Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sharing rate'

The interaction of radiation with integrated circuits can provoke transient faults due to the deposit of charge in sensitive nodes of transistors. Because of the decrease the size in the process technology, charge sharing between transistors placed close to each other has been more and more observed. This phenomenon can lead to multiple transient faults. Therefore, it is important to analyze the effect of multiple transient faults in integrated circuits and investigate mitigation techniques able to cope with multiple faults. This work investigates the effect known as single-event-induced charge sharing in integrated circuits. Two main techniques are analyzed to cope with this effect. First, a placement constraint methodology is proposed. This technique uses placement constraints in standard cell based circuits. The objective is to achieve a layout for which the Soft-Error Rate (SER) due charge shared at adjacent cell is reduced. A set of fault injection was performed and the results show that the SER can be minimized due to single-event-induced charge sharing in according to the layout structure. Results show that by using placement constraint, it is possible to reduce the error rate from 12.85% to 10.63% due double faults. Second, Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) schemes with different levels of granularities limited by majority voters are analyzed under multiple faults. The TMR versions are implemented using a standard design flow based on a traditional commercial standard cell library. An extensive fault injection campaign is then performed in order to verify the softerror rate due to single-event-induced charge sharing in multiple nodes. Results show that the proposed methodology becomes crucial to find the best trade-off in area, performance and soft-error rate when TMR designs are considered under multiple upsets. Results have been evaluated in a case-study circuit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), synthesized to 90nm Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) library, and they show that combining the two techniques, the error rate resulted from multiple faults can be minimized or masked. By using TMR with different granularities and placement constraint methodology, it is possible to reduce the error rate from 11.06% to 0.00% for double faults. A detailed study of triple, four and five multiple faults combining both techniques are also described. We also tested the TMR with different granularities in SRAM-based FPGA platform. Results show that the versions with a fine grain scheme (FGTMR) were more effectiveness in masking multiple faults, similarly to results observed in the ASICs. In summary, the main contribution of this master thesis is the investigation of charge sharing effects in ASICs and the use of a combination of techniques based on TMR redundancy and placement to improve the tolerance under multiple faults.

Elevated heart rate is considered to be an indicator of stress. Thus, noticing one’s own heartbeat can have a negative connotation. Yet, the heartbeat is simply a physiological function, neither positive nor negative in itself, that is experienced in diverse contexts, such as medical, athletic, or intimate. This study uses first-person  research through design and soma design to increase awareness of the heartbeat from both an individual and social angle and examines the potential benefits of using external sensory stimuli to convey biofeedback information. It also opens up the design space around the heartbeat and sensory stimuli and reflects upon comfort and relaxation, biofeedback and digital mindfulness, the Sensiks sensory reality pod as a tool and space, and the heartbeat as a spectrum and a way of getting to know people. The study results in four deliverables: a design critique of the Sensiks sensory reality pod, a design fiction publication, a design proposal, and an experience prototype. The study proposes the design for the Gallery of Heartbeats – a sensory experience aimed at externalising and sharing the heartbeat of self and others. The Gallery of Heartbeats supports individual reflections, providing the user with real-time numerical, graphical, and auditory biofeedback on their heart rate. It also encourages social communication of this commonly unnoticed physiological feature, allowing users to record and store their heartbeat to an archive and experience the pre-recorded heartbeats of others in a multisensory way. The evaluation of the Gallery of Heartbeats prototype shows that the design succeeds in making people more aware of their cardiovascular activity, triggers their curiosity, and increases empathy. However, the Gallery of Heartbeats also makes the users want to control or change their heart rate which goes against the mindfulness principles of presence-in and presence-with the design was inspired by. Sensory stimuli, especially sound and visuals, are assessed as beneficial for creating feelings of immersion, whereas different representations of the biofeedback information have different effects and use cases.
En förhöjd hjärtfrekvens anses vara en indikator på stress. Därför kan en hög puls tolkas som något negativt. Likväl har hjärtats pulserande enbart en fysiologisk funktion, som i sig varken har en positiv eller negativ betydelse, och som kan erfaras under olika omständigheter, såsom i medicinska sammanhang, vid fysisk träning eller under intima stunder.  Denna studie är en forskning-genom-design ur ett förstapersonsperspektiv samt soma-design för att öka medvetenheten om sina hjärtslag, både från en individuell och en social vinkel, samt en undersökning av de potentiella fördelar som kan finnas med att använda ett yttre stimuli för att ge biofeedback. Den öppnar också upp designrymden kring hjärtslag och sensorisk stimuli, reflekterar kring välbefinnande och avslappning, biofeedback och digital mindfulness, Sensiks sensoriska kapsel som ett verktyg och en plats, samt hjärtfrekvens som ett spektrum och ett sätt att lära känna människor. Resultatet av studien framställs i fyra olika delar: en designkritik av Sensiks sensoriska kapsel, en fiktiv design publikation, ett designförslag, och en prototyp av upplevelser. Detta examensarbete utmynnar i ett förslag på en design kallad “Gallery of Heartbeats” - en sensorisk upplevelse avsedd att ge en yttre form och för att dela hjärtslagen med sig själv och andra. “Gallery of Heartbeats” skapar utrymme för individuell reflektion, och ger användaren i realtid en numerisk, grafisk och ljudmässig biofeedback på sin hjärtfrekvens. Den uppmuntrar också till samtal av detta vanligtvis omärkbara fysiologiska fenomen, den möjliggör användaren att spela in och spara sina hjärtslag i ett arkiv, och användaren ges möjlighet att uppleva förinspelade hjärtslag av andra personer på ett multisensoriskt sätt. Utvärdering av prototypen för “Gallery of Heartbeats” visar att designen lyckas få människor mer medvetna om sin kardiovaskulära aktivitet, väcker deras nyfikenhet och ökar empatin. Dock gör även “Gallery of Heartbeats” att användaren vill kontrollera eller ändra sin hjärtfrekvens, vilket går emot de principerna inom mindfulness av att vara ‘presence-in’ och ‘presence-with’. Sensorisk stimuli, särskilt ljud och bild, ses som främjande av att skapa känslan av att vara absorberad, medan andra signaler från biofeedback har en annan påverkan och andra användningsområden.

