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1
Stoodley, Marcus A. "Pathophysiology of Syringomyelia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs882.pdf.
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2
Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, Abdolghafar. "Innervation of the temporomandibular joint : an experimental animal model using Australian merino sheep /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht1284.pdf.
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3
Sari, Peyami, and n/a. "Isotropic medium chain mono- and diglyceride systems : vehicles for subcutaneous injection in sheep." University of Otago. School of Pharmacy, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070405.160443.
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Purpose: To develop an approach to formulating an injectable solution containing both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs for subcutaneous administration. Based on the literature survey, isotropic medium chain mono-and diglyceride (MCMDG) systems were chosen for study. For this purpose, analytical methods were developed and validated. In vitro assessments of the MCMDG systems, and in vitro release and in vivo studies were conducted.
Methods: The phase diagrams of the isotropic MCMDG systems were constructed with systems comprising two and three components. The isotropic region was examined by visual inspection and confirmed using polarized light microscopy. Viscosities of formulations were measured. The validated HPLC assay methods were developed for determination of levamisole and abamectin in liquid formulations and in sheep plasma. The HPLC assay was capable of evaluating stability of abamectin and levamisole in liquid formulations. Solubilities of levamisole hydrochloride or levamisole phosphate and abamectin were determined in the isotropic MCMDG formulations using a HPLC assay method. Stabilities of levamisole phosphate and abamectin were conducted in the isotropic MCMDG formulations at 60�C for 10 days. In vitro release studies for levamisole phosphate were carried out for selected formulations using modified Franz diffusion cells. Based on stability and in vitro release studies, one formulation (MCMDG/propylene glycol (PG):glycerol formal (GF), 20/20:60 % w/w) was selected for a preliminary in vivo study. The selected MCMDG/PG:GF (20/20:60) formulation containing both levamisole phosphate and abamectin was injected subcutaneously into sheep, and the injection site was examined after subcutaneous injection. Pharmacokinetic profiles were determined. A correlation between in vitro fraction released (FR) and in vivo fraction absorbed (FA) for levamisole phosphate from the MCMDG/PG:GF (20/20:60) formulation was assessed.
Results: The isotropic systems of the MCMDG systems containing two or three components were characterized through phase diagrams and viscosity. The solubility of the levamisole hydrochloride in the isotropic MCMDG/sesame oil/water formulations was higher in the absence of abamectin than in combination with abamectin. Solubility of levamisole phosphate was higher in the MCMDG system containing GF or PG compared to the MCMDG/SO/water system. The isotropic MCMDG/PG:GF systems allowed preparations of levamisole phosphate/abamectin solution dose forms containing more than the usual dosage of levamisole. Stability of both levamisole phosphate and abamectin in MCMDG/PG:GF formulations was higher compared with MCMDG/PG:GF/water formulations. Levamisole phosphate degraded in the presence or absence of abamectin in the MCMDG/PG:GF (20/20:60) formulation at 60�C for 10 days. Abamectin alone was found to be stable in the formulation at 60�C for 10 days. In vitro release of levamisole phosphate from water and the MCMDG formulations tested displayed first-order kinetics. Water from the receptor compartment was observed to pass through the membrane into the donor compartment. Therefore, an advancing layer of turbidity occurred in the donor phase. A highly significant decrease in release rate of levamisole phosphate was obtained in MCMDG/GP:GF (20/20:60) formulation compared to water and the other formulations. Pharmacokinetic studies of subcutaneous injection of MCMDG/PG:GF 20/20:60) formulation showed the tmax values of 2.2 h and 4.2 days for levamisole phosphate and abamectin, respectively. The Cmax was 0.94 [mu]g/ml for levamisole phosphate and 6.24 ng/ml for abamectin while the formulation displayed the AUC value was 5.2 [mu]g�h�ml⁻1 for levamisole phosphate and 84.7 ng�day�ml⁻1 for abamectin. No inflammatory reaction was observed at the injection site. Linear regression analysis showed that a significant relationship between the FR (in vitro) and FA for the subcutaneously injected formulation.
Conclusion: The study carried out in this thesis introduces a new approach to formulating an injectable solution of the isotropic MCMDG/PG:GF systems containing both levamisole (hydrophilic drug) and abamectin (lipophilic drug) for subcutaneous administration, and presents the development of the HPLC assay methods for determination of levamisole and abamectin in liquid MCMDG formulations and plasma, in order to investigate in vitro and in vivo release from the isotropic MCMDG/PG:GF formulations. The MCMDG/PG:GF formulations may represent an alternative to the more traditional formulations for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs.
4
Wang, Allan W. "Femoral bone remodelling following cemented hip arthroplasty in a sheep model /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw2462.pdf.
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5
Brumby, Scott Andrew. "The effect of surface roughness and a collar on fixation of cemented femoral stems in vivo /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb8934.pdf.
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6
Kirk, Robert George William. "Reliable animals, responsible scientists : constructing standard laboratory animals in Britain c.1919-1976." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445731/.
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This thesis explores the attempt to construct a national supply of standard laboratory- animals in Britain between 1919 and 1976. The demand for a national supply of standard laboratory-animals is located in the formation during the interwar period of the discipline of biological standardization. In contrast to other disciplines within the sciences biological standardization placed great emphasis upon the routine replication of experimental results. In consequence the field of biological standardization problematized the laboratory-animal and sought its standardization in order to construct it as a reliable diagnostic tool. In 1947 the Medical Research Council responded to pressure from an unprecedented coalition of scientific societies and established the Laboratory Animals Bureau tasked with regulating the British laboratory-animal production toward producing standard laboratory-animals. The work of the Laboratory Animal Bureau is analysed but the main focus of the thesis is upon the relationship between the practices of standardization and the promotion of the welfare of laboratory-animals. Particularly after the close of the Second World War the project to standardize laboratory-animals became increasingly associated with the promotion of their welfare. The relationship between the two was made explicit through the work of the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare in collaboration with the Laboratory Animals Bureau. In order to understand the relationship between standardization and welfare Michel Foucault's concept of biopower is employed. It is subsequently argued that the analytics of biopower need not be restricted to human life but equally encompasses non-human life. Through the Foucaultian perspective of biopower it is argued that standardization and welfare are two poles of the same biopolitical process.
7
Agarwal, Rajat. "A model for minimizing cost for housing laboratory mice." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0001241.
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8
Delpire, Veronique Charline. "Ethical schemes for the use of transgenic laboratory animals." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324118.
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9
Pritchard, K. M. "Shelter, microclimate and heat loss from sheep." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303960.
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10
Smith, Judith Alexis. "Polymorphism, parasites and fitness in Soay sheep." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270757.
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11
Samra, Nada Abu. "Sero-prevalance and zoonotic implication of toxoplasmosis in sheep in South Africa." Electronic thesis, 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04112008-161617/.
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12
Taylor, Michael Anthony. "Field and laboratory studies on anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of sheep." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522761.
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13
Al-Masoudi, Abdul-Rahman Hamoud. "Aspects of ewe productivity under frequent lambing systems for Barri sheep in Yemen and Poll Dorset sheep in the UK." Thesis, Bangor University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312404.
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14
Ibraheem, Majid. "The manipulation of seasonality of reproduction in sheep." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332379.
