Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sheep Feeding and feeds

Academic literature on the topic 'Sheep Feeding and feeds'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sheep Feeding and feeds":

Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler, and G. Perrott. "Evaluation of sugar beet feeds and maize distiller's dark grains as supplements for pregnant ewes fed straw-based diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200597543.

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The feeding of lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy was developed at ADAS Rosemaund during the last decade (Davies and Chappie 1995). Results showed that ewe and lamb performance were satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation was fed. Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration, but feeds based on high protein molassed sugar beet feed (Probeet Trident Feed) and maize distiller's dark grains could improve palatability and be easier to feed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds and maize distiller's dark grains to pregnant ewes on a straw-based feeding system.

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McDonald, CL, JB Rowe, and SP Gittins. "Feeds and feeding methods for assembly of sheep before export." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 5 (1994): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940589.

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Sheep are assembled in Australian feedlots before export and given time to adapt to the pelleted diet they will receive on board ship. In Western Australia, lupins are normally included in the diet at levels up to 30% as a source of digestible energy which is low in starch. It is also common to feed hay during assembly. We examine the use of pellets based on barley and containing either lupins or virginiamycin to overcome problems of acidosis, and the importance of hay during assembly. There were 9 dietary treatments each with 3 pens of 30 sheep. The study was conducted over 8 days simulating assembly feedlot conditions. Measurements were made of numbers of sheep visiting troughs (paint-marking technique) and accumulation of lactic acid in the rumen. 'Barley' pellets were formulated with 33% barley, 18% oats, 47% hay/straw and 2% minerals and vitamins. Replacing about half of the barley with lupins resulted in more sheep paint-marked on days 3-6 (P<0.05) and higher levels of feed intake on days 4-8 (P<0.001) than feeding pellets without lupins. The inclusion of lupins was also associated with a less pronounced drop in feed intake on day 4 than measured in sheep fed barley pellets alone. Adding virginiamycin at 40 g/t to the basal barley-based pellet also significantly increased the numbers of sheep paintmarked. Virginiamycin appeared to have a similar effect to the inclusion of lupins in terms of reducing the number of sheep which were not paint-marked. Sprinkling a small quantity of lucerne chaff onto the pellets had no effect on feeding behaviour. The use of hay in racks resulted in fewer sheep (3 v. 12%, P<0.05) not eating during the first 3 days but there was no significant effect thereafter. We concluded that the inclusion of either lupins or virginiamycin is effective in improving the adaptation to cereal-based pellets in export feedlots. The use of hay either in racks or sprinkled over the pellets appears to be of limited value.

Emmans, G. C., M. R. Cropper, W. S. Dingwall, H. Brown, J. D. Oldham, and J. I. Harland. "Efficiencies of use of the metabolisable energy from feeds based on barley or sugar beet feed in immature sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010539.

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The ARC (1980) energy system sees growth in the single dimension of energy retention (ER) which increases, with diminishing marginal efficiency, as ME intake increases. The quantitative relationship between ME intake and ER is predicted from q, the proportion of the gross energy which is metabolisable. An experiment on growing sheep on controlled feeding of different feeds was carried out to provide data suitable for testing ARC (1980) and other energy systems.Scottish Blackface wether sheep in single pens, entered the experiment at 25 kg liveweight (LW), when 11 were slaughtered. The remainder were allocated to 3 x 3 x 3 treatments with an intended 4 replicates per treatment. The factors were (i) feeds: feeds B, U and M shown in Table 1, (ii) levels of feeding. L, M and H where H was 936 g/d at 25 kg and was increased by 52 g/d each week, L was half H and M half-way between L and H, (iii) slaughter point, after 9 or 18 weeks, or at 40 kg liveweight.

Ahmed, S., MRH Rakib, and MA Hemayet. "Effect of Total Mixed Ration Based Complete Pellet Feed on the Performances of Stall Fed Native Sheep." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 18, no. 2 (January 4, 2021): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v18i2.51116.

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A complete pellet feed was developed using 40 % roughage (Rice straw) and 60 % concentrate (Rice polish 50 %, Maize crush 16 %, Soybean meal 20 %, Molasses 10 %, Salt 2 %, DCP 1 %, Vitaminmineral premix 0.5 %, Pellet binder 0.5 %) for commercial sheep production under stall feeding system. To know the effect of complete pellet feed on animal performances, both on-station and on-farm trials were conducted in growing sheep. The results of the experiment demonstrated that in the traditional system of rearing; only 22.42 g daily weight gain was observed. While, feeding of complete pellet feed achieved 84.98 g, and 100.67 g daily weight gain at on-farm and on-station condition respectively suggesting that pelleting enhanced the efficiency of utilization of feed. However, no differences were observed for the feed cost per kg weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) among the pellet feeding group and other group. But results suggest that complete pellet feed would be more economical for commercial sheep production under the stall-fed condition and farmers would be more benefited using complete pellet feed compared to conventional grass or urea molasses straw (UMS) and concentrate based feeding system. No disease or clinical symptoms were observed in the animals during the experimental period, suggesting that pellet feeds are well accepted by the sheep and results in better growth rate. SAARC J. Agri., 18(2): 157-166 (2020)

Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler, G. Perrott, and M. Witt. "Comparison of sugar beet feeds and distillers grains as supplements for early lambing ewes fed straw-based and big-bale silage diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002817.

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Feeding lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy (Davies and Chapple 1995) has shown that ewe and lamb performance can be satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation was fed. Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration. Experiments with March-lambing ewes (Chapple et al., 1997) has shown that feeds based on molassed sugar beet feed and maize distillers dark grains can replace a barley/soya supplement. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds with higher levels of distillers grains to January-lambing ewes on straw-based and big-bale silage systems during pregnancy and early lactation.

Mahgoub, Osman, Isam T.Kadim, Hamza A. Babiker, and Mohammed N. Al-Kindi. "The Influence of Diets Containing Phenols and Condensed Tannins on Protein Picture, Clinical Profile and Rumen Characteristics in Omani Sheep." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 19, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol19iss2pp8-16.