For the past 70 years, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has been the licensing authority for wireless spectrum. Traditionally, spectrum was commercially licensed to primary users with defined uses. With the growth of personal communication systems in the 1990''s, unallocated spectrum has become a scarce commodity. However, since most primary users are active only at certain times and places, much of the allocated spectrum remains underutilized. Substantial holes exist in the spatio-temporal spectrum that could be opportunistically used by unlicensed secondary users. As a result, the FCC is considering allowing secondary users to opportunistically use frequencies that are not being used by primary users. If multiple secondary users are present in the same geographical area, the concept of Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) allows these users to share the opportunistic spectrum. If several secondary users want to use a limited set of frequency resources, they will very likely interfere with each other. Sensing is a distributed technique where each transmitter/receiver pair senses (both passively and actively) the available channels and uses the channel that provides the best performance. While sensing alone allows sharing of the spectrum, it is not the optimal method in terms of maximizing the capacity in such a shared system. If we allow the secondary users to collaborate and share information, optimal capacity might be reached. However, collaboration adds another level of complexity to the transceivers of the secondary users, since they must now be able to communicate (Note that in general, the secondary users may have completely different communication protocols, e.g., Wi-Fi and Bluetooth). Additionally, optimizing the capacity of the available spectrum could have other negative side effects such as impacting the fairness of sharing the resources. Our primary goal is to explore the benefit of this cost-benefit tradeoff by determining the capacity increase obtainable from collaboration. As a secondary goal, we also wish to determine how this increase in capacity affects fairness. To summarize, the goal of this work is to answer the question: Fundamentally, what is the benefit of collaboration in Dynamic Spectrum Sharing?
Master of Science

We are currently experiencing a rapid development of quantum information, a new branch of science, being an interdisciplinary of quantum physics, information theory, telecommunications, computer science, and many others. This new science branch was born in the middle of the eighties, developed rapidly during the nineties, and in the current decade has brought a technological breakthrough in creating secure quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum secret sharing, and exciting promises in diverse technological fields. Recent QKD experiments have achieved high rate QKD at 200 km distance in optical fiber. Significant QKD results have also been achieved in free-space. Due to the rapid broadband access deployment in many industrialized countries and the standing increasing transmission security treats, the natural development awaiting quantum communications, being a part of quantum information, is its migration into commercial switched telecom networks. Such a migration concerns both multiuser quantum key distribution and multiparty quantum secret sharing that have been the main goal of my PhD studies. They are also the main concern of the thesis. Our research efforts in multiuser QKD has led to a development of the five-user setup for transmissions over switched fiber networks in a star and in a tree configuration. We have achieved longer secure quantum information distances and implemented more nodes than other multi-user QKD experiments. The measurements have shown feasibility of multiuser QKD over switched fiber networks, using standard fiber telecom components. Since circular architecture networks are important parts of both intranets and the Internet, Sagnac QKD has also been a subject of our research efforts. The published experiments in this area have been very few and results were not encouraging, mainly due to the single mode fiber (SMF) birefringence. Our research has led to a development of a computer controlled birefringence compensation in Sagnac that open the door to both classical and quantum Sagnac applications. On the quantum secret sharing side, we have achieved the first quantum secret sharing experiment over telecom fiber in a five-party implementation using the "plug & play" setup and in a four-party implementation using Sagnac configuration. The setup measurements have shown feasibility and scalability of multiparty quantum communication over commercial telecom fiber networks.

