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Journal articles on the topic 'Shark and ray tourism'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Venables, Stephanie, Frazer McGregor, Lesley Brain, and Mike van Keulen. "Manta ray tourism management, precautionary strategies for a growing industry: a case study from the Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 4 (2016): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc16003.

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Localised population declines and increased pressure from fisheries have prompted the promotion of manta ray interaction tourism as a non-consumptive, yet economically attractive, alternative to the unsustainable harvesting of these animals. Unfortunately, however, wildlife tourism activities have the potential to adversely impact focal species. In order to be sustainable, operations must be managed to mitigate negative impacts. A preliminary assessment of reef manta ray, Manta alfredi, behaviour identified short-term behavioural responses during a third of tourism interactions in the Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia. Although it remains unknown whether these responses translate to biologically significant impacts on the population as a whole, it is proposed that the precautionary principle be used to guide management intervention in the absence of conclusive evidence of the magnitude of tourism impacts. The principle supports the implementation of precautionary strategies to protect species and their environment from harm, even when the extent of the harm is yet to be confirmed. An increase in the level of industry management is recommended, including the implementation of a licensing system and adherence of all operators to a mandatory code of conduct during manta ray interactions. Considering the well designed and precautionary-driven management program of the Ningaloo whale shark tourism industry operating within the same marine park, a management program with the same underlying principles and objectives is deemed to be an ideal framework to build a comprehensive management plan for the manta ray interaction industry.

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2

Brunnschweiler, Juerg M., and Christine A. Ward-Paige. "Shark fishing and tourism." Oryx 48, no. 4 (February 14, 2014): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001312.

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3

Mukharror, Darmawan Ahmad, Dewi Susiloningtyas, and Tuty Handayani. "Blacktip Reefshark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) Movement Displays During Interaction with Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus Diver in Morotai Waters, Maluku Utara, Indonesia." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 1266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8799.

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Shark diving tourism as one of the conservation tools has been growing progressively in the recent decades. Shark diving is among the popular attraction for the marine tourism in Indonesia that plays major role—as rank fourth in the shark tourism world-for the coastal development in the eastern part of Indonesia. Morotai, as well as Derawan, Gorontalo, Biak, Raja Ampat, Nabire and Teluk Cenderawasih, Lombok, Komodo, and Banda Sea, is well known for its shark diving site. Despite its prominent status as a tourism appeal, little is known about the behavior of blacktip reefshark during the interaction with SCUBA diver. The knowledge of shark behavior during interaction with Self- Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diver is important for developing safer diving practice, ecological assessment, and shark tourism carrying capacity. This research involves DOV (Diver Operated Video) to capture the movement patterns of shark while interacting with SCUBA Diver. Analysis of hundreds of movement displays of the Carcharhinus melanopterus during SCUBA diving shows that this shark is having a specific and consistent movement displays while engaging with SCUBA divers.

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McKeon, Mallory G., and Joshua A. Drew. "Community dynamics in Fijian coral reef fish communities vary with conservation and shark-based tourism." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 4 (2019): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18045.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) effectively improve the biomass and diversity in heavily exploited marine systems, but often fail to reach their full potential because they require more space, time, and consistency of regulation. Recently, shark-based tourism, which utilises some of the remaining shark strongholds as tourism hotspots, has brought about increased awareness to exploited reef systems. In Fiji, specifically, shark diving companies include local community members in their operations to promote better understanding of their reefs. We seek to investigate whether seemingly denser shark populations during feeding times influence community composition and structure. Visual census data were collected from 50-m belt transects at four different reefs in Fiji: two MPAs with shark-based ecotourism with food provisioning, one MPA without shark-based ecotourism, and one unprotected area without shark-based tourism. Paradoxically, indices of evenness and diversity were highest in the non-protected site. However, there was significantly higher fish abundance and species diversity within reserves than outside of reserves. Within reserves, sites with shark feeding had lower fish abundance and higher richness, diversity, and evenness. Mean trophic level was highest at sites with shark feeding. Use of chum increased average fish abundance and diversity within shark-dive sites. These results indicate that there are evident differences between MPAs that do and do not offer trophic supplementation for shark-based ecotourism. Thus, tourism may be facilitating a shift of ecosystem composition in such areas. Furthermore, the results suggest that feeding methods may augment the impacts of shark-based tourism on the reef at large.

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5

Catlin, James, Roy Jones, Tod Jones, Brad Norman, and David Wood. "Discovering wildlife tourism: a whale shark tourism case study." Current Issues in Tourism 13, no. 4 (July 2010): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500903019418.

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6

Gallagher, Austin J., and Charlie P. M. Huveneers. "Emerging challenges to shark-diving tourism." Marine Policy 96 (October 2018): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.07.009.

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7

Mukharror, Darmawan A., and Salim Ibrahim. "Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) Movement Behavior toward Diver in Banda Waters, Maluku." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1119, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1119/1/012029.

