Journal articles on the topic 'Sheep Economic aspects New Zealand'
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Lee, Julia M., Cory Matthew, Errol R. Thom, and David F. Chapman. "Perennial ryegrass breeding in New Zealand: A dairy industry perspective." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 2 (2012): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11282.
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Genetic improvement programs for livestock and pasture plants have been central to the development of the New Zealand (NZ) pastoral industry. Although genetic improvement of livestock is easily shown to improve animal production on-farm, the link between genetic improvement of pasture plants and animal production is less direct. For several reasons, gains in farm output arising from improved plant performance are more difficult to confirm than those arising from livestock improvement, which has led to some debate in the livestock industries about which plant traits to prioritise in future breeding programs to deliver the greatest benefit. This review investigates this situation, with the aim of understanding how genetic improvement of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), the predominant pasture grass, may more directly contribute towards increased productivity in the NZ dairy industry. The review focuses on the dairy industry, since it is the largest contributor to the total value of NZ agricultural exports. Also, because rates of pasture renewal are greater in the dairy industry compared with the sheep and beef industries, genetic gain in pasture plants is likely to have the greatest impact if the correct plant traits are targeted. The review highlights that many aspects of ryegrass growth and ecology have been manipulated through breeding, with evidence to show that plant performance has been altered as a result. However, it is not clear to what extent these gains have contributed to the economic development of the NZ dairy industry. There are opportunities for breeders and scientists to work together more closely in defining economic traits that positively influence pasture performance and to translate this information to objectives for breeding programs, systematically linking information on the measured traits of ryegrass cultivars to economic values for those traits to assist farmer decision-making regarding the most appropriate cultivars to use in their farm system, and better defining genotype × environment interactions in key productivity traits of modern ryegrass cultivars. Changes in priorities for investment of public- and industry-good funds in forage improvement research and development will be needed if these opportunities are to be captured.
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Merfield, Charles, Henrik Moller, Jon Manhire, Chris Rosin, Solis Norton, Peter Carey, Lesley Hunt, et al. "Are Organic Standards Sufficient to Ensure Sustainable Agriculture? Lessons From New Zealand’s ARGOS and Sustainability Dashboard Projects." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 3 (July 14, 2015): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n3p158.
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<p>Our review concludes that organic standards need to account for a broader set of criteria in order to retain claims to ‘sustainability’. Measurements of the ecological, economic and social outcomes from over 96 kiwifruit, sheep/beef and dairy farms in New Zealand between 2004 and 2012 by The <em>Agricultural Research Group on Sustainability</em> (ARGOS) project showed some enhanced ecosystem services from organic agriculture that will assist a “land-sharing” approach for sustainable land management. However, the efficiency of provisioning services is reduced in organic systems and this potentially undermines a “land-sparing” strategy to secure food security and ecosystem services. Other aspects of the farm operation that are not considered in the organic standards sometimes had just as much or even a greater effect on ecosystem services than restriction of chemical inputs and synthetic fertilisers. An organic farming version of the <em>New Zealand Sustainability Dashboard</em> will integrate organic standards and wider agricultural best practice into a broad and multidimensional sustainability assessment framework and package of learning tools. There is huge variation in performance of farms within a given farming system. Therefore improving ecosystem services depends as much on locally tuned learning and adjustments of farm practice on individual farms as on uptake of organic or Integrated Management farming system protocols.</p>
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Arvidsson Segerkvist, Katarina, Helena Hansson, Ulf Sonesson, and Stefan Gunnarsson. "A Systematic Mapping of Current Literature on Sustainability at Farm-Level in Beef and Lamb Meat Production." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 2488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052488.
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Beef and lamb meat production is associated with important cultural, economic and environmental impacts in most countries worldwide. However, it is also related with sustainability challenges. To enable cattle and sheep farming to develop in line with sustainability, existing knowledge need to be implemented and identified knowledge gaps filled. The purpose of this article was to systematically map the scientific literature on environmental, economic and social sustainability at farm-level beef and lamb meat production to identify knowledge gaps and to point to important future actions and areas of research. Papers published January 2000–August 2020 with a geographical origin in Europe, Northern America, and Australia-New Zealand were included. The systematic literature search resulted in a total of 1355 hits; however, after removing papers which were considered out of the scope of the study, and duplicate papers, only 22 and 11 papers related to beef and sheep farming, respectively were retained for further analysis. Of these, only 11 in total included all three sustainability dimensions. Several papers only mentioned one or two of the sustainability dimensions or put them in relation to that/those main dimension covered, thus limiting the extent to which possible synergies or tradeoffs between different sustainability aspects actually can be studied. This indicates a need for a more comprehensive approach when studying farm-level sustainability. Future research would benefit from a more holistic approach and include all dimensions of sustainability within the same study. Further, focus should also be on how to measure and assess sustainability aspects in a standardized way.
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Vlassoff, A., and P. B. McKenna. "Nematode parasites of economic importance in sheep in New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 21, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1994.9517971.
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Csatári, Gábor Bence. "Economic aspects of innovation in sheep breeding." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 31 (November 24, 2008): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/31/3002.
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Innovation, as a factor influencing the success of farming, is of outstanding importance also in agriculture. Only those businesses (enterprises, companies) can be successful in the longrun which are able to adapt the new technological elements and to make their own developments occasionally and make them suitable for practical utilization.The innovation activities performed by the enterprises, business organizations can be evaluated at firm (microeconomic) and national economy (macroeconomic) levels. In the case of sheep breeding also, a complex evaluation system should be applied, since this is a sector, which has significant rural development and social impacts. The innovation processes are analysed from the identification of the problem inducing research and development until the return of the invested resources.
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Simm, G., M. J. Young, and P. R. Beatson. "An economic selection index for lean meat production in New Zealand sheep." Animal Science 45, no. 3 (December 1987): 465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100002956.
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ABSTRACTAn economic selection index was derived for terminal sire sheep breeds or strains, using physical and financial results from New Zealand export lamb-producing flocks. The aggregate breeding value of the index comprised carcass lean weight and carcass total fat weight. Index measurements were live weight, ultrasonic fat depth and ultrasonic muscle depth. Economic values used for lean and fat weights (NZ$5·65 and NZ$–1·2 per kg, respectively) were the change in profit per kg increase in lean or fat weight from that in the average carcass of lambs slaughtered in 1984/85. The s.d. of the aggregate breeding value was NZS3·20, and the correlation between the full index and the aggregate breeding value was 0·23. This correlation fell to 0·18, 0·15 and 0·07, respectively, when muscle depth or fat depth or muscle and fat depths were omitted from the index. Selection on the full index, or on the index omitting muscle depth was expected to lead to an increase in carcass lean weight and a slight decrease in carcass fat weight. Selection on the index omitting fat depth, or selection on live weight alone, was expected to lead to an increase in both fat and lean weights.
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Amer, P. R., J. C. McEwan, K. G. Dodds, and G. H. Davis. "Economic values for ewe prolificacy and lamb survival in New Zealand sheep." Livestock Production Science 58, no. 1 (March 1999): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(98)00192-4.
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Lees, Nic, and Isobel Lees. "Competitive advantage through responsible innovation in the New Zealand sheep dairy industry." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): 505–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2017.0013.
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This paper explores the opportunity for New Zealand to establish and sustain an internationally competitive sheep dairy industry. As part of this it evaluates the role of responsible innovation (RI) within the New Zealand sheep dairy (NZSD) industry and whether this can assist in achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. In the context of agrifood supply chains RI has received little attention despite the fact that these industries have significant environmental, ethical and social impacts. The research also addresses the lack of evidence as how to put RI into practice and the claim that the practical applicability of RI is not possible. The French sheep dairy industry was used as a comparative case study for the New Zealand industry. Information was gathered through a literature search, the comparative case study and interviews with New Zealand and French industry experts. Comparisons were made between the strategic capabilities and structural forces of the sheep dairy industries in both France and New Zealand. The study found that for the NZSD industry to achieve a competitive advantage it would need to pursue a differentiation strategy that focused on customer responsiveness, innovation, sustainability and quality. Furthermore, the study identified that RI had the potential to assist the NZSD industry by providing distinctive competencies to develop a competitive advantage. This is because there were existing resources and capabilities that provided a platform for differentiation. There were also strategic and economic drivers in the NZSD industry that encouraged RI as a competitive strategy. This indicated that for RI to occur there needed to be economic incentives that encouraged companies to pursue this strategy.
