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Academic literature on the topic 'Sheep as laboratory animals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sheep as laboratory animals"

1

GREKOVA, I. E., and Y. I. HERMAN. "MEAT TRAITS OF SHEEP GENOTYPES BRED IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS." Zootechnical science of Belarus 57, no. 1 (September 25, 2022): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/0134-9732-2022-57-1-86-94.

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The article presents data on meat productivity and meat quality of sheep of P×P and (R×P)×P genotypes. Scientific research was carried out in Combine “Vostok” JSC of Gomel district, in the laboratory for feed production technology and biochemical analysis and the laboratory for horse, fur and small animal breeding of the RUE “Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Animal Breeding”. It was found that control slaughter parameters in purebred animals were better than in crossbred animals, since the Precoce is a specialized meat breed and the Romanovskaya is a wool breed. The difference in the indices of physicochemical properties of the longissimus dorsi muscle in the studied genotypes is insignificant and unreliable. However, in terms of mass fraction of fat, color intensity and waterholding capacity, the crossbred young animals were ahead of the purebred ones by 1.33%, 6.67 extinction units and 12.12%, respectively. The results of nutritional value and organoleptic evaluation of mutton have shown that meat and broth obtained from crossbred animals have 0.1 points better nutritional quality compared to purebred counterparts.

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Hassooni, Hadi Awad, and Hamood Hatif Zamit. "The Interaction Between GDF9 Gene Polymorphism and Age Groups on the in Vitro Maturation of Awassi Sheep Oocytes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 7 (December 1, 2023): 072024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/7/072024.

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Abstract The study was conducted in the graduate laboratory of the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, from 20/11/2022 to 22/3/2023, it included the collection of ovaries from the female reproductive organs of sheep slaughtered in the Samawa massacre, transferring them immediately after slaughter to the laboratory for the purpose of extracting Oocytes from the ovaries, subject to laboratory maturing using culture media for mature, Molecular investigations were completed at the Marshes Research Laboratory of Thi Qar University, for the purpose of isolation and purification of DNA, with the aim of finding genetic formations and the relationship between genotypes, morphological characteristics, and the ability to mature in the Awassi sheep Oocytes. Oocytes of Awassi sheep were collected by Oocyte aspiration method, then they were classified and examined for their vitality. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between animals carrying the three genotypes resulting from this mutation at position 205 of the studied segment of the GDF9 gene with damaged, immature and mature Oocytes, with no significant effect between the age groups of animals carrying the three genotypes resulting from this mutation at position 205 of the studied segment of the GDF9 gene with damaged, immature and mature Oocytes.

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Schweinzer, V., M. Iwersen, M. Drillich, T. Wittek, A. Tichy, A. Mueller, and R. Krametter-Froetscher. "Macromineral and trace element supply in sheep and goats in Austria." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 2 (February 13, 2017): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/243/2015-vetmed.

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The aim of this study was to determine the supply of 25 different macrominerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium) and trace elements (aluminium, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lithium, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, strontium, sulphur, thallium, tin, titanium, uranium, zinc), and to ascertain the presence of any over- or undersupplies. As a second objective, we undertook a comparison of our results with existing reference values from selected literature and from laboratory analyses, with the aim of classifying the obtained results into the following categories: ‘deficiency’, ‘adequate’ and ‘oversupply’. For the study, 16 sheep and four goat farms located in the Austrian states of Upper Austria (n = 12), Carinthia (n = 6) and Vorarlberg (n = 2) were selected. From every farm, five serum blood samples were obtained by puncturing the vena jugularis to evaluate the macromineral and trace element status in clinically sound female sheep (n = 80; 12 different breeds) and female goats (n = 20; Saanen goats, Boer goats). The animals were kept for dairy farming (milking and/or meat production) or for landscaping. The mean age of both sheep and goats was 3.1 years (sheep: min. 0.5, max. 10; goats: min. 1, max. 5); 44% of the studied animals were lactating and 22% were pregnant at the time of sampling. The serum blood samples were sent to a laboratory and analysed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In summary, the supply with macrominerals and trace elements compared with reference values from the laboratory was adequate for As, Ca, Fe and Mg in sheep and for As, Ca, Cu, K, Mg and Se in goats. Although all animals in our study were examined for clinical signs of disease by the local veterinarian, oversupplies in sheep for the elements K and Mo and in goats for Fe as well as undersupplies in sheep and goats for Zn could be found in the serum of the studied animals.

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Ilkhomovich, Klichov Odil, and Salimov Ilkhom Khaitovich. "INFECTIOUS ENTEROTOXEMIA DISEASE OF SHEEP DIAGNOSTICS AND PREVENTION." European Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology 1, no. 6 (June 12, 2024): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.61796/jmgcb.v1i6.606.

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The article describes the diagnosis of infectious enterotoxemia of sheep, the epizootic state of the disease, the course and manifestation of clinical symptoms, and the identification of characteristic pathological changes. Isolation of the causative agent and diagnosis based on laboratory studies with bioassay results in susceptible laboratory animals. Information on the prevention of infectious enterotoxemia of sheep is provided

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Sousa, Isadora Karolina Freitas de, Antonio Humberto Hamad Minervino, Rejane dos Santos Sousa, Dowglish Ferreira Chaves, Herbert Sousa Soares, Isabella de Oliveira Barros, Carolina Akiko Sato Cabral de Araújo, Raimundo Alves Barrêto Júnior, and Enrico Lippi Ortolani. "Copper Deficiency in Sheep with High Liver Iron Accumulation." Veterinary Medicine International 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/207950.

