Journal articles on the topic 'Shell Oil Refinery'

Villagers of Delo and Raekore have a traditional eucalyptus refining business by boiling the eucalyptus leaves for aromatic oils. Eucalyptus oil produced quite well, it's just a long distillation process that is 5 to 6 hours so it requires a lot of wood. While the availability of firewood in the forest is currently quite difficult, so people often cut down trees in the forest. So need to find a solution by changing the way of boiling by steam method and using charcoal fuel made from coconut shell, because it has a higher calorific value than the shell is burned directly. Traditional refined eucalyptus oil products, ranging from 2 to 3 beer bottles (1 bottle of beer = 350 ml) per day, so that through the activities of IbM can apply the appropriate technology products that is the installation of wood crude oil refinery by steam method and the using of briquette fuel. The steamed container produced has a volume of 160 liters while the charcoal briquette printing device is capable of printing 8 charcoal briquettes in one print. The using of refinery installations by steam method and charcoal charcoal fuel, can increase the production capacity of eucalyptus oil to encourage economic improvement of Delo and Raekore villagers. The eucalyptus refining oil refinery has a production capacity of 4 to 5 bottles of beer (1 bottle of beer = 350 ml) per day and charcoal briquette presses have a production capacity of 8 charcoal briquettes.

ABSTRACT On April 22 and 23, 1988, Shell Oil Company spilled more than 400,000 gallons of crude oil into northern San Francisco Bay from its refinery in Martinez, California. The resulting contamination of more than 11 miles of shoreline, marshes, beaches, and marinas attracted widespread public interest and extended investigation by governmental agencies and elected officials, as the cleanup extended for many weeks. The regional response team (RRT) was asked to host two public forums to present a unified governmental perspective on the incident and to give the public a chance to comment and express ideas for restoration and mitigation measures. This paper describes how this process was carried out and makes observations on the importance of the SPCC program. Reviewing a regional response to a discharge is a possible RRT activity described in the National Contingency Plan. This effort presents an opportunity for the RRT to solicit public views for use in its evaluation process.

ABSTRACT Transplanted bivalves were used as sentinel organisms to assess bioavailability of San Joaquin Valley (SJV) crude oil residues in impacted sediments four years following the 1988 Shell Martinez Refinery spill in Suisun Bay, California. Sediments, bivalves exposed for three months, and control (unexposed) bivalves were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The study documented a range of weathering stages, and a range of mixtures of SJV crude oil with another petrogenic source, pyrogenic PAHs, and diagenic alkyl PAHs in Peyton Slough intertidal sediments four years following the spill. Less-weathered SJV oil residues remaining in the estuarine sediments were more bioavailable than the intermediate or advanced weathered residues, and more bioavailable than the pyrogenic PAHs that comprise the background PAHs in the Suisun Bay sediments.

For the purification of industrial waste water from the crude oil processing industry, a multiple stage treatment plant is recommended. Biofiltration takes place as a secondary treatment stage. Under plug-flow conditions residual compounds can be treated efficiently with a reduced power requirement. Specialized microorganisms, utilizing compounds which are not readily biodegradable, are immobilized on burned clay. Usually toxic peaks do not inhibit the microorganisms in the biofilm. This depends on the short retention time of the water in fixed bed systems and on the characteristic of the biofilm. Dissolved, colloidal or particulate non-biodegradable substances will be adsorbed on the biofilm and can be removed by backwashing the reactor. A description of the treatment plants at BP-oiltech Hamburg and Shell Refinery Hamburg is given. The design of the fixed film reactors is discussed.

The proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility in Washington State is expected to receive six unit trains per week, each containing 60,000–70,000 barrels of conditioned Bakken crude oil. Oil spill trajectory, fate, and effects modeling was performed to evaluate risks from hypothetical releases of crude oil from crude-by-rail unit trains. The oil spill modeling predicted where released oil would move over land and in water, how it would behave within the environment, and how it may impact resources within the area. Hypothetical releases from train derailments were modeled using the OILMAP Land and SIMAP models, two state-of-the-art computational oil spill models that are routinely used internationally by industry, government, and academia. OILMAP Land was used to predict the overland and down slope trajectory and fate of released crude oil on land and within storm water drainage systems. SIMAP was used to characterize the trajectory, fate, and acute biological effects of oil within the water column. Releases were modeled at three representative locations along the rail corridor, including the Swing Bridge over the Swinomish Channel, the Skagit River crossing, and the Edmonds Ferry Terminal. Two environmental conditions were modeled at each location to capture the seasonal and environmental variability in tides, river flow rate, and winds. Two discharge volumes of conditioned Bakken crude oil were modeled. An overlay analysis was used to determine the potentially affected resources located within the oil spill footprint for each respective scenario. A biological effects assessment was conducted to estimate the potential short-term (acute) exposure of organisms to floating oil and subsurface oil contamination to estimate the resulting equivalent area of 100% predicted mortality. To bound the range of potential effects, biological impacts were assessed using two biological sensitivities. In total, 12 physical fates scenarios were modeled (3 locations × 2 environmental conditions × 2 release volumes) with 24 biological scenarios (2 sensitivities). Approximately 50% of the conditioned Bakken crude was predicted to evaporate within 48 hours, while the remaining oil formed surface slicks, oiled shorelines, and entrained within the water column, potentially interacting with SPM and oiling sediments. This assessment was used to quantitatively discuss the consequence side of risk associated with crude by rail releases from unit trains for the proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility. Results were included in Chapter 5 of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) addressing Environmental Health and Risk, as well as a technical report.

This article provides an overview of the methods of managing the primary petroleum refining. To improve separation efficiency was proposed to stabilize the reflux ratio in the rectifying column. Purpose of work. To develop a system for automatic regulation of the reflux ratio of diesel fuel sec-tions in an atmospheric column of the refinery oil. To study the operating modes of an atmospheric column with the participation of the obtained automatic control system. Materials and methods. The article presented the features of the oil rectification process at the atmospheric unit of a small capacity refinery. The features of heat dissipation with intermediate circulation flash compared to a large-capacity unit will be shown in this article. The parameters of the facility were selected and divided into groups. A dynamic model of the section of shell-and-tube heat exchangers for heating oil with diesel fuel at a low-power refinery unit in the form of differential equations of heat balance has been developed to achieve the goal set work. An electrode dehydrator material balance equation has been compiled to find desalted oil consumption and saltwater consumption. The dependence of the reflux ratio of diesel fuel sections of the atmospheric column on the inlet and outlet temperatures of the atmospheric column circulation flash, the acute fractionation con-sumption, circulation flash, and oil fraction selection was obtained. The resulting model of the facili-ty consists of two parts: the linear part of the electric dehydrator and heat exchanger section, which determines the temperatures of the coolants, and the nonlinear output part, which determines the re-flux ratio depending on technological parameters. The proposed model makes it possible to investi-gate the effect of disturbances on the controlled parameters. The MATLAB/Simulink software prod-uct has been chosen as a tool to implement the model. A system of automatic regulation of the re-flux ratio in MATLAB/Simulink has been built with the participation of the developed model of the study object. Conclusion. The results of modeling a system for automatic regulation of the reflux ratio of diesel fuel sections in the atmospheric column of a low-power refinery unit has been ob-tained, taking into account the peculiarities of the process under disturbance conditions.

ABSTRACT On the 19th of August 1989 at 2:30 p.m., a fracture occurred in a pipeline carrying Venezuelan crude oil from a shipping terminal at Tranmere to the Shell (U.K.) Ltd. oil refinery at Stanlow, on the Mersey Estuary, England. 150 metric tons of oil were released into the estuary before the pipeline was sealed; tidal currents widely distributed the oil within a tidal cycle. The Mersey Estuary is heavily industrialized and urbanized but does retain extensive areas of salt marsh and intertidal mud flats which are internationally important for wildfowl and wading birds. Cleanup operations were coordinated by the two local fire brigades whose areas of responsibility included impacted shoreline. Input to the response came from government, local authorities, specialist consultants, and various other interested parties. The occurrence of the spill on one of the highest spring tides of the year and under favorable weather conditions served to lessen the environmental impacts. Less than two weeks after the spill, Shell (U.K.) and Cheshire County Council set up the Mersey Oil Spill Project Advisory Group, with a membership drawn from independent scientific groups, which would monitor the environmental effects of the spill and publish its findings. The primary report of the advisory group is a detailed historical record of the spill incident, the response to it, and the coordination of that response, as well as the lessons learned by the involved parties. Further studies consider the persistence of the oil, and its effects on birds, invertebrates, vegetation, and algae. Recommendations have already led to a review of the local contingency plan and the commissioning of work to produce specific cleanup guidelines and sensitivity maps for the region. In February 1990, a court action brought by the newly formed National Rivers Authority led to Shell (U.K.) Ltd. being fined £1 million due to the pollution arising from this incident.