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A study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding low quality non-conventional feeds (NCF) containing phenols and condensed tannins on health and performance characteristics in Omani sheep. Twelve Omani sheep were fed one of two base roughages, urea-treated palm frond (UTPF) or Rhodesgrass hay, (RGH) plus a commercial concentrate for 63 days. Haematological, serum biochemical and urine analyses were used to assess sheep health. Serum protein fractions were measured using electrophoresis. Urea-treated palm frond contained higher levels of polyphenols and condensed tannins and fiber than Rhodesgrass hay or concentrate feed. Animals fed UTPF had lower feed intake (P<0.05) and lower body gain (P<0.001) than those fed RGH. Rumen liquor of UTPF-fed animals had higher pH, ammonia-nitrogen and butyric fatty acid but lower acetic fatty acid (P<0.05). Animals fed UTPF had higher neutrophil (P<0.05) but lower lymphocyte (P<0.05) and monocyte (P<0.001) counts by the end of the trial than those fed RGH. There were no effects of diet on serum albumin or globulin fraction levels or albumin:globulin ratio. There were no major effects on urine analysis but there was a trend by control animals to have higher protein and specific gravity than treated ones. This study indicated that feeding low quality non-conventional feeds containing polyphenols or tannins would reduce body gain and may produce some effects on clinical parameters. Although tannins are known to influence protein digestion and absorption in ruminants, it did not significantly affect the serum protein picture in sheep.

Philp, Joshua, Adam M. Komarek, Sarah J. Pain, and William Bellotti. "Variation in feed utilisation by sheep undergoing compensatory growth following underfeeding with and without additional dietary nitrogen in western China." Animal Production Science 57, no. 1 (2017): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15185.

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Small mixed farming systems in developing economies often rely on compensatory growth to recover livestock weight lost during seasonal feed shortages; however, deficit feed management may continue to affect the capacity of livestock to efficiently use feeds even after adequate feeding has resumed. Accordingly, we compared the difference in liveweight gain and feed utilisation over time in Tan weaner sheep in western China, during a period of ad libitum compensatory feeding after alternative feed deficit scenarios. During the feed deficit period, sheep were offered, at 80% maintenance requirements, corn straw, corn grain and lucerne hay in a respective ratio of either 80 : 20 : 0 (S1 ration: metabolisable energy = 7 MJ/kg DM, crude protein = 40 g/kg DM) or 55 : 20 : 25 (S2 ration: metabolisable energy = 8 MJ/kg DM, crude protein = 65 g/kg DM) for 20 days. All sheep were then offered an ad libitum supply of the S2 ration for a further 20 days, during which DM digestibility (DMD), energy intake and liveweight was measured and compared at 5-day intervals. Results indicated that sheep previously fed the S1 ration were not able to digest as much of the ad libitum S2 ration as those previously fed the S2 ration, experiencing significantly lower DMD, energy intake and average daily weight gain. The difference in the effect of the two restrictive feeding treatments on the digestibility of the ad libitum S2 ration gradually decreased over time, indicative of a recovery adaptation during ad libitum feeding period. The rate of DMD recovery post-realimentation was greater in the S1 sheep, likely due to their significantly lower DMD values immediately following underfeeding. We concluded that the comparatively higher nutritive value of the S2 ration sustained rumen digestive function throughout the restrictive feeding period, permitting sheep to commence re-feeding under conditions that are more favourable. Additionally, it is evident that reliance on livestock winter rations typical in western China, as expressed by the S1 ration, degraded ruminant digestive conditions to such an extent that feed was used with reduced efficiency even after being supplied in adequate quantities.

Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler, G. Perrott, and M. Witt. "Simple mixes of molassed sugar beet feed and distillers grains for lactating ewes." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000079x.

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Feeding of lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy and in early lactation has shown that ewe and lamb performance can be satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation is fed (Davies and Chapple, 1995). Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration. However, soya bean meal is imported and not fully traceable. Experiments with January- and March-lambing ewes have shown that traceable, homeproduced feeds based on equal quantities of molassed sugar beet feed and either maize or barley distillers grains can replace a barley/soya supplement when fed with straw or silage-based diets in late pregnancy (Chappleet al., 1998 and 1999). The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds with distillers grains to March-lambing ewes rearing twin lambs at pasture.

Kyriazakis, I., and J. D. Oldham. "Diet selection in sheep: the ability of growing lambs to select a diet that meets their crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) requirements." British Journal of Nutrition 69, no. 3 (May 1993): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930064.

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To test the proposition that sheep are able to select a diet that meets their crude protein (N × 6.25; CP) requirements, feeds L, A, B, C and H with the same energy content (11 MJ metabolizable energy/kg feed) but different CP contents (78, 109, 141, 172 and 235 g CP/kg fresh feed respectively) were formulated. In addition, feed U, which was feed L plus 21.4 g urea/kg (CP content 132 g/kg), was also made. The feeds were offered ad lib. either singly (n 4 per treatment) or as a choice between feed H and another feed (pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH; n 9 per feed pair) to individually penned Suffolk × Scottish mule wether lambs, over the live-weight range 25–45 kg. On the single feeds the rates of live-weight gain were 273, 326, 412, 418, 396 and 407 g/day (SE of difference (SED) 34; P < 0.01) and protein (excluding wool) gain were 27, 32, 44, 45, 41 and 39 g/d (SED 4; P < 0.001) for feeds L, A, B, C, H and U respectively. When sheep were given a choice between a feed below (L or A) and a feed above their CP requirements (H; as judged by the single-feeding treatments) the CP concentration selected was not different between the two pairs: 131 (SE 4) v. 133 (SE 4) g CP/kg feed for pairs LH and AH respectively. On the choices BH and CH (a choice between two feeds above requirements) the feed lower in CP was constantly preferred (874 (SE 33) and 910 (SE 33) g feed B and C respectively per kg total feed intake; CP selected was 157 and 178 g CP/kg respectively). However, this was not the case with the UH choice on which sheep consumed only 599 (SE 61) g feed U/kg total feed intake, resulting in a selection of a higher CP in their diet (173 g CP/kg). The live-weight gains of the animals given a choice between two feeds were 416, 387, 415, 410 and 383 g/d (SED 37) and protein gains were 45, 40, 46, 50 and 43 (SE 7) for pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH respectively, which were comparable with the best performance achieved on a single feed. The results suggest that sheep were able to select a diet that meets their CP requirements and avoid, at least to a certain extent, excess of protein intake. It is also possible that sheep discriminate against a property of feed U, such as an excess of urea, when this feed is paired with a feed high in CP.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sheep Feeding and feeds":

