Journal articles: 'Shear Induced Microscopic Dynamic'

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Ye, Yi, Nanying Ning, Ming Tian, Liqun Zhang, and Jianguo Mi. "Shear-Induced Microscopic Structure Damage in Polymer Nanocomposites: A Dynamic Density Functional Theoretical Study." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, no. 36 (August 20, 2019): 22529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b03663.

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Cheng, Xiang, Jonathan H. McCoy, Jacob N. Israelachvili, and Itai Cohen. "Imaging the Microscopic Structure of Shear Thinning and Thickening Colloidal Suspensions." Science 333, no. 6047 (September 1, 2011): 1276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1207032.

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The viscosity of colloidal suspensions varies with shear rate, an important effect encountered in many natural and industrial processes. Although this non-Newtonian behavior is believed to arise from the arrangement of suspended particles and their mutual interactions, microscopic particle dynamics are difficult to measure. By combining fast confocal microscopy with simultaneous force measurements, we systematically investigate a suspension’s structure as it transitions through regimes of different flow signatures. Our measurements of the microscopic single-particle dynamics show that shear thinning results from the decreased relative contribution of entropic forces and that shear thickening arises from particle clustering induced by hydrodynamic lubrication forces. This combination of techniques illustrates an approach that complements current methods for determining the microscopic origins of non-Newtonian flow behavior in complex fluids.

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Ghosh, Ashesh, and Kenneth S. Schweizer. "Microscopic activated dynamics theory of the shear rheology and stress overshoot in ultradense glass-forming fluids and colloidal suspensions." Journal of Rheology 67, no. 2 (March 2023): 559–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/8.0000546.

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We formulate a particle and force level, activated dynamics-based statistical mechanical theory for the continuous startup nonlinear shear rheology of ultradense glass-forming hard sphere fluids and colloidal suspensions in the context of the elastically collective nonlinear Langevin equation approach and a generalized Maxwell model constitutive equation. Activated structural relaxation is described as a coupled local-nonlocal event involving caging and longer range collective elasticity which controls the characteristic stress relaxation time. Theoretical predictions for the deformation-induced enhancement of mobility, the onset of relaxation acceleration at remarkably low values of stress, strain, or shear rate, apparent power law thinning of the steady-state structural relaxation time and viscosity, a nonvanishing activation barrier in the shear thinning regime, an apparent Herschel–Buckley form of the shear rate dependence of the steady-state shear stress, exponential growth of different measures of a yield or flow stress with packing fraction, and reduced fragility and dynamic heterogeneity under deformation were previously shown to be in good agreement with experiments. The central new question we address here is the defining feature of the transient response—the stress overshoot. In contrast to the steady-state flow regime, understanding the transient response requires an explicit treatment of the coupled nonequilibrium evolution of structure, elastic modulus, and stress relaxation time. We formulate a new quantitative model for this aspect in a physically motivated and computationally tractable manner. Theoretical predictions for the stress overshoot are shown to be in good agreement with experimental observations in the metastable ultradense regime of hard sphere colloidal suspensions as a function of shear rate and packing fraction, and accounting for deformation-assisted activated motion appears to be crucial for both the transient and steady-state responses.

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Li, Wei, Yi Peng, Yongjun Zhang, Tim Still, A. G. Yodh, and Yilong Han. "Shear-assisted grain coarsening in colloidal polycrystals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 39 (September 16, 2020): 24055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013456117.

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Grain growth under shear annealing is crucial for controlling the properties of polycrystalline materials. However, their microscopic kinetics are not well understood because individual atomic trajectories are difficult to track. Here, we study grain growth with single-particle kinetics in colloidal polycrystals using video microscopy. Rich grain-growth phenomena are revealed in three shear regimes, including the normal grain growth (NGG) in weak shear melting–recrystallization process in strong shear. For intermediate shear, early stage NGG is arrested by built-up stress and eventually gives way to dynamic abnormal grain growth (DAGG). We find that DAGG occurs via a melting–recrystallization process, which naturally explains the puzzling stress drop at the onset of DAGG in metals. Moreover, we visualize that grain boundary (GB) migration is coupled with shear via disconnection gliding. The disconnection-gliding dynamics and the collective motions of ambient particles are resolved. We also observed that grain rotation can violate the conventional relation R×θ=constant (R is the grain radius, and θ is the misorientation angle between two grains) by emission and annihilation of dislocations across the grain, resulting in a step-by-step rotation. Besides grain growth, we discover a result in shear-induced melting: The melting volume fraction varies sinusoidally on the angle mismatch between the triangular lattice orientation of the grain and the shear direction. These discoveries hold potential to inform microstructure engineering of polycrystalline materials.

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MARTIN, JAMES E. "FIELD-INDUCED RHEOLOGY IN UNIAXIAL AND BIAXIAL FIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2001): 574–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201005039.

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Steady and oscillatory shear 3-D simulations of electro- and magnetorheology in uniaxial and biaxial fields are presented, and compared to the predictions of the chain model. These large scale simulations are three dimensional, and include the effect of Brownian motion. In the absence of thermal fluctuations, the expected shear thinning viscosity is observed in steady shear, and a striped phase is seen to rapidly form in a uniaxial field, with a shear slip zone in each sheet. However, as the influence of Brownian motion increases, the fluid stress decreases, especially at lower Mason numbers, and the striped phase eventually disappears, even when the fluid stress is still high. In a biaxial field, an opposite trend is seen, where Brownian motion decreases the stress most significantly at higher Mason numbers. To account for the uniaxial steady shear data we propose a microscopic chain model of the role played by thermal fluctuations on the rheology of ER and MR fluids that delineates the regimes where an applied field can impact the fluid viscosity, and gives an analytical prediction for the thermal effect. In oscillatory shear, a striped phase again appears in a uniaxial field, at strain amplitudes greater than ~0.15, and the presence of a shear slip zone creates strong stress nonlinearities at low strain amplitudes. In a biaxial field, a shear slip zone is not created, and so the stress nonlinearities develop only at expected strain amplitudes. The nonlinear dynamics of these systems is shown to be in good agreeement with the Kinetic Chain Model.