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Abstract Shark diving tourism opens opportunities to study shark behavior towards diver. As one of the popular attractions for the marine tourism in Indonesia, shark diving play significant role for the conservation in the eastern part of Indonesia. Banda Sea, as well as Morotai, Derawan, Raja Ampat, Nabire and Teluk Cenderawasih, Bali, Lombok, Komodo, and Gorontalo, is famous for its shark diving attraction. Despite its famous status as a tourism attraction, little is known about the behavior of scalloped hammerhead shark during the interaction with Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diver. The information of scalloped hammerhead shark movement behavior during interaction with SCUBA diver is important for developing ecological assessment, safe diving practice, and shark tourism carrying capacity. This research involves DOV (Diver Operated Video) to record the movement patterns of shark while interacting with SCUBA Diver. Evaluation of approximately 457 photos and 32 videos of the Sphyrna lewini during 14 days of observations has been analyzed during SCUBA diving shows the most common shark agonistic display: pectoral fins depression - apart from other displays such as tail slapping, flank displaying, charging, snout raise, and jaw gapping. It also reveals three (3) new shark agonistic postures which were never been recorded previously: charging, snout raise, and jaw gapping. This study showed that there are consistent behaviors observed while meeting with SCUBA divers and this may be beneficial for development of safety diving management, as well as conservation efforts.

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8

Lucrezi, Serena, Filippo Bargnesi, and Francois Burman. ""I Would Die to See One": A Study to Evaluate Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Among Shark Scuba Divers." Tourism in Marine Environments 15, no. 3 (October 14, 2020): 127–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427320x15779149069752.

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Shark diving tourism is an activity that can contribute significantly to coastal economies, while also offering tremendous help to shark conservation efforts. Nevertheless, like any form of wildlife-based tourism, shark diving poses management challenges revolving around ethical and safety considerations. Safety in shark diving normally focuses on operational self-efficacy and adherence to shark diving codes of conduct to prevent incidents such as shark bites and to minimize ecological harm. However, safety issues in shark diving can arise from personal choices to exceed standard certification limits. Any detrimental results are capable of casting doubts on the sustainability of shark diving, thus jeopardizing its future as well as shark conservation. This study addressed compliance with shark diving codes of conduct and standard diving safety by examining the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of people who engage in free scuba diving with predatory sharks. The research made use of mixed methods of data collection, including interviews with shark divers at two popular shark diving destinations in Southeast Africa (n = 86) and an online questionnaire survey among shark divers (n = 89). The results showed that divers had positive attitudes towards sharks and shark diving. However, a notable proportion declared that they had exceeded certification limits and broken codes of conduct during shark diving. In particular, diving experience and being a professional diver were correlated significantly with poor safety attitudes and behavior. The results highlight the need to create an understanding among scuba divers of the connection between shark diving safety and conservation, including the negative implications of safety breaches, whether big or small, for the future of shark diving tourism and of sharks.

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9

Simpfendorfer, Colin A., and Bradley Wetherbee. "Shark and ray life history." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 4 (2015): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mfv66n4_ed.

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10

Braccini, Matias, and Hilario Murua. "Quantifying shark and ray discards in Western Australia’s shark fisheries." Marine and Freshwater Research 73, no. 3 (November 9, 2021): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf21159.

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Commercial fisheries can discard a considerable volume of sharks and rays, which, as a group, are of high conservation concern. In Western Australia (WA), commercial shark fishing commenced in the 1940s; however, catch time series are not available for discarded species. The present study quantified catch (i.e. dead individuals) time series of discarded sharks and rays in WA’s shark fisheries using on-board observer information collected since 1993 and testing assumptions through sensitivity analysis. Overall, 18 shark and ray taxonomic groups were discarded, comprising ~20% of the observed catch by number. Port Jackson shark, southern eagle ray and spurdogs were the most commonly discarded elasmobranchs, followed by western wobbegong, angel sharks, stingrays, and guitarfish and shovelnose rays. For the base case scenario, the catch of these species was small, peaking at 12.6, 5.6, 1.3, 1.8, 4, 1.3 and 2.7 tonnes (Mg) respectively, given their low post-release mortality (PRM). Current catch levels were even lower (e.g. <5 Mg for Port Jackson shark). Other discarded elasmobranchs were rarely caught. Assuming 100% PRM resulted in higher annual catches, highlighting the need for further research on the PRM of sharks and rays. The reconstructed catch series will be used in risk assessments to determine the sustainability of discarded species.

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11

White, William T., and Rachel D. Cavanagh. "Whale shark landings in Indonesian artisanal shark and ray fisheries." Fisheries Research 84, no. 1 (March 2007): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2006.11.022.

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12

Vianna, Gabriel M. S., Mark G. Meekan, Abbie A. Rogers, Marit E. Kragt, James M. Alin, and Johanna S. Zimmerhackel. "Shark-diving tourism as a financing mechanism for shark conservation strategies in Malaysia." Marine Policy 94 (August 2018): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.05.008.