Nolte, Joubert van Eeden. "An evaluation of degradable protein and nonprotein nitrogen on intake and digestion by Dohne merino sheep fed wheat straw." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51597.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa, like many other developing countries throughout the world, has a rapidly growing human population, resulting in a consequent increased demand for food. Ironically, this increased food supply has to be produced on a smaller area of available agricultural land, which means that agricultural production processes have to become more efficient. Furthermore, the majority of the people in these countries are unschooled and poverty is a common phenomenon. Therefore, animal scientists are faced with the challenge and the responsibility to provide affordable, high quality food to these people. One way of reaching this objective is to improve the utilisation of low-quality, high roughage feedstuffs like crop residues and dry natural grass pastures. In the winter rainfall area of South Africa alone, about 460 000 ha of wheat straw are annually available. The ruminant animal has the ability to utilise the relatively unavailable energy (cellulose, hemi-cellulose and pectin) in the fibre component of these low-quality forages. Unfortunately, various factors, of which a N deficiency is the pre-dominant one, limit the utilisation of these feedstuffs. If the ability of the ruminant to utilise low-quality, fibrous energy sources is improved, these abundantly available and relatively inexpensive crop residues and natural pastures can be converted into high quality protein food for human consumption. Therefore, in order to rectify the N deficiency caused by these low-quality forages, the supplemental N requirement to optimise the fermentation and digestive processes of the ruminant animal has to be determined. The first study was conducted to determine the supplemental rumen degradable protein (RDP) requirement, to maximise the digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of Dohne Merino sheep fed wheat straw. Keeping the high cost of natural protein supplementation in mind, the purpose of the second study was to determine the amount of true protein that can be replaced by nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) in RDP supplements fed to Dohne Merino sheep consuming wheat straw. In both trials animals had ad libitum access to low-quality wheat straw (3.2% CP; 74.2% NDF) and water. In the first trial, RDP (calsium caseinate: 90% CP; 100% rumen degradable) was intraruminally administered at 07hOOand 19hOO,at the following levels: 0, 40,80, 120 and 160 gld. Intake, fermentation and digestion were monitored to determine the RDP requirement to maximise DOM!. Digestible organic matter (OM) intake displayed a quadratic increase with elevated amounts of RDP (P < .01), and was maximised at an estimated 3.15 g RDPlkg BW·75 or 11.6% of DOM. Forage OM intake tended to increase quadratically (P = .15) with higher RDP levels. Microbial nitrogen (MN) flow to the duodenum and microbial efficiency increased quadratically (P ~ .04) and fluid dilution rate tended to increase in a quadratic manner (P = .15) with increased RDP supplementation levels. Rumina! ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations increased linearly (P ~ .07), while rumen pH exhibited a variable response to increased RDP levels (cubic; P = .08). Increasing RDP supplementation to Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw, generally enhanced forage utilisation and DOM!. In the second trial, urea replaced different levels of casein N on an isonitrogenous basis, ranging from 0 - 100%. Since true protein is much more expensive than urea, the purpose of this study was to determine the maximum natural protein level that can be replaced by urea in RDP supplements, without adversely affecting intake and/or fermentation and digestive processes. The control treatment provided all of the RDP in the form of calcium caseinate (90% CP; 100% rumen degradable). The percentages of supplemental RDP from urea in the other treatments were 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The 100% urea treatment was balanced with maize starch to contain 40% CP and all other treatments received the same amount (150 gld) of starch. Intake of forage OM showed a weak decreasing trend (linear; P = .16) with increasing urea levels. Ruminal digestibilities of OM and NDF were not affected (P ;;::.:18) by urea level. Increasing urea levels resulted in linearly reduced total tract OM and NDF digestibilities (P ~ .10). As a result, DOMI declined (linear; P < .01) with increasing proportions of urea. Effects of increasing urea proportions on duodenal N flow, microbial efficiency and fluid dilution rate were minimal. Ruminal NH3-N tended to increase quadratically with increasing urea levels (P = .l4). Total VFA concentration decreased linearly (P = .03), while rumen pH increased in a linear manner (P = .08) with increasing urea proportions. Branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA's) and valerate decreased linearly (P ~ .05) with increasing urea levels, while other VFA's and the acetate:propionate ratio were generally not affected by treatment (P ;;:::.16). It appears as though ruminal and total tract OM and NDF digestibility criteria, as well as DOMI reached maximum values at substituting 25% of casein for urea. It is therefore concluded that replacing 25% of casein with urea in RDP supplements, will maintain effective utilisation of low-quality forages by sheep.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkelende lande, insluitend Suid-Afrika, word gekenmerk deur 'n vmmge bevolkingsaanwas. Dit lei tot 'n verhoogde vraag na voedsel, wat op 'n gevolglik kleinerwordende beskikbare kommersiële lanbbou-area geproduseer moet word. Die doeltreffendheid van produksieprosesse in die landbousektor moet dus noodgedwonge verbeter word. Die oorgrootte meerderheid van die bevolkings in ontwikkelende lande is ongeletterd en armoede en hongersnood is soms 'n algemene verskynsel. Veekundiges word dus gekonfronteer met die uitdaging en verantwoordelikheid om bekostigbare, hoë kwaliteit voedsel aan hierdie mense te voorsien. Een van die mees doeltreffende metodes om hierdie probleem aan te spreek, is om die benutting van lae kwaliteit, hoë-vesel voerbronne, bv. oesreste en droë grasweidings te verhoog. In die winterreënstreek van Suid-Afrika alleen, is 460 000 ha koringstrooi jaarliks beskikbaar. Herkouers beskik oor die besondere vermoë om die relatief onbeskikbare energie (sellulose, hemi-sellulose en pektien) in die veselkomponent van hierdie lae kwaliteit voere te benut. Verskeie faktore, waarvan 'n N-tekort die mees prominente is, beperk egter die benutting van hierdie voerbronne. Die uitdaging is dus om die herkouer se vermoë om hierdie voere te benut, te optimaliseer. Sodoende word 'n geredelik beskikbare, onderbenutte en relatief goedkoop voerbron omgeskakel in hoë kwaliteit proteïen vir menslike gebruik. Die N-aanvullingsbehoefte om die fermentasie- en verteringsprosesse van die herkouerdier te optimaliseer moet dus bepaal word, sodat die N-tekort in herkouers, wat soortgelyke weidings benut, reggestel kan word. Gevolglik was die doel met die eerste proef om die behoefte aan rumen degradeerbare proteïen-(RDP)-aanvulling, vir die maksimum inname van verteerbare organiese materiaal (VOM) van Dohne Merino skape wat koringstrooi ontvang, te bepaal. Weens die hoë koste van natuurlike proteïenaanvulling, was die doel met die tweede proef om die hoeveelheid ware proteïen in RDP-aanvullings, vir Dohne Merino skape wat koringstrooi ontvang, wat met nie-proteïen stikstof (NPN) vervang kan word, te bepaal. In beide eksperimente het die diere ad libitum toegang tot koringstrooi (3.2% RP; 74.2% NBV) en water gehad. In die eerste proefis RDP (kalsiumkaseïnaat; 90% RP; 100% rumen degradeerbaar) teen 07hOOen 19hOOintraruminaal toegedien, teen die volgende peile: 0, 40, 80, 120 en 160 gld. Inname, fermentasie en vertering is gemonitor om die RDP behoefte vir die maksimum inname van VOM te bepaal. Verteerbare OM-inname het 'n stygende kwadratiese tendens (P < .01) getoon met verhoogde RDP-peile en het 'n maksimum bereik by 'n aanvullingspeil van 3.15 g RDPlkg metaboliese liggaamsmassa (LM·75 ) of 11.6% van VOM. Organiese materiaalinname vanaf koringstrooi het geneig om kwadraties toe te neem (P = .15) met verhoogde RDP-peile. Mikrobiese stikstof-(MN)-vloei na die duodenum en mikrobiese effektiwiteit het kwadraties toegeneem (P :::;.;04) en vloeistof deurvloeitempo het 'n neiging vir 'n kwadratiese toename (P = .15) met verhoogde RDPpeile getoon. Rumen-ammoniakstikstof (NH3-N) en vlugtige vetsuur-(VVS)-konsentrasies het lineêr toegeneem (P :::;.;07), terwyl rumen pH 'n wisselende reaksie (kubies; P = .08) met stygende RDP-peile getoon het. Verteerbare OM-inname en benutting van koringstrooi is verbeter deur stygende peile van RDP aanvulling by Dohne Merino hamels. In die tweede proef is kaseïen op 'n iso-stikstof basis met verskillende ureumpeile, vanaf o - 100%, vervang. Omdat ureum baie goedkoper is as natuurlike proteïen, was die doel van die tweede proef om die hoeveelheid natuurlike proteïen in RDP-aanvullings te bepaal wat met ureum vervang kan word, sonder om inname, fermentasie en vertering te benadeel. Die kontrolebehandeling het 100% van die RDP in die vorm van kalsiumkaseïnaat (90% RP; 100% rumen degradeerbaar) voorsien, terwyl ureum in die ander behandelings onderskeidelik 25, 50, 75 en 100% van die kaseïen-N vervang het. Die 100% ureumbehandeling is met mieliestysel tot 40% RP gebalanseer en dieselfde hoeveelheid stysel (150 gld) is by al die ander behandelings ingesluit, om moontlike effekte van stysel op rumenfermentasie te elimineer. Organiese materiaalinname vanafkoringstrooi het 'n swak dalende tendens getoon met stygende ureum insluitingsvlakke (lineêr; P = .16). Rumenverteerbaarheid van OM en neutraal bestande vesel (NBV) is nie deur die ureumpeil beïnvloed nie (P ;;:: .18). Toenemende ureumpeile het gelei tot 'n lineêre afname in totale kanaal OM en NBVverteerbaarheid (P ~ .10). Gevolglik het VOM inname lineêr afgeneem (P < .01) met stygende ureum insluitingspeile. Die effek van behandeling op duodenale N-vloei, mikrobiese effektiwiteit en vloeistof deurvloeitempo was minimaal. Rumenammoniakstikstof-( NH3-N)-konsentrasie het 'n stygende kwadratiese tendens getoon (P = .14) met toenemende ureum peile. Totale vlugtige vetsuur-(VVS)-konsentrasies het lineêr gedaal (P = .03), terwyl rumen pH lineêr toegeneem het (P = .08) met stygende ureum insluitingsvlakke. Vertakte ketting VVS' e en valeriaansuurkonsentrasies het lineêr gedaal (P ~ .05) met stygende ureumpeile, terwyl die ander VVS' e en die asynsuur:propioonsuurverhouding oor die algemeen nie deur behandeling beïnvloed N; nie (P ;;:: .16). Dit blyk asof VOM inname, sowel as rumen- en totale kanaal verteerbaarheidsmaatstawwe, by 25% vervanging van kaseïen-N met ureum-N 'n maksimum bereik het. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat die doeltreffende benutting van lae kwaliteit ruvoere deur skape, gehandhaaf sal word deur 25% van die ware proteïen in RDP-aanvullings met ureum te vervang.

