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1
Ailawadi, Kusum L. Market share and ROI: A peek at some unobserved variables. Cambridge, Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1993.
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2
Ailawadi, Kusum L. Market share and ROI: A peek at some unobserved variables. Cambridge, Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1993.
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3
Halazonetis, Demetrios J. Quantitative description of the shape of the mandible: Relation to other craniofacial variables and growth direction. [S.l: s.n.], 1986.
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4
Shape-preserving approximation by real and complex polynomials. Boston: Birkhäuser, 2008.
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5
Southeast Geometry Seminar (15th 2009 University of Alabama at Birmingham). Geometric analysis, mathematical relativity, and nonlinear partial differential equations: Southeast Geometry Seminars Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, and the University of Tennessee, 2009-2011. Edited by Ghomi Mohammad 1969-. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2013.
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6
Thokala, Praveen. Airfoil shape optimization using variable-complexity methods. 2005.
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7
House, Marty Publishing. Preschool Coloring Books Age 4-5: An Activity Book for Kids and Toddlers with a Variable Shape, Rectangles, Triangles, Squares, and Much More. Independently Published, 2021.
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8
Lee-Felker, Stephanie A., and Colin J. Wells. Pleomorphic Calcifications. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0042.
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Pleomorphic calcifications are categorized among calcifications with suspicious morphology: amorphous, coarse heterogeneous, fine linear or fine-linear branching, and fine pleomorphic calcifications. Unlike amorphous calcifications, pleomorphic calcifications are more conspicuous, with discernible shapes that appear predominantly irregular, and are variable in size and configuration. A segmental distribution, seen as a triangular shape with its apex centered at the nipple, is especially suspicious for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or multifocal breast cancer, as its pattern of calcium deposition suggests involvement of a duct system within the breast. This chapter, appearing in the section on calcifications, reviews the key clinical and imaging features, imaging protocols, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for pleomorphic calcifications. Topics discussed include characteristic morphology and distribution of pleomorphic calcifications, BI-RADS assessments, core needle biopsy, and radiological–pathological correlation.
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Eaton, Kent. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800576.003.0006.
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The final chapter concludes the book in two ways. First, it summarizes the central claim that structural significance, institutional capacity, and coalitional dynamics together explain whether subnational officials can advance successful subnational policy challenges. This part of the chapter also assesses the more general theoretical implications of the research findings for each causal variable (structure, capacity, and coalitions). Whereas most of the book examines how decentralization has empowered territorial actors to shape ideological conflicts, the second half of the conclusion reverses this focus by exploring how ideological conflict over the market also shapes territorial outcomes, most significantly through the redistribution of authority and resources between levels of government. The chapter ends with representative examples of recentralization in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru; these show how ideological conflict over the market has led national governments in each country to recentralize authority and resources in the attempt to undercut subnational policy challenges.
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Dang, Duc Anh, and Hai Anh La. Political connections and firm's formalization: Evidence from Vietnam. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/904-4.
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The literature shows that political connections have different effects on firms’ activities. However, the question of how political connections affect firms’ formalization has not been explored. Using data from three waves of the Vietnam Small and Medium Enterprise Survey for the period from 2007 to 2011, this paper aims to examine the relationship between political connections and firms’ formalization in Viet Nam. We find that firms with political connections increase their share of formal workers. The results also show that smaller firms tend to be more formalized if they have political connections. To overcome bias and inconsistency concerns due to potential omitted variables and reverse causality, we use political connections in a firm’s industry in other districts as an instrumental variable. The instrumental variable results confirm our previous results that political connections do indeed lead to a higher level of formalization.
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Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Molecular dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0003.
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This chapter introduces the classical equations of motion for a system of molecules, and describes their solution by stable, accurate, time-stepping algorithms. Simple atomic systems, rigid molecules, and flexible molecules with and without constraints, are treated, with examples of program code. Quaternions are introduced as useful parameters for solving the rigid-body equations of motion of molecules. A simple example of a multiple timestep algorithm is given, and there is a brief summary of event-driven (hard-particle) dynamics. Examples of constant-temperature molecular dynamics using stochastic and deterministic methods are presented, and the corresponding constant-pressure molecular dynamics methods for fixed and variable box-shape are described. The molecular dynamics method is extended to the treatment of polarizable systems, and dynamical simulation of the grand canonical ensemble is mentioned.
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Markon, Kristian E. From Comorbidity to Constructs. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.014.