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13

Legaspi, Christine, Joni Miranda, Jessica Labaja, Sally Snow, Alessandro Ponzo, and Gonzalo Araujo. "In-water observations highlight the effects of provisioning on whale shark behaviour at the world's largest whale shark tourism destination." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 12 (December 2020): 200392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200392.

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The whale shark is the world's largest fish that forms predictable aggregations across its range, many of which support tourism industries. The largest non-captive provisioned whale shark destination globally is at Oslob, Philippines, where more than 500 000 tourists visit yearly. There, the sharks are provisioned daily, year-round, allowing the human–shark interaction in nearshore waters. We used in-water behavioural observations of whale sharks between 2015 and 2017 to understand the relationship between external stimuli and shark behaviour, whether frequency of visits at the site can act as a predictor of behaviour, and the tourist compliance to the code of conduct. Mixed effects models revealed that the number of previous visits at the site was a strong predictor of whale shark behaviour, and that provisioned sharks were less likely to exhibit avoidance. Compliance was poor, with 93% of surveys having people less than 2 m from the animal, highlighting overcrowding of whale sharks at Oslob. Given the behavioural implications to whale sharks highlighted here and the local community's reliance on the tourism industry, it is imperative to improve management strategies to increase tourist compliance and strive for sustainable tourism practices.

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14

Davis, Derrin. "Whale Shark Tourism in Ningaloo Marine Park, Australia." Anthrozoös 11, no. 1 (March 1998): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/089279398787000850.

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15

Lester, Emily, Conrad Speed, Dani Rob, Peter Barnes, Kelly Waples, and Holly Raudino. "Using an Electronic Monitoring System and Photo Identification to Understand Effects of Tourism Encounters on Whale Sharks in Ningaloo Marine Park." Tourism in Marine Environments 14, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427319x15634581669992.

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In-water shark-based tourism is growing worldwide and whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are one of the most popular targets of this industry. It is important to monitor tourism industries to minimize any potential impacts on target species. At Ningaloo, Western Australia, Electronic Monitoring Systems (EMS) have been installed on licensed tour vessels to collect information on encounters between snorkelers and whale sharks. This study combined data from the EMS with whale shark identification photographs, to assess the impact of in-water tourism on the encounter duration for individual sharks. During 2011 and 2012, 948 encounters with 229 individual sharks were recorded using EMS. Encounter durations between whale sharks and tourism vessels ranged between 1 and 59 min (mean = 11 min 42 s, SD = ±11 min 19 s). We found no evidence for a decline in encounter duration after repeated tourist encounters with individual sharks. Encounter duration varied among tourism operator vessels and were shorter when the sex of the whale shark could not be identified. Given that individual sharks were swum with on average 2.4 times per day (±SD 2.08), and up to 16 times over the course of the study, our results suggest that there is no evidence of long-term impacts of tourism on the whale sharks at Ningaloo. However, the inclusion of well-defined categories of whale shark behaviors and information regarding how interactions between tourists and whale sharks end will complement the data already collected by the EMS. This preliminary investigation demonstrates the potential for the EMS as a data resource to better understand and monitor the impacts of tourism interactions on whale sharks.

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16

Vignon, Matthias, Pierre Sasal, Ryan L. Johnson, and René Galzin. "Impact of shark-feeding tourism on surrounding fish populations off Moorea Island (French Polynesia)." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 2 (2010): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09079.

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Shark feeding is widespread throughout tropical, subtropical and temperate marine ecosystems and gives rise to controversy because there is little consensus regarding its management. There are few comprehensive reports that consider how shark feeding with bait might impact local fishes, despite the development of this practice during the last few decades. Although shark feeding might theoretically have parasitological effects on local non-target fish species in the vicinity of feeding areas, this aspect has never been investigated. During an extensive parasitological survey conducted between 2005 and 2007, a total of 1117 fish belonging to six common grouper and snapper species were sampled throughout the entire north coast of Moorea Island (French Polynesia), encompassing three localities where feeding has occurred frequently since the 1990s. Parasites exhibited no spatial patterns except for the infections on the blacktip grouper (Epinephelus fasciatus). On this species, the prevalence of larval cestodes that parasitise sharks as adults and the intensity of their infestation were significantly higher around shark-feeding localities compared with non-shark-feeding localities. Our results suggest for the first time that although long-term shark feeding has parasitological implications, the impacts appear limited, only involve cestode larvae from one host species and do not seem to affect the health of the fish we studied.

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17

Habibi, Putrawan, Muhammad Azizurrohman, and Dova Novita. "WHALE SHARK TOURISM AND WELL-BEING: A CASE STUDY OF LABUAN JAMBU." Jurnal Ilmiah Hospitality 10, no. 1 (June 14, 2021): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47492/jih.v10i1.670.

