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Journal articles on the topic 'Shear stress bed'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Papa, M., S. Egashira, and T. Itoh. "Critical conditions of bed sediment entrainment due to debris flow." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 3 (2004): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-469-2004.

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Abstract. The present study describes entrainment characteristics of bed material into debris flow, based on flume tests, numerical and dimensional analyses. Flume tests are conducted to investigate influences of bed sediment size on erosion rate by supplying debris flows having unsaturated sediment concentration over erodible beds. Experimental results show that the erosion rate decreases monotonically with increase of sediment size, although erosion rate changes with sediment concentration of debris flow body. In order to evaluate critical condition of bed sediment entrainment, a length scal

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2

Guard, Paul Andrew, Peter Nielsen, and Tom E. Baldock. "BED SHEAR STRESS IN UNSTEADY FLOW." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (2011): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.sediment.8.

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Standard engineering methods of estimating bed shear stress using friction factors can fail spectacularly in unsteady hydrodynamic conditions. This paper demonstrates this fact using direct measurements of bed shear stresses under irregular waves using a shear plate apparatus. The measurements are explained in terms of the influence of the horizontal pressure gradient and the shear stresses acting on the surface of the plate. The horizontal fluid velocity at the edge of the boundary layer and the water surface elevation and slope were also measured. The paper demonstrates that the water surfac

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3

Zhang, Liyuan, Faxing Zhang, Ailing Cai, Zhaoming Song, and Shilin Tong. "Comparison of Methods for Bed Shear Stress Estimation in Complex Flow Field of Bend." Water 12, no. 10 (2020): 2753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102753.

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Bed shear stress is closely related to sediment transport in rivers. Bed shear stress estimation is very difficult, especially for complex flow fields. In this study, complex flow field measurement experiments in a 60° bend with a groyne were performed. The feasibility and reliability of bed shear stress estimations using the log-law method in a complex flow field were analyzed and compared with those associated with the Reynolds, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE), and TKE-w′ methods. The results show that the TKE, Reynolds, and log-law methods produced similar bed shear stress estimates, while t

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4

Seelam, Jaya Kumar, and Tom E. Baldock. "MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF SOLITARY WAVE INDUCED BED SHEAR STRESS OVER A ROUGH BED." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.21.

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Bed shear stresses generated by solitary waves were measured using a shear cell apparatus over a rough bed in laminar and transitional flow regimes (~7600 < Re < ~60200). Modeling of bed shear stress was carried out using analytical models employing convolution integration methods forced with the free stream velocity and three eddy viscosity models. The measured wave height to water depth (h/d) ratio varied between 0.13 and 0.65; maximum near- bed velocity varied between 0.16 and 0.47 m/s and the maximum total shear stress (sum of form drag and bed shear) varied between 0.565 and 3.29 Pa

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5

Golpira, Amir, Fengbin Huang, and Abul B. M. Baki. "The Effect of Habitat Structure Boulder Spacing on Near-Bed Shear Stress and Turbulent Events in a Gravel Bed Channel." Water 12, no. 5 (2020): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051423.

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This study experimentally investigated the effect of boulder spacing and boulder submergence ratio on the near-bed shear stress in a single array of boulders in a gravel bed open channel flume. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was used to measure the instantaneous three-dimensional velocity components. Four methods of estimating near-bed shear stress were compared. The results suggested a significant effect of boulder spacing and boulder submergence ratio on the near-bed shear stress estimations and their spatial distributions. It was found that at unsubmerged condition, the turbulent kin

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6

Kiraga and Popek. "Bed Shear Stress Influence on Local Scour Geometry Properties in Various Flume Development Conditions." Water 11, no. 11 (2019): 2346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112346.

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Numerous approaches in sediment mobility studies highlighted the key meaning of channel roughness, which results not only from bed material granulation but also from various bed forms presence, caused by continuous sediment transport. Those forms are strictly connected with the intensity of particle transport, and they eventuate from bed shear stress. The present paper comprised of local scours geometric dimensions research in three variants of lengthwise development of laboratory flume in various hydraulic properties, both in “clear-water” and “live-bed” conditions of sediment movement. Lots

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7

Monsalve, Angel, Catalina Segura, Nicole Hucke, and Scott Katz. "A bed load transport equation based on the spatial distribution of shear stress – Oak Creek revisited." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 3 (2020): 825–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-825-2020.

