutics (Grant/Research Support)

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Self, Julie L., Martha P. Montgomery, Karrie-Ann Toews, Elizabeth A. Samuels, Elizabeth Imbert, Temet M. McMichael, Grace E. Marx, et al. "Shelter Characteristics, Infection Prevention Practices, and Universal Testing for SARS-CoV-2 at Homeless Shelters in 7 US Urban Areas." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 5 (May 2021): 854–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306198.

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Objectives. To examine shelter characteristics and infection prevention practices in relation to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection point prevalence during universal testing at homeless shelters in the United States. Methods. SARS-CoV-2 testing was offered to clients and staff at homeless shelters, irrespective of symptoms. Site assessments were conducted from March 30 to June 1, 2020, to collect information on shelter characteristics and infection prevention practices. We assessed the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and shelter characteristics, including 20 infection prevention practices by using crude risk ratios (RRs) and exact unconditional 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. Site assessments and SARS-CoV-2 testing results were reported for 63 homeless shelters in 7 US urban areas. Median infection prevalence was 2.9% (range = 0%–71.4%). Shelters implementing head-to-toe sleeping and excluding symptomatic staff from working were less likely to have high infection prevalence (RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3, 0.8; and RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.4, 0.6; respectively); shelters with medical services available were less likely to have very high infection prevalence (RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.2, 1.0). Conclusions. Sleeping arrangements and staffing policies are modifiable factors that might be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in homeless shelters. Shelters should follow recommended practices to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

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Miller, Peter M. "Homeless Education and Social Capital: An Examination of School and Community Leaders." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 113, no. 5 (May 2011): 1067–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811111300501.

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Background/Context This study contributes to the literature on the schooling of homeless and highly mobile students. Although previous work has detailed the demographics of homelessness, the effects of homelessness on academic progress, and particular legal issues in homeless education, this research focused on how individual and institutional relationships influence homeless education. Purpose/Objectives The purpose of the study was to develop deeper understanding of how schools and shelters helped create educational social capital for students and families who were experiencing homelessness. The guiding research questions for the study were: (1) How do school and shelter leaders perceive social capital as influencing the education of students who are homeless? and (2) How do school and shelter leaders’ relational networks influence the education of students who are homeless? Setting Data were collected from three homeless shelters and three public schools that are located in a large city in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Participants A total of 31 interviews were conducted with shelter-based administrators, case workers, and child development specialists, and school-based principals and central office administrators. Research Design A qualitative collective case study research design was employed. Findings Homeless students and families appeared to have insufficient stores of productive social capital, and although schools and homeless shelters provided them with some important relationships and resources, school and shelter leaders’ own shortages of bridging social capital limited the extent to which efficient educative active could occur. Conclusions/Recommendations Based on the findings, it is suggested that schools and shelters prioritize social capital development and improve interorganizational networking. Specifically, purposeful efforts should be made to develop school-shelter-family networks that are heterogeneous in composition.

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Zima, Bonnie T., Steven R. Forness, Regina Bussing, and Bernadette Benjamin. "Homeless Children in Emergency Shelters: Need for Prereferral Intervention and Potential Eligibility for Special Education." Behavioral Disorders 23, no. 2 (February 1998): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874299802300206.

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The purpose of this study was to describe the level of need for special education services for probable behavioral disorders (BD), learning disabilities (ID), and mental retardation (MR) among school-age homeless children living in shelters. Children living in emergency homeless shelters face the dual challenge of being at risk for BD and learning problems while having limited access to special education programs. From a county-wide sample of 18 out of 22 emergency homeless shelters in Los Angeles, 118 homeless parents were interviewed, and 169 children were tested for BD, LD, and MR using standardized screening instruments. Almost one half of sheltered homeless children (46%) screened positive for at least one disability requiring special education services, with BD being the most prominent (30%). Procedures to identify early need for special education services should be adapted to accommodate the transiency of school-age children living in homeless shelters.

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Eriksson, P., J. Loberg, and M. Andersson. "A survey of cat shelters in Sweden." Animal Welfare 18, no. 3 (August 2009): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600000531.

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AbstractAlthough cats are extremely common, pet owners seem to have a poor understanding of their natural behaviour and needs and a large number end up in cat shelters. In Sweden, no records exist of the number of cat shelters or their activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of cat shelters in Sweden. We found 62 cat shelters during 2006; the year in which this study was conducted. Questionnaires were sent to these shelters with questions concerning: received animals, reasons for relinquishing cats, cat husbandry and how the shelter was run. The most common reason for relinquishing a cat was that the cat was homeless; another common reason was that the owner had an allergy to cats. The shelters had, on average, space for 29 cats, but this varied from six-to-100, and they received on average ten cats per month. This means that a total of around 7,400 cats enter the 62 shelters in Sweden each year. On average, the cats stayed more than three months in the shelter. Less than 10% of the relinquished cats were euthanised. Our study reveals that there are shelters that continuously receive unwanted cats. The majority of these cats are said to be homeless, therefore in order to minimise the number of cats in shelters in Sweden, the focus should be on reducing the number of homeless cats.

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Asmoredjo, Jolanda, Mariëlle D. Beijersbergen, and Judith R. L. M. Wolf. "Client Experiences With Shelter and Community Care Services in the Netherlands." Research on Social Work Practice 27, no. 7 (March 15, 2016): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731516637426.

