Relevant bibliographies by topics / Shear (Mechanics)

Academic literature on the topic 'Shear (Mechanics)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Shear (Mechanics)"

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Atkins, A. G. "Ductile Shear Fracture Mechanics." Key Engineering Materials 177-180 (April 2000): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.177-180.59.

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Friedman, M. H. "Arterial Fluid Mechanics and Biological Response." Applied Mechanics Reviews 43, no. 5S (May 1, 1990): S103—S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3120788.

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To better understand the response of the arterial wall to the adjacent blood flow, corresponding hemodynamic and histomorphometric data are obtained at multiple sites in human arteries. The hemodynamic data are obtained by perfusing realistically compliant flow-through casts of vascular segments with physiologically realistic pulsatile flows and measuring near-wall velocities by laser Doppler velocimetry. The hemodynamic and histologic data in combination suggest that the thickening response of the innermost layer of the vessel wall, which may precede atherosclerosis at the site, varies with time and wall shear: at early times, sites exposed to relatively high and unidirectional shears are thicker, while at later times, their thickness is exceeded by that at sites exposed to relatively low or oscillatory shear forces. A biologically plausible mathematical model of the thickening process supports the hypothesis that this behavior can be the consequence of multiple shear-dependent processes in the vessel wall.
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Li, Guodong, Qi An, Sergey I. Morozov, Bo Duan, Pengcheng Zhai, Qingjie Zhang, William A. Goddard III, and G. Jeffrey Snyder. "Determining ideal strength and failure mechanism of thermoelectric CuInTe2 through quantum mechanics." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 25 (2018): 11743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta03837f.

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Gent, A. N., J. B. Suh, and S. G. Kelly III. "Mechanics of rubber shear springs." International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 42, no. 2 (March 2007): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2006.11.006.

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Juran, C. M., M. F. Dolwick, and P. S. McFetridge. "Shear Mechanics of the TMJ Disc." Journal of Dental Research 92, no. 2 (November 19, 2012): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034512468749.

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The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex hinge and gliding joint that induces significant shear loads onto the fibrocartilage TMJ disc during jaw motion. The purpose of this study was to assess regional variation in the disc’s shear loading characteristics under physiologically relevant loads and to associate those mechanical findings with common clinical observations of disc fatigue and damage. Porcine TMJ discs were compressed between an axially translating bottom platen and a 2.5-cm-diameter indenter within a hydrated testing chamber. Discs were cyclically sheared at 0.5, 1, or 5 Hz to 1, 3, or 5% shear strain. Within the anterior and intermediate regions of the disc when sheared in the anteroposterior direction, both shear and compressive moduli experienced a significant decrease from instantaneous to steady state, while the posterior region’s compressive modulus decreased approximately 5%, and no significant loss of shear modulus was noted. All regions retained their shear modulus within 0.5% of instantaneous values when shear was applied in the mediolateral direction. The results of the disc’s regional shear mechanics suggest an observable and predictable link with the common clinical observation that the posterior region of the disc is most often the zone in which fatigue occurs, which may lead to disc damage and perforation.
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Dai, L. H., and Y. L. Bai. "Basic mechanical behaviors and mechanics of shear banding in BMGs." International Journal of Impact Engineering 35, no. 8 (August 2008): 704–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.10.007.

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Rosti, Marco E., and Shu Takagi. "Shear-thinning and shear-thickening emulsions in shear flows." Physics of Fluids 33, no. 8 (August 2021): 083319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0063180.

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Zhuang, Liang-Dong, and Ji-Zhi Zhao. "Numerical Study on the Seismic Behavior of Eccentrically Braced Composite Frames with a Vertical Low-Yield-Point Steel Shear Link." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091359.

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An eccentrically braced composite frame with a low-yield-point (LYP) steel shear link is an efficient energy dissipation system that exhibits good mechanical properties. However, existing experimental studies have not fully demonstrated the superiority and applicability of the structural system. We present a structural mechanics and finite element model analysis of an eccentrically braced composite frame with a vertical shear link. The effect of the design parameters on the seismic performance of the structure is analyzed. First, a theoretical model of the mechanics of the structural system is established to provide a comprehensive description of the key parameters. Then, a finite element model is developed using the computer program ABAQUS to analyze the mechanical and energy dissipation mechanisms. Finally, the beam-to-column stiffness ratio, shear link web thickness, shear link web width and length, and diagonal brace stiffness are analyzed to determine their effects on the mechanical properties of the structural system. Furthermore, some design parameter values are suggested.
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Shahgoli, Gholamhosein, J. Nasrollahi Azar, and Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh. "Development a Device for Measuring Soil Mechanical Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 4445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.4445.