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The phenomenon of seasonability of reproduction restricts the ewe to only one lambing around the same time every year, which in turn prevents an even supply of lamb meat to the market. The long term objective of the current study was to develop two systems of early and summer lambing using alternative techniques for the manipulation of sheep production in an attempt to produce high quality lamb throughout the year. In recent years, major advances in our knowledge of seasonality of reproduction have been the recognition of the integral role of the pineal gland and its indoleamine melatonin in the timing of reproductive activity and the use of the pattern of reproductive behaviour in sheep in the manipulation of reproductive processes. Therefore, the current study aimed at examining the use of melatonin and/or the 'ram effect' in early and summer lambing systems in order to report on their effectiveness in advancing the breeding season and/or enhancing fecundity. Also, the concern over the seasonal variation in libido and semen quality in the ram made it necessary to examine ways of eliminating the seasonal depression in the mating performance and capcity of the ram. Experiments 1, 2 and 3 examined the effectiveness of the intraruminal device of melatonin administration and/or the 'ram effect' in advancing the breeding season of the ewes. Also the effects of duration and methods of 'teasing' were assessed.
15
Qin, Jinyi. "Characterisation of the central region of the sheep major histocompatibility complex." Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/375.
Full textAbstract:
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a chromosomal region encoding molecules controlling adaptive immune response in vertebrates. In farm animals, many associations between MHC loci and productivity traits including disease susceptibility have been described. However, current knowledge about the structure and function of the MHC in domestic animals, especially sheep, is very limited. Characterization of the sheep MHC may potentially facilitate breeding for enhanced disease-resistant animals through use of marker assisted selection. The main aim of this project has been to provide insights into the organization of the genomic content of the central region of the sheep MHC. The work described herein has utilized subcloning of a sheep BAC genomic library in conjunction with DNA sequencing to generate a map of the central region of the sheep MHC covering ≈700 kbp. Within this map the relative order and identity of twenty five recognized loci were established. For some loci the intergenic distances were also determined. The final map is the most accurate map of this region reported to date and shows a high degree of similarity to the analogous region of the human MHC. This work has been published and a copy of the paper is included in Appendix 1. During the course of this work detailed genomic sequences were obtained for several sheep central region loci. Complete nucleotide sequences were generated for the complement factor B locus (CFB) and the TNFα locus and a comparative analysis of these sequences confirmed their homology with other vertebrate orthologues. Extensive partial sequences for complement components C2 and C4 were also obtained and reported to GenBank.In addition, a previously identified short tandem repeat locus designated BfMs believed to be in the CFB locus was mapped to an intron within the adjacent SKI2VL locus. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by analysing homologous sequences from a minimum of five individual sheep. In total 33 SNPs were discovered distributed over eleven distinct loci. Allele frequencies for SNPs from ten of these loci were determined and reported for a panel of 71 sheep comprising 58 unrelated sheep from the Rylington Merino flock plus a further 13 unrelated parental animals from a three generation half sibling sheep pedigree. The availability of an independently confirmed pedigree constructed from a three generation half sibling sheep family permitted the identification by deduction of central region MHC haplotypes based on a panel of SNPs derived from 10 loci. This is the first reporting of haplotypes covering this region of the sheep MHC. Analysis of SNP panel genotypes in the cohort of 71 unrelated sheep using the expectation maximization algorithm permitted the prediction of a group of approximately 20 haplotypes, which accounted for more than 90% of the expected haplotype distribution. Four of these predicted haplotypes were also present in the known haplotype cohort deduced from the sheep pedigree. Analysis of pairwise linkage disequilibrium between SNP loci in the cohort of 71 unrelated sheep showed a centre-most region displaying relatively high levels of linkage disequilibrium which was bounded by two regions displaying more variable linkage disequilibrium.It is hypothesised that this mid region of the central region of the sheep MHC may be a block like structure characterized by low recombination similar to those that have been widely described in the human and mouse genomes. The discoveries reported in this thesis provide a more accurate and detailed description of the central region of the sheep MHC together with a panel of SNPs, which reflect the diversity of this important genomic region which is known to be associated with immune responsiveness. The description, for the first time, of central region haplotypes provides a practical means of seeking candidate loci associated with disease resistance and productivity traits. The application of molecular techniques will enhance the rate at which the genomic composition of this region is elucidated and the work described in this thesis will contribute to final characterization of this important complex in health and disease.
16
Carrillo, Martha. "Studies on protective immunity to toxocara canis in laboratory animals /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487671108307319.
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17
Jacobson, Caroline. "Scouring and dag in sheep in Western Australia: the role of parasitic nematodes and nutritional factors in diarrhoea in sheep of post-weaning age." Thesis, Jacobson, Caroline ORCID: 0000-0001-9427-1941 (2006) Scouring and dag in sheep in Western Australia: the role of parasitic nematodes and nutritional factors in diarrhoea in sheep of post-weaning age. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/700/.
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Diarrhoea ("scouring") in sheep increases the risk of faecal soiling of the breech ("dag") that in turn causes significant production losses for sheep producers and increases susceptibility of sheep to breech blowfly strike. The common causes of scouring in sheep of post-weaning age in Western Australia have not been well described.
In a written questionnaire sent to sheep producers in the south west of Western Australia, about half of the respondents reported lamb, hogget and ewe flocks with moderate or severe dag. Flocks with moderate or severe dag were reported more commonly in the winter and spring months in all age groups. Young sheep and mated ewes were most susceptible to moderate or severe dag. The utilisation of professional worm control advice and parasite management tools did not reduce the risk of moderate/severe dag.
A study conducted at an abattoir showed that large strongyle worm egg counts (WEC) were frequently identified in lamb lines but were much less common in adult lines. The relationship between WEC and scouring was not clear, suggesting that factors other than large strongyle infections were important, particularly in adult sheep. The low WEC and seasonal scouring pattern observed in adult sheep was consistent with the larval hypersensitivity scouring syndrome and/or factors related to green pasture as potential common causes of scouring in adult sheep. This observation was consistent with detailed investigations of flocks with "low WEC scouring" that found larval hypersensitivity scouring syndrome or factors associated with green pasture were the most likely causes of scouring in eight of the nine flocks examined. Large immature worm burdens were common and the scouring sheep had more fourth stage larvae than normal sheep. Treatment with a fully effective drench and an ivermectin controlled-release rumen capsule did not result in a reduction of faecal moisture content between three and seven weeks after treatment.
The effects of dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharides were studied using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a model. The CMC model was used to demonstrate that significant interactions between diet and strongyle larvae determined both faecal consistency and strongyle establishment. Sheep fed CMC had softer, looser and wetter faeces, but the factors that determined faecal consistency were complex. Establishment of T. colubriformis was significantly greater in sheep fed CMC suggesting that the environment within the gut may affect establishment of T. colubriformis in the small intestine. The findings suggested that dietary factors may interact with strongyle larvae to determine both worm establishment and severity of scouring.
The results of the studies described in this thesis suggested that factors related to immature strongyle larvae, diet and the immune response interact to determine the severity of the scouring observed in sheep of post-weaning age in the south west of Western Australia.
18
Jacobson, Caroline. "Scouring and dag in sheep in Western Australia : the role of parasitic nematodes and nutritional factors in diarrhoea in sheep of post-weaning age /." Jacobson, Caroline (2006) Scouring and dag in sheep in Western Australia: the role of parasitic nematodes and nutritional factors in diarrhoea in sheep of post-weaning age. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/700/.