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Abstract. Bed load transport formulations for gravel-bed rivers are often based on reach-averaged shear stress values. However, the complexity of the flow field in these systems results in wide distributions of shear stress, whose effects on bed load transport are not well captured by the frequently used equations, leading to inaccurate estimates of sediment transport. Here, we modified a subsurface-based bed load transport equation to include the complete distributions of shear stress generated by a given flow within a reach. The equation was calibrated and verified using bed load data measur

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8

Kolerski, Tomasz, and Hung Tao Shen. "Possible effects of the 1984 St. Clair River ice jam on bed changes." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 42, no. 9 (2015): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0275.

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This study examines the possible effect of the record ice jam of 1984 in the St. Clair River on river bed changes and conveyance. Numerical simulations were made to examine the flow and bed shear stresses during the jam formation and release periods. Simulation results indicate that the ice jam in the river did not cause a significant increase in bed shear stress compared to pre- and post-jam open water conditions. The insignificant change on bed shear stress during the ice jam period is the result of the large flow depth and the limited jam thickness. The bed shear stresses are much less than

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9

Cheng, Nian-Sheng, and Adrian Wing-Keung Law. "Fluctuations of Turbulent Bed Shear Stress." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 129, no. 1 (2003): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2003)129:1(126).

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10

Agrawal, Sunil K., and Jatinder K. Bewtra. "Modifications to the design procedure for grit chambers." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (1987): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-033.

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A modified approach to the design of grit chambers has been suggested in this paper. This approach is based on the concept of critical shear stress at the bed rather than mean velocity as used by T. R. Camp. It is recognized that the relationship between critical bed shear stress and mean velocity in a channel is not constant, as assumed by Camp, but varies according to the flow conditions. Critical bed shear stress values, obtained in the laboratory for different particle characteristics, are given in this paper. The proposed method should provide a more rational and a better design procedure

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11

Iverson, Neal R., Christian Helanow, and Lucas K. Zoet. "Debris-bed friction during glacier sliding with ice–bed separation." Annals of Glaciology 60, no. 80 (2019): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2019.46.

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AbstractTheory and experiments indicate that ice–bed separation during glacier slip over 2-D hard beds causes basal shear stress to reach a maximum at a particular slip velocity and decrease at higher velocities. We use the sliding theory of Lliboutry (1968) to explore how friction between debris particles in sliding ice and a rock bed affects this relationship between shear stress and slip velocity. Particle–bed contact forces and associated debris friction increase with increasing slip velocity, owing to increased rates of ice convergence with up-glacier facing surfaces. However, debris fric

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12

Schönfeldt, Hans-Jürgen. "On the aeolian saltation bed shear stress and saltation roughness length." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15, no. 3 (2006): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0126.

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13

CHARRU, FRANÇOIS, and HÉLÈNE MOUILLERON-ARNOULD. "Instability of a bed of particles sheared by a viscous flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 452 (February 10, 2002): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001006747.

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The instability of a bed of particles sheared by a viscous fluid is investigated theoretically. The viscous flow over the wavy bed is first calculated, and the bed shear stress is derived. The particle transport rate induced by this bed shear stress is calculated from the viscous resuspension theory of Leighton & Acrivos (1986). Mass conservation of the particles then gives explicit expressions for the wave velocity and growth rate, which depend on four dimensionless parameters: the wavenumber, the fluid thickness, a viscous length and the shear stress. The mechanism of the instability is

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14

Zhong, Chun Xin. "Experimental Study on Critical Flow Conditions Causing Damage of Grass-Covered Revetment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1478.

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Flexible vegetations supply great effect on river bank protection. It is important to study the critical flow conditions, including bed shear stress, scour duration and frictional velocity etc, causing damage of grass-covered revetment. Laboratory experiments prove that, destruction of turf can be estimated by observing the variation of water head. The experimental shear stress above vegetation zone has nonlinear relation with velocity square, which agrees with theoretic derivation. Before the turf destruction occurring, shear stress above vegetation zone increases with the scour duration and

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15

Lockwood, Kenneth, Patrick Grover, and Ana Maria Ferreira da Silva. "Quantification of bed-load transport over dunes." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002010.