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An outbreak of enzootic ataxia among sheep raised in the northeastern region of Brazil is described. Copper (Cu) deficiency was diagnosed in a herd of 56 sheep, among which five presented characteristic clinical symptoms of enzootic ataxia. The symptoms began 30 days after birth, with a clinical condition that included locomotion difficulty, limb ataxia, tremors, and continual falls. Liver biopsies were performed and blood was collected to determine hepatic and plasmatic Cu, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) concentration, respectively. The laboratory results showed that the animals presented low copper concentrations in the plasma and liver, without difference between the clinically healthy animals and those affected by enzootic ataxia. Even after supplementation with adequate Cu levels had been recommended, it was found on a new visit to the farm four months later that one animal still presented a clinical condition and that the hepatic Cu levels of the herd had not risen. Despite the low copper content of the diet, the high hepatic Fe levels found suggest that antagonism due to this element may have been an important factor in triggering copper deficiency in these animals, and thus, additional copper supplementation may be necessary for these animals.

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Shaikh, Iram. "Prevalence of Ticks and detection of Rickettsial Agents from blood of Tick-Infested animals in Lower Sindh: A MOLECULAR APPROACH." LIAQUAT MEDICAL RESEARCH JOURNAL 3, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.38106/lmrj.2021.3.3-05.

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Ticks are important vectors of human and animal pathogens. They are considered as main vectors for transmission of rickettsial agents affecting animal and human health. The study was designed to investigate district wise pattern and detection of rickettsial agents by using molecular and conventional techniques in blood samples of infected cattles, buffalos, sheeps and goats. A survey study was carried out in lower Sindh (Tharparkar, Badin, Hyderabad, Karachi, Tando Muhammad khan, Thatta and Mirpurkhas). Blood samples were collected randomly from infected Cattles, buffalos, sheeps and goats and transported to the Molecular Parasitology laboratory, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, followed by examinations under stereomicroscope and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The study showed that overall infection of Rickettsial agents among infected animals was recorded follwoing Microscopy/ Blood smear test in cattles, buffalos, sheeps and goats was 41.79, 49.09, 46 and 41.66% respectively, whereas overall infection through PCR in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat was 39.55, 43.55, 46 and 55.55% respectively. Whereas animal-wise data through PCR indicates that in case of Goats (55.55%) were more susceptible to rickettsial infection as compared to sheep (46%), buffaloes (43.55%) and cattle (39.55%). The highest rate of rickettsial agents was found in district Tharparkar and lowest rate was found in district Karachi. Microscopy/Blood smear method indicates that Buffaloes were more susceptible for infection. Whereas PCR indicates Goats were more susceptible for infection.

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KUDO, Noboru, Tooru KONEGUCHI, Hiromi IKADAI, and Takashi OYAMADA. "Experimental Infection of Laboratory Animals and Sheep with Gongylonema pulchrum in Japan." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 65, no. 8 (2003): 921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.65.921.

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Dolan, Brian P., Brianna R. Beechler, Brian S. Dugovich, Clinton W. Epps, and Anna E. Jolles. "Rapid characterization of MHC class I diversity in desert bighorn sheep reveals population-specific allele expression." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 92.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.92.12.

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Abstract Diversity of MHC class I alleles within animal populations is necessary to prevent pathogen escape from adaptive immune responses. However, demonstrating this phenomenon is difficult especially in wild animal species where the effect of pathogen escape is more profound than in laboratory animal models. Desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) are a charismatic megafauna native to the southwest of North America which are threatened by a number of infectious diseases and, more recently, paranasal tumors. We sought to develop a relatively inexpensive and rapid way to identify the diversity of MHC class I genes and alleles within individual bighorn sheep. Both DNA and RNA were isolated from leukocytes collected from 154 adult bighorn sheep from across different mountain ranges in Southern California. Previously identified primers from domestic sheep were used to amplify exons 2 and 3 from OMHC I genes while appending adapters for PacBio circular consensus sequencing. PCR amplicons from individual animals were then subjected to a second round of PCR to append index sequences to allow assigning of individual sequences to unique animals. We successfully identified over 40 unique MHC class I sequences expressed by bighorn sheep. Between 2 and 5 loci were amplified in each individual animal. Analysis of gDNA revealed several pseudogenes and other DNA sequences which were not transcribed. Finally, we demonstrate that particular DNA sequences are found within particular populations, suggesting that as bighorn populations fragment, there is a loss of MHC class I diversity.

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Luo, Q. J., and J. C. MacRae. "Nutritional and hormonal regulation of hepatic IGF-1 production in sheep and rats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025149.

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Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are closely related to the nutrition of animals and their rates of growth. The major site of IGF-1 production is thought to be the liver. Whilst growth hormone (GH) is thought to be the main regulator of IGF-1 production in farm animals, in laboratory rats, altering the GH status of the animal (without hyperphysectomy) has little influence on circulating IGF-1 levels. A series of studies have been conducted with primary cultured rat and sheep hepatocytes to investigate the influence of GH and nutrient availability on the production of IGF-1 by liver cells.

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HISZCZYŃSKA-SAWICKA, ELŻBIETA, JUSTYNA M. GATKOWSKA, MARCIN M. GRZYBOWSKI, and HENRYKA DŁUGOŃSKA. "Veterinary vaccines against toxoplasmosis." Parasitology 141, no. 11 (May 7, 2014): 1365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000481.