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Skjødt, Annagrete. "Rosetfiblens »anatomi«." Kuml 58, no. 58 (October 18, 2009): 153–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v58i58.26393.
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The “anatomy” of the rosette fibulaRosette or thistle fibulas have always attracted attention by virtue of their size and exclusiveness. They are richly decorated with, for example, gilt sheet metal and inlaid pieces of coloured glass. Also in terms of craftsmanship these are complicated pieces as each fibula consists of 40-60 different individual components. It was apparently only women of high status who were buried with one or, in rare instances, two examples. In Oscar Almgren’s classic work on the Northern European fibula types, rosette fibulas are assigned to his group VII – fibulas with a high catch plate – and thereby to the Late Roman Iron Age (AD 150/160 – 375). There is general agreement today that rosette fibulas in Denmark should be dated primarily to C1b (AD 210/220 – 250/260), i.e. generally a short period of use of just one to two generations, and neither has any wear been observed on these artefacts. Rosette fibulas are widespread across a very large area: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Northeast Germany, Poland, the Baltic countries and Moldavia. The present article involves a systematic examination of their method of manufacture and material composition with the aim of distinguishing both geographic groups and possible workshop districts. As a basis for this, an overview has been produced of Danish rosette fibulas, defined here as having at least two rosettes. Denmark is represented by the greatest number, with 60 examples. Of these, 58 originate from inhumation graves, one from a cremation grave and one from a pit. Their geographic distribution is not even but is linked with particular areas such as Northern Jutland around the Limfjord, Southwestern Jutland and the southern part of Central Jutland, Eastern Funen, Eastern Zealand and the southwestern part of Bornholm (fig. 1). In the list of finds, numbers 1-24 are from Jutland, 25-29 are from Funen, 30- 57 from Zealand and 58-60 are from Bornholm. In the rest of Scandnavia these artefacts are rare, with seven examples from Norway and nine from Sweden. In studies of rosette fibulas it is practical to focus separately on functional and ornamental aspects. The former comprises the elements of spring, bow and pin, which are necessary in order for the fibula to be used as a simple safety pin, but also the technique and the metals used is included here. The ornamentation comprises, conversely, many different elements such as, for example, the upper and lower surfaces of the box-shaped spring cover as well as the various rosettes terminating in moulded knobs. Furthermore, the tension lugs, which sit between the spring and the ends of the spring cover. The ornamentation of the bow comprises rosettes and cuffs whereas the catch plate may be fitted with a band and ornamentation on the actual catch itself. The decorative parts are normally made of sheet metal, which is often gilded (figs. 2a, b).Correspondence analysesThe most important results of a series of correspondence analyses show that the material can be divided up into four geographic groups (figs. 9-10). Group 1 is very homogeneous and has its primary distribution on Zealand. Almost half (46%) of all the examples from Zealand fall into this group. They are very well preserved and are represented by many variants. They are made of silver, and other special features are that the bow and catch plate are cast in one piece. The upper surface of the spring cover is constructed of three successive vaulted rosettes (form 1), which are also seen on the bow. The rosettes are wreathed with flattened silver discs and the moulded knobs are encased within sheet silver. Group 2 is similarly represented primarily by examples from Zealand and should be considered as a sub-group of group 1. Group 3 is represented by a few fibulas from Jutland and a single example from Funen. Most of these are poorly preserved and therefore only present in a few variants. Characteristic features, which should be highlighted, include three rosettes on the spring cover, the bow and the catch plate cast in one piece, a flat silver disc around the rosettes and a bow of bronze. The choice of metal follows primarily the Jutish tradition in which bronze is most prominent, whereas the manufacture is according to the tradition on Zealand. In the analysis, this cluster locates itself mid between groups 1 and 2 on the one side and group 4 on the other. Group 4 has its distribution in Jutland as 62.5% of all the fibulas from Jutland fall here. There are also two from Funen. The most important features are that the bow and catch plate are not cast in one piece and the bow consists typically of bronze plated with babbitt metal, whereas the catch plate is often of silver and is, in several cases, ornamented with engraved lines. The pin itself is of bronze or copper, the same applies to the tension lugs. The upper surface of the spring cover comprises a rectangular bronze band clad with a rosette that sits as a central feature around the lower end of the bow. The bow is ornamented with flat rosettes and typically with a domed roundel of blue glass. Basically it is, as already suggested, possible to speak of two traditions, an Eastern Danish and a Jutish. With regard to the identification of possible workshop groups, it can be tentatively concluded that there was one on Zealand and two in Jutland. The five rosette fibulas from Funen show, conversely, no indication of the existence of independent workshops but should be seen rather as a mixture of Jutish and Zealand craft traditions.Typological classification of rosette fibulas and their distributionOn the basis of the primary studies, a typological classification has been carried out of the 36 best examples within six types. As the number of examples is modest, the classification should be taken with some reservation. Only the dominant types will be dealt with in more detail here; these are types 1 and 4. Again, it is the geographic distribution that is apparent, in that type 1 appears on Zealand whereas type 4 is Jutish. Due to its special construction, type 3 is similarly commented upon. The distribution of the other types is, conversely, very scattered as is apparent from the table (fig. 11). Type 1 is defined by having five vaulted rosettes. They are attached by way of a cast pin or a long through rivet and terminating in a moulded knob. The bow and catch plate are cast in one piece. Type 4 is characterised by having three rosettes, including the central rosette. The two rosettes on the bow have inlaid glass roundels or are made of vaulted sheet metal. The spring cover is most often rectangular. Type 3 comprises just three examples. These are characterised by the angle of the bow being greater than 90 degrees, they lack the high catch plate and have a triangular catch-plate cover with a hook to take the pin. The rosettes are soldered to the edge of the spring cover, and they can be circular or semi-circular and of sheet metal with or without blue glass inlays. All three examples come from Southwestern Jutland. Rosette fibulas have a very wide geographic distribution, from Norway in the north to the Black Sea in the south, and from Jutland in the west to the Baltic countries in the east. These spectacular ornaments must have belonged to the elite and their distribution indicates the extensive nature of the various networks at that time and therefore give a good insight into the extent of social mobility. One potential form of contact could have been marital alliances. These may have played an important role for the aristocracy in its wish to maintain their social status as well as their economic and political power. In other aspects of the archaeological record there are indications that women from the aristocratic Himlingeøje families were apparently married off to men in Tuna in Sweden. Rosette fibulas of Scandinavian type have, furthermore, been found in the Ukrainian-Rumanian Moldau area north of the Black Sea, which is perhaps also an indication of marital alliances. Unfortunately, the distinctive and easily recognisable rosette fibulas were only in use for a short period of 30-50 years, after which it again becomes more difficult to evaluate the extent of exchange within the large Germanic area. The work presented here is based on primary observations of most of the rosette fibulas from Denmark. It demonstrates clearly that there is much new information to be obtained from these elitist ornaments. At the same time, the importance is demonstrated yet again of renewed and primary studies of the existing archaeological record. Neither is there any doubt that more sophisticated methods of scientific analyses will, in the future, definitely be able to reveal much more new information and thereby contribute to a better and more sophisticated understanding of the significance of rosette fibulas as an important social marker within the aristocratic environs of the Iron Age.Annagrete Skjødt †Redigeret af Jørgen LundInstitut for Antropologi, Arkæologi, og LingvistikAarhus Universitet
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De las Heras, Marcelo, Marta Borobia, and Aurora Ortín. "Neoplasia-Associated Wasting Diseases with Economic Relevance in the Sheep Industry." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020381.
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We review three neoplastic wasting diseases affecting sheep generally recorded under common production cycles and with epidemiological and economic relevance in sheep-rearing countries: small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIA), ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) and enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA). SIA is prevalent in Australia and New Zealand but present elsewhere in the world. This neoplasia is a tubular or signet-ring adenocarcinoma mainly located in the middle or distal term of the small intestine. Predisposing factors and aetiology are not known, but genetic factors or environmental carcinogens may be involved. OPA is a contagious lung cancer caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and has been reported in most sheep-rearing countries, resulting in significant economic losses. The disease is clinically characterized by a chronic respiratory process as a consequence of the development of lung adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis is based on the detection of JSRV in the tumour lesion by immunohistochemistry and PCR. In vivo diagnosis may be difficult, mainly in preclinical cases. ENA is a neoplasia of glands of the nasal mucosa and is associated with enzootic nasal tumour virus 1 (ENTV-1), which is similar to JSRV. ENA enzootically occurs in many countries of the world with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. The pathology associated with this neoplasia corresponds with a space occupying lesion histologically characterized as a low-grade adenocarcinoma. The combination of PCR and immunohistochemistry for diagnosis is advised.
