Journal articles on the topic 'Sheep Respiration'
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Purnamasari, Listya, Syeh Ahmad Muhammad Basalamah, Sri Rahayu, and Sri Darwati. "Respon Fisiologis Domba Ekor Tipis dan Domba Garut Dengan Pemberian Pakan Konsentrat dan Limbah Tauge." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Terapan 4, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jipt.v4i1.2344.
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The present study aimed to evaluate some physiological variables of thin tailed sheep and Garutsheep fed by concentrate and mung bean sprout waste diet. The physiological variables includedrectal temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate. Six Javanese thin tailed sheeps (16.27±0.86kg) and six Garut sheeps (10.68±1.82 kg) which aged less a year were selected for 4 treatments byfactorial design 2 x 2. The first factor was diet (concentrate and bean sprout waste) and the secondfactor was kind of sheep (Javanese thin tailed sheep and Garut sheep). The sheep were fedindividually for a maintenance requirement on body weight. Ambient temperature, relativehumidity, and physiological variables were measured every morning before feeding during 8weeks. The result showed that the physiological response of Javanese thin tailed sheep and Garutsheep fed by concentrate and mung bean sprout waste diet showed no interaction (P>0.05). Thephysiological response of sheep was not significantly different but the feed treatments had asignificant effect (P>0.05). Rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate were still classifiedas normal so the mung bean sprout waste diet can be used as an alternative source of protein tosubstitute concentrate.
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McBride, B. W., and L. P. Milligan. "Magnitude of ouabain-sensitive respiration in the liver of growing, lactating and starved sheep." British Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 1 (July 1985): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850112.
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1. Oxygen consumption and ouabain-sensitive respiration was measured for liver biopsies from lactating and non-lactating ewes and for hepatocytes isolated from mature, dry ewes. O2 consumption, ouabain-sensitive respiration and 86Rb+ uptake were also measured for hepatocytes isolated from lambs, fed adult sheep and adult sheep starved for 5 d.2. Ouabain-sensitive respiration in the liver of ewes at peak lactation accounted for 45% of the total liver O2 consumption. This percentage was 24–37% higher (P > 0.05) than measurements made during late lactation and during the non-lactating period.3. Total O2 consumption and ouabain-sensitive respiration rates of lamb hepatocytes were greater ( P > 0.05) than similar measurements for hepatocytes isolated from adult sheep.4. Ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake by hepatocytes from fed sheep was up to six times greater (P > 0.05) than that by cells from starved sheep.5. The magnitude of ouabain-sensitive respiration of hepatocytes from starved sheep was 62% lower (P > 0.05) than that for hepatocytes from fed sheep.
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McBride, B. W., and L. P. Milligan. "Influence of feed intake and starvation on the magnitude of Na+,K+-ATPase(EC 3.6.1.3)-dependent respiration in duodenal mucosa of sheep." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 3 (May 1985): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850070.
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1. Oxygen consumption and Na+,K+-ATPase(EC 3.6.1.3)-dependent (ouabain-sensitive) and -independent respiration were measured for duodenal mucosa biopsies from 10-month-old sheep given two levels of digestible energy (DE) intake (7.6–7.7 and 14.8 MJ lucerne (Medicago sativa) pellets/d) and following 48 h of starvation.2. The mucosal biopsies were determined to be structurally intact and free of adherent bacteria on histological and scanning-electron-microscope examinations.3. The use of D-glucose as a substrate during incubations did not elevate (P > 0.05) the respiration indices of the biopsies over those measured during acetate incubations.4. Glucose uptake did not (P > 0.05) influence the Na+,K+-ATPase-dependent respiration of the mucosal biopsies.5. Na+,K+-ATPase-dependent respiration accounted for 50% of the total O2, consumption of the mucosal biopsies of sheep given the lower level of DE.6. Total O2, consumption of the duodenalmucosa was not (P > 0.05) increased when sheep were given the higher level of DE but Na+,K+-ATPase-dependent respiration of the mucosa was elevated (P < 0.01) by 37% during this period.7. When sheep were starved for 48 h, total O2, consumption of the mucosal biopsies was not (P > 0.05) affected, however, Na+,K+-ATPase-dependent respiration of the biopsies dropped (P < 0.01) by 45%.8. Na+,K+-ATPase-dependknt respiration accounted for 61.3% of the O2, uptakes of mucosa from the sheep given the higher level of DE and 28.3% of the 02, uptake of mucosa from fasted sheep.
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McBride, Brian W., and Richard J. Early. "Energy expenditure associated with sodium/potassium transport and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and isolated hepatocytes from hyperthyroid sheep." British Journal of Nutrition 62, no. 3 (November 1989): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19890067.
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The object of the present study was to determine the effect of thyroxine (T4) treatment of sheep on protein synthesis and associated energy costs in skeletal muscle and hepatocytes. Protein synthesis, and ouabain-sensitive and cycloheximide-sensitive respiration in isolated intercostal muscle and hepatocytes were determined in sheep after 5 weeks of daily injections of either saline or T4. Plasma T4 and total triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were doubled and free T3 concentrations were quadrupled by T4 injections. The fractional rates of protein synthesis increased in isolated external intercostal muscle and hepatocytes from hyperthyroid sheep. Fractional rates of protein synthesis in isolated external intercostal muscle and hepatocytes were linearly correlated with plasma free T3 concentrations. Total oxygen consumption of muscle and hepatocytes was unaffected by T4 injections. Ouabain-sensitive respiration increased in hepatocytes and muscle of T4-treated animals. Cycloheximide-sensitive respiration was elevated in hepatocytes from hyperthyroid sheep. Cycloheximide-sensitive respiration in muscle was unaffected by T4 treatment. The present experiment demonstrates that T4 increases protein synthesis in ruminants. The energy expenditure in support of Na+, K+-ATPase and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and hepatocytes may account for 34–60% of total cellular energy expenditure.
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Gong, Y. M., A. Mohammat, X. J. Liu, K. H. Li, P. Christie, F. Fang, W. Song, et al. "Response of carbon dioxide emissions to sheep grazing and N application in an alpine grassland – Part 1: Effect of sheep grazing." Biogeosciences 11, no. 7 (April 3, 2014): 1743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1743-2014.
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Abstract. Previous work has failed to address fully the response of (autotrophic and heterotrophic) respiration to grazing in different ecosystems, particularly in alpine grasslands outside the growing season. From 2010 to 2011 a field experiment combined two methods (static closed chambers and a closed dynamic soil CO2 flux system) in alpine grasslands located in the Tianshan Mountains. We examined the effects of grazing regime on ecosystem respiration (Re) both outside (NGS) and during (GS) the growing season and determined the pattern of Re in relation to climate change. There was no significant change in CO2 emissions under grazing. Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) accounted for 78.5% of Re with short-term grazing exclusion and 93.2% of Re with long-term grazing exclusion. Re, Rh and autotrophic respiration (Ra) fluxes outside the growing season were equivalent to 12.9%, 14.1% and 11.4% of the respective CO2 fluxes during the growing season. In addition, our results indicate that soil water content played a critical role in Ra in the cold and arid environment. Both Rh and Re were sensitive to soil temperature. Moreover, our results suggest that grazing exerted no significant effect on CO2 emissions in these alpine grasslands.
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Lees, A. M., M. L. Sullivan, J. C. W. Olm, A. J. Cawdell-Smith, and J. B. Gaughan. "The influence of heat load on Merino sheep. 2. Body temperature, wool surface temperature and respiratory dynamics." Animal Production Science 60, no. 16 (2020): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20268.
