Academic literature on the topic 'Shell Oil Refinery'
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Journal articles on the topic "Shell Oil Refinery"
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Ully, Dedy Nataniel, and Bernadus Wuwur. "IbM Penyulingan Minyak Kayu Putih dan Briket Arang di Desa Delo dan Raekore." Wikrama Parahita : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/jpmwp.v2i1.522.
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Villagers of Delo and Raekore have a traditional eucalyptus refining business by boiling the eucalyptus leaves for aromatic oils. Eucalyptus oil produced quite well, it's just a long distillation process that is 5 to 6 hours so it requires a lot of wood. While the availability of firewood in the forest is currently quite difficult, so people often cut down trees in the forest. So need to find a solution by changing the way of boiling by steam method and using charcoal fuel made from coconut shell, because it has a higher calorific value than the shell is burned directly. Traditional refined eucalyptus oil products, ranging from 2 to 3 beer bottles (1 bottle of beer = 350 ml) per day, so that through the activities of IbM can apply the appropriate technology products that is the installation of wood crude oil refinery by steam method and the using of briquette fuel. The steamed container produced has a volume of 160 liters while the charcoal briquette printing device is capable of printing 8 charcoal briquettes in one print. The using of refinery installations by steam method and charcoal charcoal fuel, can increase the production capacity of eucalyptus oil to encourage economic improvement of Delo and Raekore villagers. The eucalyptus refining oil refinery has a production capacity of 4 to 5 bottles of beer (1 bottle of beer = 350 ml) per day and charcoal briquette presses have a production capacity of 8 charcoal briquettes.
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Jun, Kwong Chia, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman, and Archina Buthiyappan. "Treatment of oil refinery effluent using bio-adsorbent developed from activated palm kernel shell and zeolite." RSC Advances 10, no. 40 (2020): 24079–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03307c.
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Shimmin, Kathleen G. "REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM-HOSTED PUBLIC FORUM FOR SHELL OIL SPILL, SAN FRANCISCO BAY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-289.
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ABSTRACT On April 22 and 23, 1988, Shell Oil Company spilled more than 400,000 gallons of crude oil into northern San Francisco Bay from its refinery in Martinez, California. The resulting contamination of more than 11 miles of shoreline, marshes, beaches, and marinas attracted widespread public interest and extended investigation by governmental agencies and elected officials, as the cleanup extended for many weeks. The regional response team (RRT) was asked to host two public forums to present a unified governmental perspective on the incident and to give the public a chance to comment and express ideas for restoration and mitigation measures. This paper describes how this process was carried out and makes observations on the importance of the SPCC program. Reviewing a regional response to a discharge is a possible RRT activity described in the National Contingency Plan. This effort presents an opportunity for the RRT to solicit public views for use in its evaluation process.
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Boehm, Paul D., and Helder J. Costa. "BIOAVAILABILITY OF SEDIMENT OIL RESIDUES FOUR YEARS FOLLOWING THE MARTINEZ SPILL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 864–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-864.
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ABSTRACT Transplanted bivalves were used as sentinel organisms to assess bioavailability of San Joaquin Valley (SJV) crude oil residues in impacted sediments four years following the 1988 Shell Martinez Refinery spill in Suisun Bay, California. Sediments, bivalves exposed for three months, and control (unexposed) bivalves were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The study documented a range of weathering stages, and a range of mixtures of SJV crude oil with another petrogenic source, pyrogenic PAHs, and diagenic alkyl PAHs in Peyton Slough intertidal sediments four years following the spill. Less-weathered SJV oil residues remaining in the estuarine sediments were more bioavailable than the intermediate or advanced weathered residues, and more bioavailable than the pyrogenic PAHs that comprise the background PAHs in the Suisun Bay sediments.
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Sekoulov, I., and S. Brinke-Seiferth. "Application of biofiltration in the crude oil processing industry." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 8 (April 1, 1999): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0388.