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Brunsdon, D. R., N. R. Britton, R. J. Carter, R. F. Crimp, E. F. Gates, M. A. Gordon, G. J. Hughson, et al. "Lessons for New Zealand lifelines organisations from the 17 January 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 29, no. 1 (March 31, 1996): 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.29.1.1-55.
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This report outlines the observations and findings with regard to lifelines and other infrastructural items from each of the various New Zealand post-earthquake visits to Kobe subsequent to the NZNSEE reconnaissance team visit. The preliminary assessments on lifelines aspects made in the NZNSEE reconnaissance team report are developed further. Lessons and recommendations for New Zealand are presented.
In addition to lifelines aspects, observations are also made on the political decision-making process, subsequent economic trends and temporary housing and emergency management issues.
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Hayo, Bernd, and Florian Neumeier. "Households’ inflation perceptions and expectations: survey evidence from New Zealand." International Economics and Economic Policy 19, no. 1 (November 9, 2021): 185–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10368-021-00524-3.
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AbstractIn this paper, we study how inflation is viewed by the general population of New Zealand. Based on unique representative survey data collected in 2016 and using descriptive statistics and multivariate regressions, we explore various aspects of how laypersons perceive inflation and form inflation expectations. We focus on how an individual’s economic situation, information search and interest in inflation, economic knowledge, and attitudes and values are related to inflation perception and expectation, as well as the individual’s reaction to them. We interpret our findings as a clear indication that laypersons’ knowledge about inflation is much better described by the imperfect information view prevailing in social psychology than by the rational actor view typically assumed in economics.
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Poot, Jacques. "Adaptation of Migrants in the New Zealand Labor Market." International Migration Review 27, no. 1 (March 1993): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700106.
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This article addresses economic aspects of New Zealand immigration during the 1980s. General features are overall net emigration coinciding with high levels of immigration from Asia and Pacific Island countries. Earnings by years in New Zealand profiles for immigrants with selected occupations are steeper for Pacific Island-born males than for other immigrant groups. Although there are few data, there is some evidence that profiles differ between cohorts. Since the level of controlled immigration is likely to be increased and the perceived labor market outcomes are an input in the selection criteria, further research is needed.
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Novikova, Elena, and Mikhail Rybalko. "Economic aspects of cooperation between New Zealand and the United States as international actors in the Asia-Pacific region." SHS Web of Conferences 134 (2022): 00148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400148.
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The article analyzes economic aspects of the interaction between New Zealand and the United States of America as international actors in the Asia-Pacific region. The substantiation of the importance of the Asia-Pacific region in the foreign policy of the two countries is given. We determined that the economic component is one of the most significant components of bilateral relations. Statistical data for the five-year period (2016-2021) are presented, demonstrating the evolution of economic relations between New Zealand and the United States. We established that the economic policy of the two countries is aimed at continuing intensive international cooperation and implementing a recovery strategy in 2021. We concluded that the "soft power" course used by Wellington would enable the country to achieve significant benefits even more in cooperation with other states and reach qualitatively new levels in the existing system of international relations in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Manning, Joanna, and Ron Paterson. "“Prioritization”: Rationing Health Care in New Zealand." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33, no. 4 (2005): 681–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2005.tb00536.x.
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The amount allocated to publicly funded health care for 2005/06 in New Zealand, a small country of some four million people, is $NZ 9.68 billion, or 6.2% of GDP, an increase from the 5.7% of GDP in 2000/01. The Minister of Finance has recently signalled that spending in health and education has outpaced economic growth, and that the present rate of growth in health spending, which has grown at about 7% a year over the last decade, is unsustainable. Despite these big funding increases in recent years, the perception of New Zealanders is that the extra spending has made little difference, at least to hospital services and to people’s ability to access treatment. In surveys, health emerges as a leading concern for New Zealanders. Their concern is apparently less about the quality of services, than about their ability to access treatment - whether they will be able to access timely health care when they or their family members need it.
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GORDON, DENNIS P. "New bryozoan taxa from a new marine conservation area in New Zealand, with a checklist of Bryozoa from Greater Cook Strait." Zootaxa 1987, no. 1 (January 23, 2009): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1987.1.2.
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Seven new species of cheilostome Bryozoa are described from the new Taputeranga Marine Reserve on the south coast of Wellington City, New Zealand. Four of them [Catenicella pseudoelegans (Catenicellidae), Celleporina wellingtonensis and Osthimosia sirena (Celleporidae), and Reteporella aurantiaca (Phidoloporidae)] were discovered during a month-long “BioBlitz” to determine aspects of the biodiversity of the Marine reserve ahead of its official gazetting and are so far known only from the marine reserve. The remaining species [Electra oligopora (Electridae), Fenestrulina littoralis (Microporellidae), and Rhynchozoon zealandicum (Phidoloporidae)] occur both in the reserve and elsewhere on the New Zealand coast and this paper resolves long-standing taxonomic problems concerning their status, each of the three having previously been attributed to other species. All seven occur in the littoral zone, some extend into deeper water, and all are apparently endemic. With the addition of the new species, the bryozoan fauna of Greater Cook Strait comprises 232 species (13 undescribed/undetermined) and, for the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone, 953 marine species (of which 331 remain undescribed or undetermined).
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Keller, E. D., W. T. Baisden, L. Timar, B. Mullan, and A. Clark. "Grassland production under global change scenarios for New Zealand pastoral agriculture." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 5 (October 16, 2014): 2359–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2359-2014.
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Abstract. We adapt and integrate the Biome-BGC and Land Use in Rural New Zealand models to simulate pastoral agriculture and to make land-use change, intensification of agricultural activity and climate change scenario projections of New Zealand's pasture production at time slices centred on 2020, 2050 and 2100, with comparison to a present-day baseline. Biome-BGC model parameters are optimised for pasture production in both dairy and sheep/beef farm systems, representing a new application of the Biome-BGC model. Results show up to a 10% increase in New Zealand's national pasture production in 2020 under intensification and a 1–2% increase by 2050 from economic factors driving land-use change. Climate change scenarios using statistically downscaled global climate models (GCMs) from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report also show national increases of 1–2% in 2050, with significant regional variations. Projected out to 2100, however, these scenarios are more sensitive to the type of pasture system and the severity of warming: dairy systems show an increase in production of 4% under mild change but a decline of 1% under a more extreme case, whereas sheep/beef production declines in both cases by 3 and 13%, respectively. Our results suggest that high-fertility systems such as dairying could be more resilient under future change, with dairy production increasing or only slightly declining in all of our scenarios. These are the first national-scale estimates using a model to evaluate the joint effects of climate change, CO2 fertilisation and N-cycle feedbacks on New Zealand's unique pastoral production systems that dominate the nation's agriculture and economy. Model results emphasise that CO2 fertilisation and N-cycle feedback effects are responsible for meaningful differences in agricultural systems. More broadly, we demonstrate that our model output enables analysis of decoupled land-use change scenarios: the Biome-BGC data products at a national or regional level can be re-sampled quickly and cost-effectively for specific land-use change scenarios and future projections.
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Keller, E. D., W. T. Baisden, L. Timar, B. Mullan, and A. Clark. "Grassland production under global change scenarios for New Zealand pastoral agriculture." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 12, 2014): 3307–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-3307-2014.
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Abstract. We adapt and integrate the Biome-BGC and Land Use in Rural New Zealand (LURNZ) models to simulate pastoral agriculture and to make land-use change, intensification and climate change scenario projections of New Zealand's pasture production at time slices centred on 2020, 2050 and 2100, with comparison to a present-day baseline. Biome-BGC model parameters are optimised for pasture production in both dairy and sheep/beef farm systems, representing a new application of the Biome-BGC model. Results show up to a 10% increase in New Zealand's national pasture production in 2020 under intensification and a 1–2% increase by 2050 from economic factors driving land-use change. Climate change scenarios using statistically downscaled global climate models (GCMs) from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) also show national increases of 1–2% in 2050, with significant regional variations. Projected out to 2100, however, these scenarios are more sensitive to the type of pasture system and the severity of warming: dairy systems show an increase in production of 4% under mild change but a decline of 1% under a more extreme case, whereas sheep/beef production declines in both cases by 3% and 13%, respectively. Our results suggest that high-fertility systems such as dairying could be more resilient under future change, with dairy production increasing or only slightly declining in all of our scenarios. These are the first national-scale estimates using a model to evaluate the joint effects of climate change, CO2 fertilisation and N-cycle feedbacks on New Zealand's unique pastoral production systems that dominate the nation's agriculture and economy. Model results emphasize that CO2 fertilisation and N cycle feedback effects are responsible for meaningful differences in agricultural systems. More broadly, we demonstrate that our model output enables analysis of Decoupled Land-Use Change Scenarios (DLUCS): the Biome-BGC data products at a national or regional level can be re-sampled quickly and cost-effectively for specific land-use change scenarios and future projections.