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Context Australia exports ~2 million sheep annually. On these voyages, sheep can be exposed to rapidly changing ambient conditions within a short time, and sheep may be exposed to periods of excessive heat load. Aims The aim of this study was to define the responses of sheep exposed to incremental heat load under simulated live export conditions. The study herein describes the influence of heat load on wool surface temperature, body temperature (rumen temperature (TRUM), °C; and rectal temperature (TREC), °C) and respiratory dynamics (respiration rate, breaths/min; and panting score (PS)) of sheep under live export conditions. In addition, the relationship between body temperature and respiratory dynamics was investigated. Methods A total of 144 Merino wethers (44.02 ± 0.32 kg) were used in a 29-day climate controlled study using two cohorts of 72 sheep (n = 2), exposed to two treatments: (1) thermoneutral (TN; ambient temperature was maintained between 18°C and 20°C), and (2) hot (HOT; ambient temperature minimum and maximum were 22.5°C and 38.5°C respectively). Sheep in the HOT treatment were exposed to heat load simulated from live export voyages from Australia to the Middle East. Respiration rate, PS and wool surface temperature (°C) data were collected four times daily, at 3-h intervals between 0800 hours and 1700 hours. Rectal temperatures were collected on five occasions at 7-day intervals. These data were evaluated using a repeated measures model, assuming a compound symmetry covariance structure. Individual TRUM were obtained via rumen boluses at 10-min intervals between Days 23 and 29 of Cohort 2. Individual TRUM data were collated and converted to an hourly mean TRUM for each sheep, these data were then used to determine the hourly mean TRUM for TN and HOT, then analysed using a first order autoregressive repeated measures model. Additionally, the relationship between respiratory dynamics and TRUM were investigated using a Pearson’s correlation coefficient, a partial correlation coefficient and a multivariate analysis of variance. Key results The respiration rate of the HOT sheep (140 ± 3.55 breaths/min) was greater (P < 0.01) than that of the TN sheep (75 ± 3.55 breaths/min). Similarly, the PS of the HOT (1.5 ± 0.02) sheep was greater (P = 0.009) compared with the TN sheep (1.2 ± 0.02). Wool surface temperatures and TREC were greater (P < 0.05) for the HOT sheep than for the TN sheep. There were treatment (P < 0.0001), hour (P < 0.0001), day (P = 0.038) and treatment × hour (P < 0.0001) effects on the TRUM of TN and HOT sheep. Conclusions The climatic conditions imposed within the HOT treatment were sufficient to disrupt the thermal equilibrium of these sheep, resulting in increased respiration rate, PS, TREC and TRUM. Implications These results suggest that the sheep were unable to completely compensate for the imposed heat load via respiration, thus resulting in an increase in TREC and TRUM.
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Syaikhullah, Gayuh, M. Adhyatma, and Himmatul Khasanah. "Respon Fisiologis Domba Ekor Tipis Terhadap Waktu Pemberian Pakan Yang Berbeda." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Peternakan 2, no. 1 (February 6, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31605/jstp.v2i1.843.
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This study aimed to examine the relationship of feeding time on physiological response and the effect on the behavior of Javanese thin-tailed sheep. The total population of the study was 12 sheep. The treatment in this study is feeding time in the morning (W1) and evening (W2). Parameters that had been observed were heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature. This research design used was a completely randomized design. Feeding at different times did not affect daily body weight gain. However, feeding at different times affects the physiological response of thin tail sheep. W1 has a higher heart rate value at daytime of 80.65 ± 3.49 but has a lower value in the afternoon at 75.26 ± 4.20. Respiration rates W1 in the morning and evening were 32.06 ± 2.69 and 51.88 ± 3.43. Rectal temperature W1 lower in the morning at 37.76 ± 0.05. Physiological response of thin tail sheep which were fed with different feeding times indicated that the heart rate, respiration rate, and rectal temperature were still in normal condition.
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RAINEY, R. C. "THE EMBRYONIC RESPIRATION OF THE SHEEP BLOWFLY, LUCILIA SERICATA MG." Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology 25, no. 7-9 (April 2, 2009): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1950.tb00100.x.
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Stremming, Jane, Eileen I. Chang, Leslie A. Knaub, Michael L. Armstrong, Peter R. Baker, Stephanie R. Wesolowski, Nichole Reisdorph, Jane E. B. Reusch, and Laura D. Brown. "Lower citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial complex expression, and fewer oxidative myofibers characterize skeletal muscle from growth-restricted fetal sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 322, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): R228—R240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00222.2021.
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Skeletal muscle from the late gestation sheep fetus with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has evidence of reduced oxidative metabolism. Using a sheep model of placental insufficiency and IUGR, we tested the hypothesis that by late gestation, IUGR fetal skeletal muscle has reduced capacity for oxidative phosphorylation because of intrinsic deficits in mitochondrial respiration. We measured mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized muscle fibers from biceps femoris (BF) and soleus (SOL) from control and IUGR fetal sheep. Using muscles including BF, SOL, tibialis anterior (TA), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), we measured citrate synthase (CS) activity, mitochondrial complex subunit abundance, fiber type distribution, and gene expression of regulators of mitochondrial biosynthesis. Ex vivo mitochondrial respiration was similar in control and IUGR muscle. However, CS activity was lower in IUGR BF and TA, indicating lower mitochondrial content, and protein expression of individual mitochondrial complex subunits was lower in IUGR TA and BF in a muscle-specific pattern. IUGR TA, BF, and FDS also had lower expression of type I oxidative fibers. Fiber-type shifts that support glycolytic instead of oxidative metabolism may be advantageous for the IUGR fetus in a hypoxic and nutrient-deficient environment, whereas these adaptions may be maladaptive in postnatal life.
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Rosmayanti, Pratiwi, Deden Sudrajat, and Burhanudin Malik. "THE EFFECT OF INDIGOFERA SP FLOUR FEED ON PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF FAT TAIL SHEEP." JURNAL PETERNAKAN NUSANTARA 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jpnu.v5i2.1603.
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Sheep is a small ruminant llivestock that area mostly raised by farmers in Indonesia fat tailed sheep (DEG) is one of the genetic resources of livestock that has economics, scientifics and socio-cultural values and has the potential; to be used to meet the needs of animal protein for humans. This study aimed to examine the effect of indigofera sp flour feeding on the physiological response of fat tail rams. The design used was a completely randomized design with the following treatments: control feed without administration of indigofera sp flour (P0), commercial feed + 10% Indigofera sp flour (P1), Commercial feed +20% Indigofera sp flour (P2). The treatments was given to male fat-tailed sheep with body weight (30 kg) and uniform age (1,5 years), healthy and not disabled. The variables observed were body temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, and feed consumption. The treatments of giving Indigofera sp flour to the ration was estimated to have a significant effect (respiration rate, heart rate and body temperature) from the normal limit compared to thr treatments of fat tail rams without administration of Indigofera sp flour.Key words: fat tailed sheep, Indigofera sp flour, physiological response
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Savage, D. B., J. V. Nolan, I. R. Godwin, D. G. Mayer, A. Aoetpah, T. Nguyen, N. D. Baillie, T. E. Rheinberger, and C. Lawlor. "Water and feed intake responses of sheep to drinking water temperature in hot conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08056.
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When live-export sheep from Australia arrive in the Middle East during the northern summer months, they may be offered drinking water at temperatures exceeding 40°C. There is little published research to indicate whether drinking water temperature is important in managing heat stress in sheep or its effect on their health and welfare. Three studies were conducted with Merino wethers in climate-controlled rooms to investigate: (i) responses to drinking water temperatures of 20°C, 30°C and 40°C in a cool (20°C) and hot (40°C) environment, (ii) preferences for drinking water temperature at 20°C or 30°C when in a hot or cool environment and (iii) effects of water restriction when offered hot water (40°C) in a hot environment. Sheep assigned to the hot room had significantly higher respiration rates than those assigned to the cool room. In the cool environment, water intakes were the same when water temperatures were 20°C, 30°C or 40°C; however, when the sheep were given a choice between drinking water at 20°C and 30°C, they preferred (P < 0.05) to drink water at 20°C. In the hot environment, water intake increased as drinking water temperature increased, and sheep preferred to drink water at 30°C rather than 20°C. When the availability of 40°C drinking water was restricted (to ~10% of liveweight) in the hot environment, sheep had higher respiration rates than those offered unlimited water.
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Gong, Y. M., A. Mohammat, X. J. Liu, K. H. Li, P. Christie, F. Fang, W. Song, et al. "Response of carbon dioxide emissions to sheep grazing and nitrogen application in an alpine grassland." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 22, 2013): 12285–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-12285-2013.
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Abstract. Previous work has failed to address fully the response of (autotrophic and heterotrophic) respiration to grazing and nitrogen (N) addition in different ecosystems, particularly in alpine grasslands outside the growing season. From 2010 to 2011, we combined two methods (static closed chambers and a closed dynamic soil CO2 flux system) in a controlled field experiment in an alpine grassland in the Tianshan Mountains. We examined the effects of grazing and N application on ecosystem respiration (Re) both outside (NGS) and during (GS) the growing season and determined the pattern of Re in relation to climate change. There was no significant change in CO2 emissions under grazing or N application. Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) accounted for 78.5% of Re. Re, Rh and autotrophic respiration (Ra) outside the growing season were equivalent to 12.9, 14.1 and 11.4% of the respective CO2 fluxes during the growing season. In addition, our results indicate that precipitation (soil water content) plays a critical role in Ra in this cold and arid environment. Both Rh and Re were sensitive to soil temperature. Moreover, our results suggest that grazing and N addition exert no significant effect on CO2 emissions in alpine grassland but may alter soil carbon stocks in alpine grassland.