Full textAbstract:
Diarrhoea ("scouring") in sheep increases the risk of faecal soiling of the breech ("dag") that in turn causes significant production losses for sheep producers and increases susceptibility of sheep to breech blowfly strike. The common causes of scouring in sheep of post-weaning age in Western Australia have not been well described.
In a written questionnaire sent to sheep producers in the south west of Western Australia, about half of the respondents reported lamb, hogget and ewe flocks with moderate or severe dag. Flocks with moderate or severe dag were reported more commonly in the winter and spring months in all age groups. Young sheep and mated ewes were most susceptible to moderate or severe dag. The utilisation of professional worm control advice and parasite management tools did not reduce the risk of moderate/severe dag.
A study conducted at an abattoir showed that large strongyle worm egg counts (WEC) were frequently identified in lamb lines but were much less common in adult lines. The relationship between WEC and scouring was not clear, suggesting that factors other than large strongyle infections were important, particularly in adult sheep. The low WEC and seasonal scouring pattern observed in adult sheep was consistent with the larval hypersensitivity scouring syndrome and/or factors related to green pasture as potential common causes of scouring in adult sheep. This observation was consistent with detailed investigations of flocks with "low WEC scouring" that found larval hypersensitivity scouring syndrome or factors associated with green pasture were the most likely causes of scouring in eight of the nine flocks examined. Large immature worm burdens were common and the scouring sheep had more fourth stage larvae than normal sheep. Treatment with a fully effective drench and an ivermectin controlled-release rumen capsule did not result in a reduction of faecal moisture content between three and seven weeks after treatment.
The effects of dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharides were studied using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a model. The CMC model was used to demonstrate that significant interactions between diet and strongyle larvae determined both faecal consistency and strongyle establishment. Sheep fed CMC had softer, looser and wetter faeces, but the factors that determined faecal consistency were complex. Establishment of T. colubriformis was significantly greater in sheep fed CMC suggesting that the environment within the gut may affect establishment of T. colubriformis in the small intestine. The findings suggested that dietary factors may interact with strongyle larvae to determine both worm establishment and severity of scouring.
The results of the studies described in this thesis suggested that factors related to immature strongyle larvae, diet and the immune response interact to determine the severity of the scouring observed in sheep of post-weaning age in the south west of Western Australia.
19
Roden, Janet A. "Simulation studies of nucleus breeding systems for sheep improvement." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU053530.
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The genetic outcome of operating an open nucleus system (ONS) in a population of 1200 sheep divided into individual flocks, was investigatd using simulation techniques, and a comparison to alternative breeding systems was made. Selection was for best linear unbiased prediction of breeding value (EBV) for a trait measurable on individuals before selection. Migration of animals between flocks was based on the EBV. The results of stochastic simulations indicated that, compared to selection within closed flocks (CF), the annual genetic gain could be increased by 25 to 40 per cent if an ONS was operated. The variation in selection response, and the rate of inbreeding were also lower. Simulation results showed that approximately 25 per cent of nucleus sires should be selected from the base flocks. Initial genetic differences between flocks had a short term effect on genetic gain in the ONS. Screening the population to ensure that the nucleus flock was initially composed of the best ewes, also only had a short term effect. The advantage of an ONS over CF selection was effected by flock size but not intitial heritability. The use of dispersed nucleus system and a sire referencing scheme with selection of sires across flocks, was investigated. The outcome of these systems was very similar to the ONS. The higher rate of genetic gain achieved in the ONS, compared to CF selection, was attributed to higher genetic selection differentials and maintenance of genetic variation within flocks. These effects were included in a deterministic model of the ONS. The model described the simulated data well, although changes in genetic variance at the outset of the ONS were underestimated. Failure to account for finite population effects in previous studies has resulted in underestimation of the benefits of an open nucleus system in small populations.
20
Tapio, M. (Miika). "Origin and maintenance of genetic diversity in northern European sheep." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514282353.
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Abstract
The Nordic and Baltic countries and North-western Russia have >20 old native sheep breeds. These together with recently synthesized breeds and local populations of international breeds make up the northern European sheep diversity. Changes in agriculture threaten to erode genetic diversity in sheep. Molecular genetic variation was assessed to understand genetic diversity in northern European sheep. Distribution of maternal lineages were studied based on mitochondrial control region variation in 76 sheep breeds in northern Europe and in a wide neighbouring area extending to the Caucasus and Central-Asia. Autosomal microsatellite variation was studied in 37 northern European breeds, and autosomal blood protein variation was studied in six Finnish and Russian breeds. Four distinct maternal lineages were observed in Eurasian sheep. Their distribution agrees with sheep expansion starting from the Near East. Two most common distinct lineages were recorded in northern Europe. Majority of northern sheep have the lineage, which predominates in other parts of Europe. Results suggest that the main maternal origin of northern sheep is in the south. However, rare "Asian" lineage was observed in several old northern European breeds. The rare type in the Nordic sheep is descendant to the type observed in the Middle Volga region, which suggest that some sheep were brought to northern Europe from the east. Microsatellites showed clustering of geographically neighbouring sheep, when breed locations are corrected for the recent transportations. The analysis separated long and short-tailed sheep, although this macroscale structure explains a small proportion of breed differences. Differentiation among the northern European breeds is stronger than typically observed in sheep. Many native breeds are less inbred than the local populations of the international breeds, but some rare breeds and subpopulations of divided unofficial strains were inbred. Some breeds require more careful maintenance due to recent population size reduction. Maintaining prolificacy in breeds such as the Finnsheep and the Romanov may require efficient avoidance of inbreeding. The breeds were ranked for conservation using simultaneously within-breed variation and breed divergence. Set of important breeds included seven rare old native breeds or strains which merit efficient conservation measures urgently.
21
Gunn, Deborah. "Evaluation on welfare in the husbandry of laboratory rabbits." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391022.
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22
McKinley, Jean. "Training in a laboratory environment : methods, effectiveness and welfare implications for two species of primate." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/23412.