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Purpose: To gain insight into client experiences with shelter or community care services for homeless people, homeless youth, and abused women and identify priority improvement areas. Methods: Seven hundred and forty-four clients rated their experiences and 116 clients rated the services’ importance. Results: Clients had most positive experiences with the client–worker relationship and least positive experiences with the results of services. Abused women’s service providers scored higher than homeless adults and youth service providers. Day and night shelters scored lowest, followed by crisis shelters, supported housing, and outreaching teams. The results of care have the highest need for quality improvement for homeless adults and youth. Discussion: Clients’ experiences with shelter and community care services in the Netherlands are generally positive, with a strong client–worker relationship forming the basis of good quality care. Monitoring outcomes and increasing the focus on results are integrated in recent approaches aimed at improving the quality of shelter care.

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Settembrino, PhD, Marc R. "Hurricane Sandy’s impact on the predisaster homeless and homeless shelter services in New Jersey." Journal of Emergency Management 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2016.0268.

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Presently, there is little research on how people experiencing homelessness prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. Existing emergency management literature does not provide an understanding of how disasters affect homeless shelter services. The present study seeks to fill these gaps by examining how Hurricane Sandy impacted homeless shelters and their guests in New Jersey. Presenting findings from ethnographic research in Atlantic City and Hoboken, this study identifies several areas in which homeless shelters and their guests may be able to assist in emergency response and disaster recovery such as preparing meals for victims, sorting and processing donated items, and assisting victims in filing for emergency assistance.

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Ghosh, Piyali, Geetika Goel, and Mohit Ojha. "Homeless shelters in urban India: life sans dignity." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, no. 1 (May 21, 2018): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-06-2017-0057.

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Purpose Government of India has been addressing the issue of homelessness through shelters in urban areas, mandated with provision of basic amenities including drinking water and washrooms. This research paper aims to investigate into the condition of such homeless shelters in terms of importance of and satisfaction from mandatory amenities therein as perceived by users, i.e. urban homeless poor. Design/methodology/approach Data from a survey spanning a sample of 401 shelter inmates have been used to construct a service quality performance matrix (SQPM) to analyse the importance of amenities and satisfaction of shelter inmates out of these amenities. A priority order of these amenities for improvement has been drawn thereafter with a customer satisfaction index (CSI). Findings The results of SQPM show ten items registering high importance-low satisfaction. Amenities such as utensils for cooking and psycho-social counselling are important but not available. Priority-wise amenities that need to be improved are: psycho-social counselling, facility of referral and transport, utensils for cooking, childcare facilities, waste management, adequate fire safety measures, recreation space, pest and mosquito control, first aid and kitchen/cooking space and equipment needed for cooking. Practical implications A total of 10 amenities have been ranked in order of priority, for which, the government needs to define its improvement action plans for delivering maximum satisfaction to inmates of shelters out of their stay. Originality/value The findings reveal that urban homeless staying in shelters are being deprived of many of the amenities earmarked as mandatory. Existing studies on shelters in India are usually descriptive, providing a summary of available amenities therein. This study is the first to contribute to literature on housing by applying SQPM and CSI on amenities available at homeless shelters.

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Herring, Chris. "Complaint-Oriented “Services”: Shelters as Tools for Criminalizing Homelessness." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 693, no. 1 (January 2021): 264–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716221996703.

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This article argues that the expansion of shelter and welfare provisions for the homeless can lead to increased criminalization of homeless people in public spaces. First, I document how repression of people experiencing homelessness by the police in San Francisco neighborhoods increased immediately after the opening of new shelters. Second, I reveal how shelter beds are used as a privileged tool of the police to arrest, cite, and confiscate property of the unhoused, albeit in the guise of sanitary and public health initiatives. I conclude by considering how shelters increasingly function as complaint-oriented “services,” aimed at addressing the interests of residents, businesses, and politicians, rather than the needs of those unhoused.

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Fraenkel, Peter. "Time as a source of struggle and resilience in homeless families." Time & Society 29, no. 2 (April 11, 2020): 581–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x20908082.

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A common myth about families living in homeless shelters is that they are laconically and contentedly waiting around for housing, financial support through welfare or jobs, and other resources and services. Nothing could be further from the truth. Single parents in shelters dealing with inequities incurred by poverty are busy trying to procure housing, jobs, and other resources while managing children’s behavior and homework, and while attempting to maintain the family’s sense of relational and emotional integrity. Thirty-six African American, Afro-Caribbean, and Latinx families living in a New York City shelter were interviewed about the time challenges they face and their means of coping with those challenges. Six themes emerged: (1) franticness, time pressure, and sense of having not enough time; (2) the temporal unpredictability of daily life; (3) the unpredictability of time to live in shelter; (4) anxious waiting for next steps toward employment and housing; (5) the shelter’s control of time; and (6) the importance of family time and strategies used to sustain it. These findings are discussed using theoretical perspectives about the elements of temporal behavior, as well as research on time and personal agency, and recommendations are made for professionals working to support homeless families, especially around their temporal challenges.

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Richter, Francisca G. C., Claudia Coulton, Robert L. Fischer, and Nina Lalich. "Public Assistance and Homeless Shelter Trajectories." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 693, no. 1 (January 2021): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716221993380.