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For the purification of industrial waste water from the crude oil processing industry, a multiple stage treatment plant is recommended. Biofiltration takes place as a secondary treatment stage. Under plug-flow conditions residual compounds can be treated efficiently with a reduced power requirement. Specialized microorganisms, utilizing compounds which are not readily biodegradable, are immobilized on burned clay. Usually toxic peaks do not inhibit the microorganisms in the biofilm. This depends on the short retention time of the water in fixed bed systems and on the characteristic of the biofilm. Dissolved, colloidal or particulate non-biodegradable substances will be adsorbed on the biofilm and can be removed by backwashing the reactor. A description of the treatment plants at BP-oiltech Hamburg and Shell Refinery Hamburg is given. The design of the fixed film reactors is discussed.
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Dahash, Meriam SH, Saad H. Ammar, and Waqar A. Abdulnabi. "Synthesis of magnetic zincoxysulfide core/shell nanocomposites (Ni@ZnO0.6S0.4) for COD photocatalytic degradation in oil refinery wastewater." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (November 19, 2020): 022063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/928/2/022063.
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Horn, Matthew. "A Quantitative Evaluation of Trajectory, Fate, and Effects from Crude By Rail Releases: A case study using the Proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2017098. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000098.
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The proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility in Washington State is expected to receive six unit trains per week, each containing 60,000–70,000 barrels of conditioned Bakken crude oil. Oil spill trajectory, fate, and effects modeling was performed to evaluate risks from hypothetical releases of crude oil from crude-by-rail unit trains. The oil spill modeling predicted where released oil would move over land and in water, how it would behave within the environment, and how it may impact resources within the area. Hypothetical releases from train derailments were modeled using the OILMAP Land and SIMAP models, two state-of-the-art computational oil spill models that are routinely used internationally by industry, government, and academia. OILMAP Land was used to predict the overland and down slope trajectory and fate of released crude oil on land and within storm water drainage systems. SIMAP was used to characterize the trajectory, fate, and acute biological effects of oil within the water column. Releases were modeled at three representative locations along the rail corridor, including the Swing Bridge over the Swinomish Channel, the Skagit River crossing, and the Edmonds Ferry Terminal. Two environmental conditions were modeled at each location to capture the seasonal and environmental variability in tides, river flow rate, and winds. Two discharge volumes of conditioned Bakken crude oil were modeled. An overlay analysis was used to determine the potentially affected resources located within the oil spill footprint for each respective scenario. A biological effects assessment was conducted to estimate the potential short-term (acute) exposure of organisms to floating oil and subsurface oil contamination to estimate the resulting equivalent area of 100% predicted mortality. To bound the range of potential effects, biological impacts were assessed using two biological sensitivities. In total, 12 physical fates scenarios were modeled (3 locations × 2 environmental conditions × 2 release volumes) with 24 biological scenarios (2 sensitivities). Approximately 50% of the conditioned Bakken crude was predicted to evaporate within 48 hours, while the remaining oil formed surface slicks, oiled shorelines, and entrained within the water column, potentially interacting with SPM and oiling sediments. This assessment was used to quantitatively discuss the consequence side of risk associated with crude by rail releases from unit trains for the proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility. Results were included in Chapter 5 of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) addressing Environmental Health and Risk, as well as a technical report.
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Tugashova, L. G., and A. V. Zatonskiy. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC REFLUX RATIO REGULATION SYSTEM FOR THE RECTIFICATION COLUMN." Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Computer Technologies, Automatic Control & Radioelectronics 20, no. 4 (December 2020): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ctcr200411.