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The use of Positive Reinforcement Training (PRT) for co-operation during routine husbandry and laboratory procedures is widely advocated as a means of promoting the welfare of nonhuman primates. However, while research originating in US zoos provide qualitative descriptions of how PRT may be used in the training of a wide variety of species, quantitative data and evidence to support the view that PRT reduces stress predominately comes from laboratory studies of primates whose training may have used other methods. Despite official guidelines, training is rarely carried out in the UK and the educational and wider organisational structures concerning training, present in the US are largely absent. The techniques used in the UK were assessed through detailed observations recorded when four stump-tailed macaques were trained to co-operate during venipuncture. Data recorded during training sessions showed that although food rewards were given, their delivery was slow and inconsistent. A certain amount of coercion was used which violates a principle of PRT which states that co-operation should be voluntary. The macaques showed increasing resistance to the process and a mild but detrimental effect on the subsequent behaviour of the study animals. When training resumed 18 months later there were considerable improvements in the techniques used. The macaques showed a greater willingness to participate and there were no significant changes in their behaviour when training days were compared to those when training did not take place. The behaviour of the macaques during venipuncture was judged to be arising from engineered compliance rather than voluntary co-operation. However, it was concluded that the technique observed, if carried out correctly, was a reasonable compromise between forced restraint and voluntary co-operation given the paucity of evidence showing the effectiveness of PRT for invasive procedures. However, it was also concluded that the use of coercion should be recognised and provide a focus for future refinement. The effectiveness and welfare implications ofPRT was assessed through the training of common marmosets to target and allow in-homecage weighing and to provide urine samples. It was found that the trained animals perfonned reliably and that time invested in training could be recouped through faster data collection. Following a period of training or increased positive contact with humans, observations of marmoset behaviour showed a decrease in stress related behaviours and an increase in allogrooming supporting the view that improved relations with humans had a beneficial effect. Following exposure to a mild stressor, trained marmosets showed no elevation in levels of urinary cortisol or stress related behaviours. Untrained animals showed increased levels of locomoting and selfscratching following exposure to the same stressor. It was concluded that PRT successfully reduced the stress associated with the presence of, and manipulation by, humans. Final recommendations were that training can promote the welfare of nonhuman primates and should be used in UK laboratories to a greater extent than is currently the case. However, the lack of educational opportunities for animal trainers in the UK needs to be addressed. It was also recommended that in light of the growing evidence showing the benefits that can arise from training and good relations with humans, the zero-handling policy practiced in many UK zoos should be reassessed.
23
Moss, Angela R. "The effect of diet composition on methane production by sheep." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243640.
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Neuenschwander, Stefan. "Structural and functional genomics in farm animals : a laboratory view point /." Zürich : ETH, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Departement der Agrar- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Gruppe Züchtungsbiologie, 2001. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=habil&nr=15.
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25
Hamaguchi, Satoshi. "Laboratory animals developed and established in Japan : The Ninth Medaka Symposium." Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Stocks Bioscience Center Nagoya University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13816.
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26
Wang, Jian Ping. "Health effects of chronic arsenic toxicity in humans and laboratory animals /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16894.pdf.
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27
Qin, Jinyi. "Characterisation of the central region of the sheep major histocompatibility complex." Curtin University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=118317.
Full textAbstract:
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a chromosomal region encoding molecules controlling adaptive immune response in vertebrates. In farm animals, many associations between MHC loci and productivity traits including disease susceptibility have been described. However, current knowledge about the structure and function of the MHC in domestic animals, especially sheep, is very limited. Characterization of the sheep MHC may potentially facilitate breeding for enhanced disease-resistant animals through use of marker assisted selection. The main aim of this project has been to provide insights into the organization of the genomic content of the central region of the sheep MHC. The work described herein has utilized subcloning of a sheep BAC genomic library in conjunction with DNA sequencing to generate a map of the central region of the sheep MHC covering ≈700 kbp. Within this map the relative order and identity of twenty five recognized loci were established. For some loci the intergenic distances were also determined. The final map is the most accurate map of this region reported to date and shows a high degree of similarity to the analogous region of the human MHC. This work has been published and a copy of the paper is included in Appendix 1. During the course of this work detailed genomic sequences were obtained for several sheep central region loci. Complete nucleotide sequences were generated for the complement factor B locus (CFB) and the TNFα locus and a comparative analysis of these sequences confirmed their homology with other vertebrate orthologues. Extensive partial sequences for complement components C2 and C4 were also obtained and reported to GenBank.In addition, a previously identified short tandem repeat locus designated BfMs believed to be in the CFB locus was mapped to an intron within the adjacent SKI2VL locus. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by analysing homologous sequences from a minimum of five individual sheep. In total 33 SNPs were discovered distributed over eleven distinct loci. Allele frequencies for SNPs from ten of these loci were determined and reported for a panel of 71 sheep comprising 58 unrelated sheep from the Rylington Merino flock plus a further 13 unrelated parental animals from a three generation half sibling sheep pedigree. The availability of an independently confirmed pedigree constructed from a three generation half sibling sheep family permitted the identification by deduction of central region MHC haplotypes based on a panel of SNPs derived from 10 loci. This is the first reporting of haplotypes covering this region of the sheep MHC. Analysis of SNP panel genotypes in the cohort of 71 unrelated sheep using the expectation maximization algorithm permitted the prediction of a group of approximately 20 haplotypes, which accounted for more than 90% of the expected haplotype distribution. Four of these predicted haplotypes were also present in the known haplotype cohort deduced from the sheep pedigree. Analysis of pairwise linkage disequilibrium between SNP loci in the cohort of 71 unrelated sheep showed a centre-most region displaying relatively high levels of linkage disequilibrium which was bounded by two regions displaying more variable linkage disequilibrium.
It is hypothesised that this mid region of the central region of the sheep MHC may be a block like structure characterized by low recombination similar to those that have been widely described in the human and mouse genomes. The discoveries reported in this thesis provide a more accurate and detailed description of the central region of the sheep MHC together with a panel of SNPs, which reflect the diversity of this important genomic region which is known to be associated with immune responsiveness. The description, for the first time, of central region haplotypes provides a practical means of seeking candidate loci associated with disease resistance and productivity traits. The application of molecular techniques will enhance the rate at which the genomic composition of this region is elucidated and the work described in this thesis will contribute to final characterization of this important complex in health and disease.
28
Thompson, Carol Sylvia. "Assessing attitudes towards welfare and pain in farm animals." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25463.
Full textAbstract:
Within the livestock sector, farmers and veterinarians are two groups of people who play a pivotal role in maintaining the health and welfare of animals. How the different welfare needs of farm animals are perceived and prioritised by these two caretaker groups will have direct implications for the animals in their care. People’s perceptions and attitudes directly influence their behaviour, and research has demonstrated that positive attitudes towards animals are paramount to ensuring good animal welfare. The prevention and mitigation of pain is an important component to ensuring good animal welfare, as pain has the potential to negatively affect both physical and mental health. How pain in animals is perceived by farmers and vets will influence how it is managed. Therefore, understanding how farmers and vets: view the capacity of animals to experience pain, perceive the pain severity associated with different conditions and procedures, view the importance of pain mitigation in relation to other welfare needs, and deem the necessity of analgesic use in livestock, is vital. Four separate questionnaire based studies were conducted to assess these attitudes in farmers and veterinarians as well as in agriculture and veterinary students, as these students will be the next generation of farmers and veterinarians. Overall, farmers and vets were found to have positive attitudes towards pain in livestock. Although the capacity of cattle and sheep to feel pain was perceived to be lower than that of humans it was still rated highly. In addition, positive beliefs about the benefits of pain alleviation, the negative impacts of pain on production and welfare, and the importance of prompt treatment and pain management for good welfare were held. Cattle farmers had more positive attitudes towards pain and analgesic use than sheep farmers. This difference was most evident around areas of resource availability, such as time and labour, and the practicalities associated with pain identification and drug provision. Farmers, vets and students perceived lameness to be a painful condition, with the perceived severity of pain being closely related to the perceived severity of the disease. In addition, participants reported a greater emotional reaction in instances where they rated lameness and pain more highly. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between lameness, pain and emotional reaction scores and the decision to catch a lame sheep for inspection. The majority of students had positive views towards pain in farm animals, believing that: farm animals were capable of experiencing pain, prompt treatment and the provision of pain relief were the two most important elements of welfare, and that farm animals benefit from pain alleviation. However, there was a perceived difference between a number of animal species in their capacity to feel pain, with livestock species being viewed as having a lesser capacity than companion animals and humans. In addition effects of gender were found, with females reporting higher levels of empathy and compassion towards lame sheep, and rating pain higher. Furthermore, female students had a stronger belief that animals were sentient beings than did males. These four studies found that views on pain and analgesic use in livestock were generally positive. However, differences between individuals and between groups were found in a number of areas including how observers perceived the severity of painful conditions and procedures and in the capacity of different animal species to experience pain. These differences in attitudes may affect the decisions farmers and vets make regarding the treatment of pain, which is likely to have implications for farm animal welfare.