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We study public assistance participation among homeless shelter users, characterizing the trajectories of public assistance receipt for individuals before and after they enter shelters and analyzing the influence of public assistance participation on subsequent shelter use. Our analysis identifies three distinct groups of shelter users based on personal characteristics and prior patterns of public assistance use. These groups are differentiated by their patterns of no use, increasing use, and high use of public assistance. For all three groups, increased participation in public assistance programs following the first observed homeless shelter entry reduces subsequent shelter use. The analysis draws attention to the potential role of public assistance programs and strengthened coordination of services for the prevention of homelessness.

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Yoon, Jane C., Sapna Morris, Kristine Schmit, Alfonso Hernandez, Martha Montgomery, Jean Ko, Andrew T. Boyd, et al. "436. Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Persons Experiencing Homelessness — Atlanta, GA, 2020." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S285—S286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.629.

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Abstract Background Persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) often do not have sufficient resources to practice public health interventions. PEH may reside at overcrowded shelters, have poor access to health care, and often suffer from significant co-morbid conditions. In this study, we describe prevalence of COVID-19 amongst PEH and homeless service staff in Atlanta, Georgia, as well as demographic data, underlying conditions, and symptoms. Methods In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Atlanta, PEH and homeless service providers were offered PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 via nasopharyngeal, nasal mid-turbinate, and oropharyngeal swabs. Shelters identified as having a higher number of COVID-19 infections underwent re-testing 3–4 weeks after initial testing. Demographic information was collected, and individuals were screened for symptoms and underlying conditions. Results A total of 2,294 PEH and 544 staff underwent SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing from April 8 - May 6, 2020. 24 homeless shelters were included in this study. The majority of individuals were male (66.3% sheltered, 85.5% unsheltered, 55.3% staff), and 2,192 of 2,838 (78.3%) persons identified as black. Approximately half of individuals had no known underlying conditions (51.5% sheltered, 47.7% unsheltered, 55.5% staff). Cardiovascular disease was the most frequently reported condition (32.0%), followed by chronic lung disease (14.8%). In total, 45 of 2,823 (1.6%) individuals had detectable PCR results for SARS-CoV-2, including 35 of 1,666 (2.1%) sheltered clients, 3 of 614 (0.5%) unsheltered clients, and 7 of 543 (1.3%) staff. Among individuals with detectable SARS-CoV-2, 5 of 20 (25%) reported at least one symptom in the last week. Most shelters (16 of 24) had at least one individual with detectable SARS-CoV-2. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the majority of shelters (19 of 24) was < 3%, with a median prevalence of 0.2% across all shelters. Upon retesting 4 shelters with a higher number of COVID-19 infections, only 3 individuals from 2 shelters tested positive out of 357 total retested (0.8%). Conclusion We identified a low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among PEH in Atlanta, which was influenced by a pre-emptive testing strategy. Continued vigilance is necessary to limit spread in this vulnerable population. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Wieczorek, Łukasz, Jakub Stokwiszewski, and Justyna I. Klingemann. "Screening of problem gambling among a homeless population in Warsaw." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 36, no. 6 (July 11, 2019): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072519860291.

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Background: While homelessness and problem gambling are both recognised as social and public health concerns and the prevalence of addictive disorders among homeless populations tends to be high. These questions have been studied predominantly independently. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the co-occurrence of the two phenomena among the homeless population using shelters and night shelters in Warsaw, and, more specifically, to provide information about the forms and frequency of gambling in this homeless population. Method: Homeless persons ( N = 690) were interviewed in rehabilitation-shelters ( n = 17) and night-shelters ( n = 2) in Warsaw from November 2015 until January 2016. The core component of the questionnaire was a screening test (Problem Gambling Severity Index). In addition, data regarding the intensity of gambling and various types of games or settings were collected. Results: The prevalence of problem gambling in this population of homeless people was 11.3%, whereas the prevalence of problem gambling in the general population in Poland is much lower (0.7%). Similarly to the general population, the most prevalent gambling games in the homeless population were lotteries; however, homeless people gambled in lotteries almost three times more often compared to the general population. Conclusions: This is the first study examining the prevalence of problem gambling in the homeless population in Poland. The findings of the study suggest that problem gambling among the homeless is a significant social and public health concern. High rates of problem gambling in the homeless population show the need to identify and monitor this problem in shelters and consequently to provide easier access to gambling treatment or prevention programmes.

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Pluck, G., K. H. Lee, and R. Parks. "Homeless shelters and substance misuse." Canadian Medical Association Journal 176, no. 4 (February 13, 2007): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1060229.

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Beharie, Nisha, Lauren Jessell, Hadiza Osuji, and Mary M. McKay. "The Association between Shelter Rules and Psychosocial Outcomes among Homeless Youth Residing in Family Shelters." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 98, no. 2 (April 2017): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2017.98.16.

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Despite growing numbers of homeless youth living in shelters with caregivers, little research has explored the impact of the shelter environment on emotional well-being. As such, this study assesses the relationship between shelter rules and two psychosocial outcomes among youth in New York City family shelters. Additionally, the direct effect of trauma and the moderating effect of difficulty following shelter rules on psychosocial outcomes was assessed. Youth with difficulty following shelter rules reported significantly more depressive symptoms, but less substance use. Trauma was found to be associated with increased depression and substance use. Difficulty following shelter rules was found to moderate the association between trauma and substance use. Recommendations for future interventions and the creation of shelter policies are discussed.