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Comorbidity models have become central to psychopathology theory and research, not only because they have clarified our understanding of how and why disorders co-occur but also because they have clarified our understanding of what the disorders are. This chapter reviews basic types of comorbidity models, recurring issues in comorbidity modeling, and discuss emerging issues in the area. Using recent epidemiological, repeated-measures data on depression and anxiety as an example, two different models of comorbidity are compared, one in which comorbidity arises due a shared liability dimension (i.e., a reflective or latent variable model) and another in which comorbidity arises as an epiphenomenon of correlated symptoms (i.e., a formative or network model). This comparison, relatively novel in the literature, illustrates a number of issues that are encountered in comorbidity modeling, and clearly demonstrates how questions pertaining to comorbidity can shape our understanding of psychopathology constructs.
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Ferraro, Kenneth F. Causality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190665340.003.0002.
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Gerontologists are often skeptical of age as a presumed cause of the aging process. Although age is an indispensable marker of life experiences, it is a rather crude indicator of the many factors that actually shape the aging experience, including senescence. To address the multiple meanings associated with age, some gerontologists have advanced concepts such as biological age or functional age. These are useful concepts, isolating one domain or facet of aging, but even these concepts must be applied with a skepticism for age effects. Gullible gerontology ensues when well-meaning persons accept age as an explanatory variable and disregard or minimize other factors or processes that are associated with age differences. Gerontologists prioritize longitudinal research designs and urge caution when one attempts to generalize from age differences. Concepts such as terminal drop and the age-period-cohort are used to illustrate this axiom.
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Lee, Bandy X., and Grace Lee. Cultural Issues in Geriatric Forensic Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0029.
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Cultural competence is an essential skill for the geriatric forensic psychiatrist. Much of psychiatry and the law is “culture-bound,” favoring individual-centered analyses over consideration of social and cultural context. While this has worked reasonably well for relatively homogeneous, dominant cultures within Western (i.e., North American or European) societies, it is growing less viable as populations grow more pluralistic with widely variable means of organizing the world and their place in it. Furthermore, not only does culture shape meaning and significance for the individual, it determines the causes, manifestations, and final course of many major psychiatric disorders. Therefore, in order properly to assess a person’s state of mind in competency or criminal responsibility cases, to evaluate the likelihood of restorability, to explain mitigating factors, or to gauge the appropriateness of treatment programs, cultural considerations must come into play. This chapter discusses the elements of cultural competence and its practice, through case vignettes, and how this can translate into choice and resilience for the client, especially the elderly individual.
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McDonagh, Eileen, and Carol Nackenoff. Gender and the American State. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.010.
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The study of gender in American political development (APD) challenges the efficacy for advancing women’s political inclusion of a liberal tradition valorizing principles of individual equality and positing a separation of the family and the state. Masked are ways in which gender roles and the family are integral to governance and state-building. Gender is both a dependent and an independent variable in APD. Shaped by institutions and policies of the state, it also shapes institutions and policies that promote women’s political citizenship and expand the state’s capacity for social provision—by asserting not only liberal claims of women’s equality with men, but also by invoking maternalist claims based on women’s difference from men, thereby challenging and altering relationships between public and private spheres.
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Jordan, Julie-Ann, Judith Wylie, and Gerry Mulhern. Individual Differences in Children’s Paths to Arithmetical Development. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.015.
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Cross-sectional and longitudinal data consistently indicate that mathematical difficulties are more prevalent in older than in younger children (e.g. Department of Education, 2011). Children’s trajectories can take a variety of shapes such as linear, flat, curvilinear, and uneven, and shape has been found to vary within children and across tasks (J Jordan, Mulhern, and Wylie, 2009). There has been an increase in the use of statistical methods which are specifically designed to study development, and this has greatly improved our understanding of children’s mathematical development. However, the effects of many cognitive and social variables (e.g. working memory and verbal ability) on mathematical development are unclear. It is likely that greater consistency between studies will be achieved by adopting a componential approach to study mathematics, rather than treating mathematics as a unitary concept.
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Warwick, David, Roderick Dunn, Erman Melikyan, and Jane Vadher. Wrist. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199227235.003.0015.
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Anatomy 490Biomechanics 494Wrist pain 495Investigations for wrist disorders 496Crystal arthropathy 498Carpal instability 499Scapholunate instability 500Mid-carpal instability 503Wrist osteoarthritis 504Swellings around the wrist 506Avascular necrosis 508Wrist operations 511Tuberculosis 520Distal radius–lunate fossa (quadrangular/spherical), scaphoid fossa (triangular/spoon-shaped) sigmoid notch (articulates with ulnar seat in DRUJ, variable concavity)....
18
The constrained asset share estimation (CASE) method: Testing mean-variance efficiency of the U.S. stock market. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.