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This article provides an overview of the methods of managing the primary petroleum refining. To improve separation efficiency was proposed to stabilize the reflux ratio in the rectifying column. Purpose of work. To develop a system for automatic regulation of the reflux ratio of diesel fuel sec-tions in an atmospheric column of the refinery oil. To study the operating modes of an atmospheric column with the participation of the obtained automatic control system. Materials and methods. The article presented the features of the oil rectification process at the atmospheric unit of a small capacity refinery. The features of heat dissipation with intermediate circulation flash compared to a large-capacity unit will be shown in this article. The parameters of the facility were selected and divided into groups. A dynamic model of the section of shell-and-tube heat exchangers for heating oil with diesel fuel at a low-power refinery unit in the form of differential equations of heat balance has been developed to achieve the goal set work. An electrode dehydrator material balance equation has been compiled to find desalted oil consumption and saltwater consumption. The dependence of the reflux ratio of diesel fuel sections of the atmospheric column on the inlet and outlet temperatures of the atmospheric column circulation flash, the acute fractionation con-sumption, circulation flash, and oil fraction selection was obtained. The resulting model of the facili-ty consists of two parts: the linear part of the electric dehydrator and heat exchanger section, which determines the temperatures of the coolants, and the nonlinear output part, which determines the re-flux ratio depending on technological parameters. The proposed model makes it possible to investi-gate the effect of disturbances on the controlled parameters. The MATLAB/Simulink software prod-uct has been chosen as a tool to implement the model. A system of automatic regulation of the re-flux ratio in MATLAB/Simulink has been built with the participation of the developed model of the study object. Conclusion. The results of modeling a system for automatic regulation of the reflux ratio of diesel fuel sections in the atmospheric column of a low-power refinery unit has been ob-tained, taking into account the peculiarities of the process under disturbance conditions.
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Taylor, Peter M. "A Pipeline Spill into the Mersey Estuary, England." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-299.
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ABSTRACT On the 19th of August 1989 at 2:30 p.m., a fracture occurred in a pipeline carrying Venezuelan crude oil from a shipping terminal at Tranmere to the Shell (U.K.) Ltd. oil refinery at Stanlow, on the Mersey Estuary, England. 150 metric tons of oil were released into the estuary before the pipeline was sealed; tidal currents widely distributed the oil within a tidal cycle. The Mersey Estuary is heavily industrialized and urbanized but does retain extensive areas of salt marsh and intertidal mud flats which are internationally important for wildfowl and wading birds. Cleanup operations were coordinated by the two local fire brigades whose areas of responsibility included impacted shoreline. Input to the response came from government, local authorities, specialist consultants, and various other interested parties. The occurrence of the spill on one of the highest spring tides of the year and under favorable weather conditions served to lessen the environmental impacts. Less than two weeks after the spill, Shell (U.K.) and Cheshire County Council set up the Mersey Oil Spill Project Advisory Group, with a membership drawn from independent scientific groups, which would monitor the environmental effects of the spill and publish its findings. The primary report of the advisory group is a detailed historical record of the spill incident, the response to it, and the coordination of that response, as well as the lessons learned by the involved parties. Further studies consider the persistence of the oil, and its effects on birds, invertebrates, vegetation, and algae. Recommendations have already led to a review of the local contingency plan and the commissioning of work to produce specific cleanup guidelines and sensitivity maps for the region. In February 1990, a court action brought by the newly formed National Rivers Authority led to Shell (U.K.) Ltd. being fined £1 million due to the pollution arising from this incident.
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Horn, Matthew, Dagmar Schmidt Etkin, and Andrew Wolford. "Quantitative Evaluation of Risks from Crude-by-Rail Spills: A Case Study using the Proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2057–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2057.
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ABSTRACT Abstract ID: 2017-143 – Industry considerations, regulatory recommendations, and public concerns have necessitated a quantitative approach to addressing the risks associated with crude-by-rail shipments. Risk is defined as the product of the probability of an event occurring and the potential consequences that may result. To adequately address both the probability and consequence sides of risk, a three-phased approach was developed for use. First, a probability assessment used historical freight rail accident data to calculate the probability of an accident occurring with adjustments specific to crude-by-rail transport, the likelihood that an accident involving a crude-by-rail unit train would result in the release of oil, and the potential size of that release. These results were then used as inputs to a consequence assessment. This necessitated an assumption that a spill had taken place and there either was or was not an ignition source nearby. In the second phase, two computational oil spill models (OILMAP Land and SIMAP) were used to determine the trajectory, fate, and effects of released oil onto land and into water. This analysis included determining where oil may be transported within the environment, how long it would take to get there, how it would weather and behave, what resources of interest may potentially be affected, and what the potential acute effects may be to specific biological receptors. The third phase included a fire and explosion analysis, which was used to determine the thermal radiation from pool fires and the overpressure from a vapor cloud explosion and boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). This assessment was used to quantitatively discuss both the probability and consequence sides of the risk associated with the proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility and was included in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) addressing Environmental Health and Risk.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shell Oil Refinery"
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Gilbert, Peter James, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Monitoring the marine environment adjacent to a petroleum refinery on Corio Bay, Victoria, Australia." Deakin University, 1994. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050825.140927.