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Wu, Ze-Xiang, Lei Yang, Zhe Wang, Ying-Chun Zhuang, and Dong-Mei Tu. "A simple discrete-element model for numerical studying the dynamic thermal response of granular materials." Materials Research Express 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 115502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac34b8.

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Abstract This paper aims to investigate the influence of periodicity temperature change on the properties of dry granular materials in macroscopic and microscopic. A series of cyclic thermal consolidation tests have been carried out based on the discrete element method (DEM) that incorporate particles’ volumetric thermal expansion coefficient. The simulation of the direct shear test was carried out on the samples after thermal cycling. Results showed that thermally-induced volumetric strain accumulation of the specimen can be calculated by the DEM model, based on the two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC2D) software. The lateral pressure degraded concomitantly thanks to decreases in particles’ horizontal contact during periodic thermal cycling. In addition, the shear dilatancy level decreases during the shearing process with the number of thermal cycles. Both the size and anisotropy of the normal contact force and contact number and the force chain are affected by the temperature cycle. Finally, the results of this paper have a certain reference for the engineering practice, such as thermal piles or others, when granular materials are subjected to thermal cycling.

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Seto, Ryohei, and Giulio G. Giusteri. "Normal stress differences in dense suspensions." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 857 (October 22, 2018): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.743.

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The presence and the microscopic origin of normal stress differences in dense suspensions under simple shear flows are investigated by means of inertialess particle dynamics simulations, taking into account hydrodynamic lubrication and frictional contact forces. The synergic action of hydrodynamic and contact forces between the suspended particles is found to be the origin of negative contributions to the first normal stress difference $N_{1}$ , whereas positive values of $N_{1}$ observed at higher volume fractions near jamming are due to effects that cannot be accounted for in the hard-sphere limit. Furthermore, we found that the stress anisotropy induced by the planarity of the simple shear flow vanishes as the volume fraction approaches the jamming point for frictionless particles, while it remains finite for the case of frictional particles.

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Nambiar, Sankalp, P. R. Nott, and Ganesh Subramanian. "Stress relaxation in a dilute bacterial suspension." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 812 (December 22, 2016): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.782.

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In this communication, we offer a theoretical explanation for the results of recent experiments that examine the stress response of a dilute suspension of bacteria (wild-type E. coli) subjected to step changes in the shear rate (Lopez et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 115, 2015, 028301). The observations include a regime of negative apparent shear viscosities. We start from a kinetic equation that describes the evolution of the single-bacterium orientation probability density under the competing effects of an induced anisotropy by the imposed shear, and a return to isotropy on account of stochastic relaxation mechanisms (run-and-tumble dynamics and rotary diffusion). We then obtain analytical predictions for the stress response, at leading order, of a dilute bacterial suspension subject to a weak but arbitrary time-dependent shear rate profile. While the predicted responses for a step-shear compare well with the experiments for typical choices of the microscopic parameters that characterize the swimming motion of a single bacterium, use of actual experimental values leads to significant discrepancies. The incorporation of a distribution of run times leads to a better agreement with observations.

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Zhang, Qinmin, Xiaomin Huang, Ran Guo, and Dongyu Chen. "Study on Dynamic Impact Response and Optimal Constitutive Model of Al-Mg-Si Aluminum Alloy." Materials 15, no. 21 (October 30, 2022): 7618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217618.

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Al-Mg-Si series aluminum alloy is a heat-treatment-strengthened alloy. Research on the impact resistance of Al-Mg-Si series aluminum alloy is of great significance to expand its application in engineering. Taking 6082-T6 aluminum alloy as the concrete research object, using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device, the dynamic mechanical response of the material under different temperatures and average strain rates was studied, and the service performance of the material under extreme conditions was determined. The absolute temperature rise was introduced to optimize the existing constitutive model. The results show that when the environment temperature is 298.15~473.15 K under high-speed impact, the internal thermal softening effect of the material is dominant in the competition with the work hardening, resulting in a decrease in the flow stress of the material. Through the analysis of the real stress–strain curve, it was found that the elastic modulus of the material was negatively correlated with the strain rate, negatively correlated with the temperature, and showed an obvious temperature-softening effect. Yield strength was negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with strain rate, which showed an obvious strain rate hardening effect. Based on SEM microscopic analysis, it was found that under given conditions, adiabatic shear bands appeared in some samples, and their internal structures demonstrated obvious change. It was judged that when high-speed impact occurs, cracks are induced at the shear bands, and the cracks will continue to develop along the adiabatic shear bands, resulting in many oblique cracks which will gradually become larger and eventually lead to material failure. Finally, based on the model, the strain rate and temperature softening terms were improved, and a rise in adiabatic temperature rise was introduced. The improved model can better describe the strain rate effect of the material and accurately describe its flow stress. It provides a theoretical basis for the engineering application of materials.

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Asano, Yuka, and Koji Matsuura. "Mouse embryo motion and embryonic development from the 2-cell to blastocyst stage using mechanical vibration systems." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 5 (2014): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd13039.