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As one of the largest whale shark attractions in Indonesia, Labuan Jambu Village still lacks the attention of academics and government in terms of research and development. As a result, it's worth taking a closer look at the people of Labuan Jambu Village's well-being before and after the Whale Shark tourism activities. The authors found that the economic benefits of tourism activities have not had a significant and unequal effect on the villagers. Before the tourism industry existed, the villagers of Labuan Jambu understood the importance of education. Aside from that, the most important problem that Labuan Jambu Village has yet to resolve is waste management. In order to create sustainable tourism in Labuan Jambu Village, various stakeholders must collaborate

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18

Clarke, TM, SK Whitmarsh, RG Dwyer, V. Udyawer, H. Pederson, and C. Huveneers. "Effects of shark tourism on the daily residency and movements of a non-focal pelagic teleost." Marine Ecology Progress Series 687 (April 7, 2022): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13998.

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Marine wildlife tourism is increasing in popularity, with operations targeting a wide range of taxa globally. While previous studies have mostly focused on assessing the effects of provisioning from tourism on focal species, non-focal species that unintentionally feed on supplemental food sources have largely been overlooked. This study improves our understanding of the effects of shark-cage-diving tourism on the movements and behaviours of a non-focal pelagic fish. We used acoustic tracking to determine the effects of shark-cage-diving tourism on the residency and space use of 17 yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi at the Neptune Islands, South Australia. We revealed that while cage-diving did not affect the overall or weekly residency and space use of kingfish, daily time spent at the islands and location of kingfish was influenced by the presence of operators. Acoustic attractant did not affect kingfish behaviours, but operators using food-based attractants increased the average time spent at the Neptune Islands by ~27% (from 230.6 ± 6.8 to 293.8 ± 5.5 min). Kingfish were also observed closer to operators using food-based attractants (217 ± 4.82 m from vessel) compared to an acoustic attractant (412 ± 29.5 m from vessel). Our findings identify changes in the daily behaviour of kingfish at the Neptune Islands as a result of food-based attractants from shark-cage-diving, which demonstrates that non-focal large pelagic species can be affected by shark-diving tourism. These effects may lead to long-term effects on the physiological condition and energetic responses of these individuals.

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19

Dharmadi, Fahmi, and Kurnaen Sumadhiharga. "ARTISANAL SHARK AND RAY FISHERIES IN SOUTH OF INDONESIA." Marine Research in Indonesia 33, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v33i2.490.

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Studies on artisanal fisheries of sharks and rays in Indonesia were carried out during 2001-2004. A market sampling method was employed to collect fisheries data from a number of major landings sites, namely: Pelabuhanratu and Cilacap in south coast of Java, Kedonganan in south coast of Bali and Tanjung Luar on the island of Lombok. Large proportions of the shark and ray landings were by-catch of tuna longlines and gillnets, and shark surface and bottom longlines from Tanjung Luar - east of Lombok. The shark landings were dominated by the families Carcharhinidae, Squalidae, Allopidae and Sphyrnidae, while rays were dominated by the Dasyatidae, Rhynchobatidae and Mobulidae. Most of the landings were processed to be dried and salted products for local consumptions. Some of them are exported to Asian countries. The most valuable part of sharks are their fins, which are a delicacy in Chinese cuisine. The major importers of Indonesian shark fins are Hongkong that contributed 46.3% of the total reported exports of shark fins from Indonesia.

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20

Catlin, James, and Roy Jones. "Whale shark tourism at Ningaloo Marine Park: A longitudinal study of wildlife tourism." Tourism Management 31, no. 3 (June 2010): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.04.004.

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21

Techera, Erika J. "Fishing, Finning and Tourism: Trends in Pacific Shark Conservation and Management." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 3 (2012): 597–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180812x645688.

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Abstract Sharks have a key position in the ocean food chain and their removal could have far-reaching implications beyond the species themselves. Yet since the 1980s the harvesting of sharks, primarily for their fins, and their extraction as bycatch have resulted in a rapid decline in numbers. It is against this backdrop that the Pacific is leading the way in legal developments for shark conservation: from the US shark conservation law, and finning bans in Hawai’i, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam, to the declaration of Palau’s shark sanctuary. These national initiatives have been complemented by regional action, including the adoption of a Regional Plan of Action for sharks by the Pacific nations. This article examines the legal developments and the emerging leadership role the region is taking. The lessons that they offer are explored, as well as some of the remaining challenges.

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22

Huveneers, Charlie, Mark G. Meekan, Kirin Apps, Luciana C. Ferreira, David Pannell, and Gabriel M. S. Vianna. "The economic value of shark-diving tourism in Australia." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27, no. 3 (June 6, 2017): 665–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-017-9486-x.

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23

Dowling, Ross. "Tourism and the Natural Environment Shark Bay, Western Australia." Tourism Recreation Research 16, no. 2 (January 1991): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1991.11014625.