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The objective of the work reported in this thesis was to design and implement an ecological effects environmental monitoring program which would:
1) Collect baseline biological information on sessile epibiotic fouling communities from an area adjacent to a petroleum refinery located on Corio Bay, Victoria, to allow comparison with results of future monitoring for the assessment of long term temporal water quality trends.
2) Detect and if possible - estimate the magnitude of any influence on epibiotic fouling communities within the Corio Bay marine ecosystem attributable to operations at the Shell Petroleum Refinery.
3) Investigate the extent of thermal stratification and rate of dispersal of the petroleum refinery main cooling-water outfall plume (discharging up to 350,000 tonnes of warmed seawater per day), and its effect on epibiotic communities within the EPA-defined mixing zone.
A major component of the work undertaken was the design and development of artificial-substrate biological sampling stations suitable for use under the conditions prevailing in Corio Bay, and the development of appropriate quantitative underwater photographic sampling techniques to fulfil the experimental criteria outlined above. Experimental and other constraints imposed on the design of the stations precluded the simple suspension of frames from jetties or pylons, a technique widely used in previous work of this type.
Artificial substrate panels were deployed along three radial transects centred within and extending beyond the petroleum refinery main cooling-water mixing zone. Identical substrate panels were deployed at a number of
control sites located throughout Corio Bay, each chosen for differences in their degree of exposure to such factors as water movement, depth, shipping traffic and/or comparable industrial activity.
The rate of colonisation (space utilisation) and the development of epibiotic fouling communities on artificial substrate panels was monitored over two twelve-month sampling periods using quantitative underwater photographic sampling techniques. Sampling was conducted at 4-8 week intervals with the rate of panel colonisation and community structure determined via coverage measurements. Various species of marine algae, polychaete tubeworms, hydroids, barnacles, simple and colonial ascidians, sponges, bivalve molluscs and encrusting bryozoans were all detected growing on panels.
Communities which established on panels within the cooling-water mixing-zone and those at control sites were compared using statistical procedures including agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. A photographic sample archive has been established to allow comparison with similar future studies.
Book chapters on the topic "Shell Oil Refinery"
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Corleto, Carlos R., and Michael Hoerner. "Corrosion and Remaining Life Assessment." In Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures, 1–7. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11a.a0006823.
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Abstract This article illustrates the use of the fitness-for-service (FFS) code to assess the serviceability and remaining life of a corroded flare knockout drum from an oil refinery, two fractionator columns affected by corrosion under insulation in an organic sulfur environment, and an equalization tank with localized corrosion in the shell courses in a chemicals facility. In the first two cases, remaining life is assessed by determining the minimum thickness required to operate the corroded equipment. The first is based on a Level 2 FFS assessment, while the second involves a Level 3 assessment. The last case involves several FFS assessments to evaluate localized corrosion in which remaining life was assessed by determining the minimum required thickness using the concept of remaining strength factor for groove-like damage and evaluating crack-like flaws using the failure assessment diagram. Need for caution in predicting remaining life due to corrosion is also covered.
Conference papers on the topic "Shell Oil Refinery"
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Coletti, Francesco, and Sandro Macchietto. "Validation of a Novel Model for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Undergoing Crude Oil Fouling." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23158.