ABSTRACT Abstract ID: 2017-143 – Industry considerations, regulatory recommendations, and public concerns have necessitated a quantitative approach to addressing the risks associated with crude-by-rail shipments. Risk is defined as the product of the probability of an event occurring and the potential consequences that may result. To adequately address both the probability and consequence sides of risk, a three-phased approach was developed for use. First, a probability assessment used historical freight rail accident data to calculate the probability of an accident occurring with adjustments specific to crude-by-rail transport, the likelihood that an accident involving a crude-by-rail unit train would result in the release of oil, and the potential size of that release. These results were then used as inputs to a consequence assessment. This necessitated an assumption that a spill had taken place and there either was or was not an ignition source nearby. In the second phase, two computational oil spill models (OILMAP Land and SIMAP) were used to determine the trajectory, fate, and effects of released oil onto land and into water. This analysis included determining where oil may be transported within the environment, how long it would take to get there, how it would weather and behave, what resources of interest may potentially be affected, and what the potential acute effects may be to specific biological receptors. The third phase included a fire and explosion analysis, which was used to determine the thermal radiation from pool fires and the overpressure from a vapor cloud explosion and boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). This assessment was used to quantitatively discuss both the probability and consequence sides of the risk associated with the proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility and was included in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) addressing Environmental Health and Risk.

ABSTRACT On January 31, 1988, the tank barge MCN-5 capsized and sank in the Guemes Channel area of Puget Sound. The four weeks following the sinking presented the federal on-scene coordinator (OSC) and other federal, state, and local agencies responding to the incident with many lessons in diving, salvage, and spill response activities. The MCN-5 sank only a short time after it was loaded with approximately 9,800 barrels of heavy cycle gas oil (HCGO) at the Shell refinery near Anacortes. The HCGO presented unique problems due to its 1.086 specific gravity, which caused it to sink rather than float. In addition, the HCGO had been loaded on top of approximately 500 barrels of lighter oils remaining from previous cargos. This oil, although demonstrating normal floating characteristics, required the responding agencies to deal with both floating and sinking oil in the same response. Further, the response to the MCN-5 was complicated by extreme tidal currents that hampered diving and salvage operations, and required contingency planning to the extent possible for containment and recovery of the spilled oil of both types. This case history presents the problems encountered and the manner in which they were handled. It includes a description of the on-scene organization that successfully integrated federal, state, and local interests into a single force for dealing with the situation.

В статье рассмотрена проблема предотвращения разрушения опор нефтегазовых морских платформ при передислокации. Цилиндрические конструкции опор нефтегазовых платформ очень чувствительны к динамическим воздействиям внешних сил, которые вызывают колебания конструкций и явление резонанса, особенно при передислокации. Цилиндрические опоры платформ также несут дополнительные массы (оборудование, антиледовый пояс и т.п.), которые оказывают значительное влияние на динамику работы оболочек. В статье уточнена математическая модель колебаний оболочек, несущих дополнительную массу, на основе теории Рейснера. Проведены экспериментальные исследования на уменьшенных моделях оболочек, проверки уточнённой математической модели, показано сравнение экспериментальных и теоретических исследований. Основное отличие скорректированной математической модели заключается в присутствии нового параметра, учитывающего влияния наличия малой дополнительной массы. Уточненнаяматематическая модель позволит более точно рассчитывать частоты колебаний конструкции в режиме online, и предотвращать возможные разрушения цилиндрических опор конструкций нефтегазовых платформ при передислокации. The article deals with the problem of preventing the destruction of the supports of oil and gas offshore platforms during relocation. Cylindrical structures of oil and gas platform supports are very sensitive to dynamic influences of external forces, which cause vibrations of structures and the phenomenon of resonance, especially during relocation. Cylindrical platform supports also carry attached masses (equipment, anti-ice belt, etc.), which have a significant impact on the dynamics of the shells operation. The article refines the mathematical model of vibrations of shells carrying the added mass on the basis of Reisner's theory. Experimental studies are carried out on reduced models of shells, verification of the refined mathematical model, a comparison of experimental and theoretical studies is shown. The main difference of the corrected mathematical model is the presence of a new parameter that takes into account the influence of the presence of a small added mass. The refined mathematical model will make it possible to more accurately calculate the vibration frequencies of the structure online, and prevent possible destruction of the cylindrical supports of the structures of oil and gas platforms during relocation.

This paper presents design charts for predicting the maximum radial distortion of open-topped storage tanks caused by localized differential settlement of the tank foundations. It is well known that differential settlement can produce radial deflection of the tank shell sufficient to cause jamming of the floating roof. Predictions of shell deflections have often assumed the shell to be inextensional, an assumption which may not always be valid, particularly where the settlement is localized. Consequently, the authors have recently completed a more refined analysis of the deflections and stresses in the shell and the primary wind girder [1] in which the shell is considered to act as a membrane. They concluded that this membrane analysis is valid for all practical applications and proposed a procedure for predicting shell displacements caused by any general differential settlement profile using Fourier analysis. This paper firstly reviews the new membrane analysis and then illustrates its application to two specific localized settlement profiles commonly found in practice to produce easy-to-use design charts. Finally, the paper refers to experimental testing of a model tank, carried out to verify the validity of these design charts [2].

Mono and diacylglycerol (MDAG) is one of the synthetic emulsifier agent widely used in food industry. Emulsifier agent is one of the economically high value oleochemical product. The purpose of this research is to produce MDAG through glycerolysis process of refined bleached deodorize palm oil (RBDPO) and glycerol by using egg shell waste as catalyst (4 % of oil weight) for 2 hours, whereas the variables ratio of tert-butanol to oil (1, 2, 3 v/w) and reaction temperatur (60, 70 and 80 oC). Egg shell waste was calcined at 900 oC for 2 hours to form active CaO catalyst. Then glycerolysis process to produce mono and diacylglyserol. Mono and diacylglycerol that formed was separated by using separator fannel. The upper layer was vaporated to separate MDAG from tert-butanol. The content of MDAG was analyzed using Gas Chromatography. The best result was at 70 oC temperature, ratio co-solvent to oil 3:1 (v/w), 2 hours of reaction time and 4% of catalyst amount from oil and oil molar ratio to glycerol 1:6 with MDAG content of 68,62%. MDAG formed are w/o emulsifier with 5.19 HLB. The result of this research shows that egg shell waste is suitable to be used as source of cheap catalyst to produce mono and diacylglycerol.

Mono and diacylglycerol is one of oil diversification products that its economics value is higher and its market prospect is brighter in this globalization era. The purpose of this research is to produce mono and diacylglycerol from Refined, Bleached, Deodorized Palm Oil by using waste egg shell as catalyst. Waste egg shell was calcined at temperatur 70oC and time 2 hours to forming active CaO as catalyst. Then the process continued with glycerolysis process. Glycerolysis process produced mono and diacylglyserol. Then mono and diacylglycerol was separated by using separator fannel. Then the upper layer was vaporated to separate mono and diacylglycerol from tert-butanol. Effect of various varible process such as amount of catalyst and glycerolysis time was observed in this research. The best result was at temperature 70oC, co-solvent and oil rasio 3:1 (v/b), reaction time 2 hours, and catalyst amount 4% from oil with maksimum purity 68,61%. Mono and diacylglycerol formed in this reasearh is w/o emulsifier with HLB 5,19. The result of this research showed that waste egg shell is suitable to be used as the source of cheap catalyst to produce mono and diacylglycerol.

In recent years, steryl esters have become an attractive for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Hence, the effect of exogenous antioxidant, β-sitosteryl sinapate on oxidative stability and antioxidant activity (AA) of refined rapeseed oil was evaluated by the accelerated shelf-life test. Oxidative parameters of refined rapeseed oil—peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (p-AnV), acid value (AV), and spectrophotometric indices (K232, K268)—increased during storage. However, the addition of β-sitosteryl sinapate caused a decrease of the primary and secondary oxidation products in the supplemented oils in comparison with the control sample. Moreover, oils with steryl ester had higher AA than oil without the synthetic antioxidant. The accelerated storage negatively affected the antioxidant potential of refined and enriched oils causing the AA decrease by 25–54% and 7–15%, respectively. Studies have consistently demonstrated beneficial associations between the presence of β-sitosteryl sinapate in oil samples and the inhibition of their oxidative degradation under the accelerated conditions. Additionally, the possibility of using the synchronous fluorescence (SF) spectroscopy and excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy for identification and observing changes in main fluorescent components present in non-supplemented and supplemented rapeseed oils during the accelerated storage was attempted.

Biodiesel is a potential alternative for fossil fuel. However, its large-scale application is held up by the disadvantage of a homogenous process, the scarce availability of raw materials and the production cost, which is higher than for fossil diesel. In this work, biodiesel production was carried out using both refined and used cooking oils. The process was investigated in a batch reactor, in the presence of CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst prepared by the calcination of the natural Waste Grooved Razor Shell (GRS). Characterizations by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermal Gravimetric (TG)/Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) showed that the as-received GRS consists of aragonite, (i.e., CaCO3) as the main component and of water and organic matter in a lower amount. After calcination at 900 °C, CaO was formed as the only crystalline phase. The effects of several experimental parameters in the transesterification reactions were studied, and their impact on the produced biodiesel properties was investigated. The studied variables were the methanol/oil molar ratio, the catalyst weight percentage (with respect to the oil mass), the calcination temperature of the parent GRS and the recycling and regeneration of the catalyst. The physico-chemical and fuel properties, i.e., viscosity, density and acid value of used oils and of the produced biodiesel, were determined by conventional methods (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods) and compared with the European standards of biodiesel. The optimal identified conditions were the following: the use of a 15:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 5 wt% of CaO with respect to the oil mass. After 3 h of reaction at 65 °C, the biodiesel yield was equal to 94% and 99% starting from waste and refined oils, respectively.