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We investigated the effect of mechanical stimuli on mouse embryonic development from the 2-cell to blastocyst stage to evaluate physical factors affecting embryonic development. Shear stress (SS) applied to embryos using two mechanical vibration systems (MVSs) was calculated by observing microscopic images of moving embryos during mechanical vibration (MV). The MVSs did not induce any motion of the medium and the diffusion rate using MVSs was the same as that under static conditions. Three days of culture using MVS did not improve embryonic development. MVS transmitted MV power more efficiently to embryos than other systems and resulted in a significant decrease in development to the morula or blastocyst stage after 2 days. Comparison of the results of embryo culture using dynamic culture systems demonstrated that macroscopic diffusion of secreted materials contributes to improved development of mouse embryos to the blastocyst stage. These results also suggest that the threshold of SS and MV to induce negative effects for mouse embryos at stages earlier than the blastocyst may be lower than that for the blastocyst, and that mouse embryos are more sensitive to physical and chemical stimuli than human or pig embryos because of their thinner zona pellucida.

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Helfield, Brandon, Xucai Chen, Simon C. Watkins, and Flordeliza S. Villanueva. "Biophysical insight into mechanisms of sonoporation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 36 (August 22, 2016): 9983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606915113.

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This study presents a unique approach to understanding the biophysical mechanisms of ultrasound-triggered cell membrane disruption (i.e., sonoporation). We report direct correlations between ultrasound-stimulated encapsulated microbubble oscillation physics and the resulting cellular membrane permeability by simultaneous microscopy of these two processes over their intrinsic physical timescales (microseconds for microbubble dynamics and seconds to minutes for local macromolecule uptake and cell membrane reorganization). We show that there exists a microbubble oscillation-induced shear-stress threshold, on the order of kilopascals, beyond which endothelial cellular membrane permeability increases. The shear-stress threshold exhibits an inverse square-root relation to the number of oscillation cycles and an approximately linear dependence on ultrasound frequency from 0.5 to 2 MHz. Further, via real-time 3D confocal microscopy measurements, our data provide evidence that a sonoporation event directly results in the immediate generation of membrane pores through both apical and basal cell membrane layers that reseal along their lateral area (resealing time of ∼<2 min). Finally, we demonstrate the potential for sonoporation to indirectly initiate prolonged, intercellular gaps between adjacent, confluent cells (∼>30–60 min). This real-time microscopic approach has provided insight into both the physical, cavitation-based mechanisms of sonoporation and the biophysical, cell-membrane–based mechanisms by which microbubble acoustic behaviors cause acute and sustained enhancement of cellular and vascular permeability.

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Hudson, Steven D., Karl R. Amundson, Hong G. Jeon, and Steven D. Smith. "Defect-Mediated Rheology of Block Copolymers." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 9 (September 1995): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034928.

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Block copolymer melts with a near-symmetric composition can microphase-separate to form a lamellar morphology where unfavorable monomeric interactions are reduced by an antiparallel layering of the polymer chains (see Figure 2, discussed later). The symmetry of such a block copolymer is the same as for small-molecule, smectic-A liquid crystals, which also exhibit (parallel or antiparallel) layering. Because of their shared symmetry, their quasistatic mechanical properties are of the same form. To lowest order, the energy of distortion of the lamellar pattern can be expressed as a sum of a compressional/dilational and a bend energy (see, for example, Reference 2):where n is a unit vector normal to the layers, and ε and ∇ n are the layer dilational and bending strain, respectively. B and K are the corresponding moduli. These have been measured only recently for block copolymers. The ratio of these moduli yields a characteristic microscopic length:which is calculated to be a fraction of the layer spacing d0.Similarities are also found in the dynamic properties of polymeric and smallmolecule smectics. These similarities are found at low strain rate and amplitude where the rheological response is controlled by their similar layered structures and associated defects. During either steady or dynamic shear, certain defect and domain motions are induced such that a steady-state alignment of the director has been observed. In this report, we discuss defect structure and how the much more viscous nature of these polymeric layered materials influences the distribution and relative population of each defect type. We also discuss how these defects can control material stress-relaxation behavior.

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Cupples, G., D. J. Smith, M. R. Hicks, and R. J. Dyson. "Oriented suspension mechanics with application to improving flow linear dichroism spectroscopy." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2232 (December 2019): 20190184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0184.

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Flow linear dichroism is a biophysical spectroscopic technique that exploits the shear-induced alignment of elongated particles in suspension. Motivated by the broad aim of optimizing the sensitivity of this technique, and more specifically by a hand-held synthetic biotechnology prototype for waterborne-pathogen detection, a model of steady and oscillating pressure-driven channel flow and orientation dynamics of a suspension of slender microscopic fibres is developed. The model couples the Fokker–Planck equation for Brownian suspensions with the narrow channel flow equations, the latter modified to incorporate mechanical anisotropy induced by the particles. The linear dichroism signal is estimated through integrating the perpendicular components of the distribution function via an appropriate formula which takes the biaxial nature of the orientation into account. For the specific application of pathogen detection via binding of M13 bacteriophage, it is found that increases in the channel depth are more significant in improving the linear dichroism signal than increases in the channel width. Increasing the channel depth to 2 mm and pressure gradient to 5 × 10 4 Pa m −1 essentially maximizes the alignment. Oscillating flow can produce nearly equal alignment to steady flow at appropriate frequencies, which has significant potential practical value in the analysis of small sample volumes.