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Zhai, Xiajie, Tingting Lu, Shiming Tang, Xiaojuan Liu, Xiuzhi Ma, Guodong Han, Andreas Wilkes, and Chengjie Wang. "Methane Emission from Sheep Respiration and Sheepfolds During the Grazing Season in a Desert Grassland." Open Atmospheric Science Journal 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2015): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282301509010023.
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Methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants should be accounted for the natural grazed rangeland ecosystems when devising greenhouse gas budget inventory, in particular, their contribution to global warming. In this study, CH4 emission from sheep respiration at different grazing intensities (light grazing, 0.75 sheep/ha, LG; moderate grazing, 1.50 sheep/ha, MG; and heavy grazing, 2.25 sheep/ha, HG) and in sheepfolds were evaluated in a desert grassland of Inner Mongolia. Results indicated that daily CH4 emission from sheep was not significantly different between treatments. When CH4 emission was expressed emission per 100g daily, there was a significant difference of LG vs HG and MG vs HG, with the values of 15.64g, 20.00g and 28.63g for LG, MG and HG, respectively, during the grazing season. There was no significant difference among CH4 fluxes in sheepfolds (mean 39.0 ug m-1 h-1). Considering CH4 emissions from the grazing ecosystem, net CH4 emissions from LG, MG and HG plots were -18.33, -1.91 and 21.19 g/ha/day, respectively. The digestibility of forage had a positive correlation with CH emission expressed on daily and metabolic body weight basis. It is concluded that MG will improve the balance between CH emission from grassland and grazing livestock in the desert grasslands of Inner Mongolia.
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M. A. H. Kirjin, S. Rahayu, and M. Baihaqi. "Respon Fisiologis Domba Lokal Dengan Frekuensi Pemberian Pakan dan Taraf Konsentrat Limbah Ulat Hongkong (Tenebrio molitor) yang Berbeda." Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jipthp.8.1.48-53.
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The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency and level of Tenebrio molitor’s waste concentrate (TMC) on the physiological response of local sheep. A total 18 rams aged Io (8 months) with an average body weight of 14.72±2.44 kg (CV 16.91%) were used in this research. The reserch using 3x2 factorial randomized block design. Firts treatment was feeding frequency (2, 3 and 4 times/day) and second treatment was level of TMC ration (70% and 35% of TMC). The variables observed were physiological responses (pulse rate, rectal temperature, and respiration rate). The data were analyzed by ANOVA. The results showed that there was interaction effect between feeding frequency and TMC level on pulse rate and rectal temperature of sheep. The level of 35% TMC was significantly higher (P<0.05) on respiration rate than 70% TMC when the sheep feed in the morning. The research concluded that frequency of feeding and the level TMC had a significant effect on physiological responses in local rams.
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LIRETTE, A., J. M. KELLY, R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON, and L. P. MILLIGAN. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPIRATION AND MOVEMENTS OF THE RUMINANT STOMACH." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-109.
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The coincidence between respiratory movements and regular movements of the ruminant stomach was investigated using four steers with rumen cannulas and four sheep with rumen and abomasal cannulas. The second peak of the biphasic reticular contraction coincided with inspiration 66% of the time. This synchrony may facilitate digesta flow to the omasum. Key words: Respiration, forestomach movements, ruminants, pressure
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Fulghesu, F., A. Ledda, M. Sini, R. Cresci, M. F. Lunesu, A. Cannas, and A. S. Atzori. "77. Respiration rate as marker of heat stress in dairy sheep." Animal - science proceedings 13, no. 4 (September 2022): 600–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2022.07.468.
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Slee, J., G. Wiener, and Carol Woolliams. "A comparison of inbred and outbred sheep on two planes of nutrition 2. Responses to acute cold and heat exposure." Animal Science 46, no. 2 (April 1988): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100042276.
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AbstractFour groups each of 14 sheep aged 11 to 13 months comprising outbred (O) and inbred (I, inbreeding coefficient 0·37 or 0·5) sheep reared on either a low plane (L, maintenance) or on a high plane (H, ad libitum) of nutrition from the age of 6 months were exposed first to acute cold and 1 week later to heat. Exposures in climate chambers ended for each sheep when rectal temperature decreased to 36°C (in the cold) or increased to 42·5°C (in the heat) subject to a limit of 8 h. Throughout the experiment, sheep were kept in matched quartets comprising one sheep of each type.The average cold resistance times (min) were 161, 267, 348 and 381 for the LI, LO, HI and HO groups respectively, showing a significant effect of both inbreeding and plane of nutrition (P < 0·01). Five sheep in the HO group lasted the full 8 h in the cold chamber with little or no reduction in rectal temperature. Skin temperature at the mid side was significantly higher in L than in H sheep throughout cold exposure, but there was no effect of inbreeding.Respiration rates were much higher before and during cold exposure in the H sheep, but there was no effect of inbreeding.The residual correlation of cold resistance with live weight was 0·58, but differences in live weight do not explain all the differences in cold resistance and particularly do not explain the rapid decrease in rectal temperature of the LI sheep. It was concluded that under cold exposure a high level of nutrition was able to compensate partly for the disadvantages of inbreeding, and that outbreeding was able to compensate partly for the adverse effects of poor nutrition.With heat exposure, there were no significant differences among the four groups in heat tolerance time, but within the 1st h, H sheep had slightly higher rectal temperatures and much higher respiration rates than L sheep. Inbreeding affected only the time taken to reach a respiration rate > 200 per min, which was longer in I (131 min) than in O sheep (113 min) and longer in L (149 min) than in H animals (96 min).
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Chauhan, Surinder S., Pietro Celi, Brian Leury, Fan Liu, and Frank R. Dunshea. "Exhaled breath condensate hydrogen peroxide concentration, a novel biomarker for assessment of oxidative stress in sheep during heat stress." Animal Production Science 56, no. 7 (2016): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14070.
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The present study aimed to measure hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as an index of oxidative stress induced by heat stress (HS) and to evaluate the antioxidant potential of supranutritional levels of selenium (Se) and vitamin E under HS conditions in sheep. Thirty-two Merino × Poll Dorset ewes (in two replicates) were acclimated to indoor individual pen feeding of a pelleted control diet (0.24 g Se and 10 IU of vitamin E/kg DM) for 1 week. Sheep were then randomly allocated to a 2 × 2 factorial design with the respective factors being dietary Se (0.24 and 1.20 mg/kg DM as Sel-Plex) and vitamin E (10 and 100 IU/kg DM) for 2 weeks. After 1 week acclimation to the diets the sheep were placed in metabolism cages in one of two climatic chambers set to either thermoneutral (18−21°C and 40–50% relative humidity) or HS (28−40°C and 30–40% relative humidity) conditions for 1 week. Average respiration rate and rectal temperature were increased (P < 0.001) during HS. Similarly, H2O2 concentration in EBC and plasma reactive oxygen metabolites were increased significantly (P = 0.041 and P = 0.002, respectively), in sheep exposed to HS. The EBC H2O2 concentration was reduced (P < 0.05) in sheep fed the diet supplemented with supranutritional levels of both Se and vitamin E. Sheep supplemented with antioxidants also had lower respiration rates (191 vs 232 breaths/min, P = 0.012) and rectal temperature (40.33 vs 40.58°C, P = 0.039) under peak HS (1300 hours and 1700 hours) compared with those on the control diet indicating an improved capacity to handle HS. These data suggest that the H2O2 concentration in EBC can be utilised as a novel biomarker to demonstrate oxidative stress induced by HS in sheep.
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Napitu, Herawati, Deni Noviana, Raden Harry Soehartono, and Nurhidayat Nurhidayat. "Efek Regional dan Cardiopulmonary Penggunaan Lidocaine dan Lidocaine-Xylazine pada Blokade Nervus Ischiadicus Domba (REGIONAL AND CARDIOPULMONARY EFFECTS OF LIDOCAINE AND LIDOCAINEXYLAZINE IN SHEEP SCIATIC NERVE BLOCK)." Jurnal Veteriner 20, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.3.428.