The peer-to-peer paradigm is an important alternative to the traditional client-server model in computer networks, making up a significant share of the bandwidth used globally. In client-server scenarios there usually is an external reason of why the server provides its service to the clients. But there usually is no external incentive in peer-to-peer networks to share data. In fact there are two good reasons not to. Firstly, providing data to another node consumes bandwidth, which will always be limited and whose use may might incur a cost. Secondly, the process of making data accessible is also costly. The data needs to be obtained, its existence needs to be advertised and individuals need to decide which data to share. An incentive is required for nodes to offer their resources. We propose a generalisation of the BitTorrent incentives mechanism that improves it in two important ways. It works for a broader range of files in terms of size and popularity, enabling a simple BitTorrent-like tit-for-tat incentives mechanism for files that do not work with BitTorrent. At the same time it provides peers with an incentive to share more files. In BitTorrent, peers download pieces of the same file from each other. This is a bartering ring of length 2. Our algorithm extends this idea by allowing pieces of different files to be exchanged and by allowing longer rings with more nodes to be formed. For this, rings need to be identified in an overlay graph that consists of the nodes and potential downloads among them. But no node has knowledge of the graph other than its direct neighbours. For the incentives mechanism to work once rings have been identified, a group consensus needs to be reached to start the downloads. We propose distributed algorithms for these problems and evaluate them experimentally using a simulation. We are able to show that in some cases our incentives algorithm works better for small and rare files than BitTorrent.

Le spectre électromagnétique est une ressource naturelle dont l'usage doit être optimisé. Un grand nombre de travaux actuels visent à améliorer l'utilisation des fréquences radio en y introduisant un degré de flexibilité rendu possible par l'agilité en forme d'onde et en fréquence permise par la radio logicielle (SDR), ainsi que par les méthodes de traitement intelligent du signal (radio cognitive). Cette thèse se place dans ce contexte. Concrètement, nous considérons le problème de partage du spectre électromagnétique entre plusieurs utilisateurs sous contraintes d'interférence mutuelle. Notre objectif est de contribuer à l'évaluation du gain du partage de cette ressource rare qu'est le spectre électromagnétique. En étudiant le canal gaussien d'interférence avec l'interférence traitée comme du bruit additif gaussien aux différents récepteurs, nous avons trouvé une description géométrique et plusieurs caractérisations de la région des débits atteignables. Ensuite, considérant un cas plus réaliste où chaque utilisateur a une certaine qualité de service, nous avons trouvé une condition nécessaire et suffisante pour permettre la communication simultanée à travers le canal gaussien d'interférence pour deux utilisateurs. Dans un scénario de partage entre un utilisateur primaire ayant une plus grande priorité d'accès au spectre et un utilisateur secondaire, après avoir déterminé des bornes minimales pour le débit du primaire en fonction du schéma d'allocation de puissance de l'utilisateur secondaire, nous avons proposé une technique originale d'allocation de puissance pour l'utilisateur secondaire accédant de manière opportuniste au spectre sous contraintes de performance de coupure pour tous les utilisateurs. En particulier, cette technique d'allocation de puissance n'utilise que l'information sur l'état des canaux des liens directs allant de l'émetteur secondaire vers les autres points du réseau. Finalement, considérant des modèles de canaux plus réalistes; après avoir montré l'existence d'une zone d'exclusion autour du récepteur primaire (zone où il n'y a aucun transmetteur secondaire, dans le but de protéger l'utilisateur primaire contre les fortes interférences), nous avons caractérisé l'effet du shadowing et du path-loss sur cette zone d'exclusion du primaire
In this thesis, we address the problem of spectrum-sharing for wireless communication where multiple users attempt to access a common spectrum resource under mutual interference constraints. Our objective is to evaluate the gains of sharing by investigating different scenarios of spectrum access. Studying the Gaussian Interference Channel with interferences considered as noise, we found a geometrical description and several characteristics of the achievable rate region. Considering a more realistic scenario, with each user having a certain QoS, we found necessary and sufficient condition to be fulfilled for simultaneous communication over the two-user Gaussian Interference Channel. Furthermore, we proposed two lower bounds for a single-primary-user mean rate, depending on the secondary user power control scheme. Specially, we investigated an original power control policy, for a secondary user, under outage performance requirement for both users and partial knowledge of the channel state information. Finally, considering a spectrums-haring with a licensee or primary user and several secondary or cognitive users, we showed the existence of an exclusive region around the primary receiver and we characterized the effects of shadowing and path-loss on this exclusive region (or no-talk zone)