Hosking, Brenton John. "Evaluation of nutrient intake and digestion in grazing sheep receiving supplements : thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Title page, summary and contents only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh826.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 290-309) Investigates aspects of the intake and utilization of barley grain and grain legume supplements by sheep fed low quality pasture hay and when grazing mature summer pastures.

Mavimbela, David Thele. "The nutritional value of broiler litter as a feed source for sheep during periods of feed shortage." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 1999. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12152006-153846.

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Aucamp, Barend Bernadus. "Byvoeding van skape op aangeplante weiding in 'n mediterreense klimaat." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/44.

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Tydens embrio ontwikkeling groei weefsel deur selvermeedering, maar soos wat soogdiere volwassendheid nader vind groei net plaas deur sel vergroting. Volwassenheid word beskou as wanneer spiergroei ‘n maksimum bereik. Groei sluit die neerlegging van vet in, maar spiermassa is van primêre belang. Die groeikurwe (Fig 1) waarin massatoename teenoor ouderdom vergelyk word, volg ‘n sigmoidale kurwe (Owens et al, 1993). Onder ideale toestande is die groeitempo van lammers relatief konstant van kort na geboorte totdat die helfte van volwassemassa bereik word, waarna dit geleidelik afneem tot volwassenheid (Black, 1983). Die afname in groeitempo begin gewoonlik met die bereiking van puberteit (Owens et al, 1993).