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Koh, Katherine A., Monica Bharel, and David C. Henderson. "Nutrition for homeless populations: shelters and soup kitchens as opportunities for intervention." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 7 (October 5, 2015): 1312–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015002682.

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AbstractNutrition is a daily challenge for the homeless population in America. Homeless individuals suffer from a high prevalence of diseases related to poor diet, yet there has been little public health effort to improve nutrition in this population. Shelters and soup kitchens may have an untapped potential to impact food access, choice and quality. We offer ideas for intervention and lessons learned from ten shelters and soup kitchens around Greater Boston, MA, USA. By advancing food quality, education and policies in shelters and soup kitchens, the homeless population can be given an opportunity to restore its nutrition and health.

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Aranda-Díaz, Andrés, Elizabeth Imbert, Sarah Strieff, Dave Graham-Squire, Jennifer L. Evans, Jamie Moore, Willi McFarland, Jonathan Fuchs, Margaret A. Handley, and Margot Kushel. "Implementation of rapid and frequent SARS-CoV2 antigen testing and response in congregate homeless shelters." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): e0264929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264929.

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Background People experiencing homelessness who live in congregate shelters are at high risk of SARS-CoV2 transmission and severe COVID-19. Current screening and response protocols using rRT-PCR in homeless shelters are expensive, require specialized staff and have delays in returning results and implementing responses. Methods We piloted a program to offer frequent, rapid antigen-based tests (BinaxNOW) to residents and staff of congregate-living shelters in San Francisco, California, from January 15th to February 19th, 2021. We used the Reach-Effectiveness-Adoption-Implementation-Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to evaluate the implementation. Results Reach: We offered testing at ten of twelve eligible shelters. Shelter residents and staff had variable participation across shelters; approximately half of eligible individuals tested at least once; few tested consistently during the study. Effectiveness: 2.2% of participants tested positive. We identified three outbreaks, but none exceeded 5 cases. All BinaxNOW-positive participants were isolated or left the shelters. Adoption: We offered testing to all eligible participants within weeks of the project’s initiation. Implementation: Adaptations made to increase reach and improve consistency were promptly implemented. Maintenance: San Francisco Department of Public Health expanded and maintained testing with minimal support after the end of the pilot. Conclusion Rapid and frequent antigen testing for SARS-CoV2 in homeless shelters is a viable alternative to rRT-PCR testing that can lead to immediate isolation of infectious individuals. Using the RE-AIM framework, we evaluated and adapted interventions to enable the expansion and maintenance of protocols.

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Farmer, J. Forbes. "Offering the “Sociological Eye” to Examine Ethical Egoism at an Illustrative Homeless Shelter for Men: A Pedagogical Exercise." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 6, no. 10 (November 10, 2019): 372–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.610.7312.

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This is an exploration into the philosophical realm of misplaced ethics at an illustrative homeless shelter where human service practitioners should be keeping better focus on delivering services to destitute men in a large industrial city. The question raised is whether or not the cause of the ethical egoism seen there, that results in problems typical of homeless shelters around the world, is structurally based. The problems result in mistrust of the shelter and a diminishment of services to a vulnerable population. Sociologically framed questions serve as a tool for the use of the case method of teaching.

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Mottet, Lisa, and John Ohle. "Transitioning Our Shelters: Making Homeless Shelters Safe for Transgender People." Journal of Poverty 10, no. 2 (May 22, 2006): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j134v10n02_05.

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Glumbíková, Kateřina, Alice Gojová, Soňa Vávrová, and Barbora Gřundělová. "THE SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF CHILDREN FROM HOMELESS SHELTERS: AN AREA OF APPLICATION OF CRITICAL REFLEXIVITY IN SOCIAL WORK." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 26, 2018): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1215.

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On a global scale, the number of families with homeless children is growing. Foreign research shows that homelessness is linked to social adjustment problems. In the Czech Republic there are no surveys on social adjustment in the homeless children population. This article presents partial data from a research survey focused on the situation of homeless mothers with children residing in shelters. The article aims to find out how mothers residing with their children in homeless shelters in the city of Ostrava interpret the social adjustment of their children. The research strategy is qualitative, based on a participatory approach (cooperation with two peer researchers). 33 interviews and 6 focus groups were implemented as part of the research. The research findings also point to a close link between the situation of homelessness and social adjustment of homeless children in the Czech environment, namely as a result of the necessity of socialization in a specific environment with negative consequences on the parenting style and success in school of the children combined with their experience of domestic violence. The research findings imply in practice the need to apply the concept of critical reflexivity in social work with children from homeless shelters.

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BERLIN, GORDON, and WILLIAM McALLISTER. "Homeless Family Shelters and Family Homelessness." American Behavioral Scientist 37, no. 3 (January 1994): 422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764294037003007.

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Hales, Ann. "Beyond Homeless Shelters and Soup Lines." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 33, no. 4 (August 1992): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088049203300412.

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Goodfellow, Marianne. "Rural Homeless Shelters: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 8, no. 1 (January 1999): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022968524630.

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Richert, Alaina. "Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Homelessness Post-Bostock." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 56.1 (2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.56.1.sexual.