29
Begg, Douglas, and n/a. "Immune profiles in sheep following experimental infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis." University of Otago. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070427.142318.
Full textAbstract:
Johne�s disease in ruminants is caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. An experimental infection model in sheep was developed as a prelude to the testing of new vaccines and the development of improved diagnostic assays for Johne�s disease. The final challenge model developed used four doses of 10⁹ viable organisms given at two to three day intervals. Gross and microscopic lesions were found in a high proportion of sheep (80%) at ten months post challenge. There was considerable variation in immune responses from animals challenged with different strains of M. paratuberculosis. Sheep challenged with a low passage laboratory culture of strain (W) M. paratuberculosis, produced strong lymphocyte transformation responses and Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production at two months post challenge. Subsequent necropsy and culture from intestinal tissues showed only a low level of infection (25%). In comparison a primary tissue isolate of M. paratuberculosis (JD3) resulted in higher (60-90%) infection rates in orally challenged animals. The immune profile from these animals showed very little reactivity for the first three months post challenge, after which IFN-γ production could be detected. Antibody production and lymphocyte transformation response could not be measured until at least seven months post challenge. Sheep challenged with the primary tissue isolate instilled directly into the tonsil resulted in equivalent levels of Johne�s disease to those obtained with oral challenge. However, intratonsillar challenge resulted in higher levels of immune reactivity than oral challenge.
The proprietary Johne�s vaccines; NeoparsecTM and GudairTM and an Aqueous vaccine were tested in sheep. The immunological reactions of the sheep to these vaccines showed some variations between the two separate studies, with the NeoparasecTM and GudairTM vaccines evoking high levels of CMI and humoral reactivity within two months of vaccination. Detailed immunological examination of gut associated lymphoid tissues were carried out on subgroups of animals that were either vaccinated or non-vaccinated and went on to develop disease or were immune to experimental challenge. The results showed that the diseased animals examined had multibacillary lesions and strong CMI and humoral responses. There were decreased proportions of CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD25⁺ T cells in peripheral blood and gut associated lymphatics of diseased animals compared with the immune or unchallenged subgroups. Profiles from the immune subgroups showed a stronger lymphocyte transformation response than case matched diseased animals. Tissues from immune animals showed increased proportions of B cells above those seen in diseased or unchallenged animals. This study has resulted in the development of a robust experimental sheep model in which Johne�s disease occurs in a high proportion of challenged animals. Critical time points for the establishment of infection or disease have been determined. It can be used in the future to evaluate protective efficacy of vaccines or to critically chart immunological profiles that are associated with infection, disease or protective immunity. Considerable research is needed to develop improved diagnostic tests to identify patterns of immunity during the early stages of infection or while the animal has subclinical disease.
30
DeClue, Amy E. "Ketamine immunomodulation during endotoxemia." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6276.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. "August 2007" Includes bibliographical references.
31
Komlosi, Istvan. "The application of computer image analysis to predict conformation in sheep." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385818.
Full text
32
Yan, Xu. "Maternal obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance in skeleal [sic] muscle of fetal sheep." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1798966771&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full text
33
Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie. "Influence of grazing sheep and cattle together and separately on soils, plants and animals." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-134554/.
Full text
34
CIFANI, Carlo. "Development and pharmacological characterization of models of binge eating in laboratory animals." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/404151.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction and aim of the studies: Binge eating disorder (BED) is a more
recently defined syndrome that features recurrent episodes of overeating,
without inappropriate compensatory behaviors.
The development of an animal model is an important step for understanding
the aetiology of BED, and for developing effective treatments. Most
importantly, the utility of an animal model lies in its face validity or
embodiment of the characteristics prevalent in clinical populations. During my
studies I worked to reproduce two animal models of binge eating described in
literature: 1) Key synergistic role of past caloric restriction and stress;
2) Contrast-induced cycling: consummatory and emotional dependence on
preferred food. A model of intermittent excessive behavior.
and to develop two new animal models of binge eating with the
pharmacological characterization: 3) Exposure to environmental-food
associated cues elicited compulsive behavioural response to actively obtain
food rewards in female rats; 4) Exposure to food related cues induced
overeating in female rats exposed to cyclic dieting
5) I studied also the susceptibility of congenic DA.WOKW rats to develop
binge eating as possible model to elucidate the genetics of binge eating
disorder.
Results: 1) We were able to obtain binge eating by combining repeated
caloric restrictions and electric foot-shock stress only in msP rats with
maternal separation. This animal study might support the clinical hypothesis
that severe stress during childhood leads to vulnerability to abnormal eating
behavior in response to stress in later life in humans.
2) The present study failed to replicate the work by Cottone and co-workers.
In particular we have not been able to detect significant difference in body
weight gain between control and High-Palatable food exposed rats. To
investigate the reasons of these discrepancies would require a detailed
analysis of several variables. We decided, therefore, to develop an
alternative model to use for drug test purposes.
3) This model used was developed exploiting food cues-induced overeating
under operant self-administration condition. Prior presentation of cues
predictive of food reward engage the animal into a food-seeking state
resulting in overfeeding occurring at beginning of the food delivery session.
This increase of responding over baseline condition may reflect an increased
“craving” for food resulting in loss of control reaction to food cues.
Rimonabant and Sibutramine reduced food intake in both cue-preexposed
and nonpreexposed rats suggesting a general inhibition of appetitive
behaviour following drug administrationof these drugs.
Fluoxetine and Topiramate, on the other hand, more potently affected food
self-administration in cue preexposed rats. This effect is indicative of a more
selective action of these compound in the regulation of food-seeking
behaviour rather than in the control of satiety mechanisms.
4) In this model electric foot-shock of Hagan’s model was substituted with a
different stress, related to lack of control over environmental circustances
induced by allowing rats to see and to smell the palatable food but
preventing them from access to it for 15 min. We obtained a clear binge
eating response in rats that was confirmed for all the experiments.
In this model the treatment with fluoxetine (3 mg/Kg) is able to reduce HP
food intake in the group of R + P and not in NR + NP showing a specific effect
in reducing the loss of control in overeating after the pre-exposure to HP food
with a history of restriction.
5) DA.WOKW 16, DA.WOKW 5a, and DA.WOKW 3a, did not develop binge
eating while DA, WOKW and DA.WOKW 3b developed binge eating. It will be
necessary more studies to well correlate these genetics results and
behavioural studies.
Conclusion: The development of this animal model of binge eating should
prove useful in identifying and assessing further critical enviromental triggers
and specific physiological changes that precipitate and maintain the behavior
and eventually, in guiding better prevention and treatment strategies for binge
eating disorders.