Philosophy
Ph.D.
This dissertation adopts a ‘social criticism’ model in order to analyze racism in our contemporary world – particularly the United States. This analysis offers a detailed account of racism as rooted in social structural processes, and prioritizes oppression and domination as the chief wrongs resulting from racism. To do so, said analysis highlights norms, ideals, policies, and actions, that are often assumed to be ‘race neutral’ (e.g., impartiality, merit, ‘natural rights’, and autonomy), and the role they play in the production of racial injustice. More specifically, it exposes how these norms function to undermine human agency by restricting means for self-development and self-determination. As such, the role that inclusive and democratic deliberation can play in combating racial oppression and domination is developed. In light of this analysis, a defense of a ‘concrete morality’ which prioritizes the fight against oppression and domination, is made against an ‘abstract morality’ that adheres to ‘ideally just’ principles regardless of the injustice that results from doing so. Moreover, this project develops a ‘shared responsibility model’ for racial injustice, articulating varying degrees and kinds of responsibility we have for correcting it. It concludes by offering ‘democratic equality of difference’ as a normative ideal for cultivating racial justice. Generally, said ideal aims to: create basic conditions for the self-development and collective self-determination of all; cultivate a universally inclusive and ongoing process of democratic deliberation for solving collective problems; and attend to difference when deliberating about matters of justice.
Temple University--Theses

By 1991, Britain retained responsibility for 14 overseas dependent territories. A policy of accelerated decolonisation that took shape under British Governments between the early 1960s and the late 1970s had, by the early 1980s, given way to what Drower has called an ‘era of colonial permanence’.1 This was because territories such as Bermuda refused to take the hint and move towards independence. This thesis examines the way in which Britain appeared to lose control of the process of decolonisation. It will do this by studying power-sharing dynamics in Bermuda between 1963 and 1977. It is argued that Britain did not exercise full control in Bermuda in 1963; her role was characterised by London’s dependence upon Governors who accommodated themselves to the dominant white minority both for pragmatic reasons and out of shared cultural and racial affinities. It was this dynamic that suffused three forums of Anglo-Bermudian collaboration: constitutional reform in 1963-1968; the internal security state in 1968-1973; and the colonial justice system in 1973-1977. This period saw a rapid diminution of British power in Bermuda, a process accelerated by proliferating constitutional ambiguities and metropolitan decline. In contrast, the power of Bermudian conservatives was entrenched via electoral advantages and enhanced local autonomy.

Excerpt: Contributors detail what it means to be an academic mother and to think about academic motherhood, while also exploring both the personal and specific institutional challenges academic women face, the multifaceted strategies different academic women are implementing to manage those challenges, and investigating different theoretical possibilities for how we think about academic motherhood.

This collection of essays examines the topic of macroeconomic stabilisation in an international context, focusing on monetary policy, capital controls and exchange rates. Chapter 1, written in collaboration with Giancarlo Corsetti and Joao Duarte, reconsiders the effects of common monetary policy shocks across countries in the euro area, using a data-rich factor model and identifying shocks with high-frequency surprises around policy announcements. We show that the degree of heterogeneity in the response to shocks, while being low in financial variables and output, is significant in consumption, consumer prices and macro variables related to the labour and housing markets. Mirroring country-specific institutional and market differences, we find that home ownership rates are significantly correlated with the strength of the housing channel in monetary policy transmission. We document a high dispersion in the response to shocks of house prices and rents and show that, similar to responses in the US, these variables tend to move in different directions. In Chapter 2, I build a two-country, two-good model to examine the welfare effects of capital controls, finding that under certain circumstances, a shut-down in asset trade can be a Pareto improvement. Further, I examine the robustness of the result to parameter changes, explore a wider set of policy instruments and confront computational issues in this class of international macroeconomic models. I document that within an empirically relevant parameter span for the trade elasticity, the gains from capital controls might be significantly larger than suggested by previous contributions. Moreover, I establish that a refined form of capital controls in the shape of taxes and tariffs cannot improve upon the outcome under financial autarky. Finally, results show that the conjunction of pruning methods and endogenous discount factors can remove explosive behaviour from this class of models and restore equilibrating properties. In Chapter 3, I use a panel of 20 emerging market currencies to assess whether a model that combines fundamental and non-fundamental exchange rate forecasting approaches can successfully predict risk premia (i.e. currency excess returns) over the short horizon. In doing so, I aim to overcome three main shortcomings of earlier research: i) Sensitivity to the chosen sample period; ii) seemingly arbitrary selection of explanatory variables that differs from currency to currency; and iii) difficulty in interpreting forecasts beyond the numerical signal. Based on a theoretical model of currency risk premia, I use real exchange rate strength combined with indicators for carry, momentum and economic sentiment to homogeneously forecast risk premia across all 20 currencies in the sample at a monthly frequency. In doing so, the model remains largely agnostic about structural choices, keeping arbitrarily imposed restrictions to a minimum. Results from portfolio construction suggest that returns are significant and robust both across currencies as well as over time, with Sharpe Ratios in out-of-sample tests above 0.7.