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Bolaños-Jiménez, Rocío, Massimiliano Rossi, David Fernandez Rivas, Christian J. Kähler, and Alvaro Marin. "Streaming flow by oscillating bubbles: quantitative diagnostics via particle tracking velocimetry." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 820 (May 10, 2017): 529–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.229.

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Oscillating microbubbles can be used as microscopic agents. Using external acoustic fields they are able to set the surrounding fluid into motion, erode surfaces and even to carry particles attached to their interfaces. Although the acoustic streaming flow that the bubble generates in its vicinity has been often observed, it has never been measured and quantitatively compared with the available theoretical models. The scarcity of quantitative data is partially due to the strong three-dimensional character of bubble-induced streaming flows, which demands advanced velocimetry techniques. In this work, we present quantitative measurements of the flow generated by single and pairs of acoustically excited sessile microbubbles using a three-dimensional particle tracking technique. Using this novel experimental approach we are able to obtain the bubble’s resonant oscillating frequency, study the boundaries of the linear oscillation regime, give predictions on the flow strength and the shear in the surrounding surface and study the flow and the stability of a two-bubble system. Our results show that velocimetry techniques are a suitable tool to make diagnostics on the dynamics of acoustically excited microbubbles.

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Kawaguchi, Misa, Tomohiro Fukui, and Koji Morinishi. "Contribution of Particle–Wall Distance and Rotational Motion of a Single Confined Elliptical Particle to the Effective Viscosity in Pressure-Driven Plane Poiseuille Flows." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 6727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156727.

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Rheological properties of the suspension flow, especially effective viscosity, partly depend on spatial arrangement and motion of suspended particles. It is important to consider effective viscosity from the microscopic point of view. For elliptical particles, the equilibrium position of inertial migration in confined state is unclear, and there are few studies on the relationship between dynamics of suspended particles and induced local effective viscosity distribution. Contribution of a single circular or elliptical particle flowing between parallel plates to the effective viscosity was studied, focusing on the particle–wall distance and particle rotational motion using the two-dimensional regularized lattice Boltzmann method and virtual flux method. As a result, confinement effects of the elliptical particle on the equilibrium position of inertial migration were summarized using three definitions of confinement. In addition, the effects of particle shape (aspect ratio and confinement) on the effective viscosity were assessed focusing on the particle–wall distance. The contribution of particle shape to the effective viscosity was found to be enhanced when the particle flowed near the wall. Focusing on the spatial and temporal variation of relative viscosity evaluated from wall shear stress, it was found that the spatial variation of the local relative viscosity was larger than temporal variation regardless of the aspect ratio and particle–wall distance.

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Maiti, Moumita, Annette Zippelius, and Claus Heussinger. "Friction-induced shear thickening: A microscopic perspective." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 115, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 54006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/115/54006.

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Yang, Gui, Qi Yin Gao, De Qing Gao, and Yan Chen Liu. "Numerical Simulation Study on Size Effect of Dynamic Properties of Coarse Materials." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2749.

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Though the test level has improved highly, the original grading curve of coarse materials should be reduced in some scale in dynamic triaxial test. This method must affect the difference between the test results and the real results, which is called scale effect. In this paper, the scale effect was studied by using particle flow code (PFC) based on dynamic triaxial tests. The relationship between microscopic shear modulus and the maximum particle diameter can be simulated by hyperbolic function. The results show that the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio are increased with the sample size increase. The normalized dynamic shear modulus vs. normalized dynamic shear strains of different size samples are located in a narrow space which can be simulated by modified Hardin-Drnevich model formula. The parameters of maximum shear modulus and damping ratio of different sample size can be simulated by power functions.

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Ganesan, K., Revati Rani, Tom Mathews, and S. Dhara. "Direct microscopic evidence of shear induced graphitization of ultrananocrystalline diamond films." Carbon Trends 4 (July 2021): 100078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cartre.2021.100078.

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Jin, Howon, Kyongok Kang, Kyung Hyun Ahn, and Jan K. G. Dhont. "Flow instability due to coupling of shear-gradients with concentration: non-uniform flow of (hard-sphere) glasses." Soft Matter 10, no. 47 (2014): 9470–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm01329h.

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A microscopic theory explains the origin of mass fluxes induced by spatial gradients in the shear rate, and leads to an expression for the corresponding transport coefficient. The resulting instability gives rise to banded flow profiles in glassy systems for low shear rates.

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Et. al., Kesava Rao B,. "Shear Walls Induced RC Structures." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 1827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1520.

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In recent years, the construction of skyscrapers has been on the rise to overcome the shortage of land. These buildings are subject to an external lateral force, such as an earthquake and wind pressure. Pushover analysis (POA) has been broadly used in predicting the earthquake response of structures, and shear walls have been shown to be lateral drag elements. Therefore, in the present work, the effect of placing a shear wall on the periphery symmetrically, the periphery asymmetrically and in the center of the building is performed using the ETABS software. Using the response spectrum methodand thetime history method, a dynamic analysis is performed. Responses such as floor shear, floor displacement, and lateral floor shifts due to seismic forces are evaluated for various locations of the shear wall. According to the results and analysis, the shear wall on the symmetrical periphery of the structure is reducing the displacement and deviation of the floor compared to other cases.

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Jen, C. J., H. M. Li, J. S. Wang, H. I. Chen, and S. Usami. "Flow-induced detachment of adherent platelets from fibrinogen-coated surface." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 270, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): H160—H166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.1.h160.