ABSTRACT Risk analyses of oil spills are important in the development of outer continental shelf (OCS) leasing policy as well as other marine policies relating to oil. This paper explores the use of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Resources (NRDAM/CME) to provide a risk analysis of oil spills related to OCS oil development. For the categories of natural resources included in NRDAM/CME, the expected value of damages from large oil spills appears quite small relative to the value of oil developed. Expected damages range from $300,000 to $19.7 million per billion barrels of oil developed. Ongoing research by the authors will refine these estimates by including additional categories of damages, which will increase the damage estimates, and oil spill cleanup and the effect of OCS production on reducing imports, which will reduce the estimated net costs of OCS development.

The high content of sulfur compounds in aviation kerosene produced at the Bukhara Oil Refinery (BOR) is causing great damage to the environment. Purification of sulfur compounds in aviation kerosene using activated charcoal is effective. One way to remove sulfur compounds from aviation kerosene is to clean them using activated charcoal (adsorbent) obtained based on fruit pods. Purification of aviation kerosene from mercaptans is a chemical adsorption process, using activated charcoal obtained based on shells of fruit seeds (walnuts, peaches, apricots, etc.). The adsorption of activated carbon obtained on the basis of husks of fruit seeds (walnuts, peaches, apricots, etc.) depends on the physicochemical properties; such activated charcoals were obtained by thermochemical methods.

Olive oil application in the cosmetic industry may be extended by its ozonation, bringing about new oil properties and increased stability. Olive oil treated with 0.04 mole O3 or 0.10 mole O3 per 100 g oil was subjected to chemical parameters evaluation and composition scrutinizing by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) GC-MS analysis. The biological activity of refined and ozonated oil included their antimicrobial properties by the agar diffusion method and cytotoxicity by the MTT assay towards two normal (LLC-PK1, HaCaT) and two cancerous (Caco-2, HeLa) cell lines. The oils served as the basis in cosmetic emulsions. The chosen organoleptic features, preservative efficacy in a challenge test, and persistency during six months of these formulations were assessed. However, the ozonation of the olive oil resulted in a decrease in unsaturated acids; several additional compounds were detected in the ozonated oil, which positively affect the physicochemical, sensory, and functional properties of cosmetic emulsions. Emulsions based on the ozonated olive oil retain their properties longer compared to emulsions based on the refined olive oil. Ozonated oil treated with 0.10 mole O3/100 g oil allowed increasing the shelf life of the non-preserved formulation up to six months. A weak inhibitory effect against Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis was also demonstrated for this emulsion in the challenge test. Moreover, an interesting aroma, slightly enhanced antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, C. albicans, A. brasiliensis, and a lack of cytotoxicity at concentrations 625 µg mL−1 make the ozonated olive oil a promising raw material for the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

Until now, no literature exists to explain about the impact of time, and environmental parameters, when using typical commercial grade transparent linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) packaging for protecting vegetable cooking oil during typical shelf-life conditions. We tested long-term impact of temperature and illuminance (light: 100 to 150 lux and darkness <1 lux) on refined bleached deodorized palm olein (RBDPOL), fortified with vitamin A. Results showed degradation of fortified RBDPOL with 70 ppm vitamin A was approximately 15% at 18-22oC in Light, 10% at 18-22oC in Darkness, 19% at 32-33oC in light and 17% 32-33oC in darkness. Similar trend was observed at 45 ppm vitamin A. Exposure to heat and light impacted vitamin A degradation, but is primarily attributed to temperature, irrespective of packaging. This investigation builds on our previous work (Silalahi et al., 2017), and confirms the impact of challenging environmental conditions on vegetable cooking oil shelf-life over long time periods.

We propose in this paper a general class of nonlinear beta regression models with measurement errors. The motivation for proposing this model arose from a real problem we shall discuss here. The application concerns a usual oil refinery process where the main covariate is the concentration of a typically measured in error reagent and the response is a catalyst’s percentage of crystallinity involved in the process. Such data have been modeled by nonlinear beta and simplex regression models. Here we propose a nonlinear beta model with the possibility of the chemical reagent concentration being measured with error. The model parameters are estimated by different methods. We perform Monte Carlo simulations aiming to evaluate the performance of point and interval estimators of the model parameters. Both results of simulations and the application favors the method of estimation by maximum pseudo-likelihood approximation.

Untreated sunflower oil (without antioxidants) was much more affected during long storage as well as by the thermal oxidation in 4 hours frying process. The shelf life of oil was increased both during storage and in frying process at elevated temperature by the addition of synthetic antioxidants. TBHQ (Tertiory butyl hydroquinone) BHT (Butylated hydroxyl toluene) BHA (Butylatd hydroxyl amine) and the mixture of BHA and BHT used in the present study in 0.02, 0.02, 0.02 and 0.01+0.01 amount respectively to observe the stability of refined sunflower when stored at 30°C for 21 weeks in transparent PET bottles. The stored oils (treated and untreated) when underwent in the process of frying at the temperature of 180°C further deterioration of oils happened. The antioxidant activities and protective effects in stabilization of sunflower oils during storage and in frying process measured in terms of POV (peroxide), FFA (free fatty acids), p-AnV (p- Anisidine value), Colour Index, RI (Refractive index), and fatty acid profile. Result indicated that TBHQ exhibited stronger antioxidant activity during storage and gave maximum protection against thermal oxidation when oil subjected in the process of multiple frying for continous four hours at elevated temperature. The results were indicated the effectiveness of antioxidants in the order like TBHQ > BHT > BHA BHA+BHT. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i2.11458 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(2), 223-230, 2012

With the modern and accelerated way of life, frying has become an extremely common way of food preparation. In the frying process, hot oil or fat serves as a heat transfer medium. Ideal fat in all frying processes does not exist due to differences in the chemical composition of the product, process conditions, expected nutritive value, and shelf life of the final product. During frying, physical and chemical changes simultaneously occur changing the chemical composition of edible oils. The food is immersed in hot fat, in the presence of air, where the frying medium is directly affected by three agents: moisture from the food, atmospheric oxygen, and high temperature. Reactions that occur are hydrolysis, auto-oxidation, thermal oxidation, and thermal decomposition, and the products that occur affect various physical and chemical changes in fats, as well as in fried food. The quality and oxidative stability of vegetable oils or their resistance to changes caused by oxidative processes is the time during which oils can be protected from the (auto) oxidation process. Analytical methods used in practice to determine the oxidative stability of oils are accelerated oil oxidation test (Rancimat test and OSI index) and Schaal oven test. In this paper, the possibilities of improving refined sunflower oil in order to obtain oil with greater applications in the food frying process are examined. Standard refined sunflower oil, sunflower oil with altered fatty acid composition, as well as sunflower oil enriched with natural and synthetic antioxidants were tested. The obtained results were compared with palmolein, commonly used for food frying. Of the tested sunflower oils, high-oleic sunflower oil with an iodine value (IV) of 85 g/100 g, OSI index of 9.3, and total oxidation (TOTOX) index of 4.73, increased 6.66 times after exposure to frying proving to be the most similar to palmolein (IV = 57 g/100 g; OSI = 17.8; TOTOX = 7.60).

Abstract Malaysia is presently the world’s largest exporter of palm oil with total production of 19.22 million tonnes of crude palm oil (CPO) in 2013. Aside CPO, by-products such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), palm kernel oil (PKO), palm kernel cake (PKC) and pressed palm fibres (PPF) are produced from the palm oil mills. These biomasses can be used as potential feedstock for the production of biofuels, biogas and bioelectricity. One of the ways to fully harness the potentials of these biomasses is by employing the biorefinery concepts where all the products and by-products from oil palm are utilized for production of valuable bio-products. In this study, technological feasibility of biorefinery for the production of biodiesel, hydrogen, Fischer-Tropsch liquids (FTLs) integrated with combined heat and power (CHP) generation was investigated. Flowsheet was designed for each of the processes using Aspen HYSYS® v 8.0. Material balance was performed on a palm oil mill processing 250 tonnes per year of fresh fruit palm (FFP). Results from the material balance shows that 45.1 tonnes of refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RDBPO) and 52.4 tonnes of EFB were available for the production of biodiesel, hydrogen, FTLs and the CHP generation. The annual plant capacity of the biodiesel production is estimated to be 26,331.912 tonnes. The overall energy consumption of the whole process was estimated to be 36.0 GJ/h. This energy demand was met with power generated from the CHP which is 792 GJ/h leaving a surplus of 756 GJ/h that can be sold to the grid. The process modelling and simulation of the biorefinery process shows technological feasibility of producing valuable products from oil palm.

Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system has a successful operation in the treatment of different types of wastewater. Since the media, i.e. the place of growth and formation of biofilm, play the main role in the treatment in this system, MBBR systems were operated in the present research with modified Bee-cell media. Activated carbon granules of almond or walnut shells were placed in media pores to improve the treatment of refinery oil wastewater and their operation with MBBR system was compared with the conventional Bee-cell media. In these experiments, the effects of organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time (HRT), media filling ratio (MFR), and activated carbon concentration (ACC) used in the media were investigated on the operation of MBBR systems. The analysis of results estimated the optimal values of HRT, MFR, and ACC used in the media between the studied levels, being equal to 22 h, 50%, and 7.5 g/L, respectively. Under these conditions, total petroleum hydrocarbons removal efficiencies for MBBR systems using Bee-cell media with carbon of almond, carbon of walnut shells, and a carbon-free system were 95 ± 1.17%, 91 ± 1.11%, and 57 ± 1.7%, respectively, which confirms the adsorption ability of systems with the media containing activated carbon in the removal of petroleum compounds from wastewater.

Observations about the impact of environmental parameters and time, on fortified vegetable oil, using typical commercial grade linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) packaging during typical shelf-life conditions, are minimal. We tested the long-term (12 months) impact of temperature and illuminance (light: 100 to 150 lux and darkness <1 lux) on refined bleached deodorized palm olein (RBDPOL), fortified with vitamin A, and without antioxidant. Results showed degradation of fortified RBDPOL with 70 ppm vitamin A was approximately 19% at 18-22oC in Light, 18% at 18-22oC in Darkness, 38% at 32-33oC in light and 24% 32-33oC in darkness. A similar trend was observed at 45 ppm vitamin A. Exposure to both heat and light impacted vitamin A degradation, but was primarily attributed to prolonged exposure at elevated temperature, irrespective of the packaging material. This short study validates extensive research by Silalahi et al., (2017), doi:10.1111/ijfs.13462 on the impact of environmental effects of fortified vegetable frying oil, during extensive storage life periods.

Has done design tool is a tool of refined coconut oil coconut grater, squeezer coconut milk and coconut oil heating, with the aim to streamline the time of making coconut oil and coconut oil increase production capacity. The research method consists of several stages, among others; image creation tool, procurement of materials research, cutting the material - the material framework of tools and performance test tools. The parameters observed during the performance test tools is time grated coconut, coconut milk bleeder capacity, the capacity of the boiler and the heating time of coconut oil. The design tool consists of three parts, namely a tool shaved coconut, coconut milk wringer and coconut milk heating devices. Materials used for the framework of such tools include iron UNP 6 meters long, 7.5 cm wide, 4 mm thick, while the motor uses an electric motor 0.25 HP 1430 rpm and to dampen the rotation electric motor rotation used gearbox with a ratio of round 1 : 60. the results of the design ie the time required for coconut menyerut average of 297 seconds, coconut milk wringer capacity of 5 kg of processes and using gauze pads to filter coconut pulp, as well as the heating process takes ± 2 hours with a capacity of 80 kg , The benefits of coconut oil refined tools are stripping time or split brief coconut average - average 7 seconds and coconut shell can be used as craft materials, processes extortion coconut milk quickly so the production capacity increased and the stirring process coconut oil mechanically.ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan rancang bangun alat olahan minyak kelapa yaitu alat pemarut kelapa, pemeras santan kelapa dan pemanas minyak kelapa, dengan tujuan untuk mengefisiensikan waktu pembuatan minyak kelapa serta meningkatkan kapasitas produksi minyak kelapa. Metode penelitian terdiri dari beberapa tahapan antara lain; pembuatan gambar alat, pengadaan bahan-bahan penelitian, pemotongan bahan - bahan rangka alat dan uji unjuk kerja alat. Parameter yang diamati pada saat uji unjuk kerja alat adalah waktu parut kelapa, kapasitas pemeras santan kelapa, kapasitas tungku pemanas serta waktu pemanasan minyak kelapa. Rancangan alat terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu alat penyerut kelapa, alat pemeras santan kelapa dan alat pemanas santan kelapa. Bahan yang dipergunakan untuk rangka alat tersebut yaitu besi UNP panjang 6 meter, lebar 7,5 cm, tebal 4 mm, sedangkan untuk motor penggerak menggunakan motor listrik 0,25 HP 1430 rpm dan untuk meredam putaran putaran motor listrik dipergunakan gearbox dengan perbandingan putaran 1 : 60. Hasil dari rancangan tersebut yaitu waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyerut kelapa rata-rata 297 detik, kapasitas alat pemeras santan kelapa 5 kg sekali proses dan menggunakan kain kassa untuk menyaring ampas kelapa, serta Proses pemanasan membutuhkan waktu ± 2 jam dengan kapasitas 80 kg. Adapun keunggulan alat olahan minyak kelapa ini adalah waktu pengupasan atau belah kelapa singkat rata – rata 7 detik dan tempurung kelapa dapat digunakan sebagai bahan kerajinan, proses pemerasan santan kelapa cepat sehingga kapasitas produksi meningkat dan proses pengadukan minyak kelapa secara mekanis. Kata kunci : penyerut, pemeras, pemanas,minyak kelapa,olahan minyak kelapa.

The first marine ice-resistant stationary platform Pil’tun-Astokhskaya-A (MISP PA-A) was installed on the northeast shelf of Sakhalin Island more than 20 years ago. Currently, five MISPs (PA-A, PA-B, LUN-A, Orlan and Berkut) operate in the coastal waters and plans are being actively discussed to develop new hydrocarbon deposits. The duration of the ice period in this region of the Sea of Okhotsk varies from 181 to 197 days, and the issue of actions plans for the elimination and mitigation of possible large-scale oil spills in the ice period are of particular relevance. This paper presents the results of the study of the conditions for the formation of open water spaces (OWS) in the ice cover (IC) behind the MISP obtained from aeronautical, shipbased and satellite observations, as well as practical experience in ice management in the framework of the Sakhalin-2 project in 1999–2008. The peculiarities of OWS formation can be refined for significant increasing of response on the oil pollution in the presence of the IC, for example, by eliminating oil in the wake formed by ice drift after the MISP and therefore reduce the load on the marine environment. The proposed methodological approach of artificially created OWS can be implemented in the waters of the freezing and Arctic seas that wash the shores of Russia, where the development of offshore hydrocarbon deposits is underway. At the same time, special attention for each particular MISP should be given to taking into account local ice conditions when developing safety issues for conducting such marine operations (this issue should be the subject of a separate study).

Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) analyses were carried out on 165 potential source rocks of Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous age from nine wells in the Browse Basin (Adele–1, Argus–1, Brecknock South–1, Brewster–1A, Carbine–1, Crux–1, Dinichthys–1, Gorgonichthys–1 and Titanichthys–1). Samples from Brewster–1A and Dinichthys–1 were also analysed using the Ultra Small Angle Neutron Scattering (USANS) technique.The SANS/USANS data detect the presence of generated bitumen and mobile hydrocarbons in pores and are pore-size specific. As the pore-size range in mudstones extends from about 0.001–30 μm, the presence of bitumen in the small pores detected by SANS indicates the depth of onset of hydrocarbon generation, whereas the presence of bitumen and mobile hydrocarbons in the largest pores detected by USANS indicates a significant saturation and the onset of expulsion.Although geochemical data imply the existence of a potential gas and oil source rock in the Lower Cretaceous section (Echuca Shoals and Jamieson Formations), the SANS/USANS data indicate significant generation but little or no expulsion. This source limitation may explain poor exploration success for liquid hydrocarbons in the area. The SANS/USANS data provide evidence of intra- and inter-formational hydrocarbon migration or kerogen kinetics barriers. There is no evidence of an oil charge to the Berriasian Brewster Sandstone from the Echuca Shoals Formation, although some gas charge in Brewster–1A is possible. This novel microstructural technique can be used to independently calibrate and refine source rock generation/expulsion scenarios derived from geochemistry modelling.

The use of high-pressure pipelines for the transportation of oil products, natural gas, water requires ensuring the trouble-free operation of these structures during the operation period. The reliability and strength of pipelines determines their operational and economic reliability. Obviously, the presence of microdefects in pipelines material leads to a decrease in their strength. In the vicinity of microdefects, the process of material destruction is possible, leading to a loss of strength, which is accompanied by the destruction of structures and, as a consequence, economic damage, environmental deterioration. The study is aimed at developing the approaches and methods for increasing the economic and operational reliability of pipeline facilities by improving the acoustic methods for fixing microdefects in the used construction material. Improvement of acoustic methods for detecting microdefects in viscoelastic materials of pipelines can be carried out by developing mathematically refined models of the cylindrical shells’ dynamics, taking into account real physical and mechanical characteristics, leading to more accurate parameters of combined nonlinear waves. Such models are nonlinear and are built taking into account the real hereditary properties of the material, the possibility of developing large strains in the material.