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19
Wyatt, Laura A., and Michael Doherty. Morphological aspects of pathology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0003.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the commonest condition to affect synovial joints, but although any synovial joint can be affected, most studies of pathology relate to large joints (knees and hips). OA involves the whole joint and pathological alterations typically occur in all joint tissues. Established OA is characterized by a mixture of tissue loss and new tissue production resulting in focal loss of articular hyaline cartilage together with bone remodelling and osteophyte formation. Articular cartilage may show increased thickness in the earliest stages of OA with increased numbers of hypertrophic chondrocytes, followed by progressive decline in matrix components, thickness, and chondrocyte number. Surface fibrillation and vertical clefts become evident in mid- to end-stage OA and eventual complete loss of cartilage can occur, predominantly in maximum load-bearing regions, with subsequent eburnation and furrowing of bone. Bone remodelling may lead to alteration of bone shape and variable trabecular thickness in subchondral bone, whilst subchondral microfractures may result in localized osteonecrosis, fibrosis, and ‘cysts’. Endochondral ossification of new fibrocartilage produced predominantly at the joint margin produces characteristic bony osteophytes. The synovium shows areas of hyperplasia with varying amounts of lymphocyte aggregates and inclusion of osteochondral ‘loose’ bodies, and the outer fibrous capsule thickens to help stabilize the compromised joint. Synovial fluid increases in volume but decreases in viscosity. Periarticular changes include type II muscle atrophy and enthesophytes.
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Corrales, Javier. Content. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868895.003.0004.
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This chapter provides the broadest evidence on behalf of my power asymmetry argument. It begins by discussing my index of presidential powers (the dependent variable), which draws heavily from Shugart and Carey and other scholars. It then creates a measure of power asymmetry (the main independent variable): the difference between the share of seats held by Incumbent versus Opposition forces at the constituent assembly. I call this “table asymmetry.” Finally, it compares all the new constitutions to those replaced. Evidence is provided that variations in outcome are strongly correlated with variations in power asymmetry. The chapter also shows how changes in constitutions contributed to changes in regime conditions (liberal democracy declined in cases where constitutions granted presidents more power).
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Jacobson, Marion. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036750.003.0008.
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This concluding chapter charts the relationships between all the different communities, regions, and phases of the accordion's life discussed so far, exploring common threads and disjunctions throughout history. It moves the study of the accordion away from the traditional subdiscipline of organology and attempts to say something about the processes through which instruments evolve. Musical instruments entail a great deal of disjunctions between the makers, individuals, institutions, and ideas that shape them at different phases in their history. This chapter offers a perspective on the very breadth of variables involved in all the repertoires, practices, and ideas of accordionists, which enables us to see, among all the variables, continuity and harmony among different sectors of the accordion world.
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Aspden, Richard, and Jenny Gregory. Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0011.
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The study of joint morphology can help us to understand the risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA), how it progresses, and aids in developing imaging biomarkers for study of the disease. OA results in gross structural changes in affected joints. Growth of osteophytes, deformation of joint components, and loss of joint space where cartilage has broken down are all characteristics of the disorder. Certain bone shapes as well as malalignment predispose people to future OA, or may be a marker for early OA. Geometrical measures, such as the alpha angle or Wiberg’s CE angle, used to be the primary tool for investigating morphology. In recent years, however, statistical shape modelling (SSM) has become increasingly popular. SSM can be used with any imaging modality and has been successfully applied to a number of musculoskeletal conditions. It uses sets of landmark points denoting the anatomy of one or more bones to generate new variables (modes) that describe and quantify the shape variation in a set of images via principal components analysis. With the aid of automated search algorithms for point placement, the use of SSMs is expanding and provides a valuable and versatile tool for exploration of bone and joint morphometry. Whilst the majority of research has focused on hip and knee OA, this chapter provides an overview of joint morphology through the whole skeleton and how it has helped our ability to understand and quantify the risk and progression of osteoarthritis.
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Bove, Vincenzo, Chiara Ruffa, and Andrea Ruggeri. Composing Peace. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790655.001.0001.
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The book explores how diversity in United Nations’ peace mission composition affects peacekeeping effectiveness. It identifies four key dimensions of composition: Blue Helmets’ field diversity, top mission leadership diversity (between Force Commander and Special Representative of the Secretary General), vertical leadership distance (Leadership-Blue Helmets), and horizontal distance with the local population. Each dimension of diversity of mission is measured as linguistic, geographical, and religious distance. Our book conceptualizes original mechanisms—i. resolve commitment; ii. informative trust; iii. informative communicability; iv. skilled persuasion—through which diversity can shape mission effectiveness such as trust, communicability, deterrence, and persuasion. It then evaluates each dimension separately through three pathway case studies—the UN missions in Lebanon, in Mali, and in the Central African Republic—and quantitative analyses based on a global dataset of peacekeeping operations deployed since the end of the Cold War. The book finds that diversity of Blue Helmets and diversity of top leadership may increase the mission’s capacity to reduce battle-field violence and civilian victimization. At the same time, the effects of diversity are contextual and contingent. In fact, looking at the relation between peacekeepers and Force Commanders, proximity between them is generally associated with better performances. Furthermore, homogeneity between local populations and peacekeepers, or low distance between them, is also related to low levels of hostility and casualties. This book crucially demonstrates why diversity of mission composition is a key variable to consider when trying to enhance peacekeeping effectiveness.