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There is disagreement in the literature as to whether a shear stress-based approach can be used to accurately predict sediment transport over dunes. This study aims to address this disagreement. To this end, use is made of an experiment involving the study of naturally formed, fully developed dunes produced in a laboratory flume. The bed shear stress is estimated through a combination of velocity, Reynolds stress measurements, and results of a CFD RANS rough wall model. The validity of using Bagnold’s equation to predict the bed-load rate is subsequently analyzed. In contrast to what has been

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16

Pujara, Nimish, Philip L. F. Liu, and Harry Yeh. "The swash of solitary waves on a plane beach: flow evolution, bed shear stress and run-up." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 779 (August 18, 2015): 556–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.435.

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The swash of solitary waves on a plane beach is studied using large-scale experiments. Ten wave cases are examined which range from non-breaking waves to plunging breakers. The focus of this study is on the influence of breaker type on flow evolution, spatiotemporal variations of bed shear stresses and run-up. Measurements are made of the local water depths, flow velocities and bed shear stresses (using a shear plate sensor) at various locations in the swash zone. The bed shear stress is significant near the tip of the swash during uprush and in the shallow flow during the later stages of down

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17

Wen, Jiaqi, Yongcan Chen, Zhaowei Liu, and Manjie Li. "Numerical Study on the Shear Stress Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow over Rough Beds." Water 14, no. 11 (2022): 1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111752.

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Bed shear stress is an important measure of benthic habitats since it is related to many ecological processes. In this study, we focused on the fluctuating characteristics of shear stress in rough-bed open-channel flows. The roughness element method was adopted to mimic natural rough beds and the Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) model was used to obtain comprehensive information about shear stress near the rough bed. Three arrangement patterns of the roughness elements were simulated to compare their effects on flow structure and shear stresses. The arrangements of the roughne

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18

Datta, Akash, Ratul Das, and Mrinmoy Majumder. "Influence of boulder array on the near-bed turbulent flow characteristics in a gravel bed stream - An experimental investigation." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 71, no. 3 (2023): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2023-0016.

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Abstract The present study aims to focus the turbulent flow characteristics over arrays of submerged boulders in a gravel bed stream. Round shaped boulders of diameter, Dc = 6 cm were staggered over a gravel bed stream (d 50 = 4 cm) with varying boulder-to-boulder spacing and the flows over the arrays were studied experimentally. The flow measurements were carried out by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter and the double averaging methodology (DAM) was applied. The results of large spacing boulder array reveals near-bed velocity deficit within 1Dc upstream to 5Dc downstream of the boulder and no i

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19

Dey, Subhasish. "Critical bed shear for initial movement of sediments on a combined lateral and longitudinal slope." Hydrology Research 35, no. 2 (2004): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2004.0011.

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An experimental study on critical bed shear-stress for initial movement of non-cohesive sediment particles under a steady-uniform stream flow on a combined lateral (across the flow direction) and longitudinal (streamwise direction) sloping bed is presented. The aim of this paper is to ascertain that the critical bed shear-stress on a combined lateral and longitudinal sloping bed is adequately represented by the product of critical bed shear-stress ratios for lateral and longitudinal sloping beds. Experiments were carried out with closed-conduit flow, in two ducts having a semicircular invert s

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20

Maclean, Alastair G. "Bed Shear Stress and Scour over Bed‐Type River Intake." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 117, no. 4 (1991): 436–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1991)117:4(436).

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21

Kabir, M. R., and H. Torfs. "Comparison of Different Methods to Calculate Bed Shear Stress." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 8 (1992): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0187.

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Precise velocity profile measurements were carried out in a fully developed, subcritical and supercritical flow on a smooth and a rough bed in a flume with a rectangular cross section. In both cases different approaches were used to calculate the friction velocity, u*, and comparisons were made. The influence of the reference level (hypothetical bed level) has been discussed. Friction velocities calculated from the velocity profile are very sensitive to the hypothetical bed level. For a smooth bed the determination of the reference level does not present any difficulties. However, for a rough

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22

Giovino, Christopher, Jaclyn M. H. Cockburn, and Paul V. Villard. "Ice Ice Maybe: Stream Hydrology and Hydraulic Processes During a Mild Winter in a Semi-Alluvial Channel." Water 17, no. 13 (2025): 1878. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17131878.