Mey, Mahamat. "WEIGHT CHANGE, INTAKE AND DIGESTION OF ALFALFA HAY AND WHEAT STRAW BY KARAKUL, RAMBOUILLET AND ST. CROIX." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275269.

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Long, Amanda Marie. "Impacts of Flax on Female and Male Reproductive Traits When Supplemented Prior to Breeding in Sheep." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29877.

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Two experiments determined the effects of flaxseed supplementation on reproductive parameters in sheep. In experiment one, 240 multiparous Rambouillet ewes were assigned to one of two treatments: basal ration alone or basal ration with a Flaxlic® Sheep Tub offered over 35 days. Serum was collected weekly for progesterone (P4). Flaxseed supplementation did not improve progesterone concentration or reproductive parameters (P ≥ 0.26). In experiment two, 120 Rambouillet ram lambs were assigned to one of two treatments: basal ration alone or basal ration with a Flaxlic® Sheep Tub offered over 112 days. Scrotal circumference measurements, serum for testosterone, and semen were collected on day 84 and 112. Day effects were found for select semen measurements, testosterone, weight, and scrotal circumference (P ≤ 0.05). There was no effect of treatment on testosterone concentration (P = 0.99) or any semen quality characteristics (P ≥ 0.33). Overall, tub supplementation did not alter reproductive ability.

Zhang, Runhou 1963. "Manipulating fatty acids in sheep milk." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102236.

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Four studies were conducted to investigate some factors affecting milk fatty acid composition of dairy ewes. The first study was performed to determine the influence of freezing temperatures and storage time on ovine milk composition and cheese making. The other three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of dietary added fats with different profiles of fatty acids from canola, sunflower and flaxseeds on animal performance, nutrient utilization, milk yield and cheese making. The main emphasis was on fatty acid composition, particularly CLA and Omega-3 fatty acids, in milk and cheese. Results showed that: (1) feeding up to 8% of canola, sunflower and flaxseed had no adverse effects on dry matter intake and total tract digestibilities of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude protein, while the digestibilities of fatty acids and gross energy were increased with oilseed supplementation; (2) feeding flaxseed to lactating ewes up to 260g/ewe/d increased milk yield by up to 8.4%, and fat content by up to 14.3% without adversely affecting other milk components or cheese yield and composition; (3) Oilseed supplementation increased milk concentrations of long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids in the expenses of short-chain, medium-chain and saturated fatty acids. The concentrations of CLA and Omega-3 fatty acids were also increased by oilseed supplementation; (4) the manipulated fatty acids profiles can be reflected in cheese; (5) good quality cheese can be produced from ovine milk frozen at -15°C and -25°C for up to 6 months without influencing cheese content of fat and protein and fatty acid composition.
In conclusion, ovine milk with nutritionally healthy characteristics can be produced by feeding ewes diets with oilseeds, and freezing storage of milk for up to 6 months at -15°C or -25°C does not significantly affects milk composition including fatty acid composition. The characteristics of milk can be reflected in cheese.

Baah, John. "Effect of particle size distribution in the reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum of sheep on voluntary intake and digestibility of forages." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28887.

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This study was designed to provide information on some of the factors affecting voluntary consumption and digestibility of forages by sheep. A wet sieving procedure was used to determine particle size distribution in the reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum of sheep fed 100 % prebloom alfalfa or 100 % second-cut Altai wild ryegrass hays or mixtures of these with tall wheatgrass or Altai wild ryegrass straws. The study also compared second-cut Altai wild ryegrass and prebloom alfalfa as components in an all forage diet for sheep. Each diet was fed ad libitum to eight Romanov x Western whiteface wether lambs weighing 22 to 25 kg during the intake and digestibility trials. For the determination of particle size distribution, the animals were slaughtered at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after feed removal and the contents of the reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum sampled. Five different methods of describing digesta particle size distribution were compared as to their ability to predict voluntary intake and digestibility of the forages by sheep. The best method for expressing particle size distribution in the reticulo-rumen in terms of ability to predict dry matter digestibility (DMD) was the proportion of soluble dry matter in total dry matter (PSDM). A significant (P< 0.05) correlation (r = 0.84) between PSDM and dry matter digestibility, 12 hours after feed removal was obtained. PSDM in omasal digesta 24 hours after feed removal was also highly correlated with DMD and energy digestibility (r = 0.97, 0.91, respectively). Very high correlations were obtained between PSDM in abomasal digesta 24 hours after feed removal and digestibility of cellulose, NDF and ADF (r = 0.99, 0.97 and 0.97 respectively). The proportion of particles less than 1mm to the total particles (PIP) in the reticulo-rumen gave the most consistent correlations with intake of dry matter and energy. Voluntary intake of dry matter by the animals on the alfalfa-based diets were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than those on the second-cut Altai wild ryegrass-based diets. However, the apparent digestibility coefficients of the proximate fractions in the Altai wild ryegrass diets were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than those of diets containing alfalfa. Daily intake of digestible energy by animals on 100 % alfalfa was not significantly different from that of animals on 100 % second-cut Altai wild ryegrass. The difference between their respective combinations with tall wheatgrass and Altai wild ryegrass straws were also not significant. It was concluded that PIP and PSDM are indeces based on biologically significant fractions and may therefore have greater relevance than purely mathematical or statistical descriptions of particle size distribution in digesta. In this regard, the relationship between PSDM and digestibility and, PIP and intake are consistent with published theory and can be used in mathematical models to examine control processes in feed intake, rate of passage and digestion. The study also indicated that second-cut Altai wild ryegrass harvested at the prebloom stage can be used as a substitute for alfalfa in an all-forage diet for winter feeding of sheep.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

Ilse, Breanne Rose. "Effects of Linseed Meal on Growth and Reproductive Performance in Ruminants." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28744.