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General anaesthesia has a high risk during surgery, regional anaesthesia with nerve block is expected to minimize the use of general anaesthesia while increase the analgesic effect and muscle relaxation effect. This study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of sciatic nerve block on the hind limb and the effect of lidocaine 2%, and a combination of 2% lidocaine with 2% xylazine on sheep cardiopulmonary function. Sciatic nerve block was guided with ultrasonography and nerve stimulator. In this research, sheep were sedated with diazepam (0.5 mg / kg). Sheep was divided into three groups; first injected with saline solution (SS), second with lidocaine 2% 5 mg / kg (Lid) and third with lidocaine 2% 5 mg / kg and xylazine 2% 0.1 mg / kg (LidXyl). The results of this research showed that the LidXyl group had the highest analgesic effect and broader blockade area, namely femoris, cruris, and metatarsus-digit. The LidXyl blockade value was highest in the digitmetatarsus region, while the Lid group shows the highest blockade value in the cruris region. The LidXyl group with the addition of xylazine results in a decrease in heart rate and respiration rate. Xylazine increased and extended analgesic effect compared to lidocaine but resulted in a decrease in heart rate and respiration rate in the early minutes of anaesthesia, it is however safe to be used in sheep.
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Abbaya, H. Y., Y. Philimon, A. Elihu, A. U. Lawal, and I. A. Lumboyi. "Species, Age and Sex Effect on Thermoregulatory Parameters of Animals in Hot Season of Mubi." JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND GENETIC RESEARCH 8, no. 2 (August 11, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/jbgr.v8.no2.2022.pg1.12.
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The study was carried out to determine the effect of species, sex and age on thermoregulatory traits of three species of animals in the hot season of Mubi. The species were cattle, sheep and goat. A total of forty eight (48) animals were used, comprising of sixteen (16) each of cattle, sheep and goat that were sourced at international cattle market Mubi. Thermoregulatory parameters taken were, rectal temperature (RT), Respiration rate (RR) and Pulse rate (PR). Heat Tolerance Coefficient was calculated as an index. The thermoregulatory traits measured were subjected to analysis of variance using statistical analysis for sciences (SAS) and means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. Species and sex significantly (P<0.05) affected rectal temperature and pulse rate. The highest recorded rectal temperature was in goat (39.74 0C). The highest pulse rate was in cattle (59.08 beats/minutes). The highest recorded rectal temperature was in male cattle (39.03 0C). The highest pulse rate was in female goat (36.97 beats/ minute), respectively. The highest recorded rectal temperature was in adult sheep (39.03 0C). The highest recoded respiratory rate was in young cattle (72.67 breaths/minute). The highest recorded pulse rate was in young sheep (39.33beats/minute). The highest recoded heat tolerance coefficient was in young cattle (4.48). Respiration rate perfectly correlated positively (P<0.001; r=0.99) with Heat Tolerant Coefficient. It was concluded that sheep had better thermoregulation ability than cattle and goat. This study recommend a provision of sheds at animal’s stands to reduce the direct effect of radiation on the animals at Mubi livestock market
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MURRAY, P. J., A. MOSS, D. R. LOCKYER, and S. C. JARVIS. "A comparison of systems for measuring methane emissions from sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 133, no. 4 (December 1999): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007182.
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Two experiments were conducted, at ADAS Drayton in the autumn and winter 1996/1997, to compare methane (CH4) emissions from sheep housed either in a polytunnel system or in open-circuit respiration chambers. In each system, the sheep received maintenance levels of either cut grass or high temperature dried grass pellets (HTDG). All experiments in the tunnel were conducted on concrete to avoid any interactions of the CH4 with the soil/plant environment. The results suggested that CH4 production from the open-circuit chambers was greater than from the tunnel system (26·9±0·46 v. 31·7±0·35 l/kg dry matter intake (±S.E.) for open circuit respiration chambers and tunnel, respectively). Recovery tests gave similar results for both systems (95·5–97·9% for tunnels and 89·2–96·7% for chambers), and confirmed that both methods give good quantitative recovery of added CH4, and can therefore be assumed to provide reliable estimates of emissions from animals. There is no technical explanation, therefore, for the different estimates of emissions provided by the two systems. Further studies are required to understand the reasons for the differences and in particular, the possible links between animal behaviour induced by the two systems and CH4 emission rates.
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DIXON, R. M., R. THOMAS, and J. H. G. HOLMES. "Interactions between heat stress and nutrition in sheep fed roughage diets." Journal of Agricultural Science 132, no. 3 (May 1999): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859698006248.
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Intake, digestion and growth were examined in young Merino×Border Leicester wether sheep held for 44 days in either cool (13–15°C, thermal humidity index 56–58) or hot (32–40°C, 50–70% relative humidity, thermal humidity index minimum 83–84, maximum 83–88) environments. The sheep were offered diets of medium quality hay ad libitum alone (Con) or supplemented with either 22 g air-dry/kg metabolic liveweight (W0·75) of barley grain fortified with urea and sulphur (Bar/N) or 10 g air-dry/kg W0·75 of fishmeal (FM). Intake of the Con diet by the sheep in the cool environment was high at 79 g DM/kg W0·75 per day. Sheep in the hot environment had higher rectal temperatures and higher respiration rates (40·1°C v. 39·2°C, 196 v. 56 respirations/min respectively, P<0·01). The hot environment reduced (P<0·05) total dry matter (DM) intake, estimated metabolizable energy (ME) intake, liveweight (LW) gain and nitrogen (N) balance. The provision of supplements did not change total DM intake, but increased (P<0·05) organic matter digestibility, estimated ME intake, LW gain and N balance. Wool growth was increased much more by the FM than by the Bar/N supplement, indicating that the supply of absorbed amino acids was increased substantially by the FM supplement. Neither voluntary intake nor productivity were influenced by any interactions between the thermal environments and the balance of nutrients provided by the diets. In conclusion, in these young sheep consuming a high intake of a medium quality roughage diet, moderate heat stress reduced intake and growth but did not affect the relative responses of the sheep to supplements providing principally fermentable ME or a similar amount of fermentable ME and additional metabolizable protein.
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Moss, Angela R., S. Jarvis, and P. J. Murray. "Comparisons of methodologies for measuring methane emissions from sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200597051.
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Agriculture is one of the major sources of methane in the UK and the major contribution is that from the ruminant animal. Most current inventories include evaluations of emission rates determined from ammals in respiration chambers. Methodolgy has been developed at IGER, North Wyke which enables measurements to be made with grazing animals (tunnel system). Preliminary measurements have indicated that methane emissions from grazing sheep in the tunnel system were lower than reported values for zero-grazed grass determined in chambers. The objective was to determine if these observed differences were a result of methodological differences.
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Moss, Angela R., S. Jarvis, and P. J. Murray. "Comparisons of methodologies for measuring methane emissions from sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032669.
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Agriculture is one of the major sources of methane in the UK and the major contribution is that from the ruminant animal. Most current inventories include evaluations of emission rates determined from ammals in respiration chambers. Methodolgy has been developed at IGER, North Wyke which enables measurements to be made with grazing animals (tunnel system). Preliminary measurements have indicated that methane emissions from grazing sheep in the tunnel system were lower than reported values for zero-grazed grass determined in chambers. The objective was to determine if these observed differences were a result of methodological differences.
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EARLY, RICHARD J., BRIAN W. McBRIDE, and RONALD O. BALL. "PHENYLALANINE METABOLISM IN SHEEP INFUSED WITH GLUCOSE PLUS INSULIN. II. EFFECTS ON IN VIVO AND IN VITRO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND RELATED ENERGY EXPENDITURES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-081.