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Warm conditions during typically cold winters impact runoff and resulting hydraulic processes in channels where ice-cover would typically dominate. This field study on a short, low-slope reach in Southern Ontario, Canada, examined hydrologic and hydraulic processes with a focus on winter runoff events and subsequent bed shear stress variability. Through winter 2024, six cross-sections over a ~100 m reach were monitored near-weekly to measure hydraulic geometry and velocity profiles. These data characterized channel processes and estimated bed shear stress with law of the wall. In this channel,

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23

Iverson, Neal R., Robert W. Baker, Roger LeB Hooke, Brian Hanson, and Peter Jansson. "Coupling between a glacier and a soft bed: I. A relation between effective pressure and local shear stress determined from till elasticity." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 149 (1999): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003014.

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AbstractTo predict the distribution of motion beneath glaciers on soft beds, the strength of the coupling between the ice and the bed and its variation with effective pressure must be known. A record of shear strain, acquired with a tiltmeter emplaced in till beneath Storglaciären, Sweden, indicates that fluctuations in water pressure cause variations in the local shear stress on the bed and that the bed deforms elastically in response to these variations. To estimate the shear stress from the elastic component of the total shear strain, the shear modulus of the till was measured in relaxation

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24

Afzalimehr, Hossein, and François Anctil. "Velocity distribution and shear velocity behaviour of decelerating flows over a gravel bed." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 4 (1999): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-009.

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The behaviour of the bed shear stress in the presence of a decelerating flow over a gravel bed has been examined. The collected observations revealed that the velocity distribution in the outer region of the boundary layer may be described by a parabolic law. The results obtained by parabolic law are comparable to the bed shear stress estimated via the St-Venant method. At a specific cross section, shear velocities estimated by the parabolic and the St-Venant methods divert considerably from the estimation by zero pressure gradient method. For constant bottom slope and relative roughness, the

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25

Das, Subhasish. "Geometrical Analysis of Two Dimensional and Three Dimensional Oscillation Ripples." Journal Geological Society of India 32, no. 6 (1988): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1988/320601.

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Abstract Analysis of ripple geometries using known tabulated laboratory and field data shows that the geometry can be of three types, i.e., sand ripples, light sediment ripples, and oscillatory bed ripples, reflecting different effects of the fluid shear stress and fluid accleration on the bed sediments. It is shown that when the bed shear stress or the amplitude of the water particle relative to the sediment size is small, the resulting vortices are more regular with low turbulence intensity and the generated ripples are two dimensional. However when the bed shear stress is large, the resulti

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26

Blatter, Heinz, Garry K. C. Clarke, and Jacques Colinge. "Stress and velocity fields in glaciers: Part II. Sliding and basal stress distribution." Journal of Glaciology 44, no. 148 (1998): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000001970.

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AbstractNumerical methods are used to examine the interaction between the spatial distribution of the basal shear traction and the corresponding basal velocity for an inclined slab geometry. In our improved treatment, we reject the common assumption that basal velocity is a simple function of local variables in favour of a non-local treatment that includes normal deviatoric stress and takes basal velocity to be an integrated response to spatially varying influences. Computationally, one must either iterate the basal velocity with a friction parameterization that relates basal shear traction to

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27

Blatter, Heinz, Garry K. C. Clarke, and Jacques Colinge. "Stress and velocity fields in glaciers: Part II. Sliding and basal stress distribution." Journal of Glaciology 44, no. 148 (1998): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000001970.

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AbstractNumerical methods are used to examine the interaction between the spatial distribution of the basal shear traction and the corresponding basal velocity for an inclined slab geometry. In our improved treatment, we reject the common assumption that basal velocity is a simple function of local variables in favour of a non-local treatment that includes normal deviatoric stress and takes basal velocity to be an integrated response to spatially varying influences. Computationally, one must either iterate the basal velocity with a friction parameterization that relates basal shear traction to

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28

Shahmohammadi, Reza, Hossein Afzalimehr, and Jueyi Sui. "Estimation of Bed Shear Stress in Shallow Transitional Flows under Condition of Incipient Motion of Sand Particles Using Turbulence Characteristics." Water 14, no. 16 (2022): 2515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162515.