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Matsuba, M. Kyle, Susan Alisat, and Michael W. Pratt. Environmental Activism in Emerging Adulthood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0015.
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This chapter, “Environmental Activism in Emerging Adulthood” reviews what is known about the personality and lives of environmental activists, paying particular attention to the emerging adulthood years. The chapter adopts a developmental framework by positioning the paper within Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Hence, the focus is on the important stages of identity and generativity, which, it is argued, shape the life trajectory of environmental activists. The chapter also draws on the authors’ own longitudinal data, highlighting the importance of identity, political ideology, and generativity variables in predicting later environmental behaviors, and provides narrative excerpts to illustrate the influence of these variables. Finally, the chapter ends by making a plea for the scientific community to draw greater attention to understanding people’s environmental actions and inactions given the current state of the planet.
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Hyde, Luke W., Ryan Bogdan, and Ahmad Hariri. Neurogenetics of Individual Differences in Brain, Behavior, and Risk for Psychopathology. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.007.
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Neurogenetics research is advancing understanding of how genetic variation gives rise to individual differences in brain function, which, in turn, shapes behavior and risk for psychopathology. Despite these advancements, neurogenetics research is currently confronted by three major challenges: 1) conducting research on individual variables with small effects, 2) absence of detailed mechanisms, and 3) a need to translate findings towards greater clinical relevance. This essay showcases techniques and developments that address these challenges and highlights the benefits of a neurogenetics approach to understanding brain, behavior, and risk for psychopathology. To address the challenge of small effects, we explore approaches including incorporating the environment, modeling epistatic relationships, and using multilocus profiles. To address the challenge of mechanism, we explore how nonhuman animal research, epigenetics research, and GWAS can inform our mechanistic understanding of behaviorally relevant brain function. Finally, to address the challenge of clinical relevance, the essay examines how neurogenetics research can identify novel therapeutic targets and identify for whom treatments work best. By addressing these challenges neurogenetics research is poised to exponentially increase our understanding of how genetic variation interacts with the environment to shape the brain, behavior and risk for psychopathology.
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Safar, Jiri G. Prion Paradigm of Human Neurodegenerative Diseases Caused by Protein Misfolding. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0005.
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Data accumulated from different laboratories argue that a growing number of proteins causing neurodegeneration share certain characteristics with prions. Prion-like particles were produced from synthetic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), from recombinant α-synuclein linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD), and from recombinant tau associated with frontotemporal dementias (FTD). Evidence from human prions reveals that variable disease phenotypes, rates of propagation, and targeting of different brain structures are determined by distinct conformers (strains) of pathogenic prion protein. Recent progress in the development of advanced biophysical tools identified the structural characteristics of Aβ in the brain cortex of phenotypically diverse AD patients and thus allowed an investigation of the prion paradigm of AD. The findings of distinctly structured strains of human brain Aβ, forming a unique spectrum of oligomeric particles in the cortex of rapidly progressive cases, implicates these structures in variable rates of propagation in the brain.
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Youngs, Richard. Civic Activism Unleashed. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931704.001.0001.
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The book examines the changing shape of contemporary civic activism. It investigates what kind of new civic activism is emerging around the world and assesses how far this is really different from more established forms of civil society activity. The book also analyzes the impact of recent civic activism, in particular mass protest, offering a set of variables to help explain cases of success and failure. Finally, the book examines how far international support for civil society has kept pace with the emerging forms of civic activism.
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Petit, Véronique, Kaveri Qureshi, Yves Charbit, and Philip Kreager, eds. The Anthropological Demography of Health. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862437.001.0001.
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This book provides an integrative framework for the anthropological demography of health, a field of interdisciplinary population research grounded in ethnography and in critical examination of the social, political, and economic histories that have shaped relations between peoples. The field has grown from the 1990s, extending to a remarkable range of key human and policy issues, including: genetic disorders; nutrition; mental health; infant, child and maternal morbidity; malaria; HIV/AIDS; disability and chronic diseases; new reproductive technologies; and population ageing. Collaboration with social, medical, and demographic historians enables these issues to be situated in the evolution of institutional structures and inequalities that shape health and care access. Understanding fertility levels and trends has widened beyond parity and contraception to the many life course risks and alternative healing systems that shape reproductive health. By going beyond conventional demographic and epidemiological methods, and idealised macro/micro-level units, the anthropological demography of health places people’s health-seeking behaviour in a compositional demography based on ethnographic observation of group formation and change over time, and of variance between what people say and do. It tracks family and community networks; class, linguistic, and religious groups; sectoral labour and market distributions; health and healing specialisms; and relations between these bodies and with groups controlling local and national governments. The approach enables examination of how local cultures and experience are translated formally into measures on which survey and clinical programmes rely, thus testing the empirical adequacy of such translations, and leading to revision of concepts of risk and governance.