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SUMMARYToxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolitan protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of mammal and bird species. Common infection leads to high economic (e.g. abortions in sheep) and human (e.g. congenital toxoplasmosis or neurotoxoplasmosis in humans) losses. With one exception (Toxovax™ for sheep), there are no vaccines to prevent human or animal toxoplasmosis. The paper presents the current state and challenges in the development of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis, designed for farm animals either bred for consumption or commonly kept on farms and involved in parasite transmission. So far, the trials have mostly revolved around conventional vaccines and, compared with the research using laboratory animals (mainly mice), they have not been very numerous. However, the results obtained are promising and could be a good starting point for developing an effective vaccine to prevent toxoplasmosis.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sheep as laboratory animals"

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Stoodley, Marcus A. "Pathophysiology of Syringomyelia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs882.pdf.

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Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, Abdolghafar. "Innervation of the temporomandibular joint : an experimental animal model using Australian merino sheep /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht1284.pdf.

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Sari, Peyami, and n/a. "Isotropic medium chain mono- and diglyceride systems : vehicles for subcutaneous injection in sheep." University of Otago. School of Pharmacy, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070405.160443.

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Purpose: To develop an approach to formulating an injectable solution containing both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs for subcutaneous administration. Based on the literature survey, isotropic medium chain mono-and diglyceride (MCMDG) systems were chosen for study. For this purpose, analytical methods were developed and validated. In vitro assessments of the MCMDG systems, and in vitro release and in vivo studies were conducted. Methods: The phase diagrams of the isotropic MCMDG systems were constructed with systems comprising two and three components. The isotropic region was examined by visual inspection and confirmed using polarized light microscopy. Viscosities of formulations were measured. The validated HPLC assay methods were developed for determination of levamisole and abamectin in liquid formulations and in sheep plasma. The HPLC assay was capable of evaluating stability of abamectin and levamisole in liquid formulations. Solubilities of levamisole hydrochloride or levamisole phosphate and abamectin were determined in the isotropic MCMDG formulations using a HPLC assay method. Stabilities of levamisole phosphate and abamectin were conducted in the isotropic MCMDG formulations at 60�C for 10 days. In vitro release studies for levamisole phosphate were carried out for selected formulations using modified Franz diffusion cells. Based on stability and in vitro release studies, one formulation (MCMDG/propylene glycol (PG):glycerol formal (GF), 20/20:60 % w/w) was selected for a preliminary in vivo study. The selected MCMDG/PG:GF (20/20:60) formulation containing both levamisole phosphate and abamectin was injected subcutaneously into sheep, and the injection site was examined after subcutaneous injection. Pharmacokinetic profiles were determined. A correlation between in vitro fraction released (FR) and in vivo fraction absorbed (FA) for levamisole phosphate from the MCMDG/PG:GF (20/20:60) formulation was assessed. Results: The isotropic systems of the MCMDG systems containing two or three components were characterized through phase diagrams and viscosity. The solubility of the levamisole hydrochloride in the isotropic MCMDG/sesame oil/water formulations was higher in the absence of abamectin than in combination with abamectin. Solubility of levamisole phosphate was higher in the MCMDG system containing GF or PG compared to the MCMDG/SO/water system. The isotropic MCMDG/PG:GF systems allowed preparations of levamisole phosphate/abamectin solution dose forms containing more than the usual dosage of levamisole. Stability of both levamisole phosphate and abamectin in MCMDG/PG:GF formulations was higher compared with MCMDG/PG:GF/water formulations. Levamisole phosphate degraded in the presence or absence of abamectin in the MCMDG/PG:GF (20/20:60) formulation at 60�C for 10 days. Abamectin alone was found to be stable in the formulation at 60�C for 10 days. In vitro release of levamisole phosphate from water and the MCMDG formulations tested displayed first-order kinetics. Water from the receptor compartment was observed to pass through the membrane into the donor compartment. Therefore, an advancing layer of turbidity occurred in the donor phase. A highly significant decrease in release rate of levamisole phosphate was obtained in MCMDG/GP:GF (20/20:60) formulation compared to water and the other formulations. Pharmacokinetic studies of subcutaneous injection of MCMDG/PG:GF 20/20:60) formulation showed the tmax values of 2.2 h and 4.2 days for levamisole phosphate and abamectin, respectively. The Cmax was 0.94 [mu]g/ml for levamisole phosphate and 6.24 ng/ml for abamectin while the formulation displayed the AUC value was 5.2 [mu]g�h�ml⁻1 for levamisole phosphate and 84.7 ng�day�ml⁻1 for abamectin. No inflammatory reaction was observed at the injection site. Linear regression analysis showed that a significant relationship between the FR (in vitro) and FA for the subcutaneously injected formulation. Conclusion: The study carried out in this thesis introduces a new approach to formulating an injectable solution of the isotropic MCMDG/PG:GF systems containing both levamisole (hydrophilic drug) and abamectin (lipophilic drug) for subcutaneous administration, and presents the development of the HPLC assay methods for determination of levamisole and abamectin in liquid MCMDG formulations and plasma, in order to investigate in vitro and in vivo release from the isotropic MCMDG/PG:GF formulations. The MCMDG/PG:GF formulations may represent an alternative to the more traditional formulations for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs.

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Wang, Allan W. "Femoral bone remodelling following cemented hip arthroplasty in a sheep model /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw2462.pdf.

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Brumby, Scott Andrew. "The effect of surface roughness and a collar on fixation of cemented femoral stems in vivo /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb8934.pdf.

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Kirk, Robert George William. "Reliable animals, responsible scientists : constructing standard laboratory animals in Britain c.1919-1976." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445731/.