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In this experimental study, using an ADV, experiments were performed in three different shallow water flows under hydraulically transitional flow condition to estimate the bed shear stress using turbulence characteristics. Vertical distributions of all shear and normal Reynolds stresses as well as TKE were evaluated and simplified in order to estimate bed shear stress under incipient motion of four groups of sand particles. To determine bed shear stress, as the main approach, the linear portion of the −u′w′ profiles were extended towards the channel bed. The necessity of the approach of the ve

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29

Khadami, Faruq, Totok Suprijo, Alfiansyah Rizky Hidayat, Ivonne Milichristi Radjawane, Ayi Tarya, and Gandhi Napitupulu. "Near-bed flow dynamics and bed shear stress in a mangrove-vegetated estuary." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1464, no. 1 (2025): 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1464/1/012014.

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Abstract Understanding sedimentation in riverbanks requires investigating nearbed flow velocity and bed shear stress. Studying flow in vegetated rivers presents complexities due to vegetation acting as a drag force that slows down water flow, especially near the bed. In tidal rivers, aside from river discharge influence, flow patterns are also affected by tides. This study investigates near-bed flow velocity and bed shear stress in the Ender River estuary, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. The Ender River estuary is a micro-tidal estuary bordered by mangrove vegetation on its riverbanks with a do

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30

Krishnappan, Bommanna G. "Erosion behaviour of fine sediment deposits." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 5 (2004): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-054.

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Erosion characteristics of fine sediment deposits were studied experimentally using a rotating circular flume in the laboratory. The influence of the rate of application of bed shear stress and the structure of sediment beds was investigated. When the shear stress was applied suddenly on a bed formed by placing a thick slurry of kaolin in the flume, the concentration of the eroded sediment first increased to reach a maximum value, and then it started to decrease and finally attained a steady state value that was significantly lower than the maximum concentration (the steady state concentration

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31

Wilson, Kenneth C. "Mobile‐Bed Friction at High Shear Stress." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 115, no. 6 (1989): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1989)115:6(825).

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32

Sarmiento, Oscar A., and Marco A. Falcon. "Critical Bed Shear Stress for Unisize Sediment." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 132, no. 2 (2006): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2006)132:2(172).

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33

Oms, C., M. C. Gromaire, M. Saad, V. Milisic, and G. Chebbo. "Bed shear stress evaluation in combined sewers." Urban Water Journal 5, no. 3 (2008): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15730620801924010.

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34

Kämpf, Jochen. "Extreme bed shear stress during coastal downwelling." Ocean Dynamics 69, no. 5 (2019): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01256-4.

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Zhang, Xiao-Feng, Wen-Ting Yang, and Jun-Qiang Xia. "Bed shear stress in non-uniform flow." Environmental Fluid Mechanics 16, no. 4 (2016): 777–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10652-016-9448-1.

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36

Wang, Rui, and Guoliang Yu. "Experimental study on incipient condition of fluidized bed sediment in oscillatory." E3S Web of Conferences 81 (2019): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198101014.

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In this paper, the incipient condition of the fluidized bed sediment with different sizes and water contents were experimentally studied in an os- cillatory tunnel made of acrylic boards. One-hundred experimental runs were performed with sediment samples by varying the yield stress to determine the relationship between the critical condition of incipient motion and the rheolog- ical properties of the cohesive sediments. Experimental results showed that the yield stress of the bed sediment decreased as the fluidization level increased. When the yield stress is no longer changed, the bed sedimen

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37

Lan, Yi-Ru, and Zhi-Cheng Huang. "NUMERICAL MODELING ON WAVE-CURRENT FLOWS AND BED SHEAR STRESSES OVER AN ALGAL REEF." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 38 (May 29, 2025): 18. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v38.management.18.

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Currents in coastal zones under mechanisms in terms of tides, waves, wind, and high roughness are difficult to model; bed shear stresses under wave-current flows are particularly challenging yet not being well studied. In this study, the performance of a numerical modeling on depth- averaged currents and bed shear stresses over an algal reef was examined using a coupled wave-current model (Delft-3D). The detailed methodology is described in Lan and Huang (2023). The aims of this study are (1) to understand the performance of the existing model to predict the bed shear stress, and (2) to explor

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38

Khuntia, Jnana Ranjan, Kamalini Devi, Sebastien Proust, and Kishanjit Kumar Khatua. "Depth-averaged velocity and bed shear stress in unsteady open channel flow over rough bed." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 05071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184005071.