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程學系
85
Joint venturing (JV) is a useful concept to be employed by constructors for reducing construction risks and acquiring technology and know-how external to their organization. This concept is particularly critical, as the construction project in consideration is both large-scale and technically complicated. Constructors of different business scales and with diverse areas of technical capability can form a project-based team for meeting the client''s needs, while each participating firm can produce reasonable profit for himself and others and perhaps establish a new specialty.In this study, it is argued that the key bottleneck for JV among constructors is the lack of a systematic means for sharing construction risks which may or may not be rationally evaluated among partners. A crucial index for examining the risk-sharing behavior is the share of capital earmarked by each partner for the project. Clearly, the higher the share, the more sensitive to the gain or loss of the partnering. If the share of each partner can be rationally justified against his tolerance to loss and the distribution of the projected return, it may be possible for the entire team to act more towards the common goal, without the cost of moral hazard among partners.This study incorporates the idea of utility to represent a constructor''s risk attitude and preference towards riskdecisions. By characterizing the JV models, various partnering strategies are simulated. The major finding of this study is that JV can be a profitable strategy, regardless the constructor''s ability to contract the entire project. Also, for the JV team to form with ease, a rule of thumb is that the partners need to have highly diverse risk attitudes and a consensus on the distribution of projected return.

abstract: Cognitive radio (CR) and device-to-device (D2D) systems are two promising dynamic spectrum access schemes in wireless communication systems to provide improved quality-of-service, and efficient spectrum utilization. This dissertation shows that both CR and D2D systems benefit from properly designed cooperation scheme. In underlay CR systems, where secondary users (SUs) transmit simultaneously with primary users (PUs), reliable communication is by all means guaranteed for PUs, which likely deteriorates SUs’ performance. To overcome this issue, cooperation exclusively among SUs is achieved through multi-user diversity (MUD), where each SU is subject to an instantaneous interference constraint at the primary receiver. Therefore, the active number of SUs satisfying this constraint is random. Under different user distributions with the same mean number of SUs, the stochastic ordering of SU performance metrics including bit error rate (BER), outage probability, and ergodic capacity are made possible even without observing closed form expressions. Furthermore, a cooperation is assumed between primary and secondary networks, where those SUs exceeding the interference constraint facilitate PU’s transmission by relaying its signal. A fundamental performance trade-off between primary and secondary networks is observed, and it is illustrated that the proposed scheme outperforms non-cooperative underlay CR systems in the sense of system overall BER and sum achievable rate. Similar to conventional cellular networks, CR systems suffer from an overloaded receiver having to manage signals from a large number of users. To address this issue, D2D communications has been proposed, where direct transmission links are established between users in close proximity to offload the system traffic. Several new cooperative spectrum access policies are proposed allowing coexistence of multiple D2D pairs in order to improve the spectral efficiency. Despite the additional interference, it is shown that both the cellular user’s (CU) and the individual D2D user's achievable rates can be improved simultaneously when the number of D2D pairs is below a certain threshold, resulting in a significant multiplexing gain in the sense of D2D sum rate. This threshold is quantified for different policies using second order approximations for the average achievable rates for both the CU and the individual D2D user.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017

碩士
國立中央大學
人力資源管理研究所
92
Profit sharing and employee stock ownership plans, which are considered as effective incentive methods to attract and retain high quality employees, have been regarded as successful factors to increase productivity and profitability for the firms in Taiwan. However, there are few empirical studies concerning to the effects of profit- sharing plans on employee turnover rate and firm performance and, the effects of employee turnover rate on firm performance in Taiwan. To fill the research gap, the study collected a pooled time-series data during 1999-2001 from 146 listed firms, including employee turnover rate and the financial data. This study used the amount of cash bonus and stock bonus to indicate profit sharing and employee stock ownership plans of a firm. As to the research method, this study used LISREL to examine the effects on firm performance, and the intermediary effect of employee turnover rate. The results of this empirical study can be summarized as follows：the amount of profit sharing plans did not have significant effect on employee turnover rate but have positive effect on productivity and profitability; and the employee turnover rate did not have significant effect on productivity and profitability. Therefore, the amount of profit-sharing had positive lagged effects on productivity and profitability, yet it won’t have effect on employee turnover rate. It may suggest that for talent retention, the other design on management practices of the profit-sharing plan should be also taken into consideration as well as the cash and stock bonus plans.

碩士
東吳大學
財務工程與精算數學系
107
The sharing economy in Taipei has flourished. Since the introduction of the shared bicycle -YouBike, it has exceeded 100 million passengers last year and has gradually changed from recreational bicycles to commuter bicycles. As the 100th city in the world to introduce cycling culture, Taipei currently has 400 sites and 13,072 bicycles. However, in addition to the vehicle wear rate of the shared bicycle, the accident that occurs when the user is riding is also known. The consumer thinks that the rental cost is cheap and it is easy to ignore the safety of riding. This study discusses the types of damage that consumers have encountered when riding a shared bicycle, and uses Logis regression to analyze the relationship between consumer self-fall, collision and vehicle damage, and design a shared bicycle comprehensive insurance rate simulation.