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This thesis explores the attempt to construct a national supply of standard laboratory- animals in Britain between 1919 and 1976. The demand for a national supply of standard laboratory-animals is located in the formation during the interwar period of the discipline of biological standardization. In contrast to other disciplines within the sciences biological standardization placed great emphasis upon the routine replication of experimental results. In consequence the field of biological standardization problematized the laboratory-animal and sought its standardization in order to construct it as a reliable diagnostic tool. In 1947 the Medical Research Council responded to pressure from an unprecedented coalition of scientific societies and established the Laboratory Animals Bureau tasked with regulating the British laboratory-animal production toward producing standard laboratory-animals. The work of the Laboratory Animal Bureau is analysed but the main focus of the thesis is upon the relationship between the practices of standardization and the promotion of the welfare of laboratory-animals. Particularly after the close of the Second World War the project to standardize laboratory-animals became increasingly associated with the promotion of their welfare. The relationship between the two was made explicit through the work of the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare in collaboration with the Laboratory Animals Bureau. In order to understand the relationship between standardization and welfare Michel Foucault's concept of biopower is employed. It is subsequently argued that the analytics of biopower need not be restricted to human life but equally encompasses non-human life. Through the Foucaultian perspective of biopower it is argued that standardization and welfare are two poles of the same biopolitical process.

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Agarwal, Rajat. "A model for minimizing cost for housing laboratory mice." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0001241.

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Delpire, Veronique Charline. "Ethical schemes for the use of transgenic laboratory animals." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324118.

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Pritchard, K. M. "Shelter, microclimate and heat loss from sheep." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303960.

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Smith, Judith Alexis. "Polymorphism, parasites and fitness in Soay sheep." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270757.

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Books on the topic "Sheep as laboratory animals"

1

Chiasson, Robert B. Laboratory anatomy of the white rat. 5th ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm.C.Brown, 1988.

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Chiasson, Robert B. Laboratory anatomy of the white rat. 5th ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown, 1988.

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Hart, Edward. Sheep. 2nd ed. Swindon: Crowood, 1989.

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Glass, Julie. Counting sheep. New York: Random House, 2000.

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Herman, Harry August. The artificial insemination and embryo transfer of dairy and beef cattle (including information pertaining to goats, sheep, horses, swine, and other animals): A handbook and laboratory manual for students, herd operators, and persons involved in genetic improvement. 8th ed. Danville, Ill: Interstate Printers & Publishers, 1994.

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Terrance, Hawk C., Leary Steven L, Morris Timothy H, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, and European College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, eds. Formulary for laboratory animals. 3rd ed. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub., 2005.

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McAdams, Patricia, Steven Olson, Lida Anestidou, and Jenna Ogilvie, eds. Transportation of Laboratory Animals. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/21734.

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Engler, Kevin. Salmonellosis in laboratory animals. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1988.

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Terrance, Hawk C., Leary Steven L, and American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine., eds. Formulary for laboratory animals. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1995.

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Bolam, Emily. Sheep. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sheep as laboratory animals"

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Dwyer, Cathy M. "Behavioral Biology of Sheep." In Behavioral Biology of Laboratory Animals, 261–71. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429019517-18.

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Chauhan, Ramswaroop Singh, Yashpal Singh Malik, M. Saminathan, and Bhupendra Nath Tripathi. "Immunopathological Disorders in Sheep, Goat, Wild Animals, and Laboratory Animals." In Essentials of Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 525–42. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2718-0_18.

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Rege, J. E. O., Joel Ochieng, and Olivier Hanotte. "Livestock genetics and breeding." In The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute, 59–102. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241853.0059.

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Abstract This chapter describes the contributions of the International Livestock Research Institute's (ILRI) to animal breeding. The specific topics include the genetic characterization and history of livestock, breeding technologies, genetic improvement of indigenous livestock, tools and methods for conducting breed surveys, classification of African livestock populations, molecular genetic characterization, the genetic history of cattle in Africa and linking livestock to human history, genetic history and geography of African sheep, genetic history and geography of African chickens, genetic history and geography of the African dromedary, establishment of a joint laboratory with CAAS in Beijing and expansion into Asia, ILRI's genetic characterization as a catalyst for international interest, genetics of trypanotolerance and genetics of resistance to gastrointestinal parasites.

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Chalmer, Nicole. "A swarm of sheep." In Animals Count, 56–70. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge environmental humanities: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351210645-6.

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Dubey, J. P., A. Hemphill, R. Calero-Bernal, and G. Schares. "Neosporosis in Sheep." In Neosporosis in Animals, 317–28. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315152561-7.

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Lakshmanan, Mageshwaran. "Laboratory Animals." In Introduction to Basics of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 13–36. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5343-9_2.

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Jainudeen, M. R., H. Wahid, and E. S. E. Hafez. "Sheep and Goats." In Reproduction in Farm Animals, 172–81. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119265306.ch12.

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Simm, Geoff, Geoff Pollott, Raphael Mrode, Ross Houston, and Karen Marshall. "Sheep and goat breeding." In Genetic improvement of farmed animals, 319–65. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241723.0319.

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Abstract This chapter highlights the application of genetic principles in sheep and goat breeding such as chromosome analysis, prediction of breeding values, and the use of the latest tools and technology in animal breeding.

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Cockram, M. S., and A. Velarde. "Chapter 7: Sheep." In Preslaughter handling and slaughter of meat animals, 267–310. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-924-4_7.

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Gibson, Yvonne, and Alan Colman. "The Generation of Transgenic Sheep by Pronuclear Microinjection." In Transgenic Animals, 23–25. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003211099-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sheep as laboratory animals"

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Енгашева, Екатерина. "Клинические испытания препаратов пролонгированного действия и супрамолекулярного комплекса." In International Symposium "Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects". Institute of Zoology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.11.