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In tillage operations to know soil reaction force on the tools working inside soil and under agricultural vehicle tires, soil mechanical parameters should be determined. Measurement and determination of soil mechanical parameters will be helpful for optimum designing of tillage tools to decrease required energy. An experimental device was developed at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabil which is able to conduct three soil mechanics tests of sinkage, penetration and shear, by which soil cohesion, internal friction, stiffness, soil constant and strength were determined. For sinkage and penetration tests an electromotor power was translated to a rectangle plate via a translating system such that moves plate or cone penetrometer vertically and forces it in soil. While fore shear test it moves shear plate horizontally as plate shears the soil. Required forces for sinkage, penetration and shearing were measured by loadcell and vertical and horizontal displacements were measure using linear potentiometer (LVDT). All data logged to a loptop via a data logger. All mentioned parameters for a type of soil were computed desirably related tests.
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Ansari, Reza, Mahdi Mirnezhad, Hessam Rouhi, and Majid Bazdid-Vahdati. "Prediction of torsional buckling behaviour of single-walled SiC nanotubes based on molecular mechanics." Engineering Computations 32, no. 6 (August 3, 2015): 1837–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-10-2014-0198.

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Purpose – Based on the molecular mechanics approach, the purpose of this paper is to analytically investigate the torsional buckling behavior of single-walled silicon carbide nanotubes (SiCNTs) with different values of diameter and chiral angles. Design/methodology/approach – To this end, the mechanical properties and atomic structure of a silicon carbide (SiC) sheet are evaluated based on the density functional theory (DFT) within the framework of the generalized gradient approximation. After that force constants of the total potential energy are theoretically obtained through establishing a linkage between the viewpoints of the quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics. Explicit expressions are presented to obtain the critical buckling shear strain corresponding to different types of chirality. The present model is capable to calculate the torsional buckling behavior of SiCNTs related to various chiral angles. The critical buckling shear strain is obtained for various types of chirality and compared with each other. Findings – It is concluded that for all diameters, zigzag nanotubes are more stable than armchair ones. Besides it is found that the minimum critical buckling shear strain is for nanotubes with (n, n/2) chiral vector. Originality/value – Investigating the torsional buckling behavior of single-walled SiCNTs with different values of diameter and chiral angle. Obtaining the mechanical properties and atomic structure of the SiC sheet based on the DFT calculations. Establishing a linkage between the molecular mechanics and quantum mechanics and obtaining the force constants of the molecular mechanics. Presenting the closed-form expression to calculate the critical buckling shear strain of single-walled SiCNTs corresponding to various types of chirality.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shear (Mechanics)"

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Babarutsi, Sofia. "Modelling quasi-two-dimensional turbulent shear flow." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70223.

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A two-length-scale turbulence model is introduced in this thesis for the computation of quasi-two-dimensional turbulent shear flow with two distinct length scales of motion. In the model, the turbulence motions of the two distinct length scales are computed separately. The small-scale turbulence is treated as a background component locally in equilibrium while the large-scale turbulence is simulated using a second-order closure procedure. The development of the turbulent shear flows depends on the rate of energy transfer from the large-scale to the small-scale turbulence. Two mechanisms are identified to have a significant effect on the rate of this energy transfer. On one hand, the rate is reduced due to the confinement of the large-scale turbulence to two-dimensional motion, since the nonlinear energy cascade process is less efficient in two-dimensional turbulent motion. On the other hand, the rate is enhanced due to the work done by the large-scale turbulent motion against the friction forces. The energy transfer rate due to friction is derived in the model using a two-step averaging procedure, whereas the transfer rate due to nonlinear cascade process is determined using a model equation. The data from a number of experimental investigations of quasi-two-dimensional turbulent shear flows are analyzed. These data support the notion of the two-length-scale turbulence model, that (i) the maintenance of the turbulent motion depends on the transfer of energy from the large-scale turbulence to the small-scale turbulence, and (ii) the transfer rate is subjected to confinement and friction influences as specified in the model. Numerical computations are conducted using the two-length-scale model and a single-length-scale model. The results are compared with the experimental data. The two-length-scale model is superior in performance compared with the single-length-scale model, particularly in the intermediate region of the flow where both length scales of the turbule
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Douglas, Kurt John Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "The shear strength of rock masses." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19138.