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Housing discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity is a critical problem facing LGBTQ+ people in the United States. In addition, LGBTQ+ people, particularly transgender people, disproportionately suffer from homelessness and face discrimination by homeless shelters on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. This homelessness and discrimination both disproportionately affect transgender people of color. This Note makes two contributions that would enable courts to grant meaningful relief in these contexts. First, it argues that “sex” in the Fair Housing Act includes sexual orientation and gender identity after the holding in Bostock v. Clayton County. Second, it argues that the Fair Housing Act applies to homeless shelters. These two arguments enable LGBTQ+ people to sue under the Fair Housing Act for the discrimination they experience in homeless shelters.

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Meni, David. "Washington DC’s Transitional Housing Plan: An Analysis of Externalities and Sources of Neighborhood Opposition." Policy Perspectives 24 (May 4, 2017): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v24i0.17605.

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In 2016, DC Mayor Muriel Bowser’s administration unveiled a plan to close the DC General homeless shelter and replace it with eight smaller sites throughout the city. Almost immediately, some residents located near the proposed shelter sites expressed disapproval, citing concerns over safety and decreasing property values. We can interpret such reservations as perceived negative externalities of shelters. This paper first takes those claims at face value and finds mixed evidence of whether the proposed DC shelters would produce negative externalities for neighborhoods. The paper then explores other economic rationale for neighborhood opposition to the plan—risk-averse behavior on the part of homeowners. The paper concludes with a proposal for home equity insurance that could potentially balance homeowners’ risk aversion and vested interests in neighborhood outcomes.

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Győrffy, Zsuzsa, Sándor Békási, Bence Döbrössy, Virág Katalin Bognár, Nóra Radó, Emília Morva, Szabolcs Zsigri, Péter Tari, and Edmond Girasek. "Exploratory attitude survey of homeless persons regarding telecare services in shelters providing mid- and long-term accommodation: The importance of trust." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): e0261145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261145.

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Background With the expansion of digital health, it is imperative to consider intervention techniques in order not to be the cause of even more social health inequalities in underserved populations struggling with chronic diseases. Telemedicine solutions for homeless persons might compensate for shortcomings in access to valuable health services in different settings. The main aim of our research was to examine the attitudes and openness of homeless persons regarding telecare on a Hungarian sample. Methods Quantitative survey among homeless people (n = 98) was completed in 4 shelters providing mid- and long-term accommodation in Budapest, Hungary. Attitudes regarding healthcare service accessibility and telecare were measured by a self-developed questionnaire of the research team. Telecare attitude comparison was made with data of a Hungarian weighted reference group of non-homeless persons recruited from 2 primary care units (n = 110). Results A significant fraction of homeless people with mid- or long-term residency in homeless shelters did not oppose the use of telecare via live online video consultation and there was no difference compared to the national reference group (averages of 3.09 vs. 3.15, respectively). Results of the homeless group indicate that those more satisfied with healthcare services, in general, manifest more openness to telecare. It is clearly demonstrated by the multivariate analysis that those participants in the homeless group who had problems getting health care in the last year definitely preferred in-person doctor-patient consultations. Conclusion Digital health technologies offer a potentially important new pathway for the prevention and treatment of chronic conditions among homeless persons. Based on the attitudes towards telecare, initiating an on-site telecare program for mid- and long-term residents of homeless shelters might enable better care continuity. Our results draw attention to the key factors including building trust in the implementation of such programs among underserved and other vulnerable patient groups.

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Reppond, Harmony A., and Heather E. Bullock. "Reclaiming “good motherhood”: US mothers’ critical resistance in family homeless shelters." Feminism & Psychology 30, no. 1 (September 29, 2019): 100–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353519870220.

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Unhoused mothers not only contend with housing precarity and economic hardship but also intersecting classist, racist, and sexist stereotypes that position them as unfit mothers. Classed, raced, and gendered conceptualizations of “good” and “bad” motherhood are reified in US shelter regulations (e.g. strict rules governing parent and child behavior, curfews, mandatory participation in parenting classes) that seek to “reform” homeless mothers. To gain a better understanding of perceptions of and responses to shelter regulations, we interviewed 28 formerly unhoused US mothers about their experiences in family shelters. Participants overwhelmingly rejected “bad mother” stereotypes that equated lack of material resources with inadequate parenting and engaged in a range of overt (e.g. strategic recounting of life histories) and covert (e.g. subverting paternalistic rules) strategies to reclaim “good motherhood” and negotiate daily shelter life. Instrumental, discursive, covert, and overt critical resistance strategies were used to maintain parental authority, preserve one’s self-image as a “good” mother and obtain needed resources from shelter staff. Our findings highlight the complexity of critical resistance to class, race, and gender oppression and call for greater interrogation of how seemingly well-intentioned shelter rules and policies reinforce status hierarchies.

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Hales, A. "Beyond homeless shelters and soup lines Update from a Washington, D.C., shelter." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 33, no. 4 (August 1992): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8804(92)90014-v.

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Mantler, Tara, Jill Veenendaal, and C. Nadine Wathen. "Exploring the use of Hotels as Alternative Housing by Domestic Violence Shelters During COVID-19." International Journal on Homelessness 1, no. 1 (September 28, 2021): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/ijoh.2021.1.13642.