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Testing of ivermectin-based drugs Iverlong 1 and Iverlong 2, with various prolongators for helminthiases and arachnoentomoses, has demonstrated the efficacy of 95 to 100%. The effective drug duration was 75 days. Clinical testing of the supramolecular complex Niclomec has demonstrated 100% efficacy in laboratory animals infected with trichinella and cestodes. The efficacy was 97 to 100% in sheep spontaneously infected with digestive-tract strongyles and moniezia.

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Marchenko, V. A., I. V. Biryukov, and D. A. Kurinov. "EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDAL CYFLUNIT AGAINST MELOPHAGOSIS OF SHEEP IN THE ALTAI MOUNTAINS." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.256-261.

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The sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus) is widespread on livestock farms of the Altai Mountains. Since the disease causes significant damage to sheep farming, there is a need for regular insecticidal treatment of animals. The purpose of this research was to characterize the insecticidal activity of Cyflunit against the sheep ked on treated and untreated animals in contact with the parasite. The study was carried out on the "control test" principle; 2 experimental groups of 20 Altai Mountains sheep weighing 40–50 kg were formed. The control group of sheep was not treated with the drug. The drug was applied to the back skin of the sheep in a dose of 5 mL. Twenty animals out of 70 flock ewes were treated with the drug, and the rest of the animals remained exposed. The drug efficacy was evaluated by counting the sheep ked in the experimental and control groups at 15 and 30 days after insecticide application. Subsequently, the drug protective action coefficient (PAC) was calculated. A single treatment of the sheep with Cyflunit provided 100% protection against melophagosis for 30 days. In the exposed group of untreated sheep in the flock, the strength of protective effect of the drug was 98.7% at 30 days.

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Koniar, Dusan, Libor Hargas, Zuzana Loncova, Frantisek Duchon, and Peter Beno. "Laboratory animals tracking in videosequences." In 2016 ELEKTRO. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elektro.2016.7512134.

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Nafornita, Nicolae. "Prevalența dicroceliozei la ovine și caprine la ferma privată din satul Gradiște, raionul Cimișlia." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.54.

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A survey incorporating field and abattoir studies was carried out on the prevalence of Dicrocoelium lanceolatum in sheep and goats in the village Gradiste, district Cimislia, the R. Moldova. Coprological studies on these animals revealed that 71,9% of sheep and 87,7% of goats were positive for dicrocoeliosis, with a mean number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) of 277,7 for sheep and 261,8 for goats. The necropsy liver examination of slaughtered animals revealed that 94.1% of sheep and 75% of goats were infected with D. lanceolatum and they had mean fluke burdens of 247.2 (sheep) and 298.1 (goats). No significant differences in fluke burden, liver lesion score and EPG count were observed between sheep and goats. The seasonal distribution of dicrocoeliosis indicated a higher percentage of infection in autumn and winter as compared with spring and summer. The potential role of migratory sheep and goats in the epizootiology of dicrocoeliosis is discussed.

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Naida, Christopher G. "Construction Vibration Mitigation for Laboratory Animals." In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481462.030.

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Čukić, Aleksandar, Marko Cincović, Radojica Đoković, Simeon Rakonjac, Milun Petrović, and Miloš Petrović. "Heat stress impact on sheep production." In Zbornik radova 26. medunarodni kongres Mediteranske federacije za zdravlje i produkciju preživara - FeMeSPRum. Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/femesprumns24007c.

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Research on the impact of heat stress on animals has mainly been related to cattle, while sheep have been neglected and the impact of heat stress on sheep production is still insufficiently researched. There are numerous stressors related to the procedures and methods of breeding sheep in barns and pastures among them ambient temperature is the most important variable because its effect is exacerbated in the presence of high humidity. Thermal indices are useful for assessing the influence of weather parameters in a certain agroecological area, of which the temperature-humidity index proved to be the best thermal index for assessing the harmful effect of heat stress on the productive performance of animals. Sheep have good adaptability and they are resistant to harsh environmental conditions, still in addition to a certain tolerance to heat stress, high temperatures can negatively affect sheep, which most often leads to dehydration, reduced appetite, reduced milk production and increased risk of disease. Mechanisms that help sheep to survive the challenge of heat stress include morphological, behavioural, physiological, blood biochemistry and genetic bases of adaptation. Sheep can combat heat stress by seeking shade, drinking enough water, and properly ventilating the barn. Increasing the productivity of sheep by adapting various management strategies including housing and animal management and climate monitoring may enhance production capacity of the herd. Therefore, heat stress has a negative effect on sheep, temperatures will increase year by year, and therefore it is necessary to investigate the relationship between sheep production and heat stress in time, to improve sheep farming and make life easier in the days ahead.

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Espadin, Beatriz Pereira, Werner Peter Marcon, Maria José Calegari, Simone Tateishi, Matheus Augusto Santos Antoniazzi, Aluisia Budin Fodra, Emmanuel Zullo Godinho, Inácio Zapparoli Bardini, and Caetano Dartiere Zulian Fermino. "Use of millet in the nutrition of ruminant animals." In VI Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvimulti2024-083.

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Nowadays, the use of millet in animal nutrition has proven to be of great importance in Brazil, especially due to its agronomic and nutritional characteristics that make it a viable and efficient option for feeding ruminants such as cattle, buffalo, goats and sheep.

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Kuchboev, A. E., O. O. Amirov, R. R. Karimova, K. F. Sobirov, and A. N. Ibragimov. "GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES IN MOUFFLONS AND DOMESTIC SHEEP IN PROTECTED AREAS OF UZBEKISTAN." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.231-235.