35
CIFANI, Carlo. "Development an pharmacological characterization of models of binge eating in laboratory animals." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/404145.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction and aim of the studies: Binge eating disorder (BED) is a more
recently defined syndrome that features recurrent episodes of overeating,
without inappropriate compensatory behaviors.
The development of an animal model is an important step for understanding
the aetiology of BED, and for developing effective treatments. Most
importantly, the utility of an animal model lies in its face validity or
embodiment of the characteristics prevalent in clinical populations. During my
studies I worked to reproduce two animal models of binge eating described in
literature: 1) Key synergistic role of past caloric restriction and stress;
2) Contrast-induced cycling: consummatory and emotional dependence on
preferred food. A model of intermittent excessive behavior.
and to develop two new animal models of binge eating with the
pharmacological characterization: 3) Exposure to environmental-food
associated cues elicited compulsive behavioural response to actively obtain
food rewards in female rats; 4) Exposure to food related cues induced
overeating in female rats exposed to cyclic dieting
5) I studied also the susceptibility of congenic DA.WOKW rats to develop
binge eating as possible model to elucidate the genetics of binge eating
disorder.
Results: 1) We were able to obtain binge eating by combining repeated
caloric restrictions and electric foot-shock stress only in msP rats with
maternal separation. This animal study might support the clinical hypothesis
that severe stress during childhood leads to vulnerability to abnormal eating
behavior in response to stress in later life in humans.
2) The present study failed to replicate the work by Cottone and co-workers.
In particular we have not been able to detect significant difference in body
weight gain between control and High-Palatable food exposed rats. To
investigate the reasons of these discrepancies would require a detailed
analysis of several variables. We decided, therefore, to develop an
alternative model to use for drug test purposes.
3) This model used was developed exploiting food cues-induced overeating
under operant self-administration condition. Prior presentation of cues
predictive of food reward engage the animal into a food-seeking state
resulting in overfeeding occurring at beginning of the food delivery session.
This increase of responding over baseline condition may reflect an increased
“craving” for food resulting in loss of control reaction to food cues.
Rimonabant and Sibutramine reduced food intake in both cue-preexposed
and nonpreexposed rats suggesting a general inhibition of appetitive
behaviour following drug administrationof these drugs.
Fluoxetine and Topiramate, on the other hand, more potently affected food
self-administration in cue preexposed rats. This effect is indicative of a more
selective action of these compound in the regulation of food-seeking
behaviour rather than in the control of satiety mechanisms.
4) In this model electric foot-shock of Hagan’s model was substituted with a
different stress, related to lack of control over environmental circustances
induced by allowing rats to see and to smell the palatable food but
preventing them from access to it for 15 min. We obtained a clear binge
eating response in rats that was confirmed for all the experiments.
In this model the treatment with fluoxetine (3 mg/Kg) is able to reduce HP
food intake in the group of R + P and not in NR + NP showing a specific effect
in reducing the loss of control in overeating after the pre-exposure to HP food
with a history of restriction.
5) DA.WOKW 16, DA.WOKW 5a, and DA.WOKW 3a, did not develop binge
eating while DA, WOKW and DA.WOKW 3b developed binge eating. It will be
necessary more studies to well correlate these genetics results and
behavioural studies.
Conclusion: The development of this animal model of binge eating should
prove useful in identifying and assessing further critical enviromental triggers
and specific physiological changes that precipitate and maintain the behavior
and eventually, in guiding better prevention and treatment strategies for binge
eating disorders.
36
Paquette, Julie. "Sexual dimorphism in prolactin secretory patterns and their regulation by estradiol in adult sheep." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69523.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated possible sex differences in PRL secretory patterns and regulation by E$ sb2$ in gonadectomized Dorset x Leicester x Suffolk sheep kept under natural photoperiod (latitude 45$ sp circ 31 sp prime$). Patterns were assessed over 14 months in groups of 10 rams and ewes, half of which received E$ sb2$ replacement (Silastic implants) at the time of gonadectomy to maintain blood E$ sb2$ at ram breeding-season values. Mean monthly PRL level (based on two 3-h periods of blood sampling) was consistently elevated by E$ sb2$ in the ram (mean 19%), and during all but a few months in the spring and summer in the ewes (mean 90%). Sex differences in the mean PRL were most apparent for the E$ sb2$-treated sheep in August (rams 280 $ pm$ 54 ng/ml vs ewes 128 $ pm$ 18 ng/ml) and for the control sheep in November (rams 19 $ pm$ 5 ng/ml vs ewes 10 $ pm$ 2 ng/ml). Episodic PRL secretion (with 5-min sampling for 4 h) was assessed in every season. In all four groups, pulse amplitude and frequency and basal level were higher in summer than winter. E$ sb2$ treatment was associated with larger PRL pulses in both sexes in every season but summer, and with decreased (from 8.2 to 4.6 per 4 h) and increased (from 2.2 to 6.6 per 4 h) frequencies of pulses in rams in the spring and summer, respectively. The PRL response to TRH (two iv injections 50 ng/kg BW given 80 min apart) was also assessed in every season. Mean 40-min increases after injection were highest in spring and summer. E$ sb2$ treatment produced in both sexes a 2-3 fold larger increment 1 in every season, and increment 2 in specific seasons. Preinjection and increment values were positively correlated within animals of each group across seasons (r = 0.89 and 0.65). The Incr 2/lncr 1 ratio (mean 0.76 $ pm$ 0.10) was not affected by seasons or E$ sb2$, and did not denote a self priming effect of TRH. Diurnal patterns indicated that PRL mean levels during light and dark phases were not different from each other within
37
Thompson, Jonathan Simon. "Transhumant and sedentary sheep-raising in Roman Italy, 200 BC - AD 200." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291741.
Full text
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Grant, Cliff. "The safety and efficacy of intramuscular xylazine for pain relief in sheep and lambs." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MSB/09msbg7613.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
"April 2002" Bibliography: leaves 190-202. Examines the suitability of the [alpha] 2 adrenoreceptor agonist xylazine for providing safe and effective analgesia in 2 settings: for post-surgical pain in adult sheep used for biomedical research, and for routine husbandry procedures applied to lambs on farms, such as mulesing, tail-docking and castration. Concludes in setting 1 that intramuscular administration of xylazine was simple to perform yet was characterized by a rapid peak analgesic effect with a reasonable duration of action and minimal deleterious effects on cardiac output, blood pressure or arterial blood gases. In setting 2 the anti-nociceptive effects in lambs are of a similar magnitude and duration to those in adult sheep when the dose was scaled for body weight. A ranking of the relative painfulness of husbandry procedures was developed and used to assess the efficacy of intramuscular xylazine.
39
Burt, John Michael. "Birdsong communication and perception : field and laboratory studies /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9129.
Full text
40
Al-Shami, Salah Abdulaziz. "Observations on the foraging behaviour of sheep using a high-level feeder technique." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310871.
Full text
41
Alexander, Alastair W. "A high health status sheep industry for the Highlands and Islands of Scotland." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU045257.