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The first section of this thesis (Chapter 2) describes the creation and analysis of a database on concrete and masonry dam incidents known as CONGDATA. The aim was to carry out as complete a study of concrete and masonry dam incidents as was practicable, with a greater emphasis than in other studies on the geology, mode of failure, and the warning signs that were observed. This analysis was used to develop a method of very approximately assessing probabilities of failure. This can be used in initial risk assessments of large concrete and masonry dams along with analysis of stability for various annual exceedance probability floods. The second and main section of this thesis (Chapters 3-6) had its origins in the results of Chapter 2 and the general interests of the author. It was found that failure through the foundation was common in the list of dams analysed and that information on how to assess the strength of the foundations of dams on rock masses was limited. This section applies to all applications of rock mass strength such as the stability of rock slopes. Methods used for assessing the shear strength of jointed rock masses are based on empirical criteria. As a general rule such criteria are based on laboratory scale specimens with very little, and often no, field validation. The Hoek-Brown empirical rock mass failure criterion was developed in 1980 for hard rock masses. Since its development it has become virtually universally accepted and is now used for all types of rock masses and in all stress regimes. This thesis uses case studies and databases of intact rock and rockfill triaxial tests collated by the author to review the current Hoek-Brown criterion. The results highlight the inability of the criterion to fit all types of intact rock and poor quality rock masses. This arose predominately due to the exponent a being restrained to approximately 0.5 to 0.62 and using rock type as a predictor of mi. Modifications to the equations for determining the Hoek-Brown parameters are provided that overcome these problems. In the course of reviewing the Hoek-Brown criterion new equations were derived for estimating the shear strength of intact rock and rockfill. Empirical slope design curves have also been developed for use as a preliminary tool for slope design.
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Anandarajah, Arumugam. "Fracture mechanics of adhesive joints in shear." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357160.

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Park, Jin Young. "Pultruded composite materials under shear loading." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32865.

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Mansfield-Williams, H. D. "Mode 11 fracture mechanics in solid wood and fracture mechanics in laminated veneer lumber." Thesis, Brunel University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390815.

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Dunham, David. "Unsteady fluid mechanics of annular swirling shear layers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8483.

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The vast majority of gas turbine combustor systems employ swirl injectors to produce a central toroidal recirculation zone (CTRZ) which entrains and recirculates a portion of the hot combustion gases to provide continuous ignition to the incoming air-fuel mix. In addition to these primary functions, swirl injectors often generate multiple aerodynamic instability modes which are helical in nature with characteristic frequencies that can differ by many orders of magnitude. If any of these frequencies are consistent with prevalent acoustic modes within the combustor there is a potential for flow-acoustic coupling which may reinforce acoustic oscillations and drive combustion instabilities via the Rayleigh criterion. The aerodynamic performance of the swirl injector is thus of great practical importance to the design and development of combustion systems and there is a strong desire within industry for reliable computational methods that can predict this highly unsteady behaviour. This assessment can be made under isothermal conditions which avoids the complex interactions that occur in reacting flow. The goal of the present work was to compare and contrast the performance of Unsteady Reynolds- Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) and Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) CFD methodologies for a combustion system equipped with a derivative of an industrial Turbomeca swirl injector as this exhibits similar unsteady aerodynamic behaviour under reacting and isothermal conditions. The influence of the level of swirl, SN = 0.51−0.8, was first investigated experimentally using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) by varying the inlet swirl vane angle. Based on a qualitative assessment of instantaneous velocity data, and a range of coherent structure eduction techniques, it was found that ®1 = 30± (SN ¼ 0.8) would be the most challenging test case for LES and URANS as this contained near and far-field instability modes that differ in frequency by around two orders of magnitude and the highest levels of normal Reynolds-stress anisotropy. Based on extensive simulations performed with both in-house (LULES and Delta) and commercial (Fluent) CFD codes it was found that, despite the relative modest computational cost of URANS which is between one-third (RST) to an order of magnitude (k−²) less than that demanded by LES, only LES captures the all-important frequency content in accordance with experimental evidence and, thus, only LES can be recommended for use in swirl injector flows. The increased cost is believed to be an absolutely worthwhile expense because of the high fidelity of the predicted results in the important area of flow instabilities.
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Lyons, John C. "Strength of welded shear studs." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06102009-063157/.