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A study of the shear forces under which adherent platelets of different morphologies can be detached from surfaces was carried out using a newly designed tapered flow chamber, which covered the entire shear range of physiological circulation. Platelets that naturally settled on a fibrinogen-coated surface were exposed to shear flow and were subsequently processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. We found that 1) the density of platelets remaining after flow exposure decreased with local shear stress, 2) adherent platelets of different morphologies withstood different levels of shear stress: most round cells and 40% of the cells that had a few short pseudopods were detached at < 10 dyn/cm2, whereas most spread cells could withstand 50 dyn/cm2, 3) pulsatile flow was more effective in removing adherent platelets than equivalent steady flow, 4) cytochalasin D and colchicine retarded platelet shape change and made them more easily detached by shear forces, and 5) metabolic energy-depleted platelets spread readily and formed shear-resistant clumps. Our observations indicated that adherent platelets of different morphologies on a fibrinogen-coated surface could withstand different levels of flow shear stress.

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Wang, Hujun, Yuan Meng, Zhenkun Li, Jiahao Dong, and Hongchao Cui. "Steady-State and Dynamic Rheological Properties of a Mineral Oil-Based Ferrofluid." Magnetochemistry 8, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry8090100.

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In this study, nanoparticles were suspended in L-AN32 total loss system oil. The thixotropic yield behavior and viscoelastic behavior of ferrofluid were analyzed by steady-state and dynamic methods and explained according to the microscopic mechanism of magneto-rheology. The Herschel–Bulkley (H–B) model was used to fit the ferrofluid flow curves, and the observed static yield stress was greater than the dynamic yield stress. Both the static and dynamic yield stress values increased as the magnetic field increased, and the corresponding shear thinning viscosity curve increased more significantly as the magnetic field strength increased. The amplitude scanning results show that the linear viscoelastic region (LVE) is reached when the shear stress is 10%. The frequency scanning results showed that the storage modulus increased with the increase of the frequency at first. The storage modulus increased steadily at a higher frequency range, while the loss modulus increased slowly at the initial stage and rapidly at the later stage. In the amplitude sweep and frequency sweep experiments, the energy storage modulus and loss modulus are enhanced with the decrease of temperature. These findings are helpful to better understand the microscopic mechanism of magneto-rheology of ferrofluids, and also provide guidance for many practical applications.

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Roth, Benedikt, Wolfgang Wildner, and Dietmar Drummer. "Dynamic Compression Induced Solidification." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020488.

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This study presents a method for the determination of the dynamic pressure-dependent solidification of polycarbonate (PC) during flow using high pressure capillary rheometer (HPC) measurements. In addition, the pressure-dependent solidification was determined by isothermal pressure-volume-temperature (pvT) measurements under static conditions without shear. Independent of the compression velocity, a linear increase of the solidification pressure with temperature could be determined. Furthermore, the results indicate that the relaxation time at a constant temperature and compression rate can increase to such an extent that the material can no longer follow within the time scale specified by the compression rate. Consequently, the flow through the capillary stops at a specific pressure, with higher compression rates resulting in lower solidification pressures. Consequently, in regard to HPC measurements, it could be shown that the evaluation of the pressure via a pressure hole can lead to measurement errors in the limit range. Since the filling process in injection molding usually takes place under such transient conditions, the results are likely to be relevant for modelling the flow processes of thin-walled and microstructures with high aspect ratios.

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Lee, Johnny Ching-Wei, Lionel Porcar, and Simon A. Rogers. "Unveiling Temporal Nonlinear Structure–Rheology Relationships under Dynamic Shearing." Polymers 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071189.

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Understanding how microscopic rearrangements manifest in macroscopic flow responses is one of the central goals of nonlinear rheological studies. Using the sequence-of-physical-processes framework, we present a natural 3D structure–rheology space that temporally correlates the structural and nonlinear viscoelastic parameters. Exploiting the rheo-small-angle neutron scattering (rheo-SANS) techniques, we demonstrate the use of the framework with a model system of polymer-like micelles (PLMs), where we unveil a sequence of microscopic events that micelles experience under dynamic shearing across a range of frequencies. The least-aligned state of the PLMs is observed to migrate from the total strain extreme toward zero strain with increasing frequency. Our proposed 3D space is generic, and can be equally applied to other soft materials under any sort of deformation, such as startup shear or uniaxial extension. This work therefore provides a natural approach for researchers to study complex out-of-equilibrium structure–rheology relationships of soft materials.

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Wu, Xianqian, Fachun Zhong, Qiuyun Yin, and Chenguang Huang. "Dynamic response of shear thickening fluid under laser induced shock." Applied Physics Letters 106, no. 7 (February 16, 2015): 071903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4913423.

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Reuvers, Nico, David Spain, and Michael Golombok. "Dynamic response of shear induced structure solutions in permeable rock." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 346, no. 1-3 (August 2009): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.05.018.

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Zhang, Hongdong, and Yuliang Yang. "Macroscopic lamellae orientations of diblock copolymer induced by dynamic shear." Science in China Series B: Chemistry 40, no. 1 (February 1997): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02882188.

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Zhu, Wenli, Nanqiao Zhou, and Hongwei Wu. "Multiplex shear stress-induced nucleation in dynamic microcellular foaming process." Polymer Engineering & Science 46, no. 12 (2006): 1728–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.20651.

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SHKEL, Y. M., and D. J. KLINGENBERG. "A THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH TO FIELD-INDUCED STRESSES IN ELECTRO- AND MAGNETOACTIVE COMPOSITES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2001): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201005283.