Dispersant use can be a critical component of an effective response to larger offshore oil spills. When used appropriately, dispersants can reduce the potential for long term environmental damage by preventing oil slicks from entering sensitive near shore environments or stranding on shorelines. Preparedness is essential for successful dispersant application – product selection and inventory management are critical elements for ensuring global dispersant stockpiles are response ready. Product Selection: A number of factors need to be carefully considered while selecting specific dispersants, especially in the case of large scale response-related inventories. These include: Breadth of Approvals: The existing global landscape of dispersant approvals is varied and needs to be understood in order to support international response readiness. Availability/Diversity of data demonstrating effectiveness: It is important to have credible data relating to effectiveness on a wide diversity of oils (light to heavy, crudes to refined products) and how performance may be affected as oils weather. Performance data should be available that show how well products work at different temperatures and different dispersant to oil ratios. In general, it is important to ensure that selected products have the broadest applicability for the variety of circumstances that may arise. Availability/Diversity of data on responder safety and potential toxicity to marine life: It is important to have as much credible data as possible with respect to any health concerns for response personnel and/or toxicity concerns regarding marine life. Availability of this information from reliable sources, e.g., peer reviewed journals and publications, is needed for regulatory approval and support of dispersant use decisions. Stockpile Maintenance: A robust maintenance program is required to ensure the structural integrity and chemical quality/effectiveness of dispersant stockpiles. Visual Inspection: Aligned with routine equipment maintenance programs, visual inspection focuses on storage conditions, identification labeling, container defects/damage, leaks and changes to colour and clarity over time. Effectiveness Testing: A simple and repeatable sampling and chemical analysis protocol for dispersant effectiveness is necessary. Two global Oil Spill Response Organizations (OSROs) with large scale dispersant stockpiles (i.e. Tier III Inventories) have collaboratively developed a large scale dispersant inventory management regime in consultation with the Oil and Gas Industry. This paper will describe the development and implementation of the regime and highlight some of the challenges including dispersant shelf-life, validity of testing data and regulatory approval.

Pore pressure prediction provides an important risk assessment in the oil and gas industry. Most predrill pore-pressure prediction methods from seismic and/or well-log sonic velocities are based on the effective stress principle, which relates velocity variation to the combined effect of overburden stress and pore pressure. In the current practice of pore pressure prediction, the effective stress coefficient [Formula: see text] is often assumed as unity, which is not always the case, especially when sediments are deeply buried and consolidated. To understand the variation of [Formula: see text] with depth, I analyzed density and velocity trends from more than 100 Gulf of Mexico wells near the Louisiana continental shelf edge. In the study area, overpressure zones are present in most wells and compaction disequilibrium is the dominant overpressure mechanism. Normal compaction trends for velocity and density were built. The overburden pressure model was refined by taking into account that the density gradient approaches zero at the onset depth of overpressure. Based on the effective pressure principle, values for [Formula: see text] in the overpressure intervals were estimated in the study area. The average [Formula: see text] values varied from 0.6 to 0.9 inclusive of errors associated with assuming the gradient of mud weight and pore pressure is the same.

In this paper, we set forth a framework for solving a multiattribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problem, namely, the selection of a firm for participation in a Saudi oil refinery project in Pakistan. This project will prove a key success factor for the economic growth of Pakistan due to its enormous economic impact on the energy sector, industrial development, commerce, transportation, and so on. This multiplicity justifies that several intricate components comprising both intrinsic and external attributes should be adequately evaluated for the selection of such a firm, that is, the formulation of this question as a MAGDM problem. Nonbinary evaluation with two-dimensional ambiguity and uncertainty in the parameters are general concerns in modern literature, and they fit into this problem. Within this context, one of the most superior and amenable theories (complex spherical fuzzy N -soft sets, henceforth C S F N S f S s ) shall be used to formulate a new comprehensive method, known as complex spherical fuzzy N -soft-VIKOR ( C S F N S f -VIKOR) method. According to the general spirit of the benchmark technique, the normalized Euclidean distances and the weights of the attributes are jointly handled, and as consequence, two main features (“maximum group utility” and “minimum individual regret”) are acquired. The coefficient strategy with reference to group utility measure and individual regret measure of opponents are employed for the compromise measure. Armed with this novel tool, we single out the most feasible firm according to the preference order of the alternatives examined by the decision-makers on the subject of linear normalized weights of experts and attributes. Furthermore, a comparative analysis justifies the C S F -VIKOR method, and some results prove its capabilities and validity. Moreover, a sensitivity test certifies the stability of the proposed method.

Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) is an international energy corporation wholly owned by the Republic of Venezuela, whose principal areas of activity are petroleum, bitumen, natural gas, coal and petrochemicals. The steady expansion of PDVSA's NATURAL GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN Venezuela and the strong performance of its subsidiaries, has contributed to increase its operational and marketing flexibility, thus allowing it to evolve from a simple exporter of crude oil and refined products to an important supplier of Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) to the world's major energy markets. In this respect Corpoven one of PDVSA's affiliated Companies has made considerable progress with the expansion of its Eastern Venezuela Cryogenic Complex. In 1994 it will produce an incremental volume of 45 thousand barrels per day of natural gas liquids from gas pipe in from northern Monagas region. Also, it has programmed the installation of two other Criogenic Plants in the next ten years, and as a result NGL exports are expected to increase from 175 thousand barrels day in 1994 to 232 thousand barrels day in 1998. Plans are also well underway for Venezuela to become a major exporter of LNG towards the turn of the century. More specifically, at the end of 1992, another PDVSA subsidiary, Lagoven, reached an agreement with Exxon, Shall and Mitsubishi to develop the Cristobal Colon LNG project, which calls for the exploitation of vast reserves of natural gas located in the Gulf of Paria, in northeastern Venezuela. The projected LNG production is in the order of 6 million tons per year.

Discharge of poorly treated refinery wastewater has always been a major environmental challenge. Bacterial immobilization is key to the maintenance of biomass on a contaminated site. In this study, a mixed culture of three bacterial isolates from oil-polluted water: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MN294989), Bacillus tequilensis (MN294990) and Micrococcus sp. immobilized on Groundnut Shell (GS), Melon Husk (MH) and Sugarcane Bagasse (SB) were employed in the bioremediation of Port Harcourt refinery wastewater. Surface area and pore size distribution of the agro-based bio carriers were suitable for bacteria adhesion. The bacterial isolates were screened for phenol, naphthalene and hydrocarbon utilization. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to ascertain the immobilization of the consortium on the agro-base carriers. A 15-days laboratory-scale treatment of refinery raw wastewater was compared in the immobilised and immobilized consortium. The agro-based residue immobilized consortium enhanced the reduction in BOD5, COD, oil and grease, phenol by 7%, 9%, 30% and 5% respectively compared to the free form of the consortium. This study underscores the role of immobilization in maintaining high bacterial biomass on contaminated site and possible improvement in bioremediation of refinery wastewater.

Fossil fuel as the world dominated energy source is depleting and posing environmental issue. Therefore, Synthesis gas (or syngas) which serve environmental clean fuel characteristic is expected to play a major role as one of the potential renewable energy in the future. Syngas, produced from solid feedstock (such as biomass, coal, refinery residual, organic waste and municipal waste) via gasification process can be used directly as fuel for power generation. Besides, syngas also acts as key intermediary to produce transport fuel depending on their quality. The chosen feedstock for syngas production determines the composition and heating value of the syngas produced and hence will be reviewed in general. This paper then review critically palms biomass as the potential source of feedstock for syngas production, as it is widely accessible in the context Malaysia. Palm biomass presents a solution that is sustainable and eco-friendly that is yet to be fully capitalized in the palm oil industry. Some of the palm biomass including oil palm frond (OPF), empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) are identified to contain high heating value which indicate their potential use as solid biomass feedstock for syngas production.

There is an increasing awareness of the impact of spilled crude oil and its refined products on human health and environment. The potential of using groundnut husk, agro-based waste, which is not only ubiquitous but indiscriminately littered around Nigerian urban areas, as an adsorbent in removal of oil spilled on water was investigated. Groundnut shell, a waste generated in local vegetable oil processing plants, has been converted into a low cost adsorbent. The groundnut husk was treated and meshed to adsorb crude oil from water at various experimental conditions. Investigations include the effects of sorbent dosage, particle size, contact time and temperature on the adsorption of crude oil. Meshed groundnut shell, especially less than 150 µm, exhibited high affinity for oil adsorption with time. The optimum adsorption temperature range lies between 25 – 45°C. The adsorption data indicates that a pseudo-second-order equation could be used to study the adsorption kinetics and the correlation coefficient of 0.9985 indicates that the sorption process is dominated by adsorption process. The results demonstrate that crude oil removal by adsorption onto this abundantly available low cost and readily biodegradable material is feasible. With high affinity for oil and low water pick up, meshed groundnut shell adsorbent could be said to be oleophilic or hydrophobic.