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Waghorn, G. C., I. D. Shelton, W. C. McNabb, and S. N. McCutcheon. "Effects of condensed tannins inLotus pedunculatuson its nutritive value for sheep. 2. Nitrogenous aspects." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 1 (August 1994): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067836.
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SummaryFourteen young wether sheep were fed freshly cutLotus pedunculatusas a sole diet to examine the effects of condensed tannins (CT; 55 g/kg lotus DM) on nitrogenous aspects of digestion. The experiment was carried out indoors at Palmerston North, New Zealand over 32 days with one group of sheep receiving an intraruminal infusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG; 100 g/day) to preferentially bind CT (PEG group) so that the lotus was essentially ‘CT-free'. The other sheep, not given PEG, were termed the ‘Tannin’ group.The principal effects of CT were to increase the flow of feed nitrogen (N) to the abomasum despite a 12% reduction in DM intake of the Tannin sheep. Rumen microbial N turnover rate was slower in Tannin animals than in those receiving PEG (1·86v. 2·63/day) but microbial N flux to the abomasum was similar in both treatments. The proportion of N intake disappearing from the rumen was lower in Tannin (0·13) than in PEG sheep (0·26) and the N digestibility was 0·67 and 0·81 for the respective treatments (P <0·001).The beneficial effects of CT in reducing rumen degradation of feed protein were negated in part by a reduction in fractional absorption of amino acids (AA) from the small intestine. Fractional absorption of essential AA was 0·66 in Tannin and 0·79 in PEG sheep; values for non-essential AA were 0'59 in Tannin and 0·73 in PEG groups. Amino acid concentrations in blood were similar for both groups, but Tannin sheep had lower plasma urea concentrations, a more rapid plasma urea turnover rate and a higher irreversible loss than those receiving PEG. Growth hormone concentrations in plasma were similar for both treatments.
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Sun, Xuezhao, David Pacheco, and Dongwen Luo. "Forage brassica: a feed to mitigate enteric methane emissions?" Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15516.
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A series of experiments was conducted in New Zealand to evaluate the potential of forage brassicas for mitigation of enteric methane emissions. Experiments involved sheep and cattle fed winter and summer varieties of brassica forage crops. In the sheep-feeding trials, it was demonstrated that several species of forage brassicas can result, to a varying degree, in a lower methane yield (g methane per kg of DM intake) than does ryegrass pasture. Pure forage rape fed as a winter crop resulted in 37% lower methane yields than did pasture. Increasing the proportion of forage rape in the diet of sheep fed pasture linearly decreased methane yield. Feeding forage rape to cattle also resulted in 44% lower methane yield than did feeding pasture. In conclusion, reductions in methane emission are achievable by feeding forage brassicas, especially winter forage rape, to sheep and cattle. Investigating other aspects of these crops is warranted to establish their value as a viable mitigation tool in pastoral farming.
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Waghorn, G. C., I. D. Shelton, and W. C. McNabb. "Effects of condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus on its nutritive value for sheep. 1. Non-nitrogenous aspects." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 1 (August 1994): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067824.
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SummaryLotus pedunculatus was grown under high fertility conditions and its nutritive value was determined in a feeding trial with sheep at Palmerston North, New Zealand in 1989. The condensed tannins (CT) accounted for 5·5 % of lotus dry matter (DM) and its effect on digestion was evaluated by giving an intraruminal infusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to six of the sheep (PEG group). PEG preferentially binds with CT so that the lotus becomes essentially CT-free.The experiment was carried out with 14 sheep (six PEG and eight ‘Tannin’) held in metabolism crates indoors and given freshly cut lotus hourly, for 32 days. This paper presents data relating to carbohydrate and mineral digestion, together with aspects of rumen function.Digestibility of lotus DM was 68%, and the digestibility of fibre was not affected by CT. Infusion of PEG increased rumen concentrations of NH3 and volatile fatty acids (P < 0·001) but effects on molar ratios of VFA were inconsistent with time. CT reduced rumen degradation and absorption of sulphur and increased net absorption of both phosphorus and zinc, but other effects on mineral digestion were small.Although the lotus was offered at c. 90% of ad libitum, intakes of the tannin sheep began to decline after c. 15 days of feeding and were c. 12% lower than those of the PEG sheep at the end of the trial (P < 0·05). At slaughter, rumen pool sizes were similar for the two treatments but the Tannin sheep had a lower fractional outflow rate, which suggests a slower rate of digestion in the rumen. Growth rate and wool production were similar for sheep on both treatments. It is concluded that the CT in Lotus pedunculatus grown under high fertility conditions had little effect on fibre and mineral digestion but the depression in DM intake reduced its nutritive value for sheep.
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Bickley, Joy. "The Limits of Language: ethical aspects of strike action from a New Zealand Perspective." Nursing Ethics 4, no. 4 (July 1997): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309700400406.
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Over the last decade, successive New Zealand governments have instituted social, political and economic changes that have fundamentally challenged nurses’ sense of themselves and their position in society. Major upheavals in the health service have occurred as a result of reforms promoting competition and contestability. This paper deals with the impact of one aspect of the reforms, that of the deregulation of the labour market through the Employment Contracts Act 1991. More specifically, the way in which discussions and decisions regarding the withdrawal of nursing labour are shaped by the language available to those involved are considered. The intersection of ethics and union discourses may exacerbate feelings of ambiguity and confusion in nurses facing strike action. The result can be unnecessary and unproductive division and conflict: among nurses, between employers and employees, between unions, between nurses and the public, and between nursing organizations and the Government. An examination of some of the discourses of strike action may serve as a tool to elucidate the way nurses see themselves and their clients in the context of social change and social action.
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Flinchpaugh, Steven G. "Economic Aspects of the Viceregal Entrance in Mexico City." Americas 52, no. 3 (January 1996): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008005.
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On November 4, 1640, a ship two months out of Cádiz entered the harbor of Veracruz and dropped anchor opposite the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa. On board was the new Viceroy of the Kingdom of New Spain, the Duque de Escalona, Diego López Pacheco. The viceroy’s arrival in Veracruz was but the first act in the elaborate drama of colonial government. Escalona and his party tarried in the port, passing the time inspecting the king’s troops and fortifications while they recuperated from the crossing and prepared for the journey to Mexico City. Accompanied by a mounted escort, gentlemen from the towns and cities of New Spain, a retinue of priests, servants and relatives, a herd of sheep, cattle, and other livestock, and by a baggage train carrying the stores of food and wines he brought with him from Spain, the viceroy would climb from sea level to the central meseta of New Spain, an ascent of nearly 8000 feet. The trip to Mexico City was a time for introductions, feasts, toasts, and pageants; but, it was also a time for politics, as the local notables, merchants, and government officials who accompanied the viceroy’s party vied for a favorable processional position and attempted to arrange a place at court for themselves, their relatives, and clients. Each village or town through which the viceroy passed would welcome him according to local custom and means. In larger towns like Puebla, this meant sumptuous entertainment, a procession to the cathedral followed by a reception and banquet. The viceroy could expect a more humble, but no less colorful reception when he passed through one of the dozens of smaller Indian communities along the route.
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Francis, G. S., F. J. Tabley, and K. M. White. "Restorative crops for the amelioration of degraded soil conditions in New Zealand." Soil Research 37, no. 6 (1999): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99013.
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The effects of restorative crops on the amelioration of a degraded soil were investigated in a 6-year field experiment. Treatments included perennial pastures, annual pastures, and arable crops. Improvements in some aspects of chemical, biological, and physical fertility were related to the amount of herbage dry matter returned to the soil and root production. Beneficial effects associated with returned organic matter were partly negated by the degradative effect of tillage. Treatments that returned most organic material to the soil showed the greatest increase in aggregate stability and supported the largest earthworm populations, especially without annual tillage. Differences between treatments in soil organic C content were not generally significant until the sixth year. In contrast, differences between treatments in microbial biomass C were apparent by the third year. Compaction by sheep during grazing appeared to result in a loss of soil macroporosity. In the sixth year, soil macroporosity was greatest in the annually cultivated, ungrazed treatments. The grazed perennial ryegrass and ryegrass/white clover treatments were the most effective in ameliorating degraded soil conditions. The rate of soil amelioration declined with depth, and was mainly confined to the top 10 cm of soil. The rate of amelioration was relatively slow, with, for example, 3 years needed for most of the increase in aggregate stability at 0–5 cm depth.