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Levy, Brian, Robert Cameron, and Vinothan Naidoo. Context and Capability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824053.003.0007.
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This chapter explores how context influences bureaucracy. Bureaucratic behaviour and performance are interpreted as endogenous, shaped by decisions of political elites as to whether to direct their efforts towards providing public services or towards more narrowly political or private purposes. The chapter distinguishes among three broad contextual differences between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape—socio-economic, political, and institutional. It identifies the causal mechanisms through which these variables exert their influence, distinguishing between demand-side and supply-side influences. In the Eastern Cape, the consequence of an initially weak context is a low-level equilibrium trap in which incentives transmitted from the political to the bureaucratic levels reinforce factionalized loyalty within multiple patronage networks. By contrast, in the Western Cape, both demand-side and supply-side contextual variables support public service provision; however, weaknesses in ‘soft governance’ limit the positive impact.
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Wehrey, Frederic, and Anouar Boukhars. Salafism in the Maghreb. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190942403.001.0001.
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This volume explores the growth and transformation of a particular variant of Islamism—Salafism—in the Maghreb region. Drawing on extensive fieldwork and from previous scholarship on Salafi typologies—specifically, quietist, political, and jihadist variants—it seeks to understand the socioeconomic and political drivers between the growth or diminishing of each trend. The volume pays particular attention to exploring how state-sponsored Salafists compete with more informal, nonstate, and transnational variants, particularly jihadists. It analyses how local political contexts determine the calculations and trajectories of Salafist factions that appear to share a certain doctrinal uniformity but whose actual practice on the ground, in the sphere of Arab politics, varies significantly. Specifically, it assesses state capacities and policies toward Salafis as a crucial variable that has shaped the transformation of Salafism across the Maghreb’s different countries. A key feature of the book is its attention to the blurring of the boundaries between Salafi quietism, political activism, and the imperative, in some countries, for Salafis to modulate aspects of their doctrine to gain public support. It concludes with the observation that Salafism’s growth is the product of a growing and youthful disenchantment with the existing order and especially authoritarianism, corruption, and dislocation. At a time of heightened polarization in the region and unfortunate American misapprehensions of Islamism—at both public and official levels—the book’s granular insights provide correctives for understanding a diverse religious current that has too often been synonymous with extremism.
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Fox, Susan H., and Marina Picillo. A Rapidly Progressive Movement Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0028.
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Prion diseases are a rare group of transmissible and untreatable encephalopathies that ultimately result in death after a short and rapidly progressive illness. The clinical features are variable but share a mix of cortical and subcortical features and a tendency for worsening at a speed that is typically faster than the monthly or yearly change seen in degenerative forms of dementia. Movement disorders represent a prominent feature of prion diseases and include cerebellar and extrapyramidal symptoms. Myoclonus is by far the most common involuntary movement in prion diseases. An awareness of the diagnosis is important to avoid the risk of iatrogenic transmission and to allow a discussion about prognosis with family and relatives.
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Chaisty, Paul, Nic Cheeseman, and Timothy J. Power. Coalitional Presidentialism in Cross-Regional Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817208.003.0002.
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This chapter introduces the three regions—sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Former Soviet Union—and the nine countries—Armenia, Benin, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Kenya, Malawi, Russia, and Ukraine—that provide the empirical material for the book. It introduces the two criteria used for case selection: 1) democratic competitiveness; 2) de jure and de facto constitutional provisions that empower presidents to be coalitional formateurs. It also introduces a variable that measures the salience of cross-party cooperation: the Index of Coalitional Necessity. Finally, it sketches the political landscape that has shaped the dynamics of coalitional presidentialism within each region, and it draws attention to important contextual differences between the nine country cases.
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Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. An Organizational Approach to Public Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.001.0001.
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Political science is often criticized for being insufficiently relevant for coping with governance challenges of our time. This book aims to fill this void by launching a general organizational approach to public governance. To achieve this, the book outlines key theoretical dimensions that cut across governance structures and processes horizontally as well as vertically, thus paving the way for integrating separate empirical analyses into a coherent theoretical whole. Moreover, the organizational (independent) variables outlined in this book represent classical dimensions in the organization literature that are generic in character. This allows for generalizations across time and space. The volume addresses how organizational characteristics of the governmental apparatus (within international organizations, the European Union, national governments, and sub-governments) systematically enable, constrain, and shape public governance processes, thus making some policy choices more likely than others. The second ambition of the volume is to focus on (organizational) design implications: By building systematic knowledge on how organizational factors shape governance processes on the one hand, and how organizational factors themselves might be deliberately changed on the other, the book offers a knowledge base for organizational design.