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In vivo fractional rates of protein synthesis (FSR), based on both intracellular fluid (ICF) and arterial plasma specific radioactivity (SRA), were determined for the external intercostal muscle (EIC), gastrocnemius muscle, liver and kidneys of growing sheep during infusions of either saline or glucose (2 g h−1) plus insulin (1.2 U h−1; G+I). In vitro FSR and energy expenditures associated with protein synthesis (cycloheximide-sensitive respiration) and Na+, K+ transport (ouabain-sensitive respiration) were also determined in EIC muscle. In vivo FSR based on ICF SRA in muscle were not significantly different between G+I and S infused sheep (5.2 vs. 4.2% d−1 and 5.0 vs. 3.2% d−1 for EIC and gastrocnemius, respectively). In vivo FSR in the liver (54 vs. 61% d−1) and kidneys (38 vs. 55% d−1) were also not significantly different between G+I versus S infused sheep. Based on plasma SRA, FSR in all tissues were unaffected by treatments and were less (P < 0.05) than those calculated from ICF SRA. In vitro FSR and the energy expenditures associated with protein synthesis and Na+, K+ transport were not affected by G+I infusions. The average in vitro FSR in isolated EIC muscle (2.7% d−1) was 53% and 81% of the average in vivo FSR calculated from ICF and plasma SRA, respectively. Compared to data reported for nonruminants, these data suggest that rates of protein synthesis and energy expenditures associated with protein synthesis in ruminants are less influenced by insulin and glucose. Key words: Sheep, protein synthesis, insulin, glucose, Na+, K+ transport
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Zhou, Chengyang, Shining Zuo, Xiaonan Wang, Yixin Ji, Qiezhuo Lamao, Li Liu, and Ding Huang. "Effects of Grazing Sheep and Mowing on Grassland Vegetation Community and Soil Microbial Activity under Different Levels of Nitrogen Deposition." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (July 30, 2022): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081133.
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Increasing nitrogen deposition plays a critical role in the material circulation of grassland. Mowing and grazing sheep are important means of utilizing grassland. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen deposition, sheep grazing and mowing on the soil, vegetation and soil microorganisms of grassland. N deposition increased soil inorganic nitrogen, SOM and microbial activity, and decreased soil pH, while grazing sheep and mowing had opposing effects. Compared with mowing, grazing sheep decreased the range of grass groups in the community. N deposition increased the proportion of Leymus chinensis in the community and decreased community diversity. N deposition enhanced the contribution rate of soil to the vegetation community, and reduced the effect of microorganisms on the vegetation community. In addition, N deposition significantly interacted with mowing and grazing sheep in terms of effects on soil inorganic nitrogen, soil organic matter (SOM), microbial respiration (Q), microbial mass carbon (MBC), and vegetation diversity. Therefore, appropriate N deposition in sheep grazing and mown grasslands could enhance inorganic N and organic matter, increase microbial activity, offset the adverse effects of grazing sheep and mowing, and contribute to maintaining community diversity and grassland productivity.
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Henry, M. L. E., M. Hazelton, K. F. M. Reed, L. J. Cummins, and B. J. Leury. "Effect of perennial ryegrass endophyte and a feed additive on some physiological parameters and intake of young ewes in winter." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3165.
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Young merino ewes were offered a pelleted ration containing approx 15% perennial ryegrass seed, either infected or not infected with wild endophyte. Each group was split so that 10 ewes received the toxin deactivation product, Elitox®. Groups were fed indoors on treatment for 4 weeks in winter (average daily temperature, 11.5ºC). Analysis for endophyte toxins indicated intakes of 63 μg/kg LW/day ergovaline and 23 μg/kg LW/day lolitrem B. Increases in respiration rate and rectal temperature were obvious after 1 week. Respiration rate more than doubled for ewes ingesting toxin-containing wild endophyte. Differences were greater with observations taken at 9 pm, compared with those taken at 9 am. The intake and liveweight gain of ewes ingesting endophyte increased relative to those on the endophyte-free diet. Administration of Elitox®, resulted in a significant interaction: respiration rate and intake increased in the absence of endophyte, but decreased in its presence. Keywords: Merino sheep, perennial ryegrass, lolitrem B, ergovaline, Elitox®, intake, respiration rate, faecal moisture
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YULDASHBAEV, YU A., E. A. KARASEV, and YU A. KOLOSOV. "MORPHO-BIOCHEMICAL SCREENING FOR ACUTE SEROUS MASTITIS IN SHEEP." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, no. 6 (2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2021-6-71-80.
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Despite significant achievements in the agricultural sector, the problem of mastitis in sheep continues to be one of the most relevant for veterinary science and practice. Therefore, in current conditions, the solution of diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of this disease is urgently needed. The article presents morphological and biochemical parameters of sheep blood in acute serous mastitis. The research was at “Belozernoe” of the Salsk district of the Rostov region, with a total number of sheep of 956 heads. The complex of clinical and laboratory studies was performed on 12 sheep of the Sokolskaya breed (at the age of 2–3 years), with signs of acute serous mastitis. The control group consisted of clinically healthy sheep aged 2–3 years. In a clinical study of sheep, the researchers focused on the general condition, body temperature, heart rate, respiration, and scar movement in two minutes. The study has shown that in serous mastitis, there is an increase in body temperature to 40.5–40.9°C, pulse rate to 95 beats per minute, and respiration – up to 40 respiratory movements per minute. The frequency of scar contractions was 3–6 times in two minutes. During the clinical examination, the affected half of the sheep’s udder was enlarged 3–4 times in volume, compacted, the skin is tense, and the breast nipple is slightly enlarged and flaccid. The supravyminal lymph node enlarged in volume by 1.5–2 times, and the sick sheep reacted painfully to palpation. At the beginning of the inflammation, milk from the affected lobe had a white color. When the disease passed into a more severe form, it became watery with an admixture of blood. As a rule, severe mastitis was acute. There was a partial loss of appetite. The researchers established that acute serous mastitis in sheep is clinically manifested by depression, subfebrile or febrile increase in body temperature, moderate tachypnea, and tachycardia. In the blood of sheep with acute serous mastitis, there is a significant decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. A pronounced neutrophilic leukocytosis develops with a simple shift of the regenerative nucleus to the left against the background of moderate eosinophilia. In the blood serum of sheep with acute mastitis, dysproteinemia is detected, characterized by a moderate decrease in albumin concentration and a significant increase in the content of alpha-globulins. In the blood serum of sick sheep, the concentration of iron also significantly decreases, and the content of copper increases.
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Lee, S. R., and Y. Sasaki. "Body heat content, heat production and respiration in sheep exposed to intermittent cold." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 7, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1994.357.
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Roberge*, Stéphane, Nathalie Samson*, Stéphanie Dorion, Dominique Dorion, and Jean-Paul Praud. "Non-Nutritive Swallowing and Respiration Coordination among States of Alertness in Adult Sheep." Journal of Otolaryngology 36, no. 03 (2007): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7070.2007.0022.
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Fuentes, Sigfredo, Claudia Gonzalez Viejo, Surinder S. Chauhan, Aleena Joy, Eden Tongson, and Frank R. Dunshea. "Non-Invasive Sheep Biometrics Obtained by Computer Vision Algorithms and Machine Learning Modeling Using Integrated Visible/Infrared Thermal Cameras." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 6334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216334.
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Live sheep export has become a public concern. This study aimed to test a non-contact biometric system based on artificial intelligence to assess heat stress of sheep to be potentially used as automated animal welfare assessment in farms and while in transport. Skin temperature (°C) from head features were extracted from infrared thermal videos (IRTV) using automated tracking algorithms. Two parameter engineering procedures from RGB videos were performed to assess Heart Rate (HR) in beats per minute (BPM) and respiration rate (RR) in breaths per minute (BrPM): (i) using changes in luminosity of the green (G) channel and (ii) changes in the green to red (a) from the CIELAB color scale. A supervised machine learning (ML) classification model was developed using raw RR parameters as inputs to classify cutoff frequencies for low, medium, and high respiration rate (Model 1). A supervised ML regression model was developed using raw HR and RR parameters from Model 1 (Model 2). Results showed that Models 1 and 2 were highly accurate in the estimation of RR frequency level with 96% overall accuracy (Model 1), and HR and RR with R = 0.94 and slope = 0.76 (Model 2) without statistical signs of overfitting
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Astuti, Dewi Apri, and Asep Sudarman. "PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS, BLOOD PROFILE AND BODY COMPOSITION OF SHEEP FED WITH CA-SAPONIFIED LEMURU OIL COATED BY HERBS." Buletin Peternakan 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v39i2.6716.