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Jenkins, Matthew, Janet Hoek, Gabrielle Jenkin, Philip Gendall, James Stanley, Ben Beaglehole, Caroline Bell, Charlene Rapsey, and Susanna Every-Palmer. "Silver linings of the COVID-19 lockdown in New Zealand." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): e0249678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249678.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption, distress, and loss of life around the world. While negative health, economic, and social consequences are being extensively studied, there has been less research on the resilience and post-traumatic growth that people show in the face of adversity. We investigated New Zealanders’ experiences of benefit-finding during the COVID-19 pandemic and analysed qualitative responses to a survey examining mental well-being during the New Zealand lockdown. A total of 1175 of 2010 eligible participants responded to an open-ended question probing ‘silver linings’ (i.e., positive aspects) they may have experienced during this period. We analysed these qualitative responses using a thematic analysis approach. Two thirds of participants identified silver linings from the lockdown and we developed two overarching themes: Surviving (coping well, meeting basic needs, and maintaining health) and thriving (self-development, reflection, and growth). Assessing positive as well as negative consequences of the pandemic provides more nuanced insights into the impact that New Zealand’s response had on mental well-being.
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Wall, A. J., J. L. Juengel, S. J. Edwards, and J. M. Rendel. "The economic value of replacement breeding ewes attaining puberty within their first year of life on New Zealand sheep farms." Agricultural Systems 164 (July 2018): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.03.007.
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Seuffert, Nan. "Engagement, Resistance and Restructuring: A Legal Challenge." Somatechnics 4, no. 2 (September 2014): 272–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/soma.2014.0132.
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The raft of neoliberal and new public management policies and discourses that have risen to prominence in universities in the last few decades, combined with steep decreases in public funding, have resulted in profound changes to all aspects of university functions across not just Australia and New Zealand, but many countries with comparable public university sectors. These changes have impacted on strategic priorities, faculty and administrative structures, terms and conditions of academic and administrative staff employment, academic freedom and the role that universities play in a democracy. Scholarship on the impact of neoliberal economic and new public management policies in universities has blossomed in recent years. This scholarship has included some discussion of the extent to which individual and collective resistance to these changes, by academics and others, is possible, and the potential challenges of such resistance. This article considers a legal challenge to a restructuring, or ‘organisational change’, proposal at a New Zealand university. It begins by analysing the legal challenge in the context of neoliberal economic and new public management policies in universities in Australia and New Zealand, with a focus on the implications of the changing governance policies and structures in universities, and academic engagement with, and resistance to, those policies. It then discusses the case, considering the issue raised in light of recent scholarship. It argues that the case is relevant today as an example of a form of collective resistance to problematic aspects of new public management policies in universities.
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Bolan, N. S., and M. J. Hedley. "Developments in some aspects of reactive phosphate rock research and use in New Zealand." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 8 (1997): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96104.
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Summary. There has been over 50 years of use and research into the agronomic effectiveness of reactive phosphate rocks (RPR) directly applied to New Zealand pastures. In recent years RPR-carrying fertilisers made up about 16% of phosphatic fertiliser sales in the North Island of New Zealand. Most is applied, as maintenance fertiliser, to hill country sheep and beef farms. Use has been recommended on soils with pH <6 and in annual rainfall regimes >800 mm. This is based on the poor performance of Sechura phosphate rock in summer dry areas receiving <750 mm of rainfall annually. Phosphate rocks that have more than 30% of their total phosphate soluble in 2% citric acid have been classed as ‘reactive’ and suitable for direct application. More recent research indicates that extraction with 2% formic acid, or a dissolution test performed in a simulated soil solution at a fixed pH, will provide improved measures of RPR quality. Field trials, undertaken by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries [MAF; now AgResearch Crown Research Institute (CRI)] and others, to evaluate the relative agronomic effectiveness of RPR versus soluble P fertilisers in adequate to marginally P-deficient soils have proven to be a painstaking task. Long periods (3–6 years) of fertiliser withdrawal were required for pasture growth on some soils to become significantly responsive to applied P. Only then did differences between P sources become significant. This problem has encouraged efforts to relate measurements of the extent of RPR dissolution in soils to their agronomic effectiveness. Three main modelling approaches have been used to achieve this objective: Kirk and Nye (1986a, 1986b, 1986c); Sinclair et al. (1993a); and Watkinson (1994b). These models are reviewed and their explanation of RPR dissolution in mowing trials tested. Components of each model have then been combined to produce models to predict the agronomic effectiveness of RPR. The development of P tests for soils receiving RPR-containing fertilisers is reviewed. Separate Olsen P test–yield response calibration curves are required for soils fertilised with soluble P fertilisers and soils fertilised with sparingly soluble P sources or soluble P in the presence of heavy lime applications. Whereas alkaline P tests such as Olsen or Colwell underestimate the amount of plant-available P in these soils, acid P tests such as Bray 1 are likely to overestimate the available P. Tests involving cation and anion exchange resin membranes appear to be more appropriate for soils with unknown histories of soluble P and RPR use and may permit the use of single calibration curves. Trends observed in Olsen P soil test values, from farms on the North Island of New Zealand that have a history (3–15 years) of RPR use are presented. A predictive dissolution model is used to explain these trends but it is evident that spatial and temporal variation in soil test results on farmers’ paddocks will be a major constraint to the precision to which this or similar models may be used. The model, however, may provide the basis for sound advice on the strategic use of RPR for direct application to New Zealand pasture soils. It may prove useful in explaining the variation in RPR effectiveness in a wider range of climates and soils.
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Wu, Yi, and Claire Flemmer. "Glass Curtain Wall Technology and Sustainability in Commercial Buildings in Auckland, New Zealand." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 7, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v7.n2.495.
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Glass curtain wall provides an attractive building envelope, but it is generally regarded as unsustainable because of the high energy needed to maintain thermal comfort. This research explores the advances in the technology of glass cladding and the complex issues associated with judging its sustainability. It assesses the technology and sustainability of glass curtain wall on a sample of thirty commercial buildings in Auckland, New Zealand. Field observations of the glass-clad buildings, coupled with surveys of the building occupants and of glass cladding professionals are used to investigate the cladding characteristics, operational performance, sustainability aspects and future trends. The majority of the sample buildings are low-rise office buildings. The occupants like the aesthetics and indoor environment quality of their glass-clad buildings. However, continuous heating, ventilation and air conditioning are needed in order to maintain thermal comfort within the buildings and this has high energy consumption. The increasing use of unitized systems with double glazing instead of stick-built systems with single glazing improves the sustainability of the cladding through less material wastage and better energy efficiency. Inclusion of photovoltaic modules in the curtain wall also improves energy efficiency but it is currently too expensive for use in New Zealand. Environmental sustainability is also improved when factors such as climate, the orientation of glazed façades, solar control, ventilation and the interior building layout are considered. Any assessment of glass curtain wall sustainability needs to consider the economic and social aspects as well as the environmental aspects such as energy use
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Watson, James. "The Significance of Mr. Richard Buckley’s Exploding Trousers: Reflections on an Aspect of Technological Change in New Zealand Dairy Farming between the World Wars." Agricultural History 78, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-78.3.346.
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Abstract During the early 1930s many New Zealand farmers enthusiastically adopted the highly inflammable chemical sodium chlorate as a weedicide against ragwort. This development reflected many aspects of New Zealand farming at the time. Dairying was expanding rapidly, reducing the control of ragwort by grazing with sheep; large areas of land cleared in the post-war boom were reverting to weeds; farmers tended to look to the state to assist with their problems and the Department of Agriculture promoted the use of sodium chlorate; farmers were generally highly literate and were rapidly aware of new possibilities; and there was a continuing shortage of labor in farming. The latter reflected New Zealand’s generally restrictive immigration policies; higher wages and greater freedom in urban employment; changing demography and attitudes to child labor; attitudes to married women working out on the farm; and, perhaps most importantly, the widespread drive for independence from farm workers and neighbors. Sodium chlorate seemed to promise a solution to the control of ragwort without the high financial and personal cost of finding additional labor.