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Domestic violence shelters present a unique context within the congregate living sector in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Shelters supporting women during the pandemic had to change service delivery models to include housing women in hotels to adhere to government restrictions and ensure women, and their children, were not homeless. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of hotel use as alternative housing for women experiencing domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. We used interpretive description methodology, including in-depth interviews with 8 women using shelter services, 26 shelter workers and 5 focus groups with 24 executive directors of women’s shelters and other organizations who serve women who have experienced domestic violence. We identified and explored three main tensions in housing women at hotels compared to shelters: 1) autonomy/independence versus support, 2) a better option, the only option, and/or a safety concern, and 3) adequacy of hotels as housing. Drawbacks and benefits of the use of hotels as housing for women in the context of domestic violence are explored and recommendations are highlighted.

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Vijayaraghavan, Maya, Samantha Hurst, and John P. Pierce. "Implementing Tobacco Control Programs in Homeless Shelters." Health Promotion Practice 17, no. 4 (December 17, 2015): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839915618364.

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Kitazawa, Susan. "Tuberculosis Health Education Needs in Homeless Shelters." Public Health Nursing 12, no. 6 (December 1995): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.1995.tb00170.x.

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Kuehn, Bridget M. "Homeless Shelters Face High COVID-19 Risks." JAMA 323, no. 22 (June 9, 2020): 2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.8854.

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O'Neil-Pirozzi, Therese M. "Language Functioning of Residents in Family Homeless Shelters." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 12, no. 2 (May 2003): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2003/069).

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The number of individuals who are homeless is rising, particularly among families (typically mothers) with preschool children. This study examined the speech-language abilities of 25 mothers and their preschool children residing in urban homeless shelters. Results of standardized testing revealed that the majority of the mothers and their preschool children presented with overall language deficits or delays which were present in at least 1 of 4 language modalities: auditory comprehension, verbal expression, reading, and writing. Clinical and research implications of these results for both the mothers and their children are discussed.

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Peters, Elise, Jolanda Maas, Dieuwke Hovinga, Nicole Van den Bogerd, and Carlo Schuengel. "Experiencing Nature to Satisfy Basic Psychological Needs in Parenting: A Quasi-Experiment in Family Shelters." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 21, 2020): 8657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228657.

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Finding fulfillment of basic psychological needs may be difficult for parents living in shelters after becoming homeless or after escaping violence. This study tested if experiencing nature was associated with the basic psychological needs of parents in shelters. Need satisfaction and need frustration were measured among parents in shelters (N = 160), with one measurement in the standard indoor context of the shelter and one measurement while experiencing nature. Experiencing nature was associated with enhanced need satisfaction (d = 0.28) and reduced need frustration (d = −0.24). The effect was especially pronounced for parents with young children. Our findings suggest that the physical environment matters for parents’ basic psychological need fulfillment as they interact with their children in the context of sheltering. This finding opens a potential avenue for supporting parental functioning and resilience in the face of risk if these effects were to be replicated across settings using controlled experimental designs. At the very least, the findings may be discussed with practitioners and parents in the context of making shelter life and work more conducive to mental health and family functioning.

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Martinez, Jayda, Midhat Jafry, Tzuan Chen, Michael Businelle, Darla Kendzor, Maggie Britton, Maya Vijayaraghavan, and Lorraine Reitzel. "Guest Support for Outdoor Smoke-Free Policies within a Homeless Shelter." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 2408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042408.

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Roughly 70–80% of adults experiencing homelessness smoke cigarettes. Smoke-free living/workplace policies are an empirically-supported tobacco control intervention. However, homeless shelters may be reluctant to implement smoke-free policies due to fears of it discouraging current/potential shelter guests from taking refuge there. The current study was meant to characterize guest support for on-property smoke-free policies within a homeless shelter with an extant indoor tobacco use ban amongst never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers to provide data on this point. Participants comprised a convenience sample of adult guests of a homeless shelter in Texas (N = 394, 28.2% women; 10.2% former; and 75.9% current smokers). Participant sociodemographics, smoking status, behavioral health diagnoses, and support for two versions of an on-property outdoor courtyard smoke-free policy (one partial, one complete) were assessed. Data were collected in two waves in a repeated cross-sectional design. Overall, 64.0% of participants supported a partial, and 32.0% a full smoking ban. Logistic regressions, controlling for wave of data collection, age, sex, and any additional significant predictors from a semi-adjusted model, examined associations between participant characteristics and policy support. Older participants (OR = 1.024, CI0.95 = 1.005–1.044), non-veterans (OR = 2.523, CI0.95 = 1.156–5.506), former smokers (OR = 2.730, CI0.95 = 1.191–6.258), and those without severe mental illness (OR = 1.731, CI0.95 = 1.061–2.824) had significantly greater odds of supporting a partial smoking ban. Relative to current smokers, never smokers (OR = 3.902, CI0.95 = 2.133–7.137) and former smokers (OR = 8.257, CI0.95 = 3.951–17.258) had significantly greater odds of supporting a complete smoking ban. The implementation of smoke-free living/workplace policies in homeless shelters may enjoy more support from guests—specifically, non-smokers—than anticipated by shelter administrators. Aside from reducing ambient smoke exposure for never and former smokers, these policies can help to reduce ubiquitous smoking cues for those who may want to quit, are undergoing a quit attempt, or are trying to maintain abstinence. Interventionists might partner with shelter guests, particularly smokers, to inform the roll-out of such policies for maximal acceptance and adoption.

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Haan, Michael. "Does immigrant residential crowding reflect hidden homelessness?" Canadian Studies in Population 38, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2011): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6331b.