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Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. An Organizational Approach to Public Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0001.
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This chapter launches a general organizational approach to public governance. It outlines key theoretical dimensions that cut across governance structures and processes horizontally as well as vertically, thus paving the way for integrating separate empirical analyses into a coherent theoretical whole. Moreover, the organizational (independent) variables outlined represent classical dimensions in the organization literature that are generic in character. This allows for generalizations across time and space. The chapter also highlights the potential for organizational design that follows from our approach. By building systematic knowledge on how organizational factors shape governance processes on the one hand, and how organizational factors themselves might be deliberately changed on the other, the chapter offers a framework for developing a knowledge base for organizational design.
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Dawson, Kevin. Slave Culture. Edited by Mark M. Smith and Robert L. Paquette. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0022.
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This article reviews scholarship on slave culture and the slave experience. Historians of the American South have had an interest in slavery since the early twentieth century but not until fairly recently have they paid sustained attention to the enslaved. Historians have begun to examine slaves, providing a bottom-up analysis of how slavery and slaves shaped their culture, daily lives, and southern white culture generally. This more recent emphasis has been sensitive to the importance of variables: how southern slave culture was shaped by time, place, work patterns, source population (the origins of African-born slaves); whether a region was under English, Dutch, Spanish, Spanish, French, or American jurisdiction; whether slaves lived and worked in societies with slaves or slave societies; whether slaves were skilled, toiled under the task system, or were gang labour; whether they produced tobacco, indigo, rice, sugar, and cotton; their proximity to Native Americans or Spaniards; and whether they lived in times of war or peace.
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O’Rourke, Michael. Comparing Methods for Cross-Disciplinary Research. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.23.
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The methods of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research (hereafter, “cross-disciplinary research” or CDR) are “fragmented”, that is, distributed in unconnected ways across the intellectual landscape. Fragmentation results in inefficiency, which motivates systematic organization of methods. Systematic organization has value for both cross-disciplinary practitioners and theorists since it structures thinking about the range of variables that shape CDR, enhancing efficiency and prospects for project success. “Comparing Methods for Cross-Disciplinary Research” contributes a comparative, philosophical perspective to the systematic organization of CDR methods. After a brief historical review, the chapter analyzes and illustrates CDR methods. A comparative assessment of CDR methods is then presented that surveys a sample of prominent approaches to the organization of CDR methods before describing an alternate approach. The chapter closes with a discussion of outstanding challenges for those interested in comparing and organizing cross-disciplinary methods.
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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Phase Space Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0003.
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In this chapter we introduce an important concept concerning the study of both discrete and continuous dynamical systems, the concept of phase space or “state space”. It is an abstract mathematical construction with important applications in statistical mechanics, to represent the time evolution of a dynamical system in geometric shape. This space has as many dimensions as the number of variables needed to define the instantaneous state of the system. For instance, the state of a material point moving on a straight line is defined by its position and velocity at each instant, so that the phase space for this system is a plane in which one axis is the position and the other one the velocity. In this case, the phase space is also called “phase plane”. It is later applied in many chapters of the book.
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Bogaards, Matthijs. Comparative Political Regimes: Consensus and Majoritarian Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.65.
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Ever since Aristotle, the comparative study of political regimes and their performance has relied on classifications and typologies. The study of democracy today has been influenced heavily by Arend Lijphart’s typology of consensus versus majoritarian democracy. Scholars have applied it to more than 100 countries and sought to demonstrate its impact on no less than 70 dependent variables. This paper summarizes our knowledge about the origins, functioning, and consequences of two basic types of democracy: those that concentrate power and those that share and divide power. In doing so, it will review the experience of established democracies and question the applicability of received wisdom to new democracies.
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McDougal, Topher L. Multipolar Trade and Rural–Urban Violence in Maoist India. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792598.003.0006.
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Does the shape or strength of the trade networks that link rural and urban areas affect the employment of violence? This chapter attempts to answer this question employing a statistical model based on GIS-derived variables, and using the case of the Maoist insurgency in rural India. It argues that (1) strong rural–urban linkages do in fact lower the intensity of violence employed by the rural Maoist insurgency against civilian people (but not against government targets or property); and (2) highly interconnected areas experience lower levels of violence against people (but not against government targets). The conclusion suggests that network structure affects bargaining power differentials between the Maoists and traders serving the area. Towns redundantly to urban areas simultaneously decrease traders’ monopoly power, while increasing the cost of Maoist capture. These two factors promote a trading relationship between Maoists and redundantly connected towns.