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Stonebraker, Derek. "Iosipescu shear strength of reinforced concrete." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654493741&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Yung, See Yuen. "Determination of shear wave velocity and anisotropic shear modulus of an unsaturated soil /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202004%20YUNG.

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Szymakowski, Jerry. "Direct shear testing of jointed soft rock masses." Monash University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9573.

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Books on the topic "Shear (Mechanics)"

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Stamenkovic, Hrista. Innovative shear design. New York: Spon Press, 2002.

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Indraratna, Buddhima. Shear behaviour of rock joints. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 2000.

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Bai, Yilong. Adiabatic shear localization: Occurrence, theories, and applications. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1992.

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Statens råd för byggnadsforskning (Sweden), ed. Analysis of shear walls. Stockholm: Swedish Council for Building Research, 1985.

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Liou, William W. Linear instability of curved free shear layers. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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Erdogan, F. Crack problems for bonded nonhomogeneous materials under antiplane shear loading. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1985.

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Chen, Simon A. A shear-friction truss model for reinforced concrete beams subjected to shear. Edmonton, Alta: Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, 1993.

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Li, Victor. Mechanics of shear rupture applied to earthquake zones. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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Ralph, Elise Ann. Hydraulics and instabilities of quasi-geostrophic zonal flows. Woods Hole, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, 1994.

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Hansen, A. T. Shear resistance of wood frame walls. Ottawa: National Research Council Canada, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Shear (Mechanics)"

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Cain, Jack, and Ray Hulse. "Shear Stresses." In Structural Mechanics, 225–57. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10542-7_8.

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Craig, R. F. "Shear strength." In Soil Mechanics, 23–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3772-8_4.

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Hulse, Ray, and Jack Cain. "Shear Stress." In Structural Mechanics, 225–57. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-87760-7_8.

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Hulse, R., and J. A. Cain. "Shear stress." In Structural Mechanics, 165–87. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06939-9_7.

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Barnes, G. E. "Shear Strength." In Soil Mechanics, 130–67. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13258-4_7.

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Barnes, Graham. "Shear strength." In Soil Mechanics, 208–59. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51221-5_7.

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Hulse, Ray, and Jack Cain. "Shear Stress." In Structural Mechanics, 165–87. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11897-7_7.

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Barnes, Graham. "Shear strength." In Soil Mechanics, 190–242. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36677-0_7.

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Uddin, Naseem. "Free Shear Flows." In Fluid Mechanics, 321–36. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003315117-12.

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Ross, Carl, John Bird, and Andrew Little. "Shear stresses in bending and shear deflections." In Mechanics of Solids, 353–72. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003128021-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Shear (Mechanics)"

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Saengow, Chaimongkol, and Alan Jeffrey Giacomin. "Continuum mechanics of shear stress growth." In NOVEL TRENDS IN RHEOLOGY VIII. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5109494.

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"Punching shear load test monitored by photogrammetry." In Engineering Mechanics 2018. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21495/91-8-217.

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Kerschen, E. "Receptivity of shear layers to acoustic disturbances." In Theroretical Fluid Mechanics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1996-2135.

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Maršík, F. "Laser shock peening: Laser explosion and shear wave propagation." In Engineering Mechanics 2022. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21495/51-2-253.

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Bewley, Thomas, Parviz Moin, Roger Temam, Thomas Bewley, Parviz Moin, and Roger Temam. "Optimal and robust approaches for linear and nonlinear regulation problems in fluid mechanics." In 4th Shear Flow Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1997-1872.

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Bray, Jonathan D., Dimitrios Zekkos, and Scott M. Merry. "Shear Strength of Municipal Solid Waste." In International Symposium on Waste Mechanics 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41146(395)2.

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Dong, Yongtao, Qingbin Li, and Farhad Ansari. "Shear Lag Model for Embedded Interferometric Optical Fiber Sensors." In Engineering Mechanics Conference 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40495(302)5.

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MEYER, R., E. BARLAND, and B. DVORSCAK. "Flying a wind shear in the C-5." In 16th Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1989-3360.

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Šarvaicová, S., and V. Borzovič. "PUNCHING SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONTINUOUS RC SLAB COMPARED TO EXPERIMENTAL SPECIMENS." In Engineering Mechanics 2020. Institute of Thermomechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21495/5896-3-444.