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Compared to the Canadian-born, immigrants are under-represented among Canada’s homeless population, when their decline in economic wellbeing is considered alongside their relative absence in homeless shelters. One way to explain this oddity, proposed in both academic and popular literature, is that immigrant communities employ unique avoidance strategies, such as within-group co-residence, to help keep co-ethnics off the streets and out of homeless shelters. In this paper I use the 2001 census of Canada to investigate the extent to which heightened levels of residential crowding might reflect “hidden homelessness.” I find mixed evidence to support this link, and, if anything, find some evidence to suggest that the link between residential crowding and hidden homelessness, if one exists, is strongest for the Canadian-born.

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Zald, Joan Kadri. "Faces of the Homeless: A Photo Essay." City & Community 3, no. 1 (March 2004): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00065.x.

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These portraits were taken in shelters, soup kitchens, transitional housing, and on city streets. The intent was to record the faces of the homeless, capture their humanity, and show the diverse range of people who become homeless. Photographs were also selected to show the different kinds or stages of homelessness: the recently dislocated and the episodically, as well as the chronically, homeless.

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Khadivi-Zand, Afsaneh, Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, and Mohammad Reza Falsafinejad. "Role of Psychological and Social Security in Predicting Depression Among Women Living in the Homeless Shelters of Tehran." Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jccnc.6.4.33.13.

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Background: Homelessness is a common phenomenon in all human societies and leads to many social, psychological, and physical consequences for the homeless people and society. This study aimed to determine the role of psychological and social security in predicting depression among women living in the homeless shelters of Tehran. Methods: It was a descriptive correlational study. The research population included all women living in the homeless shelters of Tehran, in 2020. The subjects were selected using random, multistage cluster sampling. Two homeless shelters were selected. The final sample included 150 women. The data were collected using the security-insecurity inventory and the Beck depression inventory. The collected data were analyzed using the multiple regression analysis in SPSS V. 22. Results: The results showed that the feeling of psychological security predicts depression in women (R=0.48). Also, 23% of the variances in depression were explained by psychological security. Therefore, psychological security can predict depression (with 99% confidence) in these women. Moreover, the feeling of social security can predict the rate of depression in women (MR=-0.55). This implies that approximately 30% of the variances of depression can be explained by social security. The beta coefficient for social security was -0.55. Accordingly, social security can predict depression (with 99% confidence) in women living in homeless shelters. The negative signs of the beta coefficients indicated a negative relationship between the predictor and the criterion variables. In other words, the higher the psychological and social security, the lower the rate of depression in women. Conclusion: This study showed that the psychological and social security levels of these women were correlated with the degree of depression experienced. Using the insights from this study, counselors, psychiatric nurses, and other mental health professionals are suggested to create a friendly and safe environment for clients to express their feelings and lessen their depression.

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Khazai, Bijan, and Elizabeth Hausler. "Intermediate Shelters in Bam and Permanent Shelter Reconstruction in Villages following the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 1_suppl (December 2005): 487–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2098907.

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The earthquake of 26 December 2003 destroyed about 85% of the housing stock and left up to 75,600 people in the city of Bam homeless. With the convergence of migrants from nearby villages, it is estimated that 155,000 people were in need of shelter in Bam and surrounding villages. A municipal governmental Master Plan for the reconstruction of Bam was completed in September 2004. Permanent housing construction in the city of Bam began in October 2004, and is scheduled to take three to five years. In the interim, intermediate shelter construction in Bam and reconstruction of permanent shelter in the surrounding villages is ongoing and work is being done to integrate relief operations into long-term recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction programs. At the time of the reconnaissance trip in late May 2004, 16,200 intermediate shelters were assembled in Bam, either on the sites of original dwellings or on campgrounds on the outskirts of the city, and over 2,500 permanent shelters were constructed in the surrounding villages.

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Santiago, Riley Eli, and Janna Wisniewski. "4185 Assessing Barriers to Retention in Care Continuum Among HCV Positive Homeless Adults of New Orleans." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (June 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.369.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study has two primary aims: 1) evaluate points of success and failure in connecting hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive homeless patients to care following a preliminary positive rapid HCV test result, and 2) describe the barriers cited by patients who drop out at each step in the care continuum. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A retrospective longitudinal analysis of adult (18 years or older) homeless individuals accessing shelter at six homeless shelters in New Orleans, LA was conducted. Every patient who came through a testing site received a survey collecting information on demographics, barriers to healthcare, and recent utilization of health services. A retrospective chart review of hospital and homeless clinic medical records was used to track patient linkage to care and their progress through the HCV care continuum. We defined successful linkage to care as attendance at the first scheduled follow-up appointment for treatment with a primary care physician. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 1719 unique patients were identified from August 2016 through August 2019 which included 36% self-identified as African American/Black, 55% identified as White and 8% identified as mixed-race or other. A total of 24% of individuals reported no insurance coverage while 66% of patients reported having insurance. Overall, 85 patients reported they experienced no barriers to healthcare. Of those who reported barriers, 44% reported trouble with finances or insurance, 22% transportation, 18% personal drug use, 9% personal alcohol use, and 7% reported a distrust of healthcare providers or the system. Other barriers included long wait times, distance, and recent incarceration. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Although screening for HCV is readily available, barriers exist which prevent diagnosis and treatment. We implemented a HCV testing and linkage-to-care program between local homeless shelters and health centers in New Orleans in an effort to reduce HCV-related morbidity and mortality.