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Linseed meal (LSM) was fed to ovariectomized ewes exposed to estradiol 17-? (E2) implants over time, and LSM was supplemented to beef cows during late gestation and early lactation to evaluate the estrogenic potential of the phytoestrogen secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) found in LSM. Forty-eight ovariectomized ewes were fed a diet containing 12.5% LSM for 0, 1, 7, or 14 d and implanted with estradiol-17? (E2) for 0, 6, or 24 h before tissue collection. Uterine cellular proliferation, vascularity, and the expression of the angiogenic factors and their receptors were recorded. There was an interaction of LSM and E2 on uterine mass (P = 0.05). At 24 h of E2 exposure, proliferation was reduced (P < 0.001) when ewes were fed for 14 d compared to being fed 0 or 1 days. There was a LSM x E2 interaction (P ? 0.03) on VEGF receptor-2 (KDR) and hasicfihrohlast growth factor receptor (FGFR2) decreasing by 24 h E2 exposure. Exposure of LSM and E2 may impact the estrogenic response of sensitive tissue. Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of supplementing beef cows with LSM during late gestation or early lactation on calf growth and development. In Experiment 1, multiparous cows received either LSM or a control (CON) supplement (approximately 10% diet dry matter) for the last 60 d of gestation. Offspring weights, ADG, heifer age at puberty, conception percentage and steer carcass characteristics were recorded. In Experiment 2, multiparous cows received LSM or CON supplements (approximately 10% diet dry matter) during the first 60 d of lactation, and only heifer calf development performance was observed and recorded. Heifer calf weight, average daily gain, and attainment of puberty were assessed. For both experiments, birth weight, weaning weight and ADG were not affected (P > 0.31) by LSM supplementation. While final body weights were heavier (P = 0.04) for steer calves in Experiment 1, there was no effect (P = 0.09) of supplementation on carcass characteristics. In Experiment 1 and 2, attainment of puberty in heifer calves was not influenced (P > 0.58) by supplement type. Linseed meal supplementation during late gestation or early lactation does not appear to have a negative impact on calf growth, onset of puberty in heifer calves, or steer carcass quality, implicating that it may make a good supplement choice in cattle.

Takagi, Hiroshi. "Effects of manipulating dietary cation-anion balance on calcium metabolism in sheep." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75683.

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Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of reducing dietary anion-cation balance (AC-balance), defined as meq $ sp circ$(Sodium + Potassium)-(Chloride + Sulfur) S, on calcium (Ca) metabolism. Reducing the dietary AC-balance from +314 to $-22$ (meq kg$ sp{-1}$ dry matter (DM)) did not affect plasma Ca level but reduced Ca retention mainly due to a 10-fold increase in urinary Ca excretion with similar rate of apparent absorption. It also decreased urine pH and titratable acidity. The response to induced hypocalcemia created by the infusion of 4.6% EDTA solution revealed that reducing dietary AC-balance from +354 to +37 (meq kg$ sp{-1}$DM) did not affect the volume of the compartment, within which there was rapid equilibration of free Ca but tended to increase the rate of Ca mobilization from it during the infusion. The Ca kinetic study with a four-compartment model indicated that reducing dietary AC-balance from +338 to $-127$ (meq kg$ sp{-1}$DM) during the eucalcemic period and from +429 to $-147$ (meq kg$ sp{-1}$DM) during an EGTA-infusion period (simulated lactational Ca loss) caused hypercalciuria and increased ionized form of plasma Ca. Increased true intestinal Ca absorption and reduced bone accretion were observed in the lowest AC-balance diet only during the EGTA-infusion period. There were no differences in the size of total exchangeable Ca pool but the amount of Ca movement between them tended to increase in reduced AC-balance diets during both periods. Results indicated that feeding reduced AC-balanced diet may have a beneficial role in preventing parturient paresis (milk fever) by increasing Ca flux through the exchangeable Ca pool and Ca mobilization capability.

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Books on the topic "Sheep Feeding and feeds":

Tyler, Roger. Feeding sugar beet pulp. Alnwick: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1988.

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Mason, B. D. Nutrition guide for B.C. sheep producers. [Victoria, B.C.?]: Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1985.

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Pedersen, E. J. Nørgaard. Sammenligning af fordøjelig energi bestemt ved kalorimetri og beregnet ud fra den kemiske sammensætning af det fordøjelige organiske stof =: A comparison of digestible energy measured by calorimetry and calculated from the chemical composition of the digestible organic matter. Lyngby: Statens planteavlsudvalg og statens husdyrbrugsudvalg, 1989.

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Richard, D. Essais d'alimentation de moutons au Niger. Paris: Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 1985.

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Thomson, E. F. Feeding systems and sheep husbandry in the barley belt of Syria. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, 1987.

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Hinton, David G. Supplementary feeding of sheep and beef cattle. 2nd ed. Collingwood, VIC: Landlinks, 2007.

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D, Scheer H., and Alberta Alberta Agriculture, eds. Alberta sheep production manual. Edmonton, Alta: Print Media Branch, Alberta Agriculture, 1985.

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O'Mara, Frank. A net energy system for cattle and sheep. Dublin: University College Dublin. Department of Animal Science and Production, 1996.

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Seminar, Saddle and Sirloin. The future of sheep and sheep research: Proceedings of Saddle and Sirloin Seminar, North American Livestock Exposition, Louisville, KY, November 12, 1989. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1989.

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M, Freer, Dove H, CAB International, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization., eds. Sheep nutrition. Wallingford: CABI Pub.in association with CSIRO Pub., 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sheep Feeding and feeds":

Lukefahr, Steven. "Feeds and feeding." In Rabbit production, 107–24. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249811.0008.

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Abstract This chapter discusses the nutrient requirements; feed formulation; feed composition of clovers, grasses, lucerne, concentrates, grains, feed supplements and feed additives; feed processing and feeding of rabbits.

Tucker, Craig S., and Edwin H. Robinson. "Feeds and Feeding Practices." In Channel Catfish Farming Handbook, 291–315. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1376-3_11.

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Dryden, Gordon McL. "Digestion of feeds." In Fundamentals of applied animal nutrition, 19–34. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786394453.0003.

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Abstract In this chapter the feeding behaviour and digestive physiology, digestive tract function-intrinsic and microbial digestion; functions and anatomy of the digestive tract in animals are discussed.

Hellin, Jon, and Sophie Higman. "Sheep in Patagonia: blown by the winds of change." In Feeding the Market, 156–70. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780441481.008.

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Hawkey, Kerensa, John Brameld, Tim Parr, Andrew Salter, and Heidi Hall. "Suitability of insects for animal feeding." In Insects as animal feed: novel ingredients for use in pet, aquaculture and livestock diets, 26–38. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245929.0004.