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An equilibrium thermodynamic approach is employed to derive a continuum-level expression for the field-induced stress in uniaxial anisotropic materials, such as electro- and magnetorheological suspensions. This model introduces new electro- and magnetostriction coefficients, which are material parameters that describe the strain dependence of the dielectric and permeability tensors as well as the field-induced stresses. An idealized microscopic model illustrates the relationships between microscopic parameters and the macroscopic magnetostriction coefficients. The model is used to determine the stresses in common applications; predictions from the continuum approach agree with direct calculations of the normal stress and static shear modulus of magnetorheological suspensions.

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Toto-Arellano, Noel-Ivan, Victor H. Flores-Muñoz, and Belen Lopez-Ortiz. "Dynamic phase imaging of microscopic measurements using parallel interferograms generated from a cyclic shear interferometer." Optics Express 22, no. 17 (August 13, 2014): 20185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.020185.

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Venkert, A., P. R. Guduru, and G. Ravichandran. "Effect of Loading Rate on Fracture Morphology in a High Strength Ductile Steel." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 123, no. 3 (November 17, 2000): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1371231.

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Fracture experiments in a high-strength ductile steel (2.3Ni-1.3Cr-0.17C) were conducted under static and dynamic loading conditions in a three-point bend and a one-point bend configurations. A qualitative description of the influence of loading rate on the microscopic features of the fracture surfaces and their role in the fracture initiation process was considered. The fracture surfaces consist of tunneled region and shear lips. The size of the shear lips increases with increasing loading rate and is characterized by micro-voids and cell structures. The tunneled region consists of large voids and micro-voids that coalesce by impingement. At high loading rates, localized molten zones are observed at the tunnel-shear lip interface.

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KORNEEV, A. A., O. V. TAPINSKAYA, and V. N. TRONIN. "CONTINUOUS MODEL OF CRYSTAL MELTING AND DESTRUCTION." International Journal of Modern Physics B 05, no. 12 (July 20, 1991): 2073–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979291000808.

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In this paper we show that the existence of microscopic defects (both point and linear) in the crystal lattice changes the elastic moduli of the solid. Owing to the change of the shear modulus induced by equilibrium defects, the relative shear modulus becomes temperature dependent and this dependence is close to the empirical value. For a wide class of metals, the values of the melting temperature obtained from the requirement that the shear modulus turn to zero are in good agreement with experiment.

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Chen, Y. C., I. Ishibashi, and J. T. Jenkins. "Dynamic shear modulus and fabric: part I, depositional and induced anisotropy." Géotechnique 38, no. 1 (March 1988): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.1988.38.1.25.

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Chen, Y. C., I. Ishibashi, and J. T. Jenkins. "Dynamic shear modulus and fabric: part I, depositional and induced anisotropy." Géotechnique 38, no. 2 (June 1988): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.1988.38.2.331c.

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Aime, S., and L. Cipelletti. "Probing shear-induced rearrangements in Fourier space. I. Dynamic light scattering." Soft Matter 15, no. 2 (2019): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01563e.

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Aime, S., and L. Cipelletti. "Probing shear-induced rearrangements in Fourier space. II. Differential dynamic microscopy." Soft Matter 15, no. 2 (2019): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01564c.

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Kume, Eni, and Laurence Noirez. "Thermal Shear Waves Induced in Mesoscopic Liquids at Low Frequency Mechanical Deformation." Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 47, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jnet-2021-0091.

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Abstract We show that a confined viscous liquid emits a dynamic thermal response upon applying a low frequency (∼1 Hz) shear excitation. Hot and cold thermal waves are observed in situ at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, in a viscous liquid (polypropylene glycol) at various thicknesses ranging from 100 µm up to 340 µm, upon applying a mechanical oscillatory shear strain. The observed thermal effects, synchronous with the mechanical excitation, are inconsistent with a viscous behaviour. It indicates that mesoscopic liquids are able to (partly) convert mechanical shear energy in non-equilibrium thermodynamic states. This effect called thermo-elasticity is well known in solid materials. The observation of a thermal coupling to the mechanical shear deformation reinforces the assumption of elastically correlated liquid molecules. The amplitude of the thermo-elastic waves increases linearly by increasing the shear strain amplitude up to a transition to a non-linear thermal behavior, similar to a transition from an elastic to plastic regime. The thermo-elastic effects do not give rise to any change in stress measurements and thus the dynamic thermal analysis provides unique information about dynamic liquid properties.

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Ma, Xinyan, Qian Yu, Mingmin Xuan, Huaping Ren, Xinyu Ye, and Bo Liu. "Study on the Influence Mechanism of Sample Preparation Method on the Shear Strength of Silty Soil." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032635.

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During the compaction of silty soil subgrade, different filling methods are adopted, which will significantly impact the subgrade performance, but few studies have been applied to quantify this influence. To explore the influence mechanism of dry density and sample preparation method (compaction and static compression method) on the shear strength of silty soil, the consolidated undrained shear test (CU test), dynamic triaxial test, and nuclear magnetic resonance microscopic test on silty soil were carried out in this study. The test results show that the shear strength of the sample is positively correlated with the dry density. The influence of the sample preparation method on shear strength is mainly reflected in the cohesion. The pore size distributions obtained by different sample preparation methods had smaller differences before the CU test. However, significant differences were observed after the CU test, indicating that the influence of the sample preparation method on the shear strength of the sample is not on the initial pore distribution but on the residual stress and overall uniformity. The dynamic triaxial tests show that a differential settlement may occur when multiple sample preparation (soil-filling method in subgrade practice) methods are adopted.