Full textAbstract:
The study examined the economy of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland generally and that of its agricultural industry in particular. Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE) was found to be the principal cause of ovine abortion in Scotland and the United Kingdom. In addition, the Highlands and Islands' area had certain advantages with respect to EAE that could be exploited. The literature review concluded that the production and marketing of high health status (HHS) breeding sheep offered development opportunities. An HHS breeding sheep research programme was designed and implemented. Firstly, surveys were carried out with producers in Caithness and in the Highlands and Islands as a whole. Secondly, the views of veterinary practices throughout Scotland were sought. Thirdly, the opinions of lowground breeding sheep farmers were surveyed in Grampian and the Borders of Scotland. It was found that a potential market existed for HHS breeding sheep accredited for EAE and vaccinated against the Clostridial Diseases and Pasteurella. The Highlands and Islands' area appeared to have advantages in this respect, especially that EAE lent itself to control by sheep health schemes and that the purchase of HHS replacements was believed to be the most reliable method of controlling EAE by the farmers, crofters and veterinary practices surveyed. The Highlands and Islands' Sheep Health Association (a co-operative) was found to be the market leader in this development area. A production and marketing strategy was proposed for HISHA containing guidelines for the prevention and control of EAE, identifying the productive capability of the Highlands and Islands and customer requirements for HHS breeding sheep. Objectives were proposed for HISHA to maintain and increase its membership, specifically to develop the market for HHS breeding sheep in collaboration with farmers, crofters and veterinary practices for the benefit of HHS sheep industry.
42
Alderman, Jay Allen 1961. "DIEL ACTIVITY OF FEMALE DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP IN WESTERN ARIZONA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276485.
Full textAbstract:
I studied diel activity patterns of female desert bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis mexicana) in the Little Harquahala Mountains, Arizona, July 1985-June 1986. Diurnal activity patterns were similar throughout the year. Nocturnal activity patterns were similar for all seasons except spring when activity significantly (P = 0.003) decreased. Bighorn sheep were active an average of 39 and 33% of any given hour during the day and night, respectively. Diurnal ambient temperatures and relative humidity were significantly (P ≤ 0.048) correlated with bighorn sheep activity during all seasons. Bighorn sheep spent a majority of the time foraging in the fall and winter, but spent more time resting during spring and summer. Bighorn sheep obtain water in their food throughout the day; percent moisture content of forage species remained high (≥ 32%) for any given hour of the day throughout the year.
43
Connolly, Ashley Rex. "Cytokine gene expression in a rat model of polyarthritis /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc75238.pdf.
Full text
44
Huddart, Rachel Anne. "Investigating agricultural and biomedical applications of genome editors in large animals." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19512.
Full textAbstract:
Large animal species, such as cattle, sheep and pigs, have great potential value to scientific research. This is due to their physiological similarity to humans, meaning they make excellent disease models in addition to their inherent agricultural value. However, the efficiency with which such animals can be created has been a critical barrier to their use in bioscience. Research into creating genetically modified large animals has not progressed as rapidly as research on smaller mammals, such as mice, for two main reasons. Firstly, technologies such as pluripotent stem cells, which are well established in rodents, are lacking for large animals. Secondly, large animals cannot produce as many offspring within a given time frame as mice or rats. This, combined with the low efficiencies and lack of precision of current transgenic methods, severely reduces the likelihood of obtaining an animal with a desired genotype within a viable amount of time. Recently, new tools known as ’genome editors’ have been developed to facilitate genetic modification of animals. The vastly enhanced efficiency of these editors in comparison to previous gene targeting methods, combined with the fact that genome editors do not require marker genes to be used, mean that creating genetically modified livestock is now far more feasible. This thesis investigates whether two types of genome editor, TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9, can be used to produce genetically modified large animals for a range of applications. Genome editors were combined with interspecific blastocyst complementation techniques to produce chimeric rodents where the haematopoietic system is partially or fully derived from the donor cells. This work was carried out with a long-term aim of producing chimeric animals which could produce human organs suitable for transplantation. Initial blastocyst complementation experiments were carried out by injecting murine ESCs into wildtype rat blastocysts. One animal resulting from these injections showed chimerism in several tissues. Further experiments were carried out using rat ESCs and mouse blastocysts which were either Runx1-/- or Rag1-/-, however no additional chimeras were identified. In addition to these experiments, TALENs and sgRNAs were designed against Runx1 and Rag1 in sheep and pigs in order to create a large animal model for future blastocyst complementation experiments. Increasing animal productivity is a key step in meeting the demands of an increasing global population and tackling future food insecurities. TALENs and sgRNAs for use in the CRISPR/ Cas9 system were created to target the myostatin gene in sheep. Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth and animals which acquire natural inactivating mutations in both myostatin alleles exhibit a well-characterised double-muscled phenotype, where total muscle mass is about 20% greater than that of a wildtype animal. Embryo microinjections were carried out using both types of genome editor and two edited lambs were produced, one from each editor. The TALEN-edited lamb was mosaic for a deletion of arginine 283 which, upon further analysis of the muscle, did not appear to cause a significant phenotype. The CRISPR-edited lamb was heterozygous for a 20bp deletion, causing the formation of a premature stop codon and severe truncation of the mature myostatin protein. Based on data from other myostatin-knockout animals, including the Belgian Blue cattle breed, this truncated protein is not thought to be functional. To determine if this is indeed the case, the CRISPR-edited lamb is now part of a breeding programme to amplify the edited allele. To discover if genome editors could be applied to create disease-resistant animals, the project focused on foot and mouth disease. Through a literature search and bioinformatic analysis of the bovine and porcine proteomes, three host genes which are cleaved by the virus were identified; eIF4A1, eIF4G1 and IKBKG. TALENs were designed to bind and cut at the FMDV protease cleavage sites in all three genes in order to disrupt protease cleavage and reduce viral replication by slowing viral disruption of the host translation and innate immune response pathways. Although none of the TALENs showed any signs of activity, this thesis sets out some potential directions for future work. In conclusion, this thesis shows that, despite some technical issues, genome editors are a promising technology for the creation of genetically modified livestock.
45
Vetter, Courtney Suzanne. "Time-course of elevated ethanol intake in adolescent relative to adult rats under continuous, voluntary-access conditions." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
Find full text
46
Afzalzadeh, Ahmad. "Role of the omasum in regulation of digesta flow and feed intake in sheep." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245358.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the work was to study whether the stimuli of osmotic pressure (OP), or volatile fatty acid (VFA), or pH to the omasum would affect feed intake (DMI) and the passage of digesta from the reticulo-rumen. The technique adapted was to infuse solutions of different OP, VFA concentrations or pH into the omasum or abomasum via permanent catheters. Rumen digesta outflow was measured by means of markers pulse dosed through and sampled from a rumen cannula. A total of eight experiments were carried out. In the first series (1-3) one sheep and in the second series (4-8) three or four sheep were used. Latin square or change over designs with one days measurement at three or four day intervals were used. The main measurements taken were of daily and two hourly feed intake, ruminal solid and liquid outflow rates and volumes (solid, Cr-mordanted hay; and liquid, Co-EDTA or PEG) and water intake. Diet digestibility, serum OP, urine and faeces output and rumen OP, VFA and pH were also measured. Ruminal samples were collected at 2h intervals for 24h. Feed intake, solid and liquid outflow rates from the reticulo-rumen were (not always significantly) reduced by increasing the OP of the infusate in the range 400 to 2000 mOsmol/kg which gave calculated omasal OPs up to 480 mOsmol/kg (perfect mixing of digesta assumed). Feed intake and fractional ruminal liquid outflow rate were significantly increased with VFA concentration of infusate in the range 50 to 250 mMol/l (calculated omasal VFA up to 150 mMol/l) with suggested decreases above this range. pH in the range 5.0 to 7.0 was without effect. Serum OP was not affected by any infusate. Faeces output on the day of infusion decreased in some cases. There was no or only a weak response to abomasal infusion compared with omasal infusion when the same infusate was used. The study demonstrated that the omasum responds to changes in the composition of digesta. Increasing OP reduced DMI and reduced digesta outflow from the reticulo-rumen. Increasing VFA concentration increased DMI and liquid outflow rate and decreased DMI and liquid outflow rate with high VFA concentration. It is concluded that the omasum has a role in the control of digesta outflow from the rumen.