Background:: Several researches have focused on the antioxidant capacity of natural components extracted from plants. Their properties are determined by the presence of phenolic compounds that extend the shelf life of food and protect fats from autoxidation. Olive leaves, an abundant raw material, are a significant source of bioactive phenolic compounds, which can be used to enrich a widely used edible oil. Objective:: The goal of this study was to improve the properties and stability of soybean oil by adding phenolic compounds extracted from the leaves of wild and cultivated olive trees. Methods:: Leaf polyphenolic extracts obtained from Chemlal cultivar and wild olive were used to enrich refined soybean oil. The antioxidant activity was evaluated for chain-breaking antioxidant effect using DPPH and FRAP essay. The oxidative stability was estimated using a rancimat apparatus. The effect of the frying conditions was studied by determining the rate of the polar fraction. Results:: Total phenol contents from cultivated and wild olive leaves, were important: 1047.19mg EAG /100g and 1424.59mg EAG/100g, respectively. Oil extracts enriched with Chemlal and wild olive leaves extracts at 25ppm presented 93.29% and 93.20% inhibition percent of DPPH radical, respectively. An improvement of 75 and 73% was showed for oils enriched with Chemlal and wild olive leaves respectively for the antiradical activity against DPPH radical. The stability of the enriched oils is proportional to the concentrations of phenolic extracts and higher than that showed for the non-enriched one. The frying test showed that the enrichment is causing a complete absence of polar compounds in the fries. Conclusion:: The results of this study show the efficacy of adding polyphenols olive leaves to increase the quality and oxidative stability of refined soybean oil.

In this study, the effect of a novel antioxidants composite system based on a synergetic composite between Tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), Ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, and Dimethicone have been evaluated against the classical common antioxidant system based on TBHQ at the highest permitted dose of 200 ppm during successive deep-frying cycles. Also, the shelf life of fried food and its sensory performance and oil absorption content o fried food were comparatively studied. The Novel antioxidant composite system is a synergetic blend of an artificial antioxidant, TBHQ and vitamin C palmitate( Ascorbyl palmitate) as natural identical antioxidants, an effective sequestrant which is Citric acid and poly dimethyl siloxane as an anti-foaming system to obtain the highest oxidative stability impact during deep frying. The frying processes were carried at 180 ᴼC for sliced potato chips for 8 successive frying cycles.Sensory evaluation of the fried potato has been conducted under accelerated storage conditions to determine the effect of the oil oxidative stability on the shelf life of fried food. The oxidative degradation of the oil was evaluated by measuring different oxidation and degradation parameters for their respective peroxide value ( PV), free fatty acid( FFA %), the content of conjugated dienes, P-anisidine value,( p-A.V), induction period (IP), and Lovibond color. The (%) of oil absorption in the potato chips was also measured. The sensory evaluation has been done for fried foods to evaluate the crunchiness and likability of obtained french fries. Results revealed that the jump in primary & secondary oxidation parameters as PV and p- A.V.of palm olein after 8 successive frying cycles was very limited for the antioxidant composite system I by only 1.842± 0.1 meq O2/ kg in PV and by 6.2315±0.45 for p-A.V. Same for FFA, the jump was limited for the antioxidant composite system I for only 0.084+/-0.005 as well. However, the final PV, FFA after the 8 frying cycles are still within the Codex and local Egyptian regulation limits the edible oil human usage. Same for other quality parameters like color jump was limited to 3.4 Red jumps on Lovi bond scale for composite I. Study proofed that palm olein fortified with 650 ppm of the antioxidant composite (I) consists of TBHQ, Ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, and polydimethylsiloxane at the specified synergistic ratios gives outstanding stability to refined Palm olein during the successive deep frying up to 8 successive frying cycles. It also achieved less oil absorption for french fries by about 3.5% less than the same oil fortified with 200 ppm TBHQ, which is the highest permitted dose of this strong antioxidant. (P≤0.05). Furthermore, sensory evaluation of the fried potatoes has been improved with the novel antioxidant system compared to theclassical TBHQ system.

In recent years, there has been a great tendency to optimize energy consumption in the oil and gas industry’s upstream and downstream equipment. One of the most energy-intensive processes in natural gas refineries is the condensate stabilization unit (gas condensate). The main bottlenecks of energy consumption in the old units are condensated stabilization (dehumidification with ethylene glycol), heater reboiler, and air coolers (air coolers). Therefore, much attention should be paid to these applications and electricity and steam consumption in this unit. In this study, a simulated model based on the Gachsaran gas refinery’s new layout has been developed. Optimization of this part of the existing process is preheating the inlet flow to the reboiler by adding a two-stage shell-tube heat exchanger. This reduces the amount of steam needed to evaporate the inlet stream to the end of the tower. On the other hand, by pre-cooling the inlet currents to the air conditioners, the amount of electricity consumed to reach the outlet flows’ the desired temperature would be reduced. The results show an attractive return on investment for the remediation plan, a reduction in energy demand, and an increase in the unit’s productivity.

В ноябре 2019 г. в Южно-Китайском море (исключительная экономическая зона СРВ) впервые за последние 30 лет была проведена крупная комплексная геолого-геофизическая совместная экспедиция ТОИ ДВО РАН и Вьетнамской академии наук и технологий (88-й рейс НИС «Академик М.А. Лаврентьев»). Области изучения – геофизика, геология, гидроакустика, газогеохимия, гидрооптика, геомикробиология, палеогеография и гидрология. В толще вод и донных отложениях впервые обнаружены газогеохимические аномалии, сравнимые с аномалиями над нефтегазоносным шельфом о-ва Сахалин. Впервые в районе исследований выявлены геомикробиологические индикаторы углеводородных скоплений. Уточнены рельеф, геофизические поля, гидрологическая структура, особенности седиментации, палеогеографии и минералогии континентального шельфа Вьетнама и прилегающих глубоководных бассейнов. Предложено выделить тонкодисперсные карбонатно-глинистые осадочные отложения в самостоятельный минеральный ресурс. Выявлены районы, перспективные для поисков новых залежей нефти и газа, газогидратов, скоплений железо-марганцевых образований и др. Более 70 % научного состава экспедиции составляли молодые ученые. In November 2019, for the first time in 30 years, an integrated geological and geophysical joint expedition of the POI FEB RAS and the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology was carried out in the South China Sea (EEZ Vietnam) (88 cruise of the R/V “Akademik M.A. Lavrent’yev”). The set of methods consisted of geophysics, geology, hydroacoustics, gasgeochemistry, hydrooptics, geomicrobiology, paleogeography and hydrology. Gasgeochemical anomalies were found in the water column and bottom sediments, comparable with the anomalies over the oil and gas deposits along the Sea of Okhotsk shelf of Sakhalin Island. For the first time in the study area, deep water geomicrobiological indicators of hydrocarbon accumulations have been identified. The relief, geophysical fields, hydrological structure, features of sedimentation, paleogeography and mineralogy of the continental shelf of Vietnam and the adjacent deep sea basins are refined. Finely dispersed carbonate-clay sediments were proposed as a new mineral resource. Areas that are promising for the search for new deposits of oil and gas, gashydrates, accumulations of iron-manganese formations, and others are identified. Young scientists occupied more than 60 % of the scientific expedition staff.

Cardanol is a kind of green industrial raw material, refined from cashew nut shell oil by advanced technology, which has shown potential for anticorrosion coating application. A new cardanol-based benzoxazine monomer (CB) was synthesized by Mannich condensation of a cardanol, paraformaldehyde, and cardanol aldehyde amine (Carala), which was prepared based on cardanol, paraformaldehyde, and triethylenetetramine, and finally, the cardanol-based benzoxazines containing amino group were modified by silane (CBSi). Cardanol, Carala, and CB were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the cured films have been evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The result of DSC of CB and CBSi showed that curing behavior of CBSi was similar to that of CB; however, the enthalpy of polymerization reaction corresponding to CB and CBSi is 84.7 J g−1 and 91.3 J g−1, respectively, and exothermic enthalpy of CBSi is slightly higher than that of CB. TGA results illuminated that the thermal stability and char yield of cardanol-based polybenzoxazine could be enhanced due to increment of silane, and residual char yield at 700°C of CBSi30 is 13%. Especially, incorporation of silane could improve the water contact angle, which can increase from 78.7° to 98.9° when the ratio of γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane to CB increases from 0% to 30%.