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Forsyth, Anthony, and John Howe. "Reaching Across the Ditch? Similarities and Differences in the Trajectory of Australian and New Zealand Regulation of Collective Labour Relations 1988–2018." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 50, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v50i2.5743.
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This article compares the development of the law and policy relating to collective aspects of labour relations in Australia and New Zealand over the last 30 years, taking account of historical, social, economic and political context. During that period, there have been many shifts and turns in the direction of regulation, although developments in each country have mostly responded to the broader rise of neo-liberalism in economic and social policy. In this article we examine the differing workplace reform agendas of Labor/Labour and Coalition/National governments in these two countries, alongside the competing policy objectives of these reforms (deregulatory versus protective), and assess the extent to which these reforms have encouraged, undermined, or reflected a position of "state neutrality" toward collective bargaining. In making this assessment, we reflect on similarities and differences in the trajectory of Australian and New Zealand regulation of collective labour relations, and the level of influence that developments in each country has had on the other.
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Mayes, David. "Getting the right balance between regulation and governance in the non-bank financial sector." Journal of Governance and Regulation 1, no. 3 (2012): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v1_i3_c2_p5.
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This paper uses the example of the collapse of the finance company sector in New Zealand in 2006-2010 to illustrate the problems with light touch regulation and a reliance on good governance to ensure financial stability. It shows two major governance failures, the first in the governance of the sector by the authorities and the second, serious failures in corporate governance by the firms involved. While a light touch may assist economic development it also increases fragility. New Zealand has now switched to a greater emphasis on regulation and to a better alignment of incentives to ensure good governance. While other countries might consider implementing aspects of its new bank resolution regime most are opting for considerably more regulation and compliance costs.
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Hamilton, Sally, Cliona Ni Mhurchu, and Patricia Priest. "Food and nutrient availability in New Zealand: an analysis of supermarket sales data." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 12 (December 2007): 1448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007000134.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine food and nutrient availability in New Zealand using supermarket sales data in conjunction with a brand-specific supermarket food composition database (SFD).DesignThe SFD was developed by selecting the top-selling supermarket food products and linking them to food composition data from a variety of sources, before merging with individualised sales data. Supermarket food and nutrient data were then compared with data from national nutrition and household budget/economic surveys.SettingA supermarket in Wellington, New Zealand.SubjectsEight hundred and eighty-two customers (73% female; mean age 38 years) who shopped regularly at the participating supermarket store and for whom electronic sales data were available for the period February 2004–January 2005.ResultsTop-selling supermarket food products included full-fat milk, white bread, sugary soft drinks and butter. Key food sources of macronutrients were similar between the supermarket sales database and national nutrition surveys. For example, bread was the major source of energy and contributed 12–13% of energy in all three data sources. Proportional expenditure on fruit, vegetables, meat, poultry, fish, farm products and oils, and cereal products recorded in the Household Economic Survey and supermarket sales data were within 2% of each other.ConclusionsElectronic supermarket sales data can be used to evaluate a number of important aspects of food and nutrient availability. Many of our findings were broadly comparable with national nutrition and food expenditure survey data, and supermarket sales have the advantage of being an objective, convenient, up-to-date and cost-effective measure of household food purchases.
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Farrell, Lydia Jane, Stephen Todd Morris, Paul R. Kenyon, and Peter R. Tozer. "Modelling a Transition from Purebred Romney to Fully Shedding Wiltshire–Romney Crossbred." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112066.
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Considering the current low prices for coarse wool (fibre diameter > 30 µm), a grading up transition to a shedding flock may eliminate wool harvesting costs and increase sheep farm profit. This transition could be achieved by breeding non-shedding ewes with Wiltshire rams. A bio-economic system-dynamics model of a pastoral sheep farming enterprise was used to simulate this grading up transition from 2580 Romney ewes to a similarly-sized flock of fully shedding third or fourth cross Wiltshire–Romney ewes. The total annual sheep feed demand was constrained within a ±5% range to minimise disruption to the on-farm beef cattle enterprise. Wool harvesting expenses were eliminated after seven years of transition, and with reduced feed demand for wool growth, the post-transition shedding flocks had more ewes producing more lambs and achieving greater annual profit compared with the base Romney flock. The net present values of transition were 7% higher than the maintenance of the base Romney flock with a farmgate wool price of $2.15/kg. Results suggest that coarse wool-producing farmers should consider a grading up transition to a shedding flock, and the collection of data on the production of Wiltshire–Romney sheep in New Zealand would improve the accuracy of model predictions.
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McIntosh, Alison, and Cheryl Cockburn-Wooten. "How hospitable is Aotearoa New Zealand to refugees?" Hospitality Insights 4, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v4i1.71.
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Following the tragic events of the Christchurch shooting on 15th March 2019, New Zealanders projected a national image of hospitality towards Muslim New Zealanders, involving an Islamic call to prayer in Parliament, and women wearing hijab in solidarity – unique public demonstrations of compassion and inclusion. In 2020, the New Zealand government will raise its refugee quota to 1,500 refugees per year as part of its United Nations obligations and remove its race-based aspects [1]. Globally, there are vast displacements of people fleeing persecution and economic oppression [2]. Arguably, despite its small refugee resettlement quota, New Zealand appears hospitable. Yet our study reveals a context within which negative economic, social and political factors dominate policy and practices. It similarly highlights ways in which New Zealand’s hospitality towards refugees is paternalistic and interventionist, even if not deliberately [3].
‘Being hospitable’ is typically defined as a social relation that accompanies the ideologies and unconditional practices of ‘welcome’ [4]. As an act of welcome, hospitality gives ethical recognition to the stranger. This practice of hospitality enables and resonates a feeling of belonging and inclusion. However, the intrinsic nature of hospitality may foster exclusion as well as inclusion. The Christchurch incident arose from an act of unwelcome and a false sense of security from authorities as previous discrimination reported by the local refugee Muslim community was ignored. As such, key questions remain about how hospitable New Zealand is to refugees.
When refugees are resettled into a destination, refugee-focused service providers (including not-for-profits, community groups and NGOs) offer frontline services to ease refugees’ experiences of trauma and marginalisation. They provide advocacy and welcome through reception processes, translation services and multicultural centres. We facilitated a national think tank attended by 34 refugee-focused service providers to examine how they practice a hospitable welcome through their advocacy and frontline services and how the welcome could be improved.
Participants identified the need for greater collaboration and communication between refugee-focused service providers to enhance trust, relationships, to enable former refugees to feel safe in voicing their concerns and access services, and to reduce the competition and duplication of service provision in the face of scarce funding. They also recognised the need to increase attention to the notion of welcome and advocacy by adopting practices from non-interventionist actions that draw on the notion of welcome as empathetic, warm and connecting, with minimum rules, and to centre refugee voices with their active participation in policy development, service delivery and social inclusion activities. Participants also advocated continued efforts by the media and wider community to reduce discrimination and negative social dialogue around refugees and to encourage their social inclusion. To achieve these outcomes, participants raised the need to address the important issues of underfunding and strategy underpinning the delivery of refugee-focused service provision.
Overall, our findings suggest that beneath the initial welcoming surface, an alternative perspective may be concealed that restricts us from providing a broader inclusive hospitality and welcome into Aotearoa New Zealand. To bridge this potential impasse, a more humanistic approach is potentially required, where refugees actively co-create the critical framing of hospitality [5, 6] to better support their resettlement.
The original research on which this article is based is available here https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1472243
Corresponding author
Alison McIntosh can be contacted at: alison.mcintosh@aut.ac.nz
References
(1) Graham-McLay, C. Under Pressure, New Zealand Ends Policy Branded Racist. The New York Times, Oct 4, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/04/world/asia/jacinda-ardern-refugees-new-zealand.html?fbclid=IwAR0JYwr7Fl31gtQ9qXS0XTTLXyNkTXSC9DBWot0Mf0UtQLp9EXTBKTmqcBk (accessed Oct 20, 2019).
(2) Goldin, I.; Cameron, G.; Balarajan, M. Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped our World and will Define our Future; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 2012.
(3) McIntosh, A.; Cockburn-Wootten, C. Refugee-Focused Service Providers: Improving the Welcome in New Zealand. The Service Industries Journal 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1472243.
(4). Lynch, P.; Germann Molz, J.; McIntosh, A.; Lugosi, P.; Lashley, C. Theorizing Hospitality. Hospitality & Society 2011, 1 (1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1386/hosp.1.1.3_2
(5) Still, J. Derrida and Hospitality: Theory and Practice; Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 2010.