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Abstract This chapter explores the nutritional composition of insects and the potential benefits and drawbacks for their inclusion into pet, poultry, pig, ruminant and aquatic animal feeds. Six species are most commonly described for use in animal feed, namely black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae and prepupae, yellow mealworm (YM; Tenebrio molitor) larvae, superworm (SW; Zophobas morio) larvae, lesser mealworm (LM; Alphitobius diaperinus) larvae, house fly (HF; Musca domestica) larvae and house crickets (HC; Acheta domesticus). The nutritional composition, variability observed due to manipulation of feed source, age, developmental stage and suitability for inclusion into animal feed are compared.

Boni, Zofia. "“My mum feeds me, but really, I eat whatever I want!”." In Feeding Children Inside and Outside the Home, 107–23. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315206974-7.

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Broom, Donald M. "Finding and acquiring food." In Broom and Fraser’s domestic animal behaviour and welfare, 108–25. 6th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249835.0009.

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Abstract This chapter describes grazing behaviour as an example of how feeding is organized; finding food; the ability to obtain food; meal size and food selection; the effects of disturbance on feeding; social facilitation; competition and feeding behaviour and some specific details about feeding in cattle, sheep, horses, dogs, cats, pigs and poultry.

Mpairwe, Denis, and David Mutetikka. "Improved feeding for dairy cattle and poultry in smallholder crop-livestock systems." In Sustainable agricultural intensification: a handbook for practitioners in East and Southern Africa, 106–18. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800621602.0008.

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Abstract This chapter describes how cropping systems can be used to supplement feeds to increase dairy and poultry yields. It completes the concept of on-farm integration of crop, livestock and natural resources technologies necessary for sustainable intensification on smallholder farms. The different processes that utilize different feed sources to produce better-quality feed rations for dairy cows and poultry are also discussed.

Vohnout, K., and C. Jimenez. "Supplemental By-Product Feeds in Pasture-Livestock Feeding Systems in the Tropics." In Tropical Forages in Livestock Production Systems, 71–82. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub24.c6.

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Buéno, L., C. Hondé, A. Duranton, and J. Fioramonti. "Central nervous system control of feeding behaviour by some neuropeptides in sheep." In Comparative Veterinary Pharmacology, Toxicology and Theraphy, 477–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4153-3_45.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sheep Feeding and feeds":

Munasik, Munasik, Caribu Hadi Prayitno, and Titin Widiyastuti. "Feed Digestibility and Feeding Behaviour of Sheep Fed Gracilaria Sp. and Chromium Organic Supplementation." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.024.

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Grigoreva, A. I., M. F. Grigorev, I. V. Gogoleva, and A. I. Ivanov. "Indicators of digestibility and metabolism of nutrients, productivity of sheep when feeding them unconventional feed additives in Yakutia." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE II INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN MATERIALS, SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES: (CAMSTech-II 2021). AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0092591.

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ISMAILOV, Ismail Sagidovich, Nina Vladimirovna TREGUBOVA, Rashid Hasanbievich KOCHKAROV, Anna Victorovna MORGUNOVA, and Natalija Alecseevna DRIZHD. "THE RELATIONSHEEP OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM WITH PRODUCTIVITY OF GROWING YOUNG SHEEP." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.125.

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A number of studies on digestion of the ruminants have shown the process of synthesis of all the essential amino acids in the rumen (Abu Fadel, 2004; Trukhachev, V., Zlidnev, N. 2008). However, according to some researches, microbial protein is deficient in methionine and lysine. This assumption also proves the need for further study of the influence of balanced amino acids to these diets on the growth, development and productive performance of the ruminants. Scientific approbation of the issues related to establishing the requirements of young sheep in lysine and methionine with cystine and development of recommendations for their proper balance in animal rations have been conducted along with a series of physiological, scientific and practical experiments. For this purpose, we used the following research methods: preparative, analytical, measuring and calculating. Zootechnical evaluation of young sheep’s diet with different levels of lysine and methionine with cysteine has been conducted, and influence of these components on growth, development, metabolism, the use of amino acids and wool productivity have been studied. The importance of studying the content of amino acids in plasma is evident because they are the indicators of protein metabolism in the animals’ organism and represent themselves the exchange fund when used in the biochemical transformations in the process of updating the protein of the body tissues and the synthesis of animal products. Increase in young sheep’s diet of lysine and methionine can improve their productivity, reduce the cost of feed energy and improve biochemical indexes of meat, taking into account the optimization of its amino acid composition. Efficiency increase of young sheep during the process of the individual development is linked to conditions of feeding and in particular the usefulness of a protein food, which is primarily determined by sufficient intake of essential amino acids - lysine and methionine with cystine. Thus, the inclusion in the diet of growing young sheep some amount of synthetic amino acids – 6–8 grams of lysine and 3–4 g of methionine per 1 fodder unit, enhances oxidation-reduction processes, increase productivity, i.e. wool yield and other indicators. The content of free amino acids in plasma directly depends on their availability in feed. The use of synthetic amino acids (lysine, methionine and cystine) contributed to the increase of their content in a free state in the blood serum, indicating their increased demand in sheep. With the use of different doses of synthetic amino acids (lysine, methionine, cystine) in the diets of young sheep it has been found that the organization of optimum conditions of feeding, care and management of sheep in winter season help to avoid abrupt changes in the structure of the skin, to ensure the normal development of the histological structure and morphogenetic processes.)

Šenfelde, Līga, and Daina Kairiša. "Concentrate distribution to sheep using automatic feeding station." In Research for Rural Development, 2017. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.23.2017.053.

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Yoshida, Kazushi. "Theoretical Study on Features of an Overlap-Type and a Pressing-Type Sheet Separation Mechanisms." In ASME-JSME 2018 Joint International Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems and Micromechatronics for Information and Precision Equipment. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps-mipe2018-8541.

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We examined the behaviors of the paper sheet in an overlap-type sheet separation mechanism and a pressing-type sheet separation mechanism. First, we introduced the models that can calculate the resistance force and feed force acting on the paper sheets in both sheet separation mechanisms. And, based on the calculation results of the resistance force and friction force between the paper sheets, we studied the behavior of the paper sheet in each separation mechanism. As a result, we found that an overlap-type sheet separation mechanism is superior to the pressing-type sheet separation mechanism but it is easily influenced by the feeding force caused by pick-up rollers, and also a pressing-type sheet separation mechanism has robustness for a thickness of paper sheet and for a feeding force caused by pick-up rollers.