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Donley, Amy M., and James D. Wright. "Safer Outside: A Qualitative Exploration of Homeless People's Resistance to Homeless Shelters." Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 12, no. 4 (July 2012): 288–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15228932.2012.695645.

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Dupper, David R., and Anthony P. Halter. "Barriers in Educating Children from Homeless Shelters: Perspectives of School and Shelter Staff." Children & Schools 16, no. 1 (January 1994): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cs/16.1.39.

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Rosen, Allison, Betsy Escobar, Gandhar Datar, Roshanda Chenier, Jane Montealegre, and Maria Jibaja-Weiss. "A colorectal cancer screening initiative to assist the healthcare for the homeless program within the Harris Health Safety-net Health Care System." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.4_suppl.65.

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65 Background: The homeless population presents unique challenges for Colorectal Cancer (CRC) screening and follow-up, due to difficulty completing at home procedures such as stool-based screening and prepping for a colonoscopy. Harris Health System’s Healthcare for the Homeless Program (HHS-HHP) screens patients for CRC using strategies such as on-site stool collection to promote completion of fecal immunochemical tests (FIT). According to the HHS screening algorithm, there are currently no targeted interventions at HHS-HHP to address diagnostic follow-up of FIT-positive patients who require colonoscopy Homeless patients face barriers to colonoscopy, notably the structure of shelters, which makes it difficult to prep for a colonoscopy; and the lack of a companion to accompany patients to and from their procedures. Methods: We reviewed data regarding FIT screening and colonoscopy completion from Harris Health for the 2016-2017 fiscal year. We convened meetings with administrators of the Star of Hope Cornerstone Community and HHS-HHP to examine barriers faced by this population and identify potential interventions to address them. Results: For the 2016-17, fiscal year the average FIT completion rate for the entire population was 72% versus the homeless population was 38%. In the colonoscopy database, 173 homeless patients had positive FITs, but only 43 got their colonoscopy (25%). Reasons for not getting the colonoscopy were poor prep, not being able to reach the patient, and no-shows. There is an obvious need for an intervention to assist homeless patients in completing a colonoscopy after a positive FIT. Conclusions: Our project will assist with the care coordination for the homeless patients requiring a colonoscopy. We plan to coordinate care with the homeless shelters to schedule the use of a private, subacute care room (respite unit), if available, to ensure the patients appropriately prep the night before their procedure. In addition, medical student volunteers will be serving as companions for this project; thus, we plan to work with the patient and shelters to provide volunteers accompany patients to and from their procedures.

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Thiberville, Simon-djamel, Nicolas Salez, Samir Benkouiten, Sekene Badiaga, Remi Charrel, and Philippe Brouqui. "Respiratory viruses within homeless shelters in Marseille, France." BMC Research Notes 7, no. 1 (2014): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-81.

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Wallerstein, Joseph A. "Elusive reconciliations: ideological conflict in youth homeless shelters." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 23, no. 1 (March 2014): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1573658x14y.0000000001.

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Jacobs, Francine, Priscilla M. D. Little, and Cheryl Almeida. "Supporting Family Life: A Survey of Homeless Shelters." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 2, no. 4 (January 1993): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01065523.

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DeVerteuil, Geoffrey. "The local state and homeless shelters: Beyond revanchism?" Cities 23, no. 2 (April 2006): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2005.08.004.

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Biscotto, Priscilla Ribeiro, Maria Cristina Pinto de Jesus, Marcelo Henrique da Silva, Deíse Moura de Oliveira, and Miriam Aparecida Barbosa Merighi. "Understanding of the life experience of homeless women." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 50, no. 5 (October 2016): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420160000600006.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE To understand the life experience of homeless women. METHOD A social phenomenological study was conducted with 10 women assisted by a shelter. The analysis of the interviews was based on the theoretical framework of social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz and thematic literature. RESULTS The participants face adversities in the street context, with emphasis on the risk of physical and sexual abuse, and seek shelters as a possibility for minimizing difficulties experienced. They hope to leave the streets; however, they see themselves trapped in this social reality, due to the addiction to alcohol and other drugs. CONCLUSION The understanding of the life experience of homeless women shows daily confrontations and reveals the conflict between the desire for leaving and remaining on the streets, given the complexity of the reality that keeps them in this condition.

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Storozhuk, Anna. "HUMANITARIAN EXPERTIZE OF THE PROBLEM OF HOMELESS ANIMALS." Chelovek.RU, no. 15 (2020): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32691/2410-0935-2020-15-311-323.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of stray animals from the point of view of humanitarian expertise. The problem of helping stray animals is acute in many countries. Russia, as a country with a cold climate, is no exception. The average life span of an animal that has lost its owner does not exceed two years. Enthusiasts try to help animals that have fallen into difficult conditions: they feed them, put them in shelters, treat them, vaccinate them, arrange for overexposure or look for new owners. One of these private shelters is located in Koltsovo. In 2020, the animal rehabilitation base in Koltsovo received a grant from the President. The questions about the sufficiency and effectiveness of measures of state support for animal shelters are considered. On the basis of international experience, significant factors in the regulation of the number of homeless animals are revealed. It is shown that the most effective mechanism for regulating the number of homeless animals is the presence of a legislative framework, the implementation of laws and educational work.

Journal articles on the topic 'Shelters for the homeless'

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