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Lei, Xiaoxiao, Michael B. Lawrence, and Cheng Dong. "Mechanics of Cell Rolling Adhesion in Shear Flow." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0284.

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Abstract Leukocyte rolling along endothelial cells is a critical step of leukocyte-endothelium interaction, which plays important roles in tissue inflammation and wound healing [1]. The occurrence of rolling results from the dynamic balance of hemodynamic shearing force acting on the cell and adhesive bond force between cell and endothelium, while the balance strongly depends on the leukocyte deformability [2]. The objective of this study is to elucidate the effects of (1) hydrodynamic shear stress, (2) cell deformation, and (3) surface adhesion strength on the rolling adhesion event through in vitro experiment and theoretical simulation.
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Reports on the topic "Shear (Mechanics)"

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Yamashita, Hiroki, Antti I. Valkeapaa, Paramsothy Jayakumar, and Hiroyuki Sugiyama. Continuum Mechanics Based Bi-linear Shear Deformable Shell Element Using Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada600799.

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Bond, Robert Bailey. Design of steel headed stud anchors in concrete-filled steel composite deck. Northeastern University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20473849.

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This paper reports common failure mechanisms of steel headed stud anchors (shear studs) in concrete-filled steel composite decks found in the literature comprised through an extensive database of push-out tests representing multiple shear stud configurations used in composite construction around the world. Monotonically and cyclically loaded push-out test specimens perpendicular or parallel steel deck, or in solid slabs, are included in the evaluation. Comparisons to experimental strengths are made with the steel headed stud anchor strength prediction methods from various international Codes and Standards along with other mechanics-based design provisions proposed in the literature. It was found that the prediction for concrete failure modes is often over-predicted, especially in deck perpendicular configurations. Two alternative design equations are presented within the context of the AISC Specification to address consideration for concrete related failures and are validated through comparisons both with push-out tests and composite beam tests found in the literature.
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Lever, James, Susan Taylor, Arnold Song, Zoe Courville, Ross Lieblappen, and Jason Weale. The mechanics of snow friction as revealed by micro-scale interface observations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42761.

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The mechanics of snow friction are central to competitive skiing, safe winter driving and efficient polar sleds. For nearly 80 years, prevailing theory has postulated that self-lubrication accounts for low kinetic friction on snow: dry-contact sliding warms snow grains to the melting point, and further sliding produces meltwater layers that lubricate the interface. We sought to verify that self-lubrication occurs at the grain scale and to quantify the evolution of real contact area to aid modeling. We used high-resolution (15 μm) infrared thermography to observe the warming of stationary snow under a rotating polyethylene slider. Surprisingly, we did not observe melting at contacting snow grains despite low friction values. In some cases, slider shear failed inter-granular bonds and produced widespread snow movement with no persistent contacts to melt (μ < 0.03). When the snow grains did not move and persistent contacts evolved, the slider abraded rather than melted the grains at low resistance (μ < 0.05). Optical microscopy revealed that the abraded particles deposited in air pockets between grains and thereby carried heat away from the interface, a process not included in current models. Overall, our results challenge whether self-lubrication is indeed the dominant mechanism underlying low snow kinetic friction.
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Komanduri, Ranga, Hongbing Lu, Vijay Subramanian, Huiyang Luo, Fang Wang, and William L. Cooper. Mechanics of Granular Materials: Experimentation and Simulations for Determining the Compressive and Shear Behaviors of Sand at Granular and Meso Scales. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada563780.

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Krishnaswamy and Wilkowski. L51474 Brittle Fracture Initiation of Heavy-Wall Components. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010225.