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Fouling in refinery heat transfer units is a major problem that affects plant’s economics, operability, safety and environmental impact. Traditional heat exchanger design methodologies based on fixed values for the fouling resistance (e.g. TEMA fouling factors) have drawn several critiques in the past 40 years and were found responsible for exacerbating fouling rather than mitigating it. The fouling factors approach is, in fact, highly empirical and neglects fouling dynamics and its dependency on process conditions. The ability of capturing such dependency is therefore pivotal to overcome traditional design limitations. A novel dynamic, distributed model for a multi–pass shell–and–tube heat exchanger undergoing crude oil fouling was recently proposed by Coletti and Macchietto. The model takes into account the exchanger geometry and configuration, the variation of fluid temperature, velocity, physical properties and fouling rate along the length of each unit and captures the interactions between the fouling layer growth and the fluid–dynamics by solving a moving boundary problem. In this paper, the model is validated over a wide range of operating conditions (i.e. temperatures and flowrates) with data from four different industrial units (2 single and 2 double shells). Geometries and process conditions used are those of two refineries belonging to major oil companies (ExxonMobil and Shell). Some model parameters are estimated for each exchanger using measurements during the first 60 days after a mechanical cleaning. The model is then used in a fully predictive mode for subsequent times. Results indicate that for all units the outlet temperatures (in °C) are predicted over extended periods (i.e. 4–16 months) with an excellent accuracy of ±1% for the tube-side and ±2% for the shell-side. It is concluded that the model can be used with confidence on a wide range of operating conditions to calculate reliable temperatures and fouling resistances.
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Yoshida, Shoichi, and Kazuhiro Kitamura. "Buckling of Ring Stiffened Pontoons of Floating Roofs in Aboveground Oil Storage Tanks." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26252.
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The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake caused severe damage to oil storage tanks due to liquid sloshing. Six single-deck floating roofs had experienced structural problems as evidenced by sinking failure in large diameter tanks at the refinery in Tomakomai, Japan. The pontoon of floating roof might be buckled due to circumferential bending moment during the sloshing. The content in the tank was spilled on the floating roof from small failures which might be caused in the lap-welded joints or in the stress concentrated parts of the pontoon bottom plate by the buckling. Then the floating roof began to lose buoyancy and submerged into the content slowly. The failure of the roof expanded gradually in the sinking process. It is presumed that the initial small failures were caused by the elastic buckling of the pontoon due to circumferential bending moment. In this paper, the buckling strength of the pontoon is presented using axisymmetric shell finite element analysis. Linear elastic bifurcation buckling analyses are carried out and the buckling characteristics of ring stiffened pontoons are investigated.
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Yoshida, Shoichi, and Kazuhiro Kitamura. "Buckling of Single-Deck Floating Roofs in Aboveground Oil Storage Tanks Due to Circumferential Bending Load." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93696.
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The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake caused severe damage to oil storage tanks due to liquid sloshing. Six single-deck floating roofs had experienced structural problems as evidenced by sinking failure in large diameter tanks at the refinery at Tomakomai, Japan. The pontoon of floating roof might be buckled due to circumferential bending moment during the sloshing. The content in the tank was spilled on the floating roof from small failures which were caused in the rap welding joints of pontoon bottom plate by the buckling. Then the floating roof began to lose buoyancy and submerged into the content slowly. The failure of the roof expanded gradually in the sinking process. It is presumed that the initial small failures were caused by the elastic buckling of the pontoon due to circumferential bending moment. This paper presents the buckling strength of the pontoon using axisymmetric shell finite element analysis. Linear elastic bifurcation buckling analysis is carried out and the buckling characteristics of the pontoon are investigated. The result shows that the thickness of both pontoon roof and bottom plates have significantly affect the buckling strength.
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Yoshida, Shoichi, and Kazuhiro Kitamura. "Buckling Characteristics of Floating Roof Pontoons in Aboveground Storage Tanks Subjected to Bending Load in Two Directions." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61085.