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The article studied gastrointestinal nematodes in moufflons and domestic sheep in protected areas of Uzbekistan. Twenty-two nematode species were identified in the digestive tract of moufflons and domestic sheep including 21 species in domestic sheep, 7 in Severtsev’s sheep, 5 in Ustyurt mountain sheep, and 2 in Bokharan mountain sheep. Moreover, the family Trichostrongylidae includes 11 nematode species; Molineidae, 3 species; Trichinellidae, Strongylidae and Ancylostomatidae, 2 species each; and Onchocercidae, Gongylonematidae and Habronematidae, one species each. Nematodes of the species Setaria labiatopapillosa, Gongylonema pulchrum, Parabronema skrjabini are considered biohelminths, they develop with participation of beetles (Scarabiidae and Tenebrionidae fam.) and blood-sucking insects (Haematobia gen.); the rest species are geohelminths. It should be noted that the species Marshallagia marshalli and Teladosagia circumcincta were recorded in all animals studied; G. pulchrum and P. skrjabini in domestic sheep, Ustyurt mountain sheep and Severtsev’s sheep; Nematodirus abnormalis and N. helvetianis in domestic sheep and Severtsev’s sheep; and N. oiratianus in domestic sheep and Ustyurt mountain sheep.

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ABRAMOVA, Marina, Mariya BARYShEVA, and Mihail KOSTYLEV. "Efficiency of breeding by fertility of Romanov sheep." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production 27 (75). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-27-75-140-145.

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The article presents the results of the evaluation of the breeding value of Romanov sheep of the Yaroslavl region population by fertility, type of birth and live weight at the first lambing. It was found that the indicators of phenotypic variability by type of birth and fertility by the first lambing were at the level of average values, which indicates the possibility of selecting individuals with desirable phenotypes. When evaluating animals using breeding value indices according to the proposed models, the genetic improvement in live weight will be 0.7–1.7 kg, in fertility — 0.03–0.06 heads. The economic effect of using genotype estimation models by live weight will be 150–340 rubles, by fertility — 480–882 rubles per head per year.

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Maxwell, Paul, Howard Jay Siegel, and Jerry Potter. "The ISTeC People-Animals-Robots laboratory: Robust resource allocation." In Rescue Robotics (SSRR). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssrr.2009.5424142.

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Reports on the topic "Sheep as laboratory animals"

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Boisclair, Yves R., and Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.

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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.

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Zurlo, Joanne. Institute of Laboratory Animals Research (ILAR). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416653.

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Shantyz, A. K., P. V. Miroshnichenko, E. S. Sadikova, and V. V. Menshenin. Changes in hematological and biochemical blood parameters in laboratory animals with experimental escherichiosis. Краснодарский научный центр по зоотехнии и ветеринарии, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/88sh-e5337.

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Provenza, Frederick, Avi Perevolotsky, and Nissim Silanikove. Consumption of Tannin-Rich Forage by Ruminants: From Mechanism to Improved Performance. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695840.bard.

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Trees and shrubs are potentially important sources of food for livestock in many parts of the world, but their use is limited by tannins. Tannins reduce food intake by decreasing digestibility or by causing illness. Supplementing cattle, sheep, and goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has a high affinity for binding tannins and thus attenuating their aversive effects, increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves weight gains and wool growth. The objectives of this proposal were: Objective 1: To further delineate the conditions under which PEG affects intake of high-tannin foods. Objective 2: To ascertain if animals self-regulate intake of PEG in accord with the tannin content of their diet under pen, paddock, and field conditions. Objective 3: To determine how nutritional status and PEG supplementation affect preference for foods varying in nutrients and tannins. Objective 4: To assess the effects of PEG on food selection, intake, and livestock performance in different production systems. The results from this research show that supplementing livestock with low doses of PEG increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves performance of cattle, sheep, and goats. Neutralizing the effects of tannins with supplemental PEG promotes the use of woody species usually considered useless as forage resources. Supplementing animals with PEG has the potential to improve the profitability - mainly milk production - of high-yielding dairy goats fed high-quality foods and supplemented with browse in Mediterranean areas. However, its contribution to production systems utilizing low-yielding goats is limited. Our findings also support the notion that supplemental PEG enhances the ability of livestock to control shrub encroachment and to maintain firebreaks. However, our work also suggests that the effectiveness of supplemental PEG may be low if alternative forages are equal or superior in nutritional quality and contain fewer metabolites with adverse effects.

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Klement, Eyal, Elizabeth Howerth, William C. Wilson, David Stallknecht, Danny Mead, Hagai Yadin, Itamar Lensky, and Nadav Galon. Exploration of the Epidemiology of a Newly Emerging Cattle-Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Israel. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697118.bard.