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<p>This study was aimed to evaluate the physiological status, blood profiles and body composition of sheep fed with Ca-saponified lemuru oil coated by herbs. Twenty fat-tailed sheep (av. BW 23±1.2 kg) were used in this experiment by using Completely Randomized Design with five treatments ration and four replications of each. Sheep fed with concentrate containing 3% Ca-saponified lemuru oil and king grass (1:1) ad libitum. Treatments were control diet without herbs (R1); Ca-saponified lemuru oil coated by curcumae domestica (R2); coated by Zingiber officinale Rosc (R3); coated by Eugenia polyantha (R4) and coated by Pluchea indica Less (R5). Data of physiological parameters were measured three times a day, in the morning, at noon and afternoon. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment through jugular vein, together with zero sample for Urea Space measurement. The variables observed were physiological data (heart rate, respiration rate, and rectal temperature), blood profiles (erythrocyte, hemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), leucocytes) and body composition (water, protein and fat) measured using Urea Space technique. Results of the study showed that sheep fed with Ca-saponified lemuru oil coated by herbs was not significantly different on heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature among treatments. Meanwhile, total leucocytes, neutrophil cell, and lymphocytes significantly increased (P<0.05) by the treatment. Body composition percentage (water, protein and fat) were same in all treatments, except the total body fat and energy retained. In conclusion, supplementation of 3% Ca-saponified lemuru oil coated by Curcumae domestica, Zingiber officinale Rosc, Eugenia polyantha and Pluchea indica Less in fat-tailed sheep had no effect on physiological parameters, but improved the leucocyte and neutrophil cells. Total body fat and energy retained lower compared to control treatment.</p><p>(Key words: Body composition, Ca-saponified, Herbs, Lemuru oil, Urea space)</p>
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Swainson, Natasha, Stefan Muetzel, and Harry Clark. "Updated predictions of enteric methane emissions from sheep suitable for use in the New Zealand national greenhouse gas inventory." Animal Production Science 58, no. 6 (2018): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15766.
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Enteric methane (CH4) emissions make up approximately one-third of all New Zealand’s carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions. In current national inventory calculations, fixed values are used to estimate emissions from sheep; 20.9 g CH4 per kg dry matter intake (DMI) for sheep <1 year old and 16.8 g CH4 per kg DMI for sheep >1 year old. These values have been principally derived from trials where intake was estimated, and CH4 emissions were measured indirectly using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Using New Zealand sheep data collected between 2009 and 2015, where intake was accurately measured and CH4 emissions were measured for a minimum of 48 h in respiration chambers (n = 817), updated sheep methane prediction algorithms suitable for use in the national greenhouse gas inventory were derived. A single equation for all sheep based on daily DMI (kg) alone (ln(g CH4/day) = 0.763 × ln(DMI) + 3.039) explained 76% of the variation in CH4 emissions. Splitting the dataset into two age classes (sheep <1 year old and sheep >1 year old) provided two alternative equations; (sheep >1 year old), ln(g CH4/day) = 0.765 × ln(DMI) + 3.09 and (sheep <1 year old), ln(g CH4/day) = 0.734 × ln(DMI) + 0.05(metabolisable energy) + 2.46. An analysis of concordance suggests that a better fit to the data is obtained by using a two-algorithm approach. The use of these updated algorithms in the national inventory resulted in small changes to estimated emissions both within and between years.
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Jonker, A., G. Molano, E. Sandoval, P. S. Taylor, C. Antwi, S. Olinga, and G. P. Cosgrove. "Methane emissions differ between sheep offered a conventional diploid, a high-sugar diploid or a tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivar at two allowances at three times of the year." Animal Production Science 58, no. 6 (2018): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15597.
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Elevated water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration in the diet may affect rumen fermentation and consequently reduce methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of the present study was to determine CH4 emissions from male sheep (8 per treatment) in respiration chambers for 48 h and fed either a conventional diploid (CRG), a high-sugar diploid (HSG) or a tetraploid (TRG) perennial ryegrass cultivar, each offered at 0.7 or 1.0 kg dry matter (DM)/day during periods in early spring 2013 (P1), early autumn 2014 (P2) and late spring 2014 (P3). There was a significant (P < 0.001) interaction between cultivar and period for CH4 yield (g/kg DM intake). In P1 yield was 9% lower (P = 0.007) for sheep fed HSG than for sheep fed CRG or TRG, in P2 yield was 16% lower (P < 0.001) for sheep fed TRG than that for sheep fed CRG or HSG, and in P3 yield was 15% lower (P < 0.001) for sheep fed TRG than that for sheep fed CRG, with HSG-fed sheep being intermediate and not significantly different from either CRG or TRG. Despite there being a cultivar × period interaction, overall, CH4 yield was lower for sheep fed HSG or TRG than for sheep fed CRG (P < 0.001). There were no cultivar × level of feed offer interactions and, overall, yield of CH4 was 9% higher (P = 0.003) for sheep offered 0.7 than for sheep offered 1.0 kg DM/day. In each period, one or other of the high-WSC diploid (HSG) or tetraploid cultivars (TRG) gave lower CH4 yields than did the control diploid (CRG), suggesting that CH4 yield is reduced by characteristics of these cultivars. However, the effect was not consistently associated with either cultivar and could not be attributed to higher forage water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations.
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El-Nouty, F. D., G. A. Hassan, T. H. Taher, M. A. Samak, Zahraa Abo-Elezz, and M. H. Salem. "Water requirements and metabolism in Egyptian Barki and Rahmani sheep and Baladi goats during spring, summer and winter seasons." Journal of Agricultural Science 111, no. 1 (August 1988): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082770.
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SummaryWater requirements and metabolism were studied in eight each of Barki and Rahmani sheep and eight Baladi goats. The animals were individually housed in the shade in semi-open pens that were located in a non-desert area. The experiments were carried out during spring, summer and winter seasons, and each experiment lasted for 3 weeks during each season. After a preliminary period of 1 week, an 8-day period was then followed during which body weight, daily feed intake and daily drinking water were recorded. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were also recorded in the early morning and late afternoon. Four animals from each group were then weighed and injected intravenously with tritiated water, TOH (001 mCi/kg body weight) and blood samples were collected during a 4-day period to estimate total body water (TBW) and water turnover rate (WTR).In all seasons studied, the Rahmani sheep had higher TOH disappearance rate (^-values) and WTR and consequently shorter biological half-time (1½) than the Barki. Moreover, the Barki sheep showed less thermal discomfort than the Rahmani particularly during the summer. Although the Rahmani sheep ingested more water than the Barki sheep during the summer, the Rahmani sheep had a lower percentage of TBW and their calculated water loss revealed that they were in negative water balance during this season. Accordingly, the Barki sheep seem to perform better than the Rahmani in newlyreclaimed desert areas. Baladi goats appear to be more adapted to unfavourable environmental conditions than sheep. This is based upon the findings that they had lower k-values, lower WTR, longer tiand higher TBW, than the two breeds of sheep.
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Fletcher, L. R., B. L. Sutherland, and C. G. Fletcher. "The impact of endophyte on the health and productivity of sheep grazing ryegrass-based pastures." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 7 (January 1, 1999): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.7.1999.3403.
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The health and production of sheep grazing perennial ryegrass with and without wild-type endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) has been studied in several trials over a number of years. Lambs/ hoggets grazing predominantly perennial ryegrass swards with endophyte developed moderate to severe ryegrass staggers in summer and autumn, while those grazing endophyte-free ryegrass did not. Lambs/hoggets grazing ryegrass with endophyte also had more dags, lower growth rates, lower plasma prolactin levels, higher body temperatures and respiration rates under warm humid conditions. Most of these adverse responses were more severe in summer and autumn when endophyte toxin concentrations were highest. Many of these symptoms are similar to those described for the "autumn ill thrift" syndrome in New Zealand. Keywords: dags, endophyte, flystrike, growth rates, hyperthermia, Neotyphodium, perennial ryegrass, prolactin, ryegrass staggers, sheep
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Bickell, S. L., D. K. Revell, A. F. Toovey, and P. E. Vercoe. "Feed intake of sheep when allowed ad libitum access to feed in methane respiration chambers." Journal of Animal Science 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 2259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7192.
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Robinson, D. L., J. P. Goopy, A. J. Donaldson, R. T. Woodgate, V. H. Oddy, and R. S. Hegarty. "Sire and liveweight affect feed intake and methane emissions of sheep confined in respiration chambers." Animal 8, no. 12 (2014): 1935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731114001773.
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Fletcher, L. R. ""Non-toxic" endophytes in ryegrass and their effect on livestock health and production." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 7 (January 1, 1999): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.7.1999.3393.