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The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake caused severe damage to aboveground oil storage tanks due to liquid sloshing. Seven single-deck floating roofs had experienced structural problems as evidenced by sinking failure in large diameter tanks at the refinery in Tomakomai, Japan. The pontoons of the floating roofs might be buckled due to circumferential bending moment during the sloshing. The content in the tank was spilled on the floating roof from small failures which were caused at the welding joints of pontoon bottom plate by the buckling. Then the floating roof began to lose buoyancy and submerged into the content slowly. The authors had reported the buckling strength of the pontoons with and without ring stiffeners subjected to circumferential bending load in the previous papers. This paper presents the buckling strength of the pontoons subjected to both circumferential and radial bending load. The axisymmetric shell finite element method is used in the analysis. Linear elastic bifurcation buckling analysis is carried out and the buckling characteristics of the pontoon with and without ring stiffeners are investigated.
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Yoshida, Shoichi. "Buckling Characteristics of Floating Roof Pontoons in Aboveground Storage Tanks Subjected to Both Compressive and Bending Load." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77227.
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The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake caused severe damage to oil storage tanks due to liquid sloshing. Seven single-deck floating roofs had experienced structural problems as evidenced by sinking failure in large diameter tanks at a refinery in Tomakomai, Japan. The pontoons of the floating roofs might be buckled due to circumferential bending moment during the sloshing. The content in the tank was spilled on the floating roof from small failures which were caused in the welding joints of pontoon bottom plate by the buckling. Then the floating roof began to lose buoyancy and sank into the content slowly. The authors had reported the buckling strength of the pontoons subjected to circumferential bending load first and that of the pontoons subjected to both circumferential and radial bending load next in the previous papers. This paper presents the buckling strength of the pontoons subjected to both circumferential bending load and circumferential compressive load. The axisymmetric shell finite element method is used in the analysis. Linear elastic bifurcation buckling analysis is carried out and the buckling characteristics of the pontoon both with and without ring stiffeners are investigated.
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Boswell, Richard S., and Bobby Wright. "State-of-the-Art Improvements in Coke Drum Design and Life Extension Practices." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/creep2007-26254.
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Coke drums are vessels critical to the operation and profitability of today’s oil refinery and tar sands facilities. These vessels operate in batch cycles at relatively high temperatures, ∼800F+, and about once a day they are filled with vapor and hot oil and finally quenched with water. They have historically been designed according as ASME Section VIII Division 1 pressure vessels with little or no account for the cyclic operation or fatigue service in which they operate. In the past ten years, the frequency and severity of these cycles dramatically increased while cycle times steadily decreased from 24 to 12 hour cycles and, more recently, to as low as 10 hour cycles. As a result, coke drums with few or no previous problems began to crack through wall in the shell and/or skirt region. In addition, many new coke drums are cracking through wall in as few as four to five years because they were not designed for the more severe fatigue service in which they currently operate. These observations have been learned by extensive monitoring and evaluation: • drums experienced lower switch temperatures (inadequate pre-warm for the skirt), • drums were heated and cooled much faster than anticipated, • contraction of the drum walls compacted the coke, • feed stocks were now different and produced harder coke, • reducing cycle times by as little as two hours caused average fatigue damage per cycle to increase by more than 30%. All of these occurrences can increase cyclic stress on drums and significantly accelerate cracking.
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Yoshida, Shoichi. "Lower Bound Buckling Load of a Floating Roof Pontoon." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25092.
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The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake caused severe damage to oil storage tanks due to liquid sloshing. Seven single-deck floating roofs had experienced sinking failures in large diameter tanks at a refinery in Tomakomai, Japan. The pontoons of the floating roofs might be buckled due to bending load during the sloshing. The content in the tank was spilled on the floating roof from small failures which were caused in the welding joints of pontoon bottom plate by the buckling. Then the floating roof began to lose buoyancy and sank into the content slowly. The elastic buckling of the pontoon is important from the viewpoint of the single-deck floating roof sinking. The authors had reported the buckling strength of the pontoons subjected to bending and compressive loads in the published literatures. The axisymmetric shell finite element method for linear elastic bifurcation buckling was used in the analysis. The buckling characteristics of the pontoon both with and without ring stiffeners were investigated. The initial geometrical imperfection may diminish the buckling load. This paper presents the lower bound buckling load according to the reduced stiffness method proposed by Croll and Yamada. The lower bound buckling loads of the pontoon subjected to circumferential bending load are evaluated from the axisymmetric finite element analysis which includes the reduced stiffness method.