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Pipeline valve bodies, fittings, flanges, and numerous other components are typically made of cast or forged low-alloy steels. The large wall thicknesses necessitated by the complex shapes of these components usually are not conducive to ductile fracture behavior. Nevertheless, there is a distinct need to have sufficient toughness in such components so that they will not be susceptible to catastrophic failure from defects that may remain after manufacturing and hydrostatic testing. The present practice for controlling toughness in such components consists of specifying arbitrary values of Charpy energy or percentage shear area at a given temperature to be determined on a coupon of the material made in a manner similar to the parent cast or forged component. These values are usually decided by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer. This report describes experimental research aimed at correlating typical impact tests to more fundamental fracture mechanics tests using various available correlations and to predict full-scale fracture behavior of heavy-walled pipeline components using the fracture mechanics parameters obtained. The components examined in this research task are: (1) a 4-inch, 600 pound class valve, (2) a quarter section of a 24-inch Arctic grade valve, and (3) a 16-inch diameter by 0.75-inch wall, 45 degree elbow. Small-scale tests conducted on the 4-inch valve material were standard Charpy V-notch impact, precracked Charpy impact, precracked Charpy slow bend, dynamic tear, and three-point bend - J/COD tests. Only Charpy V-notch impact and J/COD tests were performed on the 24- inch Arctic Grade valve and the 16-inch elbow. This report describes a conservative approach to estimating failure stresses and tolerable flaw sizes to predict brittle fracture in heavy-wall components.
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Kinikles, Dellena, and John McCartney. Hyperbolic Hydro-mechanical Model for Seismic Compression Prediction of Unsaturated Soils in the Funicular Regime. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/yunw7668.

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A semi-empirical elasto-plastic constitutive model with a hyperbolic stress-strain curve was developed with the goal of predicting the seismic compression of unsaturated sands in the funicular regime of the soil-water retention curve (SWRC) during undrained cyclic shearing. Using a flow rule derived from energy considerations, the evolution in plastic volumetric strain (seismic compression) was predicted from the plastic shear strains of the hysteretic hyperbolic stress-strain curve. The plastic volumetric strains are used to predict the changes in degree of saturation from phase relationships and changes in pore air pressure from Boyle’s and Henry’s laws. The degree of saturation was used to estimate changes in matric suction from the transient scanning paths of the SWRC. Changes in small-strain shear modulus estimated from changes in mean effective stress computed from the constant total stress and changes in pore air pressure, degree of saturation and matric suction, in turn affect the hyperbolic stress-strain curve’s shape and the evolution in plastic volumetric strain. The model was calibrated using experimental shear stress-strain backbone curves from drained cyclic simple shear tests and transient SWRC scanning path measurements from undrained cyclic simple shear tests. Then the model predictions were validated using experimental data from undrained cyclic simple shear tests on unsaturated sand specimens with different initial degrees of saturation in the funicular regime. While the model captured the coupled evolution in hydro-mechanical variables (pore air pressure, pore water pressure, matric suction, degree of saturation, volumetric strain, effective stress, shear modulus) well over the first 15 cycles of shearing, the predictions were less accurate after continued cyclic shearing up to 200 cycles. After large numbers of cycles of undrained shearing, a linear decreasing trend between seismic compression and initial degree of saturation was predicted from the model while a nonlinear increasing-decreasing trend was observed in the cyclic simple shear experiments. This discrepancy may be due to not considering post shearing reconsolidation in the model, calibration of model parameters, or experimental issues including a drift in the position of the hysteretic shear-stress strain curve. Nonetheless, the trend from the model is consistent with predictions from previously- developed empirical models in the funicular regime of the SWRC. The developments of the new mechanistic model developed in this study will play a key role in the future development of a holistic model for predicting the seismic compression across all regimes of the SWRC.
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Margraf, J. D. Capturing Rate-Dependent Shear Localization Using a Traction Balance Mixed Zone Closure Model and a Shear Band Insertion Mechanism in ALE3D. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1608525.

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López-Soto, Jamie F., and Bryant A. Robbins. Laboratory measurements of the erodibility of gravelly soils. U.S. Army E ngineer Research and Development Center, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42443.

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The critical shear stress and erodibility of soil are fundamental parameters for modeling embankment breaching. Unfortunately, very few studies have examined the erosion characteristics of soils consisting predominantly of particles larger than sand. This report presents results of an experimental study in which the erosion characteristics of gravelly soils were measured. A flume apparatus was developed in which 0.45-m-square samples were extruded into confined flow. A mechanical laser system allowed the measurement of scour in real time, resulting in a continuous and automated erosion test. The critical shear stress of a uniform gravel was found to match the expected values based on the Shields diagram, while tests that were composed largely of gravel but contained other soils, such as sand, silt, and clay, varied significantly with the critical shear stress and erodibility, depending highly on the characteristics of the finer soils.
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Burns, Timothy J. A mechanism for shear band formation in the high strain rate torsion test. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4121.

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10

Baker, B. R. Fabrication and Mechanical Testing of Block Shear Joints to Measure Ultimate Shear Strength in Adhesive-Bonded High Explosive (HE) Joints (Progress Summary). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1524741.

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