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In September 2006 an outbreak of 'Bluetongue like' disease struck the cattle herds in Israel. Over 100 dairy and beef cattle herds were affected. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (an Orbivirusclosely related to bluetongue virus (BTV)), was isolated from samples collected from several herds during the outbreaks. Following are the aims of the study and summary of the results: which up until now were published in 6 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Three more articles are still under preparation: 1. To identify the origin of the virus: The virus identified was fully sequenced and compared with the sequences available in the GenBank. It appeared that while gene segment L2 was clustered with EHDV-7 isolated in Australia, most of the other segments were clustered with EHDV-6 isolates from South-Africa and Bahrain. This may suggest that the strain which affected Israel on 2006 may have been related to similar outbreaks which occurred in north-Africa at the same year and could also be a result of reassortment with an Australian strain (Wilson et al. article in preparation). Analysis of the serological results from Israel demonstrated that cows and calves were similarly positive as opposed to BTV for which seropositivity in cows was significantly higher than in calves. This finding also supports the hypothesis that the 2006 EHD outbreak in Israel was an incursive event and the virus was not present in Israel before this outbreak (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Journal, 2011) 2. To identify the vectors of this virus: In the US, Culicoides sonorensis was found as an efficient vector of EHDV as the virus was transmitted by midges fed on infected white tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileusvirginianus) to susceptible WTD (Ruder et al. Parasites and Vectors, 2012). We also examined the effect of temperature on replication of EHDV-7 in C. sonorensis and demonstrated that the time to detection of potentially competent midges decreased with increasing temperature (Ruder et al. in preparation). Although multiple attempts were made, we failed to evaluate wild-caught Culicoidesinsignisas a potential vector for EHDV-7; however, our finding that C. sonorensis is a competent vector is far more significant because this species is widespread in the U.S. As for Israeli Culicoides spp. the main species caught near farms affected during the outbreaks were C. imicolaand C. oxystoma. The vector competence studies performed in Israel were in a smaller scale than in the US due to lack of a laboratory colony of these species and due to lack of facilities to infect animals with vector borne diseases. However, we found both species to be susceptible for infection by EHDV. For C. oxystoma, 1/3 of the Culicoidesinfected were positive 11 days post feeding. 3. To identify the host and environmental factors influencing the level of exposure to EHDV, its spread and its associated morbidity: Analysis of the cattle morbidity in Israel showed that the disease resulted in an average loss of over 200 kg milk per cow in herds affected during September 2006 and 1.42% excess mortality in heavily infected herds (Kedmi et al. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010). Outbreak investigation showed that winds played a significant role in virus spread during the 2006 outbreak (Kedmi et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010). Further studies showed that both sheep (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Microbiology, 2011) and wild ruminants did not play a significant role in virus spread in Israel (Kedmi et al. article in preparation). Clinical studies in WTD showed that this species is highly susceptibile to EHDV-7 infection and disease (Ruder et al. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2012). Experimental infection of Holstein cattle (cows and calves) yielded subclinical viremia (Ruder et al. in preparation). The findings of this study, which resulted in 6 articles, published in peer reviewed journals and 4 more articles which are in preparation, contributed to the dairy industry in Israel by defining the main factors associated with disease spread and assessment of disease impact. In the US, we demonstrated that sufficient conditions exist for potential virus establishment if EHDV-7 were introduced. The significant knowledge gained through this study will enable better decision making regarding prevention and control measures for EHDV and similar viruses, such as BTV.

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Corscadden, Louise, and Arpaporn Sutipatanasomboon. What Is Operant Behavior And How To Study It. Maze Engineers, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/me2022127.

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Operant behavior describes a type of voluntary goal-directed actions in animals based on the repercussions of previous occurrences. It develops when animals learn to specifically respond to recurring situations based on the outcome of their past experience. American psychologist B.F. Skinner was the first to use operant to describe the behaviors he observed in his landmark experiments in laboratory animals. Operant behavior and conditioning refine the nuance between conscious and unconscious behavioral responses, which influence psychology, and applied behavior analysis, and improve our understanding of addiction, substance dependence, child development, and decision-making.

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Corscadden, Louise, and Arpaporn Sutipatanasomboon. Rodent Tagging And Identification. ConductScience, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/cs20230109.

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Animal tagging is a means to identify and distinguish all the individual animals of interest, which applies to wildlife, farm, or laboratory animals. It involves attaching a tag to a specific animal part that contains a unique identifier for each animal. The identifier can be numbers, alphabets, or a combination of both that distinguish and track the animals throughout their lifespans. In rodents, tagging is the most popular identification approach. Typically, tags are made from metals and attached to the outer part of rodent ears, or the ear pinna. In rare circumstances, metal tags can also be attached to the rodent’s leg or tail.

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Splitter, Gary, and Menachem Banai. Attenuated Brucella melitensis Rough Rev1 Vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7585199.bard.

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The original objectives of the proposal were: 1. Compare mutants 444 and 710 to Rev1 (parent strain), and 16M (field strain) in murine and human macrophage lines for phenotypic differences. 2. Determine in vivo virulence and survival of the mutants 444 and 710 in guinea pigs and mice. 3. Determine humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by mutants 444 and 710 in guinea pigs and mice. 4. Determine in vivo protection of mice and guinea pigs provided by mutants 444 and 710 compared to Rev1. Background: While human and animal brucellosis are rare in the U.S., brucellosis caused by B. melitensis remains relatively constant in Israel. Despite a national campaign to control brucellosis in Israel, the misuse of Rev1 Elberg vaccine strain among pregnant animals has produced abortion storms raising concern of human infection due to vaccine excretion in the milk. Further, some commercial Rev1 vaccine lots can: a) produce persistent infection, b) infect humans, c) be horizontally transmitted, d) cause abortion, and e) induce a persistent anti-O-polysaccharide antibody response confounding the distinction between infected and vaccinated animals. In Israel, vaccination practices have not optimally protected the milk supply from Brucella and Rev 1 vaccine can exacerbate the problem. In addition, cattle vaccinated against B. abortus are not protected against B. melitensis supporting the need for an improved vaccine. A safe vaccine used in adult animals to produce herd resistance to infection and a vaccine that can be distinguished from virulent infection is needed. A rough Rev1 vaccine would be less virulent than the parental smooth strain and permit serologic distinction between vaccinated and infected animals. Advantages of the Rev1 vaccine foundation are: 1) Rev1 vaccination of sheep and goats against B. melintensisis approved; therefore, vaccines derived from the Rev1 foundation may be readily accepted by licensing agencies as well as commercial companies, and 2) considerable data exists on Rev1vaccination and Rev1 proteins. Therefore, a post-genomic vaccine against B. melitensis based on the Rev1 foundation would provide a great advantage. Major conclusions from our work are: 1) We have determined that mutant 710 is highly attenuated in macrophages compared to virulent field strain 16M and mutant 444. 2) We have confirmed that mutant 710 is highly attenuated in guinea pigs and mice. 3) We have determined immune responses induced by mutant 710 in animals. 4) We have determined in vivo protection of mice and guinea pigs provided by mutants 444 and 710 compared to Rev1, and importantly, mutant 710 provides a high level of protection against challenge with virulent B. melitensis 16M. Thus, our data support the goals of the grant and provide the foundation for a future vaccine useful against B. melitensis in Israel. Because of patent considerations, many of our findings with 444 and 710 have not yet been published. Scientific and Agricultural Implications: Our findings support the development of a vaccine against B. melitensis based on the mutant 710. Because strain 710 is a mutant of the Elberg Rev1 vaccine, commercialization is more likely than development of an entirely new, uncharacterized Brucella mutant or strain.