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24

Caspermeyer, Joseph. "Shark and Ray Vision Come into Focus." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 3 (February 24, 2020): 940–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa020.

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25

Smith, Kirby, Mark Scarr, and Carol Scarpaci. "Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) Diving Tourism: Tourist Compliance and Shark Behaviour at Fish Rock, Australia." Environmental Management 46, no. 5 (September 25, 2010): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9561-8.

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26

Butler, SA. "Taxonomy of Some Tetraphyllidean Cestodes From Elasmobranch Fishes." Australian Journal of Zoology 35, no. 4 (1987): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9870343.

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Rhinebothrium pearsoni, sp nov., is described from Banks' shovelnosed ray, Aptychotrema banksii (Muller & Henle). PhyNobothrium orectolobi, sp. nov., is described from the wobbegong, Orectolobus maculatus (Bonnaterre). Anthobothrium amuleturn, sp nov., is described from the common shovel- nosed ray, Rhinobatos armatus (Gray). Pedibothrium ottleyi, sp. nov., is described from the zebra shark, Stegostoma tigrinum (Pennant), and the genus Pedibothrium Linton, 1909, is emended. Calliobothrium creeveyae, sp. nov., is described from the school shark, Galeorhinus australis (Macleay). Polypocephalus moretonensis, sp nov., is described from the estuary stingray, Dasyatis fluviorum Ogilby. Tylocephalum carnpanulatum, sp. nov., is described from the shark ray, Rhina ancylostomus Bloch & Schneider. Also described are a species of Balanobothrium Hornell, 1912, from S. tigrinum; a species of Cathetocephalus Dailey & Overstreet, 1973, and a species of Discocephalum Linton, 1890, from the black-tip shark, Carcharhinus spallanzani (Le Sueur), and Hornellobothrium cobraformis Shipley & Hornell, 1906, from the spotted eagle-ray, Aetobatis narinari (Euphrasen).

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Jit, Roy Bikram, Nripendra Kumar Singha, SM Hasan Ali, and Md Gaziur Rhaman. "Availability of vulnerable elasmobranches in the marine water of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 40, no. 2 (March 29, 2013): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i2.14316.

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A study was conducted about vulnerable shark and ray species availability and their percentage composition in two fish landing centers at Fishery ghat, Chittagong and BFDC fish harbor, Coxs Bazar district during April 2006 through March 2012. A total of 35 species (11 shark and 24 ray species) was identified within these six years. Out of 35 species, only one vulnerable shark species, the silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis (Muller and Henle, 1839), was not abundant all the year round and three were vulnerable ray species, Javanese cow ray Rhinoptera javanica (Muller and Henle, 1841), banded eagle ray Aetomylaeus nichofii (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) and white spotted shovelnose ray Rhynchobatus laevis (Bloch and Schneider 1801) were found throughout the year during the study period. The average percentage composition by weight of C. falciformis was 1.38 and the availability of average number was 3202. The average percentage contribution and the landed average number of vulnerable R. javanica, A. nichofii and R. laevis species were 1.46% (948 numbers), 0.61% (554 numbers) and 0.54% (298 numbers), respectively of the total catch. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i2.14316 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40(2): 221-229, 2012

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Belij, Srdjan, Marina Ilincic, Jelena Belij, and Marija Belij. "Sustainable planning and tourism development policy exemplified by medieval fortresses along the river Danube." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 94, no. 3 (2014): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1403069b.

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The coastal area of the Danube had the greatest strategic importance in the preservation of the waterway, which was the most important road in this part of Europe until the late 19th century. On the banks of the Danube were located the cradle of many civilizations that were built by European values and identities created by different people. As a natural border Danube has played a significant role in military strategy in the struggle for supremacy and domination of European territories, which are the most significant and most monumental fortress in Serbia, built right on the banks of the Danube. Cultural Route ?Fortresses on the Danube?, which floats our sector of the Danube, displays our most important monuments of military architecture in this part of Serbia, the preserved remains of seven fortresses: Bac, Petrovaradin, Belgrade, Smederevo, Ram, Golubacka and Fetislam. Mentioned fortress are an important resource for sustainable tourism development and an important part of the cultural corridor not only in Serbia, but also South-Eastern Europe, which value is recognized by UNESCO. A special segment of the tourism industry in the development of the Danube region represents the development of geotourism as tourism specific niche markets Danube fortresses, and other objects of natural and cultural heritage of the Danube basin is recognized as an interesting tourist destinations and sites worth visiting and retention during a cruise on the Danube. Protection of cultural heritage as a unique and irreplaceable wealth, is very important for the Republic of Serbia and the Danube Region. The development of ?cultural routes? and other forms of cluster connectivity properties of cultural heritage will help better interpretation of heritage and the creation of cooperative networks that will provide obtaining the status of an important heritage resource in the development of cultural tourism and to be involved in politics purposeful tourism planning. Moreover, investments in the restoration of the Danube fortress create the conditions for a greater volume of tourist traffic and a significant share of foreign tourists from cruise ships in their unique offer.