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Ryegrass/endophyte associations have been developed which produce peramine, but not the endophyte toxins ergovaline or lolitrem B. Sheep grazing these ryegrasses in small paddocks and in a systems trial over three years gained weight as rapidly as those grazing endophyte-free ryegrass, and showed none of the adverse responses associated with grazing ryegrass naturally infected with wild-type endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii). Growth rates, rectal temperatures, respiration rates, serum prolactin concentrations, ryegrass staggers scores and scores for dag burdens were equivalent for the selected endophyte and nil endophyte treatments, whereas sheep grazing the wild-type endophyte treatment were adversely affected for all parameters. This was reflected in calculated gross margins for the systems trial of only $605 per hectare for the wild-type endophyte treatment compared with over $700 per hectare for each of the other treatments. To date there have been no conclusive studies of non-toxic endophyte with cattle. Keywords: AR1, dags, endophyte, ergovaline, liveweight gain, lolitrem B, Lolium perenne, Neotyphodium, peramine, perennial ryegrass, prolactin, sheep
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Li, Xixi, Hayley C. Norman, Robert D. Kinley, Michael Laurence, Matt Wilmot, Hannah Bender, Rocky de Nys, and Nigel Tomkins. "Asparagopsis taxiformis decreases enteric methane production from sheep." Animal Production Science 58, no. 4 (2018): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15883.
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Asparagopsis taxiformis concentrates halogenated compounds that are known to inhibit cobamide-dependent methanogenesis in vitro and, therefore, has potential to mitigate enteric methane production. The present study investigated the effect of Asparagopsis on methane (CH4) production from sheep offered a high-fibre pelleted diet (offered at 1.2 × maintenance) at five inclusion levels of Asparagopsis for 72 days (0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% organic matter basis as offered). Individual animal CH4 measurements were conducted at 21-day intervals using open-circuit respiration chambers. Asparagopsis inclusion resulted in a consistent and dose-dependent reduction in enteric CH4 production over time, with up to 80% CH4 mitigation at the 3% offered rate compared with the group fed no Asparagopsis (P < 0.05). Sheep fed Asparagopsis had a significantly lower concentration of total volatile fatty acids and acetate, but a higher propionate concentration. No changes in liveweight gain were identified. Supplementing Asparagopsis in a high-fibre diet (<2% organic matter) resulted in significant and persistent decreases in enteric methanogenesis over a 72-day period. Granulomatous and keratotic ruminal mucosa changes were identified in several sheep with Asparagopsis supplementation. While the outcomes of the present study may be extrapolated to feedlot to achieve the antimethanogenic effect associated with Asparagopsis, further work is required to define the long-term effects on productivity and animal health.
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Chauhan, Surinder S., Minghao Zhang, Aleena Joy, Richard Osei-Amponsah, Brian J. Leury, Robyn D. Warner, Iain J. Clarke, and Frank R. Dunshea. "Adaptive and Productive Sheep Breed for Changing Climate." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036137.
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Sheep in semi-arid environments are likely to be affected by warming environment due to climate change. To identify genotypes best suited to warmer climates we assessed thermotolerance and meat quality of 5 female sheep of each of 4 breeds (Merino, Wiltshire, Dorper, and Southdown) under simulated summer conditions. The sheep were housed in metabolic crates within climate-controlled rooms and were exposed to thermo-neutral (TN; 18–21 °C and 40–50% relative humidity) or cyclic heat stress (HS; 28–40 °C and 30–40% RH) conditions for two weeks. Physiological responses were recorded 3 times daily, and brown fat tissue temperature was measured by data loggers inserted into the brisket. Sheep were slaughtered at an abattoir as per standard commercial procedure and samples obtained for carcass and meat quality attributes. When exposed to HS, Dorpers and Merinos exhibited lower respiration rate (151, 142 breaths/min, respectively) and rectal temperature (39.39, 39.32 °C, respectively) (P < 0.05) than Southdowns (192 breaths/min, 40.05 °C) and Wiltshires (200 breaths/min, 39.91 °C). Dorper and Wiltshire (n = 3) showed lowest sternal fat temperatures during HS indicating inherent differences in thermogenesis. HS had significant effect (P < 0.05) on post mortem muscle pH decline which was slower than TN sheep, except in Dorper again indicating better thermotolerance. There were significant (P = 0.03) breed effects on meat cooking loss % such that Southdown showed minimum cooking loss (17%) while Merino showed the greatest loss (24%). These results suggest that there are genetic (breed) differences in thermotolerance and meat quality of sheep, providing an opportunity to select best sheep suited to a warming climate.
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Skiba, U., S. K. Jones, J. Drewer, C. Helfter, M. Anderson, K. Dinsmore, R. McKenzie, E. Nemitz, and M. A. Sutton. "Comparison of soil greenhouse gas fluxes from extensive and intensive grazing in a temperate maritime climate." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 8 (August 2, 2012): 10057–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-10057-2012.
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Abstract. Greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from a seminatural, extensively sheep grazed drained moorland and intensively sheep grazed fertilised grassland in SE Scotland were compared over 4 yr (2007–2010). Nitrous oxide and CH4 fluxes were measured by static chambers, respiration from soil including ground vegetation by a flow through chamber and the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 by eddy covariance. All GHG fluxes displayed high temporal and interannual variability. Temperature, radiation, water table height and precipitation could explain a significant percentage of seasonal and interannual variations. Greenhouse gas fluxes were dominated by the net ecosystem exchange of CO2, emissions of N2O from the grazed grassland (384 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1) and emissions of CH4 from ruminant fermentation (147 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1). Methane emissions from the moorland were small (6.7 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1). Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and respiration were much larger on the productive fertilised grassland (−1624 and +7157 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1, respectively) than the seminatural moorland (−338 and +2554 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1, respectively). Large CH4 and N2O losses from the grazed grassland counteracted the CO2 uptake by 35%, whereas the small N2O and CH4 emissions from the moorland did only impact the NEE by 2%.The 4 yr average GHG budget for the grazed grassland was 1006 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1 and 331 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1 for the moorland.
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Skiba, U., S. K. Jones, J. Drewer, C. Helfter, M. Anderson, K. Dinsmore, R. McKenzie, E. Nemitz, and M. A. Sutton. "Comparison of soil greenhouse gas fluxes from extensive and intensive grazing in a temperate maritime climate." Biogeosciences 10, no. 2 (February 26, 2013): 1231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1231-2013.
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Abstract. Greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from a seminatural, extensively sheep-grazed drained moorland and intensively sheep-grazed fertilised grassland in South East (SE) Scotland were compared over 4 yr (2007–2010). Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes were measured by static chambers, respiration from soil plus ground vegetation by a flow-through chamber, and the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) by eddy-covariance. All GHG fluxes displayed high temporal and interannual variability. Temperature, radiation, water table height and precipitation could explain a significant percentage of seasonal and interannual variations. Greenhouse gas fluxes were dominated by the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 at both sites. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and respiration was much larger on the productive fertilised grassland (−1567 and 7157 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1, respectively) than on the seminatural moorland (−267 and 2554 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1, respectively). Large ruminant CH4 (147 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1) and soil N2O (384 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1) losses from the grazed grassland counteracted the CO2 uptake by 34%, whereas the small N2O (0.8 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1) and CH4 (7 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1) emissions from the moorland only impacted the NEE flux by 3%. The 4-yr average GHG budget for the grazed grassland was −1034 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1 and −260 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1 for the moorland.
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Miaron, J. O. O., R. J. Christopherson, and R. T. Hardin. "The effect of alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation with guanfacin on thermogenesis in fasted and fed sheep." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-081.
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Eight sheep with an average body weight of 99 kg were divided into two groups (fasted and fed) of four and kept in individual pens. The sheep were used to examine the effects of alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation on heat production, heart rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature and plasma parameters. On the day of the experiment, food but not water was withheld from the fasted group and the fed group received 1.0 kg of pelleted alfalfa diet. The treatments consisting of vehicle (saline) and three levels (low = 0.8 mg; medium = 1.6 mg; high = 2.4 mg per sheep) of guanfacin were administered intravenously in a split-plot experimental design. The heat production was determined by open circuit respiration calorimetry, the heart rate was recorded by an electrocardiograph and the rectal and skin temperatures were measured with a Fisher Digital Thermometer. When compared to saline, guanfacin reduced (P < 0.05) the heat production of fasted sheep (1.21 vs. 0.99, 1.09, 0.98 W kg−1) for the low, medium and high doses, respectively. For the fed sheep the medium and high doses reduced total post-feeding heat production (1.64 vs. 1.43, 1.55 W kg−1). The difference in heat production between the fed and fasted animals was not altered by guanfacin. The skin temperature was reduced by all doses of guanfacin in the fasted sheep but only by the high dose in the fed sheep. The heart rate was not affected by guanfacin. The high dose increased the rectal temperature of fed sheep. In both groups the high dose resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in blood haemoglobin content. Guanfacin induced a two- to threefold increase in plasma glucose and a transient response in insulin concentration. We conclude that short-term alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation with guanfacin suppresses the heat production of both fasted and fed sheep but has no effect on the heat increment of feeding. Key words: Calorimetry, alpha2-adrenoceptors, guanfacin, feeding, sheep
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Rompala, R. E., D. E. Johnson, W. V. Rumpler, H. W. Phetteplace, and C. F. Parker. "Level of alimentation and line of breeding on oxygen uptake by ovine jejunal mucosa." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): R398—R401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.2.r398.