碩士
國立中央大學
產業經濟研究所
96
We construct a two-stage game to analyze how the rate of profit sharing affects behaviors of firms and employees. We explore such impact under situations that before and after new policy of expensing employees’ profit sharing in Taiwan respectively. We find that the rate of profit sharing after expensing will be higher than before. However, if management echelon takes self-interests into account or employees care about the relative profit sharing rate to those in the other firms, the rate could be lower, under some situations, contrast with common impression that the policy of expensing employee profit sharing will raise the rate of profit sharing. We further discuss two-firm competition with Cournot analysis, showing that the optimal rate of profit sharing would be the same. Also, the rate after expensing will be higher than before and still the same. This article helps addressing that the essence of profit sharing program and elaborating how the policy of ESOPs expense affects high-tech firms in Taiwan.

博士
國立成功大學
企業管理學系
105
This paper uses the theoretical model created by Ghosh (2009) to analyze the extent of exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) for traditional trade and different production sharing cases. Comparing the differences among these scenarios revealed that production sharing could be a reason for the continual decline in ERPT. Furthermore, empirical evidence from Taiwan discovered that under production sharing, the pricing-to-market for intermediate goods exporters and the currency fluctuation in the home nation of final goods exporters will further influence the magnitude of decline in the ERPT.

碩士
元智大學
領導學程
99
The work value has changed quickly in recent years. This trend leads to higher human resource cost in recruitment, staffing, and personnel training for organizations, besides, personnel instability and turnover were also found to be negatively related to organizational performance. Moreover, according to knowledge-based view, the turbulence of the environment also forces organizations to increasingly rely on acquisition and application of knowledge to strengthen competitive advantages and create values. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the influence of organizational learning capacity on the relationship between personnel turnover and organizational performance. The data was collected from 47 teams in Taiwan banking industry by using questionnaires, results indicated that： 1) Organizational turnover rate is negatively related to organizational performance. 2) Organizational absorptive capacity will moderate the relationship between organizational turnover and performance. 3) Organizational knowledge sharing will moderate the relationship between organizational turnover and performance.

碩士
大葉大學
資訊工程學系碩士在職專班
95
Because of the popularization of the internet network and development of the multimedia technology, there are a lot of the pronunciation and communication of media and control the protocol like RTP through the internet network, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [1] ,etc. are regarded as the protocol of linking up of the materials by development, these protocols are all for set up , revise , finish the control of conversation line , make internet network exchange by simple materials information, rise to real time video to transmit. Use internet network is substitute a traditional real time video to transmit , can save effectively not merely to come, and can use a lot of extra functions , such as interactive video and internet phone ,etc. But the real time video package is not like other use serving the package produced , can pass last time because network droped , wide getting enough package caused of the factor lose frequently again. Because the pronunciation package is instant materials, the package does not have any help to it to spread again, so it is the best method not to allow it and to lose as much as possible.Because the network application service appears like the mushrooms after rain, how be can frequently among the wide resource all kinds of package and frequently wide to it assigns to be a basic solution properly in a limited one. With the wide-band popularization that surfed the Net, the application of the network moves towards the diversification and develops too. Various kinds of network application, to serving the demand for quality differently, for instance: On-line to is it need instant interdynamic of to talk, multimedia bunch flow audio-visual to is it need a large amount of frequently wide to broadcast. If network user can distribute the frequently wide amount and frequently wide priority of use according to different characteristics that use , can make rational and effective application to resources of the network. Link-Sharing structure based on classification has been attracted attention over these several years under Linux, with Class Based Queuing in Link-Sharing structure (CBQ) [4] [5] and Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB ) [6], in order to make comparisons in fact commonly. In Link-Sharing structure is done in fact , generally think that HTB deals with the package and wide managerial ability is all superior to CBQ frequently . But few documents serve the getting instant variable speed under the circumstances that HTB and CBQ are done in fact there can be intact test and analysis, so this text flow media and frequently wide to is it make systemic test and discussion to share stratum type to instant bunch, content visit HTB and CBQ flow test efficiency of media to instant bunch under testing environment to demand to include, HTB and CBQ happen frequently widely while sharing , can reach media Delay and request for Jitter that bunch real time video .