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Wong, C. W. Martin, Inga Conti-Jerpe, Laurie J. Raymundo, Caroline Dingle, Gonzalo Araujo, Alessandro Ponzo, and David M. Baker. "Whale Shark Tourism: Impacts on Coral Reefs in the Philippines." Environmental Management 63, no. 2 (December 4, 2018): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1125-3.

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30

Topelko, Karen N., and Philip Dearden. "The Shark Watching Industry and its Potential Contribution to Shark Conservation." Journal of Ecotourism 4, no. 2 (July 2005): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14724040409480343.

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Gray, Chelsea, Erin Peters‐Burton, Cynthia Smith, and E. C. M. Parsons. "Basking shark tourism in Donegal, Ireland – a case‐study of public interest and support for shark conservation." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 32, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3774.

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Dulvy, Nicholas K., Colin A. Simpfendorfer, Lindsay N. K. Davidson, Sonja V. Fordham, Amie Bräutigam, Glenn Sant, and David J. Welch. "Challenges and Priorities in Shark and Ray Conservation." Current Biology 27, no. 11 (June 2017): R565—R572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.038.

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Roba’a Yusof, Ahmad Shuib, Sridar Ramachandran, Ahmad Ali, and Illisriyani Ismail. "Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Supply Chain Traceability System Implementation for Shark and Ray Products in Pahang, Malaysia: Insights from Key Informant Interviews." International Journal of Business and Society 23, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 297–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.4614.2022.

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The objective of this study is to obtain experts’ opinions in identifying factors influencing the implementation of supply chain traceability for shark and ray products in Pahang, Malaysia. The information was obtained through structured key informant interviews (KIIs), which were conducted one-to-one and face-to-face with relevant experts from government agencies and Malaysia’s National Plan of Action (NPOA-Shark) committee members. From the text discourse analysis, the study has identified seven indicators that need to be improved and explored before developing the full implementation of the supply chain traceability system in Pahang. The indicators are as follows: (i) policy and strategic management; (ii) acts and regulations; (iii) shark and ray resources; (iv) manpower and capability; (v) infrastructure and management information system; (vi) collaboration efforts; and (vii) buy-ins from stakeholders. It is recommended that the government reviews the current policy, acts, regulations, and strategic initiatives to increase the commitment from all relevant stakeholders to ensure sustainable utilisation of shark and ray species.

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Yehezkiel, Boby, Ben G. Saroi, Maria Maria, and Ricardo F. Tapilatu. "Trend of Foreign Tourist Visits in the Conservation Area of the Cenderawasih Bay National Park (TNTC) with Special Interest on Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus)." JURNAL SUMBERDAYA AKUATIK INDOPASIFIK 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46252/jsai-fpik-unipa.2021.vol.5.no.1.131.

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Tourist areas have a significant role in several aspects including economic, social and environmental. The national park has a considerable potential in the aspect of tourism. In addition to having mega biodiversity, the Cenderawasih Bay National Park (TNTC) also has a strong special attraction in term of whale shark, available year-round. Therefore, foreign tourism potential at TNTC is very high and much in demand by both local and foreign tourists. By processing visitation data, we were able to obtain trend and potentials in supporting the carrying capacity of whale shark tourism areas. Through these data, the estimated number of visitors in 2020 at TNTC was also obtained. Data were performed by country grouping and quantified the number of tourists visiting TNTC. By determining the number of foreign visitors, it was found out the intensity of the visit of each country and also countries which are targeted for TNTC’s future promotions. Countries with high intensity visit are suitable for future promotion targets including Australia, USA, UK, Germany and Switzerland.

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Zimmerhackel, Johanna S., Abbie A. Rogers, Mark G. Meekan, Khadeeja Ali, David J. Pannell, and Marit E. Kragt. "How shark conservation in the Maldives affects demand for dive tourism." Tourism Management 69 (December 2018): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.06.009.

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Gallagher, Austin J., Gabriel M. S. Vianna, Yannis P. Papastamatiou, Catherine Macdonald, Tristan L. Guttridge, and Neil Hammerschlag. "Biological effects, conservation potential, and research priorities of shark diving tourism." Biological Conservation 184 (April 2015): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.02.007.

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Zemah Shamir, Ziv, Shiri Zemah Shamir, Nir Becker, Aviad Scheinin, and Dan Tchernov. "Evidence of the impacts of emerging shark tourism in the Mediterranean." Ocean & Coastal Management 178 (August 2019): 104847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104847.

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Zemah Shamir, Z., S. Zemah Shamir, D. Tchernov, A. Scheinin, and N. Becker. "Shark aggregation and tourism: opportunities and challenges of an emerging phenomenon." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 26, no. 5 (February 10, 2019): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2019.1573769.