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Aumuller, John J., Zihui Xia, and Feng Ju. "Application of Elastic-Plastic Methods to Delayed Coker Drum Design." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57275.
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Coke drums are pressure vessels that are used in oil sands and conventional refinery processing industries for the thermal cracking of reduced bitumen to recover additional, saleable gas and liquid product streams. The drums are constructed to the requirements of ASME VIII Division 1 although they are in a low cycle thermal-mechanical service environment. Recent practice has been to introduce design by analysis considerations from ASME VIII Division 2 even though service temperatures of the actual equipment exceed the design limits of the Code. In this paper, simplified elastic-plastic analysis models are developed for assessment of the stress and strain levels in coke drums during specific operational phases. One model is applied for determination of the local stress caused by differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the clad liner and base materials. Because clad construction is used throughout the vessel, the impact is extensive. Consideration is given to the general stresses induced by the cyclical, progressive dilation and contraction action of the drum shell caused by axial thermal gradients. Another model estimates hot and cold spot formation and the development of localized stress / strain distributions in coke drums. The resulting thermal stresses include the local stress from suppression of differential expansion between clad and base material, thermal bending stresses and local thermal stresses from hot and cold spot formation. It is found that the evaluation of these loads on drum cracking aligns with industry survey results. Better understanding of these loads has impact on materials selection and fabrication procedures for new drums and repair of existing drums. Operational considerations can also be identified to help improve drum reliability.
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O’Rourke, Dan J. "Corridor Pipeline: Hartley Creek Crossing." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27126.
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Construction of the 493 km Corridor Pipeline System commenced in summer 2000, and is scheduled for completion in 2002. The system connects the two major components of the Athabasca Oil Sands Project — the Muskeg River Mine, north of Ft. McMurray and the Upgrader adjacent to Shell Canada Limited’s Scotford Refinery, near Fort Saskatchewan. The pipeline will also link the Upgrader with terminals in the Edmonton Area. The system includes dual pipelines (610 mm and 323.9 mm O.D.) as well as associated pump stations and valve sites. Corridor Pipeline Limited is a wholly-owned subsidiary of BC Gas Inc. Corridor pipeline crosses Hartley Creek near the south boundary of Shell’s lease C-13, north of Ft. McMurray, in the Ft. McKay First Nations traditional lands. An evaluation of the proposed crossing completed for the project application identified the location as highly sensitive to pipeline construction activities because of the high fish habitat quality and historical presence of sport and coarse fish. Although a fish survey completed for the above evaluation identified only coarse fish species, the provincial approval for the project required a trenchless crossing method unless authorized in writing by the Director. After completing detailed geotechnical and fisheries assessments of the crossing site, authorization from the director was subsequently obtained to complete the crossing using an isolation method. Planning and consultation with Ft. McKay First Nations to construct through their traditional lands incorporated aspects of traditional ecological knowledge. As part of the program, Corridor Pipeline committed to completion of a traditional plant survey. The results of the survey identified Hartley Creek as having cultural significance to the band. The riparian zone in this area supports a large concentration of food and medicinal plant species. Specialized mitigative measures were incorporated in order to maintain the density and diversity of the Hartley Creek riparian zone. This paper presents information with regard to the environmental studies and the regulatory process used to obtain approval to complete construction of the Hartley Creek crossing using an isolation method instead of the trenchless method originally required by the provincial government. It also explains the consultation program with the Ft. McKay First Nations and environmental planning used to maintain the density and diversity of riparian vegetation at this culturally significant crossing location.
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SÁ, A. G. A., S. R. R. COMIM, and S. R. S. FERREIRA. "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CLOVE (Eugenia caryophyllus) EXTRACTS AND ITS USE TO INCREASE SHELF-LIFE OF REFINED SOYBEAN OIL." In XX Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Química. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chemeng-cobeq2014-0188-26612-141026.
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