(6) Brebner, L.; McIntosh, A.; Ewazi, S.; van Veen, M. Eds. Tastes of Home; Auckland University of Technology: Auckland, 2018.
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Lindsay Barr, Tremane, and John Reid. "Centralized decentralization for tribal business development." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-10-2012-0054.
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Purpose – The purpose of this research was to identify and create a decentralized development system specific for the whanau (family) and hapu/runanga (sub-tribe) members of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. In New Zealand, a number of Maori tribes have negotiated compensation with the New Zealand Government for past injustices. These assets are typically centralized within iwi (tribal) corporate structures to protect and grow the asset base on behalf of tribal constituents. This centralization of assets has caused political tension within tribes. Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides a case study of whanau/hapu-level businesses facilitated by the post-settlement iwi – Ngāi Tahu – to demonstrate how each level can work synergistically to encourage multi-level economic development in a way that matches cultural patterns and expectations. Participant action research theory and practice was utilized by researchers from Toitu Te Kainga (Regional Development Unit of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu) between 2008 and 2012. This was informed by an Enterprise Facilitation person-centred perspective and a Kaupapa Māori philosophy of respect and empowerment of the participants needs. Findings – This paper argues that while a certain level of centralization is required, to ring-fence and protect tribal assets at an iwi (tribal) level, the benefits gained by that centralization can then be utilized to provide a springboard for decentralized economic development at the whanau (family) and hapu (sub-tribe) levels. Originality/value – This new indigenous development system is referred to as the symbiotic development model and is an original outcome of this research paper. The paper concludes that tribal economic development in the post-settlement era in New Zealand needs to combine aspects of both centralization and decentralization.
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Gall, Alana, Kate Anderson, Kirsten Howard, Abbey Diaz, Alexandra King, Esther Willing, Michele Connolly, Daniel Lindsay, and Gail Garvey. "Wellbeing of Indigenous Peoples in Canada, Aotearoa (New Zealand) and the United States: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 5832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115832.
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Despite the health improvements afforded to non-Indigenous peoples in Canada, Aotearoa (New Zealand) and the United States, the Indigenous peoples in these countries continue to endure disproportionately high rates of mortality and morbidity. Indigenous peoples’ concepts and understanding of health and wellbeing are holistic; however, due to their diverse social, political, cultural, environmental and economic contexts within and across countries, wellbeing is not experienced uniformly across all Indigenous populations. We aim to identify aspects of wellbeing important to the Indigenous people in Canada, Aotearoa and the United States. We searched CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and PubMed databases for papers that included key Indigenous and wellbeing search terms from database inception to April 2020. Papers that included a focus on Indigenous adults residing in Canada, Aotearoa and the United States, and that included empirical qualitative data that described at least one aspect of wellbeing were eligible. Data were analysed using the stages of thematic development recommended by Thomas and Harden for thematic synthesis of qualitative research. Our search resulted in 2669 papers being screened for eligibility. Following full-text screening, 100 papers were deemed eligible for inclusion (Aotearoa (New Zealand) n = 16, Canada n = 43, United States n = 41). Themes varied across countries; however, identity, connection, balance and self-determination were common aspects of wellbeing. Having this broader understanding of wellbeing across these cultures can inform decisions made about public health actions and resources.
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Ludemann, Cameron I. "Calculation of sheep and beef economic weightings for the seasonal dry matter production trait for use in a forage-cultivar selection decision-support tool." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 82 (September 9, 2020): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2020.82.423.
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Development of an independent forage-cultivar selection decision-support tool (DST) could transfer substantial benefits to sheep and beef (S&B) farmers. This study took a first step toward development of a S&B DST by describing and assessing one method of calculating S&B forage trait economic weightings. The ‘change in livestock production’ economic weighting method was applied to the Otago/Southland Breeding Finishing Farm Class in this study. The trait economic weightings for the seasonal dry matter (DM) production trait were applied to cultivar performance trial data using the DairyNZ Forage Value Index (FVI) framework. Analysis indicated the rankings of perennial ryegrass cultivars using the DST method varied from those calculated using the DairyNZ FVI when using the same seasonal DM production data. It was concluded the change in livestock production method is an option for calculating the economic value of traits for evaluation of perennial ryegrass cultivars that are more applicable to S&B farmers. However, this method should be applied to a wider range of S&B Farm Classes before a decision is made as to its suitability for the New Zealand S&B industry.
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Basse, B., C. B. Phillips, S. Hardwick, and J. M. Kean. "lepidus Economic benefits of biological control of Sitona obsoletus (clover root weevil) in Southland pasture." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5809.
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Sitona obsoletus is a serious pasture pest in New Zealand where its rootfeeding larvae reduce white clover cover and nitrogen fixation To maintain production farmers may compensate by increasing inputs The parasitic wasp Microctonus aethiopoides Loan was introduced for biological control of S obsoletus and achieved parasitism rates exceeding 70 In Southland where S obsoletus was first detected in 2010 unusually severe and prolonged infestations during 2013 and 2014 prompted intensive biological control releases in 2014 and 2015 This study evaluated if they were cost effective in 2015 On dairy farms biological control returned 1478/ha/year or 23 million over the 158017 ha On sheep and beef farms the estimated return was 686/ha/year or 47 million over 719854 ha Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate returns (/ha/year) using plausible ranges of model parameter values and returns were positive in at least 975 of simulations Biological control of S obsoletus has returned a net benefit in Southland
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Lawson, J. R., M. G. Roberts, M. A. Gemmell, and S. J. Best. "Population dynamics in echinococcosis and cysticercosis: economic assessment of control strategies for Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia ovis and T. hydatigena." Parasitology 97, no. 1 (August 1988): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000066841.
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SUMMARYAn official control programme against Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena has been in operation in New Zealand for more than 28 years and against Taenia ovis for more than 18 years. This unique effort to control three metazoan parasites at the same time has led to a change from endemic to extinction status for E. granulosus but only a change from hyperendemic to endemic status for T. hydatigena and T. ovis. This has presented problems in determining the most cost-effective future control strategies. To facilitate this, a benefit/cost analysis of 20 options for the combined control of E. granulosus, T. hydatigena and T. ovis in New Zealand was undertaken. This showed that for E. granulosus a future change from the current non-targeted to a targeted approach is strongly indicated. For T. ovis 6 options were cost-effective using a discount rate of 10%. These were (1) a targeted control package using a vaccine in the non-targeted attack phase; (2) a targeted control package using a larvicide in the attack phase; (3) the transfer of all losses due to and responsibility for the control of T. ovis to the producer who administers a larvicide to sheep to be killed for dog food; (4) the transfer of all losses due to and responsibility for the control of T. ovis to the producer who administers praziquantel every 6 weeks to dogs; (5) and (6) two options involving the discontinuation of control. Control of T. hydatigena was assumed to be an incidental outcome of the policies for the other two parasites.
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Stronge, Dean C., Bryan A. Stevenson, Garth R. Harmsworth, and Robyn L. Kannemeyer. "A Well-Being Approach to Soil Health—Insights from Aotearoa New Zealand." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 7719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187719.
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This paper explores the concept of soil health from a human well-being perspective in Aotearoa New Zealand. Globally, soils play an integral role in wider society and the environment by maintaining a large range of ecosystem services and benefits. As populations and resource constraints increase and food production and food security become growing issues globally, there is a recognition of the importance of defining soil condition or soil health for sustaining all ecosystems, including services and benefits to humans, plants, animals, and micro-organisms. While the ecosystem services approach has helped to illuminate the varied services soils provide, an understanding of the complex human–soil relationships and values has been missing. Those seeking to understand and form concepts about soil health have concentrated on the more inherent biochemical, physical and economic (e.g., productivity) aspects of soils, but not on the human, social or cultural dimensions. It is argued in this paper that soils form an integral part of our social and cultural fabric and are fundamentally important to human and societal well-being. The way humans interact with, value and use soil is a critical part of determining the health and sustainability of soil ecosystems. We discuss how a well-being approach can improve understanding of soil health with respect to societal goals and needs. We believe this type of approach, which includes social and cultural dimensions, provides a more diverse and inclusive knowledge base and perspective to better inform the development of integrative policy. This would lead to improved management and decision-making of land resources and soils in Aotearoa New Zealand and globally.