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Purnomo, Agus Heri, and Tenny Apriliani. "NILAI EKONOMI PERIKANAN CUCUT DAN PARI DAN IMPLIKASI PENGELOLAANNYA." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 2, no. 2 (July 25, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v2i2.5867.

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Kajian ini menganalisis aspek sosial ekonomi perikanan cucut dan ikan pari di Indonesia, terkait dengan relevansi aspek tersebut dalam rencana aksi nasional (national plan of action, NPOA) untuk sumberdaya elasmobranchii. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada periode Agustus 2004 - November 2005 di lokasi-lokasi pendaratan utama, yaitu Tanjung Luar (NTB), Kedonganan (Bali), Sungai Kakap (Kalbar), Sungai Liat (Bangka Belitung), Muara Angke (Jakarta) dan Batang (Jateng) serta beberapa lokasi pendukung. Analisis deskriptif tabulatif yang dilakukan terhadap data-data tersebut, menunjukkan bahwa produksi cucut dan ikan pari memberikan kontribusi signifikan terhadap pendapatan nelayan, baik yang menangkap cucut sebagai target utama maupun hasil sampingan. Di lokasi dimana cucut atau pari merupakan target utama, yaitu Tanjung Luar, Sungai Liat, dan Sungai Kakap, setiap ABK memperoleh pendapatan berturut-turut sebesar Rp 20,8 juta, Rp 24,1 juta dan Rp 8,5 juta per tahun. Nilai ini sebanding dengan tambahan pendapatan yang diperoleh ABK di lokasi dimana cucut atau pari merupakan hasil samping (Kedonganan dan Batang), yakni sebesar masing-masing Rp 27,7 juta dan Rp 22,4 juta pertahun. Nilai ekonomi perikanan cucut dan pari juga terkait dengan nilai tambah dari aktivitas pengolah, pengrajin, tukang potong, kuli angkut, dsb. Hasil analisis selanjutnya menunjukkan adanya peluang untuk menyusun sebuah NPOA yang selaras dengan kepentingan ekonomi nelayan, misalnya dengan meningkatkan nilai tambah hasil tangkapan sehingga penurunan volume tangkapan tidak harus menyebabkan turunnya pendapatan. Sejauh ini, nilai tambah perikanan cucut dan pari bervariasi; misalnya, 3,5 % untuk cucut dan 23% untuk pari di Kedonganan, jauh dibawah nilai tambah cucut di Sungai Kakap (290%) dan pari di Batang (75%). Implikasi dari hasil ini adalah pentingnya upaya penciptaan nilai tambah disamping perlunya kajian lanjutan untuk merumuskan mekanisme teknis untuk mengurangi volume produksi sesuai dengan kondisi lapang. Tittle: Economic Value of the Shark and Ray Fishery and their Management ImplicationThis study analyses the socio-economic aspects of Indonesian shark and ray fisheries as related to the relevance of these aspects in a National Plan of Action (NPOA) for elasmobranchii resources. Data were collected in the period of August 2004 to November 2005 in primary shark and ray landing places, namely Tanjung Luar (NTB), Kedonganan (Bali), Sungai Kakap (Kalbar), Sungai Liat (Bangka Belitung), Muara Angke (Jakarta) and Batang (Jateng) and a number of complementary locations. A tabulated-descriptive analysis shows that shark and ray production contributes significantly to the income of the fishers, both who produce shark and ray as main targets and by-catches. In locations where shark or ray is the main target, namely Tanjung Luar, Sungai Liat, dan Sungai Kakap, an individual crew fisher would, respectively, earn as much as Rp 20.8 million, Rp 24.1 million and Rp 8.5 million annually. These values by and large match with the annual additional income earned by every crew producing shark or ray as by-catch in Kedonganan and Batang, who would receive Rp 27.7 million and Rp 22.4 million. A further analysis shows an opportunity to formulate an NPOA which is parallel with the fishers' economic interests, namely through the improvement of added values in such a way that reduction in catch will not necessarily cause decreases in income. So far, the value added for fisheries commodities is various; for example, 3.5 % for shark and 23% for ray in Kedonganan, as compared to shark value added in Sungai Kakap (290%) and ray value added in Batang (75%). The implication of this research is that efforts directed to the creation of value added and the formulation of technical mechanism to reduce production become essential in developing a workable NPOA.

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SAKURAI, S., R. ASAKAWA, F. HIROTA, T. SATO, K. SERA, and J. ITOH. "QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FLUORIDE AND MULTI ELEMENTS OF SHARK TEETH BY PIXE." International Journal of PIXE 18, no. 03n04 (January 2008): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083508001466.