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Very few studies have been carried out in the past in estimating depth-averaged velocity and bed shear stress in unsteady flow over rough beds. An experiment is thus conducted to investigate the vertical and lateral velocity profiles under unsteady flow conditions in a rough open channel for various flow depths. One hydrogram is repeatedly passed through the rectangular flume with a fixed rigid grass bed. Using micro Pitot tube and Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), the flow patterns are investigated at both lateral and longitudinal positions over different cross-sections. For two typical flo

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Jewel, Arif, Kazunori Fujisawa, and Akira Murakami. "Evaluation of Incipient Motion of Sand Particles by Different Indirect Methods in Erosion Function Apparatus." Water 13, no. 8 (2021): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081118.

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An experiment was carried out in an acrylic glass-sided re-circulating closed conduit with a rectangular cross section, which is similar in construction to an erosion function apparatus. An adjustable sand box, made of acrylic glass, was attached to the bottom of the conduit as the sand zone or the test section. The hydraulics of the flow in the erosion function apparatus is complicated due to the limited part of the non-smooth and erodible soil surface attached to the closed conduit. As the bed shear stress changes with the bed roughness, even though the flow velocity does not change, establi

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40

Geremew, Africa M. "Erosion characteristics and stochastic nature of bed shear stress in underwater mine tailings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 6 (2017): 426–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0319.

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The erosion of mine tailings was investigated by examining the physical processes during the initiation of motion of the tailings. Erosion experiments were conducted on mine tailings samples and natural soils in a Plexiglas laboratory annular column under 50 cm water cover. Resuspension was introduced with a Teflon stirrer and the bed shear stress was estimated from the measured near-bed velocity field and the pressure change in the boundary layer. Two modes of initiation of motion of cohesive mine tailings that showed cohesive behaviour was noticed: pitting erosion and line erosion and the mo

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Wilson, Robert J., and Michael R. Heath. "Increasing turbidity in the North Sea during the 20th century due to changing wave climate." Ocean Science 15, no. 6 (2019): 1615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1615-2019.

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Abstract. Data on Secchi disc depth (the depth at which a standard white disc lowered into the water just becomes invisible to a surface observer) show that water clarity in the North Sea declined during the 20th century, with likely consequences for marine primary production. However, the causes of this trend remain unknown. Here we analyse the hypothesis that changes in the North Sea's wave climate were largely responsible by causing an increase in the concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the water column through the resuspension of seabed sediments. First, we analysed the

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Iverson, Neal R., Robert W. Baker, Roger LeB Hooke, Brian Hanson, and Peter Jansson. "Coupling between a glacier and a soft bed: I. A relation between effective pressure and local shear stress determined from till elasticity." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 149 (1999): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003014.

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AbstractTo predict the distribution of motion beneath glaciers on soft beds, the strength of the coupling between the ice and the bed and its variation with effective pressure must be known. A record of shear strain, acquired with a tiltmeter emplaced in till beneath Storglaciären, Sweden, indicates that fluctuations in water pressure cause variations in the local shear stress on the bed and that the bed deforms elastically in response to these variations. To estimate the shear stress from the elastic component of the total shear strain, the shear modulus of the till was measured in relaxation

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Henry, Pierre-Yves, Alf Tørum, Øivind Artsen, Dag Myrhaug, and Muk Chen Ong. "PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDING THE CRITICAL SHEAR STRESS FOR SAND MOTION IN SPECIFIC WAVE AND CURRENT CONDITIONS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.sediment.4.

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This study is focusing on the threshold of sand motion under random waves combined with a following current. The analysis is based on some flume experiments realized over a natural sand bed for different flow conditions (waves and currents). The main result comes as a map of the probability to exceed the threshold of sand motion, as a function of a wave and a current mobility parameter. These observations are compared to methods predicting the bed shear stress using an equivalent monochromatic wave, and links between the probability of exceeding the critical shear stress for initiation of sand

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Chowdhury, M. Nasimul, Abdul A. Khan, and Oscar Castro-Orgaz. "A Numerical Approach to Analyzing Shallow Flows over Rough Surfaces." Fluids 9, no. 9 (2024): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids9090204.