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Bai, Zi-Qiu, Jing Chang, Guang-Fu Ji, and Ni-Na Ge. "Pressure-induced metallization of condensed-phase RDX: molecular dynamic simulations in conjunction with MSST method." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, no. 4 (April 2019): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2018-0256.

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The anisotropy of impact sensitivity and microscopic electron properties of the cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (C3H6N6O6) (RDX) under shock loading are investigated in our work. The simulation is performed using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations in conjunction with multi-scale shock technique (MSST). By calculating the microscopic electronic properties and combining the thermodynamic properties, we predict that the metallization pressure of the RDX crystal is approximately 170 GPa under shock loading, which is slightly less than the metallization pressure under hydrostatic pressure. We also found that the microscopic electronic properties are related to the impact sensitivity. When the shock loading is along the z direction, the time of the transition from the insulating state to the metallization of the RDX crystal lags behind the shock loading along the x or y direction. Therefore, we predict that the RDX crystal has a lower sensitivity when the shock loading is along the z direction.

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Liu, Y. L., S. Q. Wang, and H. Q. Ye. "Shear deformation in TiAl: Atomic dynamic and static simulations." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 6 (June 2007): 1685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0218.

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The dynamic shear deformation process and the related stacking fault transitions in TiAl have been systematically investigated using both the molecular dynamics and ab initio methods. The details of the dislocation initiation and microstructural evolution are presented, and the concomitant potential energy variation and the radial distribution functions have been analyzed. The results show, interestingly, that some deformation-induced hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structures are metastable, and that a higher velocity field promotes more hcp segments. The phenomena are interpreted based on ab initio calculations of the detailed energy variation at the different fault transition stages, i.e., superlattice intrinsic stacking fault (SISF) → TWIN, SISF → hcp, and hcp → TWIN. The intrinsic factor that governs the deformation process is discussed. The results promote new understanding of the stress-induced interfaces and dislocation behaviors in experimental observations.

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FOSS, DAVID R., and JOHN F. BRADY. "Self-diffusion in sheared suspensions by dynamic simulation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 401 (December 25, 1999): 243–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099006576.

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The behaviour of the long-time self-diffusion tensor in concentrated colloidal dispersions is studied using dynamic simulation. The simulations are of a suspension of monodisperse Brownian hard spheres in simple shear flow as a function of the Péclet number, Pe, which measures the relative importance of shear and Brownian forces, and the volume fraction, ϕ. Here, Pe = &γdot;a2/D0, where &γdot; is the shear rate, a the particle size and D0 = kT/6πηa is the Stokes–Einstein diffusivity of an isolated particle of size a with thermal energy kT in a solvent of viscosity η. Two simulations algorithms are used: Stokesian Dynamics for inclusion of the many-body hydrodynamic interactions, and Brownian Dynamics for suspensions without hydrodynamic interactions. A new procedure for obtaining high-quality diffusion data based on averaging the results of many short simulations is presented and utilized. At low shear rates, low Pe, Brownian diffusion due to a random walk process dominates and the characteristic scale for diffusion is the Stokes–Einstein diffusivity, D0. At zero Pe the diffusivity is found to be a decreasing function of ϕ. As Pe is slowly increased, O(Pe) and O(Pe3/2) corrections to the diffusivity due to the flow are clearly seen in the Brownian Dynamics system in agreement with the theoretical results of Morris & Brady (1996). At large shear rates, large Pe, both systems exhibit diffusivities that grow linearly with the shear rate by the non-Brownian mechanism of shear-induced diffusion. In contrast to the behaviour at low Pe, this shear-induced diffusion mode is an increasing function of ϕ. Long-time rotational self-diffusivities are of interest in the Stokesian Dynamics system and show similar behaviour to their translational analogues. An off-diagonal long-time self-diffusivity, Dxy, is reported for both systems. Results for both the translational and rotational Dxy show a sign change from low Pe to high Pe due to different mechanisms in the two regimes. A physical explanation for the off-diagonal diffusivities is proposed.

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Donley, Gavin J., Minaspi Bantawa, and Emanuela Del Gado. "Time-resolved microstructural changes in large amplitude oscillatory shear of model single and double component soft gels." Journal of Rheology 66, no. 6 (November 2022): 1287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/8.0000486.

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Soft particulate gels can reversibly yield when sufficient deformation is applied, and the characteristics of this transition can be enhanced or limited by designing hybrid hydrogel composites. While the microscopic dynamics and macroscopic rheology of these systems have been studied separately in detail, the development of direct connections between the two has been difficult, particularly with regard to the nonlinear rheology. To bridge this gap, we perform a series of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) numerical measurements on model soft particulate gels at different volume fractions using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We first study a particulate network with local bending stiffness and then we combine it with a second component that can provide additional cross-linking to obtain two-component networks. Through the sequence of physical processes (SPP) framework, we define time-resolved dynamic moduli, and by tracking the changes in these moduli through the period, we can distinguish transitions in the material behavior as a function of time. This approach helps us establish the microscopic origin of the nonlinear rheology by connecting the changes in dynamic moduli to the corresponding microstructural changes during the deformation including the nonaffine displacement of particles, and the breakage, formation, and orientation of bonds.

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Edwards, Brock A., and F. Grant Ferris. "Hydrodynamic Shear-Induced Densification of Bacteriogenic Iron Oxides: Mechanisms and Implications." Geosciences 8, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110423.