Abstract Objectives To investigate the association between taste perception for sweet, salt, sour, bitter and umami and food category intakes. We hypothesized that greater taste perception will be inversely associated with the amount consumed. Methods A cross-sectional baseline analysis was performed on community-dwelling overweight adults with metabolic syndrome (N = 367, 55–75y) from the PREDIMED-PLUS Trial, University of Valencia Center, Spain. Taste perception was determined by challenging subjects with standard solutions of sweet, salt, sour, bitter and umami (400 mM sucrose, 200 mM NaCl, 34 mM citric acid, 5.6 mM phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), 200 mM monopotassium glutamate, respectively) and evaluated on a 0–5 scale. Outcomes included intake (servings/week) of food categories derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire: fruit (citrus/non-citrus/nuts), vegetables (cruciferous/non-cruciferous), protein (eggs/fish[fresh/shell/canned]/meat[processed/unprocessed]), grains (legumes/refined/whole), dairy (regular/low- & no-fat) and oils (extra virgin olive (EVOO)/olive/vegetable). Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess associations of perception for each taste and consumption of each food category (untransformed or transformed, for normality). Results After controlling for age, sex, diabetes, smoking, physical activity and energy intake, sweet was inversely associated with vegetables (β = −1.1; 95% CI = [−2.0, −0.2]), particularly non-cruciferous (β = −1.0; P = 0.02), and citrus fruit (β = −0.5; P < 0.01); salt was positively associated with fruit (β = 1.0; 95% CI = [0.04, 1.9]), particularly non-citrus (β = 0.6; P = 0.03), and olive oil (β = 1.1; P = 0.02) but negatively associated with EVOO (β = −1.4; P = 0.02); sour was positively associated with cruciferous vegetables (β = 0.1; P = 0.04); bitter was inversely associated with canned fish (β = −0.1; P = 0.03); and umami was positively associated with non-cruciferous vegetables (β = 0.7; P = 0.04) and inversely associated with regular dairy (β = −0.4; P = 0.04). Conclusions Our hypothesis was rejected. Taste perception for sweet, salt, sour, bitter and umami differentially affected intake of various food categories; suggesting a role of taste perception in diet quality, energy balance and diet-related chronic diseases. Funding Sources This study was funded by the ARS/USDA, and the Spanish Ministry of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), SAF2016–80,532-R, and the Generalitat Valenciana.