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Mwebe, Robert, Chester Kalinda, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Eve Namisango, Alison A. Kinengyere, Moses Ocan, Ann Nanteza, Savino Biryomumaisho, and Lawrence Mugisha. Epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions for Foot and Mouth Disease in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0039.

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Review question / Objective: What is the epidemiology and effectiveness of control measures for foot and mouth disease in African countries?’ PICOS: Description of elements Population/ problem/Setting: Artiodactyla (cloven ungulates), domestic (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), camels and wildlife (buffaloes, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids) affected by Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) or Hoof and Mouth Disease (HMD) caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in Africa. Intervention: Prevention measures: vaccination, ‘biosafety and biosecurity’, sensitization of the public. Control measures: quarantine, movement control, closure of markets and stock routes, mouth swabbing of animals with infected materials (old technique that is no long applicable), culling, mass slaughter, stamping out and any other interventions or control measures generally accepted by the ‘community of practice’ of animal health practitioners. Comparator: areas that did not have any control activities for FMD, in head-to-head comparisons in the same study. Outcome: epidemiological outcomes: incidence, prevalence, patterns or trends, clinical symptoms, and risk factors. Effectiveness outcomes: success, and usefulness of the interventions measured as averted deaths, illness and infections, and costs associated with the interventions (cost–effectiveness). Study design: epidemiological designs include cohort design for incidence, cross sectional for prevalence and case-control for clinical symptoms and risk factors. Interventional designs include randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, quasi-experimental designs – controlled before and after, interrupted time series, [regression discontinuity design, difference-in-difference, and propensity score matching]. Timelines: 1900 – 2022.

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Weissinger, Rebecca. Trends in water quality at Bryce Canyon National Park, water years 2006–2021. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294946.

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The National Park Service collects water-quality samples on a rotating basis at three fixed water-quality stations in Bryce Canyon National Park (NP): Sheep Creek, Yellow Creek, and Mossy Cave Spring. Data collection began at Sheep Creek and Yellow Creek in November 2005 and at Mossy Cave in July 2008. Data on in-situ parameters, fecal-coliform samples, major ions, and nutrients are collected monthly, while trace elements are sampled quarterly. This report analyzes data from the beginning of the period of record for each station through water year 2021 to test for trends over time. Concentrations are also compared to relevant water-quality standards for the State of Utah. Overall, water quality at the park’s monitoring stations continues to be excellent, and park managers have been successful in their goal of maintaining these systems in unimpaired condition. Infrequent but continued Escherichia coli exceedances from trespass livestock at Sheep and Yellow creeks support the need for regular fence maintenance along the park boundary. High-quality conditions may qualify all three sites as Category 1 waters, the highest level of anti-degradation protection provided by the State of Utah. Minimum and maximum air temperatures at the park have increased, while precipitation remains highly variable. Increasing air temperatures have led to increasing water temperatures in Sheep and Yellow creeks. Sheep Creek also had a decrease in flow across several quantiles from 2006 to 2021, while higher flows decreased at Yellow Creek in the same period. Surface flows in these two creeks are likely to be increasingly affected by higher evapotranspiration due to warming air temperatures and possibly decreasing snowmelt runoff as the climate changes. The influx of ancient groundwater in both creek drainages helps sustain base flows at the sites. Mossy Cave Spring, which is sampled close to the spring emergence point, showed less of a climate signal than Sheep and Yellow creeks. In our record, the spring shows a modest increase in discharge, including higher flows at higher air temperatures. An uptick in visitation to Water Canyon and the Mossy Cave Trail has so far not been reflected by changes in water quality. There are additional statistical trends in water-quality parameters at all three sites. However, most of these trends are quite small and are likely ecologically negligible. Some statistical trends may be the result of instrument changes and improvements in quality assurance and quality control over time in both the field sampling effort and the laboratory analyses. Long-term monitoring of water-quality stations at Bryce Canyon NP suggests relatively stable aquatic systems that benefit from protection within the park. To maintain these unimpaired conditions into the future, park managers could consider: Regular fence checks and maintenance along active grazing allotments at the park boundary to protect riparian areas and aquatic systems from trespass livestock. Developing a springs-monitoring program to track changes in springflow at spring emergences to better understand bedrock-aquifer water supplies. These data would also help quantify springflow for use in water-rights hearings. Supporting hydrogeologic investigations to map the extent and flow paths of groundwater aquifers. Working with the State of Utah to develop groundwater-protection zones to protect groundwater aquifers from developments that would affect springs in the park. Prioritizing watershed management with proactive fire risk-reduction practices. Explicitly including watershed protection as a goal in plans for fire management and suppression. Using additional data and analyses to better understand the drivers of trends in water quality and their ecological significance. These could include higher-frequency data to better understand relationships between groundwater, precipitation, and surface flows at the sites. These could also include watershed metrics...

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