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Mathews, Jud. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682910.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces readers to the horizontal effect of rights and why it matters. It explains how horizontal effect doctrines define some of the key commitments of the legal systems that produce them. The chapter also introduces the three legal systems that are the subject of the book, Germany, the United States, and Canada, and lays out the basic structure of the case studies. For each, the focus is on three things in particular: a court’s initial moves to apply rights horizontally, the doctrinal structures the court devises to manage the horizontal effect of rights, and the broader consequences these choices have on governance, in interaction with the moves made by other actors and institutions. Applying rights horizontally has the potential to empower courts, but a mix of variables shape the consequences of any such move. The chapter previews the patterns that the case studies reveal.
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Graham, Wade, and Donald Worster. Braided Waters. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298590.001.0001.
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This book sheds new light on the relationship between environment and society by charting the history of Hawaii's Molokai island over a thousand-year period of repeated settlement. From the arrival of the first Polynesians to contact with eighteenth-century European explorers and traders to our present era, this book shows how the control of resources—especially water—in a fragile, highly variable environment has had profound effects on the history of Hawaii. The book examines the ways in which environmental variation repeatedly shapes human social and economic structures and how, in turn, man-made environmental degradation influences and reshapes societies. A key finding of this study is how deep structures of place interact with distinct cultural patterns across different societies to produce similar social and environmental outcomes, in both the Polynesian and modern eras—a case of historical isomorphism with profound implications for global environmental history.
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Mahmood, Zaad. Party System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199475278.003.0006.
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The chapter discusses the party system in the macro context of politics. It highlights the limitations of political party and interest group analysis without reference to the political competition that shapes behaviour in politics. The chapter discusses theoretically the impact of party system on labour market flexibility and proceeds to show the interrelation between party competition and the behaviour of political parties, composition of socio-economic support bases, and the behaviour of interest groups that influence reform. In the context of labour market flexibility, the party-system operates as an intermediate variable facilitating reforms. The chapter contradicts the conventional notion that party system fragmentation impedes reform by showing how increasing party competition corresponds to greater labour market reforms. It shows that increases in the number of parties, facilitates labour market reforms through marginalization of the issue of labour, realignment of class interests within broader society and fragmentation of trade union movement.
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Schibler, Jörg. Zooarchaeological results from Neolithic and Bronze Age wetland and dryland sites in the Central Alpine Foreland. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.6.
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A small but very diverse structured landscape, a high degree of preservation of archaeological findings and structures because of waterlogged conditions, and very precise dendrochronological dating are the advantages of the archaeological and archaeozoological situation in Switzerland. These opportunities allow differentiating the topographic, environmental, and cultural conditions that influenced and shaped the role of domestic and wild animals in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Because of the proximity to the Alps, unfavourable weather conditions had a strong impact on agricultural production, resulting frequently in a more intense use of wild resources. Therefore, during the Neolithic, but even in the Bronze Age, hunting played periodically an important role. On the other hand, the topographic situation, the extent of open landscapes resulting from human clearances, as well as cultural influences, are responsible for the variable importance of different domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goat, and pig.
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Beckfield, Jason. New Questions and Answers about Embodied Social Inequalities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492472.003.0002.
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How might the political-sociological concepts reviewed in Chapter 1 contribute to the distribution of population health? To connect the dots, the author begins this chapter with a reconsideration of several established facts about social inequalities in health. Next, he discusses new evidence that establishes relationships between political-sociological structures and processes described in the last chapter, and social inequalities in health. Disease is distributed unequally within populations according to socioeconomic position (SEP), even after controlling for the many behavioral and other factors that affect health and are also—variably across institutional contexts—correlated with SEP. A consideration of political sociology helps us to explain these facts. Moreover, the political-sociological context also shapes the distribution of resources that matter for health.
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Kapur, Devesh. Public Opinion. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.22.
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This chapter examines the role of public opinion on Indian foreign policy and focuses on four principal questions: One, how informed is the Indian public about foreign policy issues and how have its views been measured? Two, what shapes public opinion on foreign policy issues in India? Who are the key actors and how have they changed over time and issue area? Three, what are the mechanisms that link public opinion to public policy in foreign policy and on what issues has public opinion mattered? And four, what is public opinion about India in other major countries and what does it reveal? Finally the chapter concludes with some observations on public opinion’s interactions with changes in other variables shaping foreign policy, such as the rise of business and a more federal polity.
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Beauchaine, Theodore P., and Maureen Zalewski. Physiological and Developmental Mechanisms of Emotional Lability in Coercive Relationships. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.5.