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The hydraulic characteristics (such as velocity profiles, near-bed velocity profile, bed shear stress, and resistance coefficients) of shallow flows over rough surfaces were investigated using numerical simulations. A novel method is presented to simulate shallow flows over rough surfaces in a two-dimensional (2D) numerical domain, where the physical numerical domain represents bed topography. Results reveal that the model can accurately predict spatially averaged velocity profiles, turbulence characteristics, shear stresses, and uniform flow depths. The analysis identified two distinct flow r

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Sheikh Khozani and Wan Mohtar. "Investigation of New Tsallis-Based Equation to Predict Shear Stress Distribution in Circular and Trapezoidal Channels." Entropy 21, no. 11 (2019): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21111046.

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In this study, the entropy concept is employed to estimate the shear stress distribution in a circular channel with flat bed and trapezoidal channel. Using the principle of maximum entropy, the shear stress distribution is derived by maximizing the Tsallis entropy by assuming averaged shear stress as a random variable. The derived shear stress equation can describe the variation of shear stress along the wetted perimeter of channel. The developed model of shear stress distribution is tested with some credible experimental data and is also compared with equations obtained by other researchers b

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Goossens, RH, CJ Snijders, TG Holscher, WC Heerens, and AE Holman. "Shear stress measured on beds and wheelchairs." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 29, no. 3 (1997): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/165019771997131136.

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Local shear is understood to be one of the principal risk factors for the development of pressure sores. There is a need for a small deformable sensor that can measure the shear force between skin and deformable materials without disturbing the shear phenomenon. In the present study a new shear sensor is introduced with a contact area of 4.05 cm2. A series of validation experiments was performed with ten healthy young subjects. It was demonstrated that with a forward-tilted seat, the sum of the local shear forces between skin and sensormat is equal to the resultant shear force measured with a

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Shimozono, Takenori, Akio Okayasu, and Teppei Mishima. "ON THE BOTTOM SHEAR STRESS DURING LONG WAVE RUNUP AND BACKWASH." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (2011): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.currents.47.

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Laboratory experiments were performed to examine flow characteristics during runup and backwash of a breaking solitary wave. Boundary layer flows were measured by LDV at two locations landward of the still shoreline under different bed conditions. Temporal variations of the bottom shear stress were estimated from nearbed velocity profiles with different methods. The shear stress determined through the logarithmic fitting roughly agreed with that deduced from a depth-integrated momentum balance during turbulent flow phases. The friction factors during the active phases of the runup and backwash

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CARSTENSEN, STEFAN, B. MUTLU SUMER, and JØRGEN FREDSØE. "Coherent structures in wave boundary layers. Part 1. Oscillatory motion." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 646 (March 8, 2010): 169–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009992825.

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This work concerns oscillatory boundary layers over smooth beds. It comprises combined visual and quantitative techniques including bed shear stress measurements. The experiments were carried out in an oscillating water tunnel. The experiments reveal two significant coherent flow structures: (i) Vortex tubes, essentially two-dimensional vortices close to the bed extending across the width of the boundary-layer flow, caused by an inflectional-point shear layer instability. The imprint of these vortices in the bed shear stress is a series of small, insignificant kinks and dips. (ii) Turbulent sp

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Matoušek, Václav, and Jan Krupička. "On equivalent roughness of mobile bed at high shear stress." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 57, no. 3 (2009): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-009-0018-9.

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On equivalent roughness of mobile bed at high shear stressThe friction conditions at the top of a mobile bed are discussed for flows in the upper-plane-bed regime, i.e. for the flows with values of the bed Shields parameter larger than approximately 0.6. A special attention is devoted to flows of the bed Shields parameter bigger than 2. Experimental data for flows at high bed shear are collected from literature and new data are added from own measurements of flows of a 1.36-mm sand slurry in the 100-mm pipe loop of the Institute of Hydrodynamics. The database represents flows of very different

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Ali, Md Shahjahan, Md Milon Hasan, and Masuma Haque. "Two-Dimensional Simulation of Flows in an Open Channel with Groin-Like Structures by iRIC Nays2DH." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1275498.

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This study presents the results obtained from the numerical simulation on turbulent flows around a single groin for different orientations. Here iRIC Nays2DH, which is based on 2D model, is used to simulate the flows in a straight open channel with groin of 45°, 90°, and 135° angled with the approaching flow. A depth-averaged k-ε model is used as turbulence closure model with finite differential advections as upwind scheme. The numerical results of velocity and bed shear stress profiles are compared with the available experimental data. Good agreements are found between experimental and calcul

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