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Biomineralization has two types, biologically induced mineralization (BIM) and biologically controlled mineralization (BCM). Shark teeth is a typical representative of BCM. We have measured concentrations of fluorine and multi elements in shark teeth collected in the south of Japan. As a result, it was confirmed that the sample preparation method, which was established for the biological samples, is applicable to the shark teeth samples and the elemental concentration was obtained in good accuracy and reproducibility. Moreover, we clarified that the shark teeth is composed of Fluorapatite by the combination with X-ray Diffraction. Fluorine concentration is found to be 5500 µg/g in the shark teeth. We have 100 samples of Shark teeth and are planning on reporting the findings of a study with larger samples in the near future.

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Jorgensen, SJ, F. Micheli, TD White, KS Van Houtan, J. Alfaro-Shigueto, S. Andrzejaczek, NS Arnoldi, et al. "Emergent research and priorities for shark and ray conservation." Endangered Species Research 47 (February 28, 2022): 171–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01169.

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Over the past 4 decades there has been a growing concern for the conservation status of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). In 2002, the first elasmobranch species were added to Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Less than 20 yr later, there were 39 species on Appendix II and 5 on Appendix I. Despite growing concern, effective conservation and management remain challenged by a lack of data on population status for many species, human−wildlife interactions, threats to population viability, and the efficacy of conservation approaches. We surveyed 100 of the most frequently published and cited experts on elasmobranchs and, based on ranked responses, prioritized 20 research questions on elasmobranch conservation. To address these questions, we then convened a group of 47 experts from 35 institutions and 12 countries. The 20 questions were organized into the following broad categories: (1) status and threats, (2) population and ecology, and (3) conservation and management. For each section, we sought to synthesize existing knowledge, describe consensus or diverging views, identify gaps, and suggest promising future directions and research priorities. The resulting synthesis aggregates an array of perspectives on emergent research and priority directions for elasmobranch conservation.

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Holmes, Bronwyn H., Dirk Steinke, and Robert D. Ward. "Identification of shark and ray fins using DNA barcoding." Fisheries Research 95, no. 2-3 (January 2009): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2008.09.036.

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43

Vianna, G. M. S., M. G. Meekan, D. J. Pannell, S. P. Marsh, and J. J. Meeuwig. "Socio-economic value and community benefits from shark-diving tourism in Palau: A sustainable use of reef shark populations." Biological Conservation 145, no. 1 (January 2012): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.022.

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44

Stock, Stuart, Jun-Sang Park, Jonathan Almer, Kelsey James, Michelle Passerotti, and Lisa Natanson. "Small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction of shark mineralized tissue." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 78, a1 (July 29, 2022): a60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273322099399.

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45

Haskell, Peter J., Andrew McGowan, Anna Westling, Adriana Méndez-Jiménez, Christoph A. Rohner, Kym Collins, Marcela Rosero-Caicedo, et al. "Monitoring the effects of tourism on whale shark Rhincodon typus behaviour in Mozambique." Oryx 49, no. 3 (October 10, 2014): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001257.

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AbstractThe whale shark Rhincodon typus is a popular focal species in the marine tourism industry. We analysed 689 encounters with at least 142 individual sharks during 2008–2010 to assess their behaviour in the presence of swimmers at Tofo Beach, Mozambique. Sharks varied in size (estimated 3.0–9.5 m total length) and the majority (74%) were males. The sharks displayed avoidance behaviours during 64.7% of encounters. Encounter duration decreased significantly, from 12 minutes 37 s with undisturbed sharks to 8 minutes 25 s when sharks expressed avoidance behaviours, indicating that interactions with tourists affected the sharks’ short-term behaviour. However, during the 2.5-year study period we found no trend in the mean encounter duration, the overall expression of avoidance behaviour or the likelihood of an individual shark exhibiting avoidance behaviours. Potential effects of tourism may be mitigated by the non-breeding status and transient behaviour of sharks at this aggregation site.

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Gonzáles-Mantilla, Pedro G., Austin J. Gallagher, Carmelo J. León, and Gabriel M. S. Vianna. "Challenges and conservation potential of shark-diving tourism in the Macaronesian archipelagos." Marine Policy 131 (September 2021): 104632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104632.

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Apps, Kirin, Kay Dimmock, David J. Lloyd, and Charlie Huveneers. "Is there a place for education and interpretation in shark-based tourism?" Tourism Recreation Research 42, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.1293208.

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Djunaidi, A., J. Jompa, Nadiarti, A. Bahar, A. Sianipar, A. W. Hasan, I. S. Alaydrus, and M. Erdmann. "Potential tourism development for whale shark (Rhincodon typus) watching in eastern Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 253 (April 9, 2019): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/253/1/012043.

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Nazimi, Leila, William David Robbins, Adam Schilds, and Charlie Huveneers. "Comparison of industry-based data to monitor white shark cage-dive tourism." Tourism Management 66 (June 2018): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.12.002.

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Techera, Erika J., and Natalie Klein. "The role of law in shark-based eco-tourism: Lessons from Australia." Marine Policy 39 (May 2013): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.10.003.

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