This Thesis aims to understand how far does extent the issue of low birthrate in Portugal as it affects the sustainability of the welfare system. Furthermore verifying to what extent valid answers on the legal system contribute in this sense to the efficient forestall on this subject. In addiction, the issue of this research focus on the study of the Portuguese Public Policies in support of Birth, analysing the politic narrative along side with the funding benefits of the Welfare Public Foundation, by also centralizing valid questions in the context of the labour law, particularly the parental leave terms, the part-time and flexible hours of work status on its entirety for what concerns the worker with family entitlements and duties. Lastly, as a means of ultimate reflection, one general and constructive argument is made regarding the current public encouragement of portuguese birth, in which the possible social and political aspects to improve are considered.
O presente trabalho tem como finalidade compreender de que forma o problema do baixo índice de natalidade, em Portugal, afeta a sustentabilidade do SSS, averiguando, posteriormente, em que medida, as respostas vigentes no O.J. contribuem para o eficiente tratamento do tema. Para tal, esta investigação tem como objecto de estudo as políticas públicas portuguesas de apoio à natalidade, analisando-se a narrativa política e, num plano jurídico, analisando as prestações pecuniárias do SSS, assim como as respostas vigentes no contexto do direito laboral, concretamente as licenças parentais e o tempo parcial de trabalho e horário flexível de TRF. Por último, num exercício de reflexão final é feita uma crítica geral e construtiva, em relação ao atual incentivo público à natalidade portuguesa, ponderando-se sobre os possíveis aspetos a melhorar.

no
Multimedia applications in wireless networks are usually categorized into various classes according to their traffic patterns and differentiated Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements. The traffic of heterogeneous multimedia applications often exhibits the Long-Range Dependent (LRD) and Short-Range Dependent (SRD) properties, respectively. The integrated scheduling scheme that combines Priority Queuing (PQ) and Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS) within a hierarchical structure, referred to as PQ-GPS, has been identified as an efficient mechanism for QoS differentiation in wireless networks and attracted significant research efforts. However, due to the high complexity and interdependent relationship among traffic flows, modelling of the integrated scheduling scheme poses great challenges. To address this challenging and important research problem, we develop an original analytical model for PQ-GPS systems under heterogeneous LRD and SRD traffic. A cost-effective flow decomposition approach is proposed to equivalently divide the integrated scheduling system into a group of Single-Server Single-Queue (SSSQ) systems. The expressions for calculating the queue length distribution and loss probability of individual traffic flows are further derived. After validating its accuracy, the developed model is adopted as an efficient performance tool to investigate the important issues of resource allocation and call admission control in the integrated scheduling system under QoS constraints.