The brand began, quite literally, as a method for ranchers to identify their cattle. By burning a distinct symbol into the hide of a baby calf, the owner could insure that if it one day wandered off his property or was stolen by a competitor, he’d be able to point to that logo and claim the animal as his rightful property. When the manufacturers of products adopted the brand as a way of guaranteeing the quality of their goods, its function remained pretty much the same. Buying a package of oats with the Quaker label meant the customer could trace back these otherwise generic oats to their source. If there was a problem, he knew where he could turn. More important, if the oats were of satisfactory or superior quality, he knew where he could get them again. Trademarking a brand meant that no one else could call his oats Quaker. Advertising in this innocent age simply meant publicizing the existence of one’s brand. The sole objective was to increase consumers awareness of the product or company that made it. Those who even thought to employ specialists for the exclusive purpose of writing ad copy hired newspaper reporters and travelling salesmen, who knew how to explain the attributes of an item in words that people tended to remember. It wasn’t until 1922 that a preacher and travelling “medicine show” salesman-turned-copywriter named Claude Hopkins decided that advertising should be systematized into a science. His short but groundbreaking book Scientific Advertising proposed that the advertisement is merely a printed extension of the salesman¹s pitch and should follow the same rules. Hopkins believed in using hard descriptions over hype, and text over image: “The more you tell, the more you sell” and “White space is wasted space” were his mantras. Hopkins believed that any illustrations used in an ad should be directly relevant to the product itself, not just a loose or emotional association. He insisted on avoiding “frivolity” at all costs, arguing that “no one ever bought from a clown.” Although some images did appear in advertisements and on packaging as early as the 1800s - the Quaker Oats man showed up in 1877 - these weren¹t consciously crafted to induce psychological states in customers. They were meant just to help people remember one brand over another. How better to recall the brand Quaker than to see a picture of one? It wasn’t until the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, as Americans turned toward movies and television and away from newspapers and radio, that advertisers’ focus shifted away from describing their brands and to creating images for them. During these decades, Midwestern adman Leo Burnett concocted what is often called the Chicago school of advertising, in which lovable characters are used to represent products. Green Giant, which was originally just the Minnesota Valley Canning Company’s code name for an experimental pea, became the Jolly Green Giant in young Burnett’s world of animated characters. He understood that the figure would make a perfect and enticing brand image for an otherwise boring product and could also serve as a mnemonic device for consumers. As he watched his character grow in popularity, Burnett discovered that the mythical figure of a green giant had resonance in many different cultures around the world. It became a kind of archetype and managed to penetrate the psyche in more ways than one. Burnett was responsible for dozens of character-based brand images, including Tony the Tiger, Charlie the Tuna, Morris the Cat, and the Marlboro Man. In each case, the character creates a sense of drama, which engages the audience in the pitch. This was Burnett’s great insight. He still wanted to sell a product based on its attributes, but he knew he had to draw in his audience using characters. Brand images were also based on places, like Hidden Valley Ranch salad dressing, or on recognizable situations, such as the significant childhood memories labelled “Kodak moments” or a mother nurturing her son on a cold day, a defining image for Campbell’s soup. In all these cases, however, the moment, location, or character went only so far as to draw the audience into the ad, after which they would be subjected to a standard pitch: ‘Soup is good food’, or ‘Sorry, Charlie, only the best tuna get to be Starkist’. Burnett saw himself as a homespun Midwesterner who was contributing to American folklore while speaking in the plain language of the people. He took pride in the fact that his ads used words like “ain’t”; not because they had some calculated psychological effect on the audience, but because they communicated in a natural, plainspoken style. As these methods found their way to Madison Avenue and came to be practiced much more self-consciously, Burnett¹s love for American values and his focus on brand attributes were left behind. Branding became much more ethereal and image-based, and ads only occasionally nodded to a product’s attributes. In the 1960s, advertising gurus like David Ogilvy came up with rules about television advertising that would have made Claude Hopkins shudder. “Food in motion” dictated that food should always be shot by a moving camera. “Open with fire” meant that ads should start in a very exciting and captivating way. Ogilvy told his creatives to use supers - text superimposed on the screen to emphasize important phrases and taglines. All these techniques were devised to promote brand image, not the product. Ogilvy didn’t believe consumers could distinguish between products were it not for their images. In Ogilvy on Advertising, he explains that most people cannot tell the difference between their own “favourite” whiskey and the closest two competitors’: ‘Have they tried all three and compared the taste? Don¹t make me laugh. The reality is that these three brands have different images which appeal to different kinds of people. It isn¹t the whiskey they choose, it’s the image. The brand image is ninety percent of what the distiller has to sell.’ (Ogilvy, 1993). Thus, we learned to “trust our car to the man who wears the star” not because Texaco had better gasoline than Shell, but because the company’s advertisers had created a better brand image. While Burnett and his disciples were building brand myths, another school of advertisers was busy learning about its audience. Back in the 1920s, Raymond Rubicam, who eventually founded the agency Young and Rubicam, thought it might be interesting to hire a pollster named Dr. Gallup from Northwestern University to see what could be gleaned about consumers from a little market research. The advertising industry’s version of cultural anthropology, or demographics, was born. Like the public-relations experts who study their target populations in order to manipulate them later, marketers began conducting polls, market surveys, and focus groups on the segments of the population they hoped to influence. And to draw clear, clean lines between demographic groups, researchers must almost always base distinctions on four factors: race, age, sex, and wages. Demographic research is reductionist by design. I once consulted to an FM radio station whose station manager wanted to know, “Who is our listener?” Asking such a question reduces an entire listenership down to one fictional person. It’s possible that no single individual will ever match the “customer profile” meant to apply to all customers, which is why so much targeted marketing often borders on classist, racist, and sexist pandering. Billboards for most menthol cigarettes, for example, picture African-Americans because, according to demographic research, black people prefer them to regular cigarettes. Microsoft chose Rolling Stones songs to launch Windows 95, a product targeted at wealthy baby boomers. “The Women’s Global Challenge” was an advertising-industry-created Olympics for women, with no purpose other than to market to active females. By the 1970s, the two strands of advertising theory - demographic research and brand image - were combined to develop campaigns that work on both levels. To this day, we know to associate Volvos with safety, Dr. Pepper with individuality, and Harley-Davidson with American heritage. Each of these brand images is crafted to appeal to the target consumer’s underlying psychological needs: Volvo ads are aimed at upper-middle-class white parents who fear for their children’s health and security, Dr. Pepper is directed to young nonconformists, and the Harley-Davidson image supports its riders’ self-perception as renegades. Today’s modern (or perhaps postmodern) brands don’t invent a corporate image on their own; they appropriate one from the media itself, such as MetLife did with Snoopy, Butterfinger did with Bart Simpson, or Kmart did by hiring Penny Marshall and Rosie O’Donnell. These mascots were selected because their perceived characteristics match the values of their target consumers - not the products themselves. In the language of today’s marketers, brand images do not reflect on products but on advertisers’ perceptions of their audiences’ psychology. This focus on audience composition and values has become the standard operating procedure in all of broadcasting. When Fox TV executives learned that their animated series “King of the Hill”, about a Texan propane distributor, was not faring well with certain demographics, for example, they took a targeted approach to their character’s rehabilitation. The Brandweek piece on Fox’s ethnic campaign uncomfortably dances around the issue. Hank Hill is the proverbial everyman, and Fox wants viewers to get comfortable with him; especially viewers in New York, where “King of the Hill”’s homespun humor hasn’t quite caught on with the young urbanites. So far this season, the show has pulled in a 10.1 rating/15 share in households nationally, while garnering a 7.9 rating/12 share in New York (Brandweek, 1997) As far as Fox was concerned, while regular people could identify with the network’s new “everyman” character, New Yorkers weren’t buying his middle-American patter. The television show’s ratings proved what TV executives had known all along: that New York City’s Jewish demographic doesn’t see itself as part of the rest of America. Fox’s strategy for “humanizing” the character to those irascible urbanites was to target the group’s ethnographic self-image. Fox put ads for the show on the panels of sidewalk coffee wagons throughout Manhattan, with the tagline “Have a bagel with Hank”. In an appeal to the target market’s well-developed (and well-researched) cynicism, Hank himself is shown saying, “May I suggest you have that with a schmear”. The disarmingly ethnic humor here is meant to underscore the absurdity of a Texas propane salesman using a Jewish insider’s word like “schmear.” In another Upper West Side billboard, Hank’s son appeals to the passing traffic: “Hey yo! Somebody toss me up a knish!” As far as the New York demographic is concerned, these jokes transform the characters from potentially threatening Southern rednecks into loveable hicks bending over backward to appeal to Jewish sensibilities, and doing so with a comic and, most important, nonthreatening inadequacy. Today, the most intensely targeted demographic is the baby - the future consumer. Before an average American child is twenty months old, he can recognize the McDonald’s logo and many other branded icons. Nearly everything a toddler encounters - from Band-Aids to underpants - features the trademarked characters of Disney or other marketing empires. Although this target market may not be in a position to exercise its preferences for many years, it pays for marketers to imprint their brands early. General Motors bought a two-page ad in Sports Illustrated for Kids for its Chevy Venture minivan. Their brand manager rationalized that the eight-to-fourteen-year-old demographic consists of “back-seat consumers” (Leonhardt, 1997). The real intention of target marketing to children and babies, however, goes deeper. The fresh neurons of young brains are valuable mental real estate to admen. By seeding their products and images early, the marketers can do more than just develop brand recognition; they can literally cultivate a demographic’s sensibilities as they are formed. A nine-year-old child who can recognize the Budweiser frogs and recite their slogan (Bud-weis-er) is more likely to start drinking beer than one who can remember only Tony the Tiger yelling, “They¹re great!” (Currently, more children recognize the frogs than Tony.) This indicates a long-term coercive strategy. The abstraction of brand images from the products they represent, combined with an increasing assault on our demographically targeted psychological profiles, led to some justifiable consumer paranoia by the 1970s. Advertising was working on us in ways we couldn’t fully understand, and people began to look for an explanation. In 1973, Wilson Bryan Key, a communications researcher, wrote the first of four books about “subliminal advertising,” in which he accused advertisers of hiding sexual imagery in ice cubes, and psychoactive words like “sex” onto the airbrushed surfaces of fashion photographs. Having worked on many advertising campaigns from start to finish, in close proximity to everyone from copywriters and art directors to printers, I can comfortably put to rest any rumours that major advertising agencies are engaging in subliminal campaigns. How do images that could be interpreted as “sexual” show up in ice cubes or elbows? The final photographs chosen for ads are selected by committee out of hundreds that are actually shot. After hours or days of consideration, the group eventually feels drawn to one or two photos out of the batch. Not surprising, these photos tend to have more evocative compositions and details, but no penises, breasts, or skulls are ever superimposed onto the images. In fact, the man who claims to have developed subliminal persuasion, James Vicary, admitted to Advertising Age in 1984 that he had fabricated his evidence that the technique worked in order to drum up business for his failing research company. But this confession has not assuaged Key and others who relentlessly, perhaps obsessively, continue to pursue those they feel are planting secret visual messages in advertisements. To be fair to Key, advertisers have left themselves open to suspicion by relegating their work to the abstract world of the image and then targeting consumer psychology so deliberately. According to research by the Roper Organization in 1992, fifty-seven percent of American consumers still believe that subliminal advertising is practiced on a regular basis, and only one in twelve think it “almost never” happens. To protect themselves from the techniques they believe are being used against them, the advertising audience has adopted a stance of cynical suspicion. To combat our increasing awareness and suspicion of demographic targeting, marketers have developed a more camouflaged form of categorization based on psychological profiles instead of race and age. Jim Schroer, the executive director of new marketing strategy at Ford explains his abandonment of broad-demographic targeting: ‘It’s smarter to think about emotions and attitudes, which all go under the term: psychographics - those things that can transcend demographic groups.’ (Schroer, 1997) Instead, he now appeals to what he calls “consumers’ images of themselves.” Unlike broad demographics, the psychographic is developed using more narrowly structured qualitative-analysis techniques, like focus groups, in-depth interviews, and even home surveillance. Marketing analysts observe the behaviors of volunteer subjects, ask questions, and try to draw causal links between feelings, self-image, and purchases. A company called Strategic Directions Group provides just such analysis of the human psyche. In their study of the car-buying habits of the forty-plus baby boomers and their elders, they sought to define the main psychological predilections that human beings in this age group have regarding car purchases. Although they began with a demographic subset of the overall population, their analysis led them to segment the group into psychographic types. For example, members of one psychographic segment, called the ³Reliables,² think of driving as a way to get from point A to point B. The “Everyday People” campaign for Toyota is aimed at this group and features people depending on their reliable and efficient little Toyotas. A convertible Saab, on the other hand, appeals to the ³Stylish Fun² category, who like trendy and fun-to-drive imports. One of the company’s commercials shows a woman at a boring party fantasizing herself into an oil painting, where she drives along the canvas in a sporty yellow Saab. Psychographic targeting is more effective than demographic targeting because it reaches for an individual customer more directly - like a fly fisherman who sets bait and jiggles his rod in a prescribed pattern for a particular kind of fish. It’s as if a marketing campaign has singled you out and recognizes your core values and aspirations, without having lumped you into a racial or economic stereotype. It amounts to a game of cat-and-mouse between advertisers and their target psychographic groups. The more effort we expend to escape categorization, the more ruthlessly the marketers pursue us. In some cases, in fact, our psychographic profiles are based more on the extent to which we try to avoid marketers than on our fundamental goals or values. The so-called “Generation X” adopted the anti-chic aesthetic of thrift-store grunge in an effort to find a style that could not be so easily identified and exploited. Grunge was so self-consciously lowbrow and nonaspirational that it seemed, at first, impervious to the hype and glamour normally applied swiftly to any emerging trend. But sure enough, grunge anthems found their way onto the soundtracks of television commercials, and Dodge Neons were hawked by kids in flannel shirts saying “Whatever.” The members of Generation X are putting up a good fight. Having already developed an awareness of how marketers attempt to target their hearts and wallets, they use their insight into programming to resist these attacks. Unlike the adult marketers pursuing them, young people have grown up immersed in the language of advertising and public relations. They speak it like natives. As a result, they are more than aware when a commercial or billboard is targeting them. In conscious defiance of demographic-based pandering, they adopt a stance of self-protective irony‹distancing themselves from the emotional ploys of the advertisers. Lorraine Ketch, the director of planning in charge of Levi¹s trendy Silvertab line, explained, “This audience hates marketing that’s in your face. It eyeballs it a mile away, chews it up and spits it out” (On Advertising, 1998). Chiat/Day, one of the world’s best-known and experimental advertising agencies, found the answer to the crisis was simply to break up the Gen-X demographic into separate “tribes” or subdemographics - and include subtle visual references to each one of them in the ads they produce for the brand. According to Levi’s director of consumer marketing, the campaign meant to communicate, “We really understand them, but we are not trying too hard” (On Advertising, 1998). Probably unintentionally, Ms. Ketch has revealed the new, even more highly abstract plane on which advertising is now being communicated. Instead of creating and marketing a brand image, advertisers are creating marketing campaigns about the advertising itself. Silvertab’s target market is supposed to feel good about being understood, but even better about understanding the way they are being marketed to. The “drama” invented by Leo Burnett and refined by David Ogilvy and others has become a play within a play. The scene itself has shifted. The dramatic action no longer occurs between the audience and the product, the brand, or the brand image, but between the audience and the brand marketers. As audiences gain even more control over the media in which these interactive stories unfold, advertising evolves ever closer to a theatre of the absurd. excerpted from Coercion: Why We Listen to What "They" Say)? Works Cited Ogilvy, David. Ogilvy on Advertising. New York: Vintage, 1983. Brandweek Staff, "Number Crunching, Hollywood Style," Brandweek. October 6, 1997. Leonhardt, David, and Kathleen Kerwin, "Hey Kid, Buy This!" Business Week. June 30, 1997 Schroer, Jim. Quoted in "Why We Kick Tires," by Carol Morgan and Doron Levy. Brandweek. Sept 29, 1997. "On Advertising," The New York Times. August 14, 1998 Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Rushkoff, Douglas. "Coercion " M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0306/06-coercion.php>. APA Style Rushkoff, D. (2003, Jun 19). Coercion . M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 6,< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0306/06-coercion.php>