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Bacterial–mineral aggregates are the products of a tight biogeochemical coupling between microbes and geological media and play an outsized role in governing the composition of natural waters through biogeochemical cycling and mineral formation and dissolution processes. The results of combined batch column settling experiments, volumetric analyses, and microscopic investigations demonstrate that composite bacteriogenic iron oxide aggregates are sensitive to densification in response to hydrodynamic shear, a physical fluid phenomenon that introduces significant alterations to aggregate size and structure, permeability, and settling and transport behaviour. After exposing aggregate suspensions to varying degrees of shear stress, final solids volume fractions decreased by as much as 75% from initial data, while aggregate bulk density saw increases from 999 kg∙m–3 to as much as 1010 kg∙m–3. Inverse modelling of time course data yielded estimates for settling rate constants and initial settling velocities that increased with shear stress application. As well as having implications for aqueous contaminant transport and potential bacterial bioenergetic strategies, these results suggest the preservation potential of microfossils formed from bacterial–mineral aggregates may be significantly reduced with shear-induced alterations, leading to a possible underrepresentation of these microfossils in the sedimentary record and a gap in our understanding of early life on Earth.

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Sha, Ziheng, Hai Pu, Junce Xu, Hongyang Ni, and Shiru Guo. "Effects of Accumulated Damage on the Dynamic Properties of Coal Measures Sandstone." Minerals 12, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12070810.

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The coupling effect of accumulated damage and impact load substantially affects the integrity of the surrounding rock structure in deep coal mining engineering, which has inhibited safe and effective coal mining. Therefore, dynamic compression tests were performed on coal measures sandstone specimens with accumulated damage using the SHPB device. The effects of a high strain rate and accumulated damage on the sandstone’s mechanical behavior and damage evolution were investigated. The results reveal that accumulated damage has a considerable impact on specimen stress–strain curves and lowers dynamic compressive strength and deformation modulus substantially. The sandstone failure mode looks to be shear failure from a macroscopic perspective, while it appears to be intergranular fracture between the mineral particles from a microscopic perspective. The macroscopic and microscopic failure mechanisms of the sandstone specimens likewise conformed to the energy absorption law. The accumulated damage factor and the accumulated damage correction coefficient were presented in order to construct a statistical damage constitutive model of rocks based on the Weibull distribution. This model provides a decent description of the effects of accumulated damage and the strain rate on sandstone’s mechanical behavior, with parameters that are all of evident physical significance.

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Voorhees, Abram, Gary B. Nackman, and Timothy Wei. "Experiments show importance of flow-induced pressure on endothelial cell shape and alignment." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 463, no. 2082 (March 6, 2007): 1409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2006.1805.

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While the importance of haemodynamic forces on vascular disease is well recognized, the biologic response to these forces is not well understood. Indeed, as will be discussed, even the nature of the forces themselves is not understood; wall shear stress acting on arterial walls is commonly understood to be the primary, if not the sole, source of haemodynamic loading. The ultimate goal of this research is to experimentally quantify the complete force distribution acting on endothelial cells (ECs) and to directly examine the biochemical response of ECs to variations in haemodynamic loading. This report contains a description of the first spatially resolved microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV) flow measurements over individual human ECs. Using velocity data from multiple two-dimensional planes, it was possible to reconstruct the three-dimensional shear stress and pressure distributions over the cells. Data indicate that flow-induced pressure is of the same magnitude as shear with maximum magnitudes at the ‘toe’ and ‘heel’ of the ECs. Arguments are then made that EC response to pressure includes (i) reshaping to minimize drag, (ii) realigning to minimize shear-induced torque, and (iii) minimizing attachment forces required to maintain adhesion.

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Wu, W., and J. Zhao. "A Dynamic-induced Direct-shear Model for Dynamic Triggering of Frictional Slip on Simulated Granular Gouges." Experimental Mechanics 54, no. 4 (November 15, 2013): 605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9823-5.

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Hurst, W. J., J. M. Cormier, J. D. Stitzel, M. V. Jernigan, D. M. Moorcroft, I. P. Herring, and S. M. Duma. "A new methodology for investigating airbag-induced skin abrasions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x11158.

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Although airbags have been shown to reduce the incidence of life-threatening injuries, they have increased the risk of minor injuries such as those to the skin. Based on the distribution of injuries that can be directly attributed to the airbag itself, it is believed that shear loading exists as a mechanism for these skin injuries. The purpose of this study was to develop a new methodology designed to assess the injury potential from different types of airbag with respect to shear loading. This new methodology utilized a high-speed impactor to accelerate the airbag fabric past a sample of skin. Contact normal forces were monitored by the use of pressure sensors, and fabric velocity was determined from a high-speed video. The abraded skin samples were analysed using light microscopic analysis and ultraviolet light source photography. A new abrasion rating method was developed called the total abrasion score, which allows for quantifiable differentiation between the abrasions caused by different airbag fabric and seam types.

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Solaimany-Nazar, Ali Reza, and Hassan Rahimi. "Dynamic Determination of Asphaltene Aggregate Size Distribution in Shear Induced Organic Solvents." Energy & Fuels 22, no. 5 (September 17, 2008): 3435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef800173s.

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laBastide, B. P., J. G. Wong, and D. E. Rival. "Wind Shear, Gust, and Yaw-Induced Dynamic Stall on Wind-Turbine Blades." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 753 (September 2016): 032023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032023.

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Kelly, S., L. H. Grimm, C. Bendig, D. C. Hempel, and R. Krull. "Effects of fluid dynamic induced shear stress on fungal growth and morphology." Process Biochemistry 41, no. 10 (October 2006): 2113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2006.06.007.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Shear Induced Microscopic Dynamic'

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