Cette thèse comporte trois essais en macroéconomie en économie ouverte et commerce international. Je considère tour à tour les questions suivantes: sous quelles conditions est-il optimal pour un pays de former une union économique? (essai 1); l'augmentation de la dispersion transversale des avoirs extérieurs nets des pays est-elle compatible avec une dispersion relativement stable des taux d'investissement? (essai 2); le risque de perte de marché à l'exportation du fait de l'existence des zones de commerce préférentiel joue t-il un rôle dans la décision des pays exclus de négocier des accords commerciaux à leur tour? (essai 3). Le premier essai examine les conditions d'optimalité d'une union économique. Il s'intéresse à une motivation particulière: le partage du risque lié aux fluctuations du revenu. Dans la situation initiale, les pays ont très peu d'opportunités pour partager le risque à cause des frictions: les marchés financiers internationaux sont incomplets et il n'y pas de mécanisme pour faire respecter les contrats de crédit entre pays. Dans ce contexte, une union économique apparait comme un arrangement qui pallie à ces frictions entre les pays membres seulement. Cependant, l'union dans son ensemble continue de faire face à ces frictions lorsqu'elle échange avec le reste du monde. L'arbitrage clé dans le modèle est le suivant. D'un coté, l'intégration économique permet un meilleur partage du risque entre pays membres et la possibilité pour le partenaire pauvre d'utiliser la ligne de crédit du partenaire riche en cas de besoin. De l'autre coté, l'union peut faire face à une limite de crédit plus restrictive parce que résilier la dette extérieure est moins coûteux pour les membres l'union. De plus, le fait que le partenaire pauvre peut utiliser la limite de crédit du partenaire riche génère une externalité négative pour ce dernier qui se retrouve plus fréquemment contraint au niveau des marchés internationaux des capitaux. En conformité avec les faits observés sur l'intégration économique, le modèle prédit que les unions économiques sont relativement peu fréquentes, sont plus susceptibles d'être créées parmi des pays homogènes, et généralement riches. Le deuxième essai porte sur la dispersion des avoirs extérieurs nets et la relation avec la dispersion des taux d'investissement. Au cours des récentes décennies, la dispersion croissante des déséquilibres extérieurs et les niveaux record atteints par certaines grandes économies ont reçu une attention considérable. On pourrait attribuer ce phénomène à une réduction des barrières aux mouvements internationaux des capitaux. Mais dans ce cas, il est légitime de s'attendre à une augmentation de la dispersion au niveau des taux d'investissement; ceci, parce que le financement des besoins en investissements constitue une raison fondamentale pour laquelle les pays échangent les capitaux. Les données indiquent cependant que la dispersion des taux d'investissement est restée relativement stable au cours des récentes décennies. Pour réconcilier ces faits, je construis un modèle d'équilibre général dynamique et stochastique où les pays sont hétérogènes en raison des chocs idiosyncratiques à leurs niveaux de productivité totale des facteurs. Au niveau des marchés internationaux des capitaux, le menu des actifs disponibles est restreint à une obligation sans risque et il n'y a pas de mécanisme pour faire respecter les contrats de crédit entre pays. A tout moment, un pays peut choisir de résilier sa dette extérieure sous peine d'exclusion financière et d'un coût direct. Ce coût direct reflète les canaux autres que l'exclusion financière à travers lesquels les pays en défaut sont pénalisés. Lorsque le modèle est calibré pour reproduire l'évolution de la dispersion transversale des avoirs extérieurs nets, il produit une dispersion relativement stable des taux d'investissement. La raison principale est que les incitations que les pays ont à investir sont liées à la productivité. Avec l'intégration financière, même si les opportunités d'emprunt se sont multipliées, les incitations à investir n'ont pas beaucoup changé. Ce qui permet de générer une dispersion accrue de la position des avoirs extérieurs nets des pays avec une dispersion relativement stable des taux d'investissement. Le troisième essai analyse un aspect de l'interdépendance dans la formation des accords commerciaux préférentiels: j'examine empiriquement si le risque de diversion des exportations en faveur des pays membres des zones de commerce préférentiel est un facteur déterminant dans la décision des pays exclus de ces accords de négocier un accord à leur tour. Je construis un indicateur qui mesure le potentiel de diversion des exportations auquel font face les pays et estime un modèle probit de formation des zones de commerce préférentiel créées entre 1961 et 2005. Les résultats confirment que les pays confrontés à un plus grand potentiel de détournement des échanges sont plus susceptibles de former une zone de commerce préférentiel à leur tour.
This thesis consists of three essays in open economic macroeconomics and international trade. I consider the following questions: Which countries find it individually optimal to form an economic union? (essay 1); is the rising cross-sectional dispersion in net foreign asset positions consistent with a relatively stable dispersion in investment rates? (essay 2); is the risk of trade diversion due to existing preferential trade areas an important factor in excluded countries decision to seek one? (essay 3). The first essay studies the individual optimality of economic integration. It emphasizes the risk-sharing benefits of economic integration. In an initial situation, countries have very limited possibilities to share idiosyncratic endowment risk because of financial frictions: international financial markets are incomplete and contracts not enforceable. A union is an arrangement that solves both the market incompleteness and the lack of enforcement problems among member countries. The union as a whole still faces these frictions when trading in the world economy. The model emphasizes the following key trade-off. There are two benefits from economic integration: better risk-sharing among member countries and the possibility for poor partners to use the rich partners' credit lines. The costs are the following: borrowing limits become tighter because defaulting on international debt becomes less costly for union partners. Since poor partners may benefit from the rich partner's credit limit, this generates a negative externality: rich partners will find themselves more often borrowing-constrained in a union compared to standing alone in the world economy. Consistently with evidence on economic integration, the model predicts that economic unions occur relatively infrequently and are more likely to emerge among homogeneous and rich countries. The rising dispersion of external imbalances over the recent decades and the record-high levels reached by some major economies has received considerable attention during the recent years. The second essay focuses on one of such imbalances: the net foreign asset positions (NFA). One can view this rising dispersion as a consequence of the reduction in barriers to capital flows. But in such case, one would expect the dispersion in investment rates to go up as well because one fundamental reason countries borrow and lend internationally is to finance their investments needs. Instead, the dispersion in investment rates was relatively stable. To explain this puzzling fact, I undertake a quantitative analysis of the global dispersion of net foreign asset positions and investment rates. The framework is an integrated model of world economy where countries differences arise from idiosyncratic shocks to their total factor productivity levels. International capital flows is restricted: the menu of assets traded is exogenously restricted to a risk-free bond, and international lending contracts are not legally enforceable. At any time, a country may choose to repudiate its foreign debt subject to financial exclusion and an output cost. The output cost captures margins other than financial exclusion through which defaulting countries can be punished. When calibrated to match the evolution of the cross-sectional dispersion in net foreign asset positions, the model produces a relatively stable dispersion in investment rates. The reason is because the incentives to invest are related to the productivity, not to the borrowing and lending opportunities. Although the opportunities to borrow and lend internationally have increased, the incentives to invest have not changed much, thereby generating a large cross-sectional dispersion in NFA positions with a relatively stable dispersion in investment rates. The third essay investigates empirically whether the risk of trade diversion faced by countries excluded from preferential trade areas (PTA) is determinant in their decision to seek a preferential trade agreement. Using the trade complementarity index, I derive a measure of the potential of trade diversion and estimate a probit model of the formation of PTAs between 1961 and 2005. The results show that country-pairs facing a larger potential of trade diversion are more likely to form a PTA in the future.