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Targhee rams from a selected and control line of breeding were provided with the same diet at either 100 or 40% of ad libitum feed intake levels for 28 days. The rams were killed in a serial fashion over a 35-day period. A sample of the jejunum mucosa was taken, and O2 consumption rates with and without ouabain were measured. Total O2 consumption and ouabain-sensitive respiration rates of the jejunal mucosa taken from rams of the select line were greater than for samples taken from the control rams. Line of breeding did not influence the percent of the total O2 consumption that was ouabain sensitive and the proportion of the jejunum that was mucosa. Differences in rates of total and ouabain-sensitive O2 consumption attributed to level of feed intake were not detected as significant. Both the percentage of the total respiration rates that was ouabain sensitive and the proportion of the jejunum that was mucosa were greater for rams fed at high intake levels compared with rams fed at low intake levels. Thus both breeding sheep on the basis of improved growth potential and level of alimentation influenced aspects of jejunal mucosa respiration that was Na+-K+-adenosinetriphosphatase dependent.
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Robinson, D. L., S. Dominik, A. J. Donaldson, and V. H. Oddy. "Repeatabilities, heritabilities and correlations of methane and feed intake of sheep in respiration and portable chambers." Animal Production Science 60, no. 7 (2020): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18383.
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Context Knowledge of genetic and phenotypic variation and the accuracy of different measurement techniques is needed to successfully reduce livestock methane (CH4) emissions. Aims To estimate repeatabilities, heritabilities and genetic correlations of respiration-chamber (RC) and portable accumulation-chamber (PAC) measurements using two different protocols but the same management and feeding conditions. Methods Australian Information Nucleus Flock ewes were measured in seven test-batches. The 510 ewes were removed from pasture and habituated to chaffed alfalfa and cereal hay at 1.5–1.6 times maintenance. Methane was measured in RC for two 22-h periods approximately 14 days apart, and 40 min in PAC, either immediately after removal from individual pens (with feed as described above, PAC0), or 1-h after withdrawing feed (PAC1). There were up to 48 PAC0 tests per day (at 0930 hours, 1100 hours, 1230 hours, 1400 hours in 12 PAC) and 24 PAC1 tests per day (at 1100 hours and 1300 hours). Test methods (RC, PAC0, PAC1) were analysed as different traits in a multi-trait repeated-measures model. Key results Before adjustment for liveweight (Lwt) or feed intake (FI), CH4 was highly repeatable (RC 78%, PAC0 83%, PAC1 82%), with heritabilities of 39–55%, permanent environmental (PE) animal variances 23–43% of phenotypic variances (Vp), high genetic correlations between methods (98–100%), and lower PE correlations (44–58%). A second PAC test on the same day decreased CH4 by 8–12% compared with the ewe’s first test that day. Heritabilities of FI from 0800 hours until the test was complete (FIOD) were 16–17% (PAC) and 25% (RC) before adjusting for Lwt, with high PE variances (PAC 67–73%, RC 41% of Vp). FI in the previous 24 h was highly heritable and much less variable than was FIOD in the RC, suggesting that testing introduced additional variation by disrupting feeding patterns. After adjusting CH4 for Lwt, FIOD and FI in the previous 24 h and Lwt, some additive genetic variation remained, averaging 17% of Vp. Multivariate models of CH4 and FI, fitting a single animal term (representing genetic+PE variation) showed high animal correlations between FI and CH4, namely, 90–95% before, and 86–95% after adjusting for Lwt. Conclusions PAC measurements are heritable and highly correlated with RC measurements under similar management conditions. The high genetic and animal correlations of PAC CH4 and FI imply that CH4 is a useful proxy for FI of grazing animals.
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Zrunek, M., W. Mayr, W. Streinzer, H. Thoma, U. Losert, B. Schneider, and E. Unger. "Laryngeal Pacemaker: Activity of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle (PCM) and the Diaphragm during Respiration in Sheep." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 108, no. 3-4 (January 1989): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016488909125533.
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FUJITA, Hiroshi, Junichi TAKAHASHI, Sakae MATSUOKA, and Manabu SOMIYA. "A Comparison of Ventilated Hood and Respiration Chamber Systems for Measuring the Gas Metabolism in Sheep." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 59, no. 2 (1988): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.59.123.
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Taofik, A., S. Bandiati, A. M. Maskoen, and M. Yusuf. "The effects of shearing and ascorbyl palmitate administration on physiological and blood metabolite profile of Padjadjaran sheep under heat exposure treatment." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 46, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.46.1.12-19.
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Ascorbyl-6-palmitate (AP) was a lipid-soluble synthetic ester of ascorbic acid that has been used as a preservation agent for foods and as an antioxidant in cosmetics and related products. This study aims to investigate the effect of shearing management and ascorbyl palmitate administration on physiological and hematological profiles in under heat load Padjadjaran sheep. The physiological profile involves respiration rate (RR), Pulse rate (PR), and rectal temperature (RT). Twenty rams Padjadjaran 1 – 1,5 year-old, weighing between 25 to 47.5 kg used from sheep breeding station Purwakarta, West Java - Indonesia. There are two treatments level in this research, (1). Shearing divide into two groups, unshearing (c0) and shearing (c1); (2). AP administration also divides two groups, not given (a0) and given 400 mg each head daily (a1). The whole treatments were a0c0, a0c1, a1c0 and a1c1. Heat exposure application was exposed to sunlight when the sheep exposed, the animal tethered by rope at the neck region. The sheep exposed to the sun when the ambient temperature at least 34oC, 180 minutes each day, three days a week. The result showed that AP administration and shearing have interaction effects on RR, PR and RT. The level of glucose and total protein is affected by interaction effect of AP administration and shearing, while cholesterol affected to shearing. The conclusion, supplementing AP and shearing application could reduce the negative impact of heat stress on physiological and blood metabolite profiles of Padjadjaran sheep. Although the wool of local breed has not economic value, the shearing is regularly needed.
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SHINDE, A. K., S. A. KARIM, S. K. SANKHYAN, and R. BHATTA. "Seasonal changes in physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep maintained on semi-arid pasture." Journal of Agricultural Science 131, no. 3 (November 1998): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859698005784.
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A study on the energy expenditure of sheep was carried out at the Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, India during August 1995 to July 1996 by conducting two experiments: one on tracheal cannulated rams maintained on stall-feeding in autumn 1995 (Expt 1) followed by year-round grazing on silvipasture (Cenchrus ciliaris pasture interspersed with fodder trees) over three seasons: monsoon, winter and summer, 1995/96 (Expt 2). Physiological responses and energy expenditure measurement of housed and grazing sheep were recorded at 06.00, 14.00 and 22.00 h for 5 consecutive days in each season. Tracheostomized sheep harness with meteorological balloon were used for collection of expired air and measurement of energy expenditure. Rectal temperature (RT) of sheep at 06.00 h was similar in all the seasons except for a significant (P<0·05) lower value in monsoon. The rise of RT from 06.00 to 14.00 h in grazing animals was 1·6 °C, higher than that in housed sheep (0·9 °C). Skin temperature (ST) was least in winter and highest at 14.00 h in the monsoon and autumn seasons. Respiration rate (RR) showed a marked rise at 14.00 h in all the seasons. The heart rate (HR) of grazing sheep was higher, irrespective of season, at 14.00 h. At 06.00 and 22.00 h, the heart rate was higher in winter and summer than in the monsoon season. Overall energy expenditure (EE) was 4·85 MJ/24 h during winter which increased to 5·85 MJ/24 h in summer and 6·70 MJ/24 h in the monsoon. The mean rise in energy expenditure per °C rectal temperature in all the seasons was 338 kJ/kg W0·75. Comparable mean values per 10 °C ambient temperature and 10 °C black globe temperature were 404 and 173. The increase in energy expenditure of grazing compared to housed sheep in monsoon, winter and summer was 78, 15 and 33 % respectively. The mean value was +43%.