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Sanders, P. M., D. J. Barker, and G. S. Wewala. "Phosphoglucoisomerase-2 allozymes for distinguishing perennial ryegrass cultivars in binary mixtures." Journal of Agricultural Science 112, no. 2 (April 1989): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600085075.
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SummaryThe analysis of Kennedy et al. (1985) was applied to 150 individuals from each of six plots containing mixtures of the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar Grasslands Nui and the resident ryegrass population at Rawhiti, Central Wairarapa, New Zealand. Four alleles (A, B, C and D) were identified at the phosphoglucoisomerase-2 allozyme locus in the two ryegrass populations. Using the maximum likelihood method, non-linear models were fitted to calculate the percentage contribution of Grasslands Nui to the mixtures. The contribution of Grasslands Nui to the six evaluation plots ranged from 5 to 44%, with S.E.S of 11–17%. The lowest contribution occurred under set stocking with sheep and a low fertilizer regime. The persistence of Grasslands Nui under contrasting grazing managements and fertilizer regimes in this dry environment, and aspects of enzyme electrophoresis application to field trials, are discussed.
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Longdin, Louise. "Parallel Importing Post Trips: Convergence and Divergence in Australia and New Zealand." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 1 (January 2001): 54–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.1.54.
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In a famous act of studied neutrality the framers of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS)1 left nations adhering to the Agreement completely free, in Article 6 of that document, to determine the extent to which they would allow the parallel importation of products affected by intellectual property rights which had been lawfully placed on the market outside the jurisdiction.2 The hands off approach embodied in Article 6 came as no surprise to commentators and TRIPS watchers. What to do about parallel importing has always been an issue which has deeply divided the world's trading nations and continues to be the subject of vigorous debate within them.3 Intellectual property owners and their licensees are uniting across national borders not just to defend historically entrenched advantages but also to portray these advantages as so much a part of the post TRIPS order that their extension (at home as well as abroad) seems both natural and inevitable. Importers and would-be importers outside existing distribution networks not unnaturally remain sceptical of arguments which threaten to replace tariffs and import restrictions with private law barriers to entry, barriers backed by both civil and criminal sanctions. In Australia and New Zealand these self-interested opponents of parallel importing have, in recent years, been joined in their scepticism by competition regulators and policy makers eager to bring to bear on the debate economic insights derived from detailed analyses of the impact of such restrictions both on particular product markets and the national economy as a whole. Increasingly too, the wider consuming public has begun to see that grey markets have charms hitherto invisible behind now removed protectionist walls.
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Gunnarsson, Stefan, Katarina Arvidsson Segerkvist, Torun Wallgren, Helena Hansson, and Ulf Sonesson. "A Systematic Mapping of Research on Sustainability Dimensions at Farm-level in Pig Production." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 4352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114352.
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We systematically mapped the scientific literature on the sustainability of pig production at farm-level. Sustainability was considered holistically, covering its economic, environmental, and social dimensions, each consisting of a broad range of different aspects that may contradict or reinforce each other. Literature published between January 2000 and March 2020 with a geographical focus on Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand was included. A standard template with predefined keywords was used to summarise aspects of each sustainability dimension covered in identified papers. We found that papers analysing environmental sustainability were more frequent than papers analysing economic or social sustainability. However, there are many different aspects within each dimension of sustainability, hampering comparisons between studies. In addition, each dimension of sustainability has many sides, making it difficult to compare different studies, and different dimensions and aspects may have complex interrelations. Our systematic literature review revealed that these interrelations are not well understood and that possible trade-offs or synergies between different aspects of sustainability dimensions remain unidentified. This systematic mapping of the current literature on farm-level sustainability in pig production can support a more informed discussion on knowledge gaps and help prioritise future research at farm-level to enhance sustainability in pig production.
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Bishop, S. C., and A. J. F. Russel. "Initial responses to selection for fibre value and fibre diameter in cashmere goats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200590954.
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The production of cashmere from goats is one of the most promising options for hill sheep farmers wishing to diversify. Not only is cashmere, the down from the secondary hair follicles, a valuable commodity but goats’ grazing preferences can benefit pasture management and ecology. Because no economically viable breeds of cashmere bearing goats are indigenous to the UK, goats were imported from Iceland, Siberia, Tasmania and New Zealand and an extensive crossbreeding programme involving these genotypes and native feral goats was undertaken to produce genotypes suitable to Scottish conditions (Bishop and Russel, 1994). At the completion of this crossbreeding programme the best means of continued improvement of the existing cashmere goat population was considered to be selection for genetic merit, based on an index combining traits of economic importance. This paper summarises responses to the first two years of this selection.
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Bishop, S. C., and A. J. F. Russel. "Initial responses to selection for fibre value and fibre diameter in cashmere goats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002866x.
Full textAbstract:
The production of cashmere from goats is one of the most promising options for hill sheep farmers wishing to diversify. Not only is cashmere, the down from the secondary hair follicles, a valuable commodity but goats’ grazing preferences can benefit pasture management and ecology. Because no economically viable breeds of cashmere bearing goats are indigenous to the UK, goats were imported from Iceland, Siberia, Tasmania and New Zealand and an extensive crossbreeding programme involving these genotypes and native feral goats was undertaken to produce genotypes suitable to Scottish conditions (Bishop and Russel, 1994). At the completion of this crossbreeding programme the best means of continued improvement of the existing cashmere goat population was considered to be selection for genetic merit, based on an index combining traits of economic importance. This paper summarises responses to the first two years of this selection.
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Bruce, Mieghan, John M. Young, David G. Masters, Gordon Refshauge, Andrew N. Thompson, Paul R. Kenyon, Ralph Behrendt, Amy Lockwood, David W. Miller, and Caroline Jacobson. "The impact of lamb and ewe mortality associated with dystocia on Australian and New Zealand sheep farms: A systematic review, meta-analysis and bio-economic model." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 196 (November 2021): 105478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105478.
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Arvidsson Segerkvist, Katarina, Helena Hansson, Ulf Sonesson, and Stefan Gunnarsson. "Research on Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainability in Dairy Farming: A Systematic Mapping of Current Literature." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 5502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145502.
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Dairy cows are able to convert fibrous materials, such as grass, roughage, and by-products from the food industry, into milk and meat, which justifies their role in food production. However, modern dairy farming is associated with major sustainability challenges, including greenhouse gas emissions. In order to develop sustainable future production, it is important to implement existing knowledge and fill knowledge gaps. The aim of this study was to systematically map the scientific literature on environmental, economic, and social sustainability at farm level in dairy farming. Literature published between January 2000 and March 2020 and with the geographical focus on Europe, North America, and Australia–New Zealand was included. In total, the literature search resulted in 169 hits, but after removing duplicates and papers outside the study scope only 35 papers remained. Of these, only 11 dealt with the three dimensions of sustainability, and several of these only mentioned one or two of the dimensions or set them in relation to that/those actually studied. Overall, the selected literature did not clearly explain how aspects of sustainability are interlinked, so possible negative or positive interactions between different aspects of sustainability dimensions remain unidentified.
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Vipond, J. E., Beverley Keeling, and E. A. Hunter. "Lambing Response in Lowland Ewes on Commercial Farms to Active Immunisation Against Androstenedione." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015415.
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Field trials were run to evaluate the commercially available preparation Fecundin (Cooper/Glaxo) which is a hormone immunoneutralization technique for boosting lambing percentage. Fecundin is a vaccine produced by linking androstenedione with a protein to form a conjugate which when formulated with an adjuvant stimulates an active immune response within the ewe. Antibodies produced against the vaccine bind with naturally occurring androstenedione present in the blood leading to a moderation of feedback mechanisms which suppress follicular development. The result is higher ovulation rate leading to production of more lambs. Fecundin was developed and widely tested in Australia and New Zealand. The objective of these trials was to evaluate the levels of response obtained in a range of common U.K. sheep breeds under farm conditions, to monitor the effects of weight changes around mating on this response and to make an economic assessment of this technique of increasing lambing percentage.
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Theron, Liesle. "Healing the Past: A Comparative Analysis of the Waitangi Tribunal and the South African Land Claims System." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 28, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v28i2.6071.
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Land is of great social and economic importance in both New Zealand and South African society. The large scale dispossession of the indigenous people in both countries has had drastic consequences for them. The attempts that are being made to address these grievances, and thereby reverse the effects of past injustices, reflect the current political situation in each country. This article is concerned with claims for restitution and the institutions designed to facilitate them - the Waitangi Tribunal and the South African Land Claims Commission and Land Claims Court - and investigates which aspects of such mechanisms are effective and what lessons they have to offer.