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Thestaticapproach to characterizing psychopathology classifies disorders syndromally, with little attention to development or social risk mediators. This approach, founded on biological reductionism, characterizes particular syndromes as arising from genetic and/or neural dysfunctions. In contrast, thehigh-riskapproach emphasizes exposure to adversity, with little consideration of neurobiology. Since neurobiological vulnerability × environmental risk interactions often account for more variance in developmental outcomes than do main effects, studying either in isolation can be misleading. This chapter presents an ontogenic process perspective in which neurobiological vulnerabilities interact with coercive family processes to shape and maintain emotional lability and emotion dysregulation—hallmarks of psychopathology. It emphasizes bidirectional transactions across levels of analysis (e.g., behavior ↔ autonomic function), mechanisms through which physiological systems adapt to coercion (neural plasticity, epigenesis), generalization of coercive behaviors across contexts (family, peer groups), and distinct functions of neurobiological systems in transmitting coercive behavior.
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Schultz, William Todd. The Mind of the Artist. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197611098.001.0001.
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Because artists make something out of nothing, the process can seem like magic, divinely inspired and inexplicable. It’s not. A single, potent factor lies at the heart of most everything creative: the mysterious, multifaceted trait of “openness.” This book describes the role of the openness dimension in the typical artist mind: how it loosens thinking, how it widens feelings, how it motivates behavior, and how it foments a useful inner chaos encouraging artistic invention. For creatives, openness is a unifying glue. It binds together states and processes at the core of the art-making impulse. A related key variable is trauma, according to scientific findings: the raw material with which so many artists work. In novels, poems, stories, and photographs, trauma gets symbolically repeated, shaped in the direction of a torturous beauty. Scientifically astute, conceptually subtle, and packed with richly detailed artist examples—from David Bowie to Frida Kahlo, from John Coltrane to Francesca Woodman, from Diane Arbus to Kurt Cobain—The Mind of the Artist demystifies artistic genius. It is a new, true portrait of artistic vision.
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Carrier, Tyler J., Adam M. Reitzel, and Andreas Heyland, eds. Section 1 Summary—Evolutionary Origins and Transitions in Developmental Mode. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0006.
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Abiotic variables and biotic interactions can act on variation in life history traits, ultimately leading to divergence in reproductive mode. Marine invertebrates have a remarkable diversity in such strategies, sometimes even between closely related species. It is this natural diversity that lends itself to employing a powerful comparative approach, both for particular morphological characteristics as well as molecular signatures from developmental genes. For example, complex life histories, where a larval stage is interposed between the embryo and juvenile, likely represent the product of numerous selection pressures, historical and current, that have shaped the diversity of larval stages in extant marine species. In fact, the very question about “what is a larva?” has to be addressed, as it is so intimately connected to bentho-planktonic life cycle and metamorphosis. Furthermore, novel larval types have evolved in particular lineages and larvae have been secondarily lost in others. This in itself creates an interesting and exciting playground to test evolutionary developmental hypotheses....
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Aye, Goodness C. Wealth inequality and CO2 emissions in emerging economies: The case of BRICS. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/918-1.
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As the world battles with the triple problems of social, economic, and environmental challenges, it has become important to focus both policy and research efforts on these. Therefore, this study examines the effect of wealth inequality on CO2 emissions in five emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The top decile of wealth share was used as a measure of wealth inequality, while CO2 emissions per capita were used as a measure of CO2 emissions. GDP per capita, population, and financial development (domestic credit to the private sector) were included as control variables. A balanced panel dataset of annual observations from 2000 to 2014 for these countries was used. Both fixed and random effects panel models were estimated, but the Hausman test favoured the use of the fixed effects model. The results based on the fixed effects panel regression model show that wealth inequality, GDP per capita, and population have positive effects on CO2 emissions, while financial development has a negative effect.
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Crispin, Darla, and Stefan Östersjö. Musical expression from conception to reception. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199346677.003.0021.
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The word ‘expression’, when applied to music, has a comfortably familiar ring to it. However, on careful scrutiny it turns out to be more elusive than one might think. Intrinsic to musical expression is the idea that within music there is something to be expressed, and that this might be reinforced (or undermined) by the performance strategies adopted. The issue becomes more complicated when one asks whether the ‘something’ in question equates to inchoate feeling, to apprehensible meaning or to both in variable proportions. This chapter reviews historical approaches to musical expression and argues that the concept of Werktreue still shapes much of our thinking and teaching in this area. This leads to a consideration of the respective roles of composer, performer and audience, generating a diagrammatic matrix which is progressively modified throughout the chapter. In its final, most dynamic version, the matrix proposes a ‘field of musical expression’ in which the roles of composer, performer and listener interact. The authors suggest that the time is ripe for more interdisciplinary research on musical expression, where a fusion of approaches—from music psychology and computing to performance studies and artistic research—may be the key to a deeper understanding.