47
Gao, Jing, and 高晶. "Roles of VAD1.3 in spermatogenesis and fertilization." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4852170X.
Full textAbstract:
Vad1.3 is an evolutionarily-conserved, testis-specific gene identified from a retinol-treated Vitamin A-deficiency (VAD) rat model. VAD1.3 is expressed throughout spermiogenesis at the acrosome of spermatids and epididymal spermatozoa, suggesting a role in acrosome biogenesis or acrosome reaction. The present study aimed to explore the functional role of VAD1.3 in spermatogenesis and sperm functions by the cellular and gene-knockout approaches.
Double immunofluorescent microscopy confirmed the co-localization of VAD1.3 and syntaxin 1 in mouse spermatids and spermatozoa. Deletion analysis of the Vad1.3 gene in transfected mouse spermatocyte GC2-spd and human cervical cancer HeLa cells revealed a polarized peri-nuclear/Golgi expression pattern for the N-terminal GFP-VAD fusion proteins which contain a bipartite nucleus localization (BNL) motif, but a nuclear expression pattern for the C-terminal GFP-VAD. The N-terminal sequences of VAD1.3 mediated its interaction with syntaxin 1, as demonstrated by both co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation studies. The full-length GFP-VAD co-localized with the Golgi markers and was redistributed into the endoplasmic reticulum after brefeldin A treatment, suggesting that VAD1.3 was recruited through the ER-Golgi-acrosome pathway.
Vad1.3+/- mice was previously generated by the conventional knockout approach. The heterozygous mice had normal spermatogenesis during postnatal days and adulthood (6-8 weeks). At the age of 8-19 months, 6 out of 17 heterozygous mice but no wild-type exhibited a decrease in the epididymal sperm count and testicular weight (p < 0.05). Histological analyses unveiled disarrangement of the seminiferous epithelium and sloughing of germ cells, predominantly spermatids, which was mediated partially by apoptosis as a higher percentage of TUNEL-positive cells were detected in these heterozygous mice (p < 0.05). This phenotype was associated with a decrease in the mRNA (p < 0.05) and protein levels of VAD1.3 in the testis.
Crossing of the Vad1.3+/- mice produced wild-type and heterozygous offspring in a ratio of 1:3, but no Vad1.3-/- mice were found. There was no significant difference between the heterozygous intercrosses and the wild-type intercrosses in the number of oocytes ovulated, the developmental rate of embryos from zygotes to blastocysts, the number of implantation site, resorption site or the offspring could result from defective fertilization between Vad1.3 null gametes rather than developmental lethality. The role of VAD1.3 in fertilization was supported by the inhibitory effects of the anti-VAD1.3 antibody on in vitro fertilization and progesterone-induced acrosome reaction. Immuno-staining revealed that VAD1.3 was present in the acrosome-intact spermatozoa but not in acrosome-reacted spermatozoa, indicating a role of VAD1.3 in ZP-binding or acrosome reaction rather than sperm-egg fusion. In oocytes VAD1.3 was distributed in the cytoplasm near the cortex. litter size. Only a few Vad1.3-/- embryos were found at the zygotic (3.7%) and 2-cell (3%) stages in the heterozygous intercrosses. These findings suggested that the absence of the Vad1.3-/-
In sum, VAD1.3 may play important roles in fertilization and spermatogenesis in mice. The BNL motif of VAD1.3 directs its Golgi expression and the N-terminal sequence of the protein mediates its interaction with syntaxin 1. The use of tissue-specific knockout approach may help to answer the functional role of VAD1.3 in future.published_or_final_version
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
48
Tasker, Louisa. "Linking welfare and quality of scientific output in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) used for regulatory toxicology." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9801.
Full textAbstract:
Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are the most commonly used non-human primate for research and testing in Europe. Their principal use is in preclinical safety testing of new pharmaceuticals to assess risk of adverse effects, as indicated by changes in a core battery of physiological measures before human exposure. Regulatory studies are strictly controlled through legislation and codes of practices underpinned by the principles of humane science, the 3Rs; Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. Despite the link between good welfare and good science now universally made in codes of practice, legislation and the literature, there are few studies aimed at systematically examining the link and almost no quantitative data from cynomolgus macaques used for toxicology. The main aim of this thesis was to examine the link between Refinement, animal welfare and scientific output for this important animal model, piggy-backing on regulatory studies conducted by a large contract research organisation. In the laboratory, animal welfare is formally considered in terms of Refinement which has evolved to include both the reduction of negative welfare states and the proactive enhancement of positive welfare over the animal’s lifetime. A multidisciplinary approach to welfare assessment including measures of behaviour, physiology and physical health, and which built upon current unit procedures was undertaken to produce an overall assessment of welfare in cynomolgus macaques. Macaque facial expressions, vocalisations, activity and position in the home cage, body weight change, body condition and alopecia scores were found to be reliable indicators of welfare state and would be most feasible for care staff to monitor. The concept of quality of scientific output was defined in relation to toxicological findings and includes sensitivity, reliability and repeatability of individual measures in the core battery (e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, haematology, clinical chemistry and organ weights). The link between welfare and quality of scientific output was then systematically explored with Refinements to macaque use in regulatory studies. The first, a data mining study, undertaken to quantify the effects on biological data recorded from cynomolgus macaques, used in regulatory studies over an eight-year period as the CASE sponsor transitioned from single to permanent group housing, found the effects to be highly variable on individual parameters in the core battery and in some instances welfare-positive effects of group housing were confounded by concurrent changes in standard operating procedures. A further study of planned Refinements to macaque-care staff interaction through enhanced socialisation was found to help animals cope better with husbandry and scientific procedures and enhance quality of cardiovascular measures recorded at baseline. In light of these findings a number of recommendations are made including a framework of terms useful for measuring quality of scientific output, a welfare assessment framework and Refinements to husbandry and scientific procedures for cynomolgus macaques used in regulatory toxicology. Because of their capacity to suffer it is both ethically and scientifically important that macaque welfare is maximised and their use results in valid and reliable experimental outcomes informing on the safety and efficacy of new pharmaceuticals prior to human exposure.
49
Draper, Adrian. "Gene & environmental interactions in sensitization to laboratory animals and other epidemiological aspects of laboratory animal allergy in the United Kingdom." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519616.
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50
Augustsson, Hanna. "Ethoexperimental studies of behaviour in wild and laboratory mice : risk assessment, emotional reactivity and animal welfare /." Uppsala : Dept. of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/v174.pdf.
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