Tonobey, H. Al, and H. M. El Shaer. "Utilization of agricultural residues as animal feeds for fattening sheep in Saudi Arabia." In The Sustainable World. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sw100381.

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Svistula, M. M., D. V. Yefremov, S. V. Horb, O. D. Hratylo, L. I. Petrychuk, and H. S. Smienova. "The sheep feeding new solutions under the modern manage conditions of farm." In Current problems of modern animal husbandry. �� "��-��" - �� -�� , 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33694/978-966-1550-33-8-2021-0-0-146-149.

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Carrierfenster, Kristen, Christine Rue-Donlon, and Rubia Khalak. "Getting to Full Feeds Faster in the Nicu Utilizing Cue-based Feeding." In Selection of Abstracts From NCE 2016. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.141.1_meetingabstract.522.

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Okayama, Masao, Yutaka Nagasawa, Ryoichi Ichikawa, and Itsunori Utsumi. "Mechanism of Paper Feeding on the Roller Overlapped Friction Feeder." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0579.

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Abstract We study on roller overlapped type friction feeder in which the rotating feed roller and stationary gate roller are overlapped in a direction to the roller’s radius, to increase its rehability. The paper traction forces created by the feeder and the paper double feeding mechanism are also studied. It is found that the characteristics of the reaction forces between the two rollers and paper which is buckled in three dimensions, and paper traction forces depend upon the position at which a sheet of paper is delivered. It is also found that the paper traction forces increase in proportion to the number of sheets of paper which are fed into the roller overlapped mechanism. The ratio of the overlapped area of the double feeding sheets of paper depends upon the degree of force to deliver the second paper.

Musial, Abigail, Owen Densel, Conor Merritt, Lacey Yeager, Angela Younts, Jodi Kelley, James Rudloff, Lori Herbst, Angela Statile, and Amanda Schondelmeyer. "1 Decreasing time to goal enteral feeds in children with medical complexity with feeding intolerance." In IHI Scientific Symposium. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2020-ihi.1.

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Reports on the topic "Sheep Feeding and feeds":

L. M. Dittmer. Remaining Sites Verification Package for the 132-F-1, 141-F Chronic Feeding Sheep Barn, Waste Site Reclassification Form 2006-029. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/944149.

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Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.

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The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.

Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.

Klement, Eyal, Elizabeth Howerth, William C. Wilson, David Stallknecht, Danny Mead, Hagai Yadin, Itamar Lensky, and Nadav Galon. Exploration of the Epidemiology of a Newly Emerging Cattle-Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Israel. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697118.bard.

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In September 2006 an outbreak of 'Bluetongue like' disease struck the cattle herds in Israel. Over 100 dairy and beef cattle herds were affected. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (an Orbivirusclosely related to bluetongue virus (BTV)), was isolated from samples collected from several herds during the outbreaks. Following are the aims of the study and summary of the results: which up until now were published in 6 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Three more articles are still under preparation: 1. To identify the origin of the virus: The virus identified was fully sequenced and compared with the sequences available in the GenBank. It appeared that while gene segment L2 was clustered with EHDV-7 isolated in Australia, most of the other segments were clustered with EHDV-6 isolates from South-Africa and Bahrain. This may suggest that the strain which affected Israel on 2006 may have been related to similar outbreaks which occurred in north-Africa at the same year and could also be a result of reassortment with an Australian strain (Wilson et al. article in preparation). Analysis of the serological results from Israel demonstrated that cows and calves were similarly positive as opposed to BTV for which seropositivity in cows was significantly higher than in calves. This finding also supports the hypothesis that the 2006 EHD outbreak in Israel was an incursive event and the virus was not present in Israel before this outbreak (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Journal, 2011) 2. To identify the vectors of this virus: In the US, Culicoides sonorensis was found as an efficient vector of EHDV as the virus was transmitted by midges fed on infected white tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileusvirginianus) to susceptible WTD (Ruder et al. Parasites and Vectors, 2012). We also examined the effect of temperature on replication of EHDV-7 in C. sonorensis and demonstrated that the time to detection of potentially competent midges decreased with increasing temperature (Ruder et al. in preparation). Although multiple attempts were made, we failed to evaluate wild-caught Culicoidesinsignisas a potential vector for EHDV-7; however, our finding that C. sonorensis is a competent vector is far more significant because this species is widespread in the U.S. As for Israeli Culicoides spp. the main species caught near farms affected during the outbreaks were C. imicolaand C. oxystoma. The vector competence studies performed in Israel were in a smaller scale than in the US due to lack of a laboratory colony of these species and due to lack of facilities to infect animals with vector borne diseases. However, we found both species to be susceptible for infection by EHDV. For C. oxystoma, 1/3 of the Culicoidesinfected were positive 11 days post feeding. 3. To identify the host and environmental factors influencing the level of exposure to EHDV, its spread and its associated morbidity: Analysis of the cattle morbidity in Israel showed that the disease resulted in an average loss of over 200 kg milk per cow in herds affected during September 2006 and 1.42% excess mortality in heavily infected herds (Kedmi et al. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010). Outbreak investigation showed that winds played a significant role in virus spread during the 2006 outbreak (Kedmi et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010). Further studies showed that both sheep (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Microbiology, 2011) and wild ruminants did not play a significant role in virus spread in Israel (Kedmi et al. article in preparation). Clinical studies in WTD showed that this species is highly susceptibile to EHDV-7 infection and disease (Ruder et al. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2012). Experimental infection of Holstein cattle (cows and calves) yielded subclinical viremia (Ruder et al. in preparation). The findings of this study, which resulted in 6 articles, published in peer reviewed journals and 4 more articles which are in preparation, contributed to the dairy industry in Israel by defining the main factors associated with disease spread and assessment of disease impact. In the US, we demonstrated that sufficient conditions exist for potential virus establishment if EHDV-7 were introduced. The significant knowledge gained through this study will enable better decision making regarding prevention and control measures for EHDV and similar viruses, such as BTV.

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