Journal articles: 'Shape norms'

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Goyal, Namrata, Marian Adams, Travis G. Cyr, Anne Maass, and Joan G. Miller. "Norm-based spontaneous categorization: Cultural norms shape meaning and memory." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118, no. 3 (March 2020): 436–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000188.

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Linos, Katerina. "How International Norms Shape Voter Choices." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 103 (2009): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700034315.

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Petts, Richard J., Kevin M. Shafer, and Lee Essig. "Does Adherence to Masculine Norms Shape Fathering Behavior?" Journal of Marriage and Family 80, no. 3 (March 22, 2018): 704–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12476.

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de Melo, Celso M., Kazunori Terada, and Francisco C. Santos. "Emotion expressions shape human social norms and reputations." iScience 24, no. 3 (March 2021): 102141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102141.

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Carney, Tanya, and Anne Junor. "How do occupational norms shape mothers’ career and caring options?" Journal of Industrial Relations 56, no. 4 (July 31, 2014): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185614538442.

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Shepherd, Hana R. "The Structure of Perception: How Networks Shape Ideas of Norms." Sociological Forum 32, no. 1 (October 12, 2016): 72–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/socf.12317.

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Góralski, Wojciech. "Diocesan Synod Today. In What Shape?" Ecumeny and Law 7 (November 24, 2019): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/eal.2019.07.01.

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The Second Vatican Council shaped a new model for a diocesan synod, which was adopted, among others, in Poland, and is characterised by a departure from making the norms of particular law and the popularisation of the council teaching in particular Churches. On the other hand, after the promulgation of the new Code of Canon Law in 1983, the diocesan synods adjusted the diocesan law to the code norms. When this period of the reception of the code law to the diocesan legislation achieved its result, the final resolutions of the subsequent diocesan synods, which were usually extensive, do not meet — to a large extent — the requirements set by the documents of the Holy See: Instruction of the Congregation for Bishops and the Congregation for the Evangelisation of Nations of 1997 and the Directory of the Congregation for Bishops Apostolorum successores of 2004. The author calls for the use of these enunciations so that diocesan synods can be an effective tool for the renewal of a particular Church.

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Bode, Ingvild, and Hendrik Huelss. "Autonomous weapons systems and changing norms in international relations." Review of International Studies 44, no. 3 (February 19, 2018): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210517000614.

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AbstractAutonomous weapons systems (AWS) are emerging as key technologies of future warfare. So far, academic debate concentrates on the legal-ethical implications of AWS but these do not capture how AWS may shape norms through defining diverging standards of appropriateness in practice. In discussing AWS, the article formulates two critiques on constructivist models of norm emergence: first, constructivist approaches privilege the deliberative over the practical emergence of norms; and second, they overemphasise fundamental norms rather than also accounting for procedural norms, which we introduce in this article. Elaborating on these critiques allows us to respond to a significant gap in research: we examine how standards of procedural appropriateness emerging in the development and usage of AWS often contradict fundamental norms and public legitimacy expectations. Normative content may therefore be shaped procedurally, challenging conventional understandings of how norms are constructed and considered as relevant in International Relations. In this, we outline the contours of a research programme on the relationship of norms and AWS, arguing that AWS can have fundamental normative consequences by setting novel standards of appropriate action in international security policy.

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Kwok, Kim. "The moral economy of Asian migrant women in small business in Hong Kong." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 29, no. 1 (March 2020): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196820909915.

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This article explores how moral norms shape migrant women’s small businesses and examines the implications for immigrant social integration. It draws on qualitative data collected in Hong Kong in the period 2014–2018. Findings from the study suggest that the picture of Asian migrant women in business as either a silent supporter or independent entrepreneur is incomplete. Rather, it is a more complex picture shaped by the intersection of class, gender, ethnicity and religion. Female immigrant entrepreneurship and female empowerment have a complicated relationship, where moral norms both facilitate and constrain women’s business activities. This study contributes to the literature on immigrant economy by suggesting that moral norms should not be overlooked for their implications on the long-term social integration of women immigrants.

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House, Julian. "Physical Symbols at Work: Communication of Cooperative Norms Through Table Shape." Academy of Management Proceedings 2013, no. 1 (January 2013): 14713. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.14713abstract.

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SHAMA, LISA N. S., MELINA CAMPERO-PAZ, K. MATHIAS WEGNER, MARJAN DE BLOCK, and ROBBY STOKS. "Latitudinal and voltinism compensation shape thermal reaction norms for growth rate." Molecular Ecology 20, no. 14 (June 20, 2011): 2929–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05156.x.

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Thomas, Matthew Gwynfryn, Bård-Jørgen Bårdsen, and Marius Warg Næss. "The narrow gap between norms and cooperative behaviour in a reindeer herding community." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171221.

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Cooperation evolves on social networks and is shaped, in part, by norms: beliefs and expectations about the behaviour of others or of oneself. Networks of cooperative social partners and associated norms are vital for pastoralists, such as Saami reindeer herders in northern Norway. However, little is known quantitatively about how norms structure pastoralists' social networks or shape cooperation. Saami herders reported their social networks and participated in field experiments, allowing us to gauge the overlap between reported and emergent cooperation. We show that individuals' perceptions of reciprocal cooperation within their social networks exceeded actual reciprocity, although both occurred frequently and were concentrated within herding groups. Herders with more extensive cooperation networks received more rewards in an economic game. Although herders overestimated reciprocal helping, cooperation in this community was still extensive, suggesting that perceived norms potentially allow network structures promoting cooperation to emerge and be maintained.

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Schudde, Lauren, Huriya Jabbar, and Catherine Hartman. "How Political and Ecological Contexts Shape Community College Transfer." Sociology of Education 94, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038040720954817.

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Broad higher education contexts shape how community college students and postsecondary personnel approach transfer from community colleges to baccalaureate-granting institutions. We leverage the concept of strategic action fields, an organizational theory illuminating processes that play out as actors determine “who gets what” in an existing power structure, to understand the role of political-ecological contexts in “vertical” transfer. Drawing on interviews with administrators, transfer services personnel, and transfer-intending students at two Texas community college districts and with administrators, admissions staff, and transfer personnel at public universities throughout the state, we examine how institutional actors and students create, maintain, and respond to rules and norms in the community college transfer field. Our results suggest university administrators, faculty, and staff hold dominant positions in the field, setting the rules and norms for credit transfer and applicability. Students, who hold the least privilege, must invest time and energy to gather information about transfer pathways and policies as their primary means of meeting their educational aspirations. The complex structure of information—wherein each institution provides its own transfer resources, with little collaboration and minimal alignment—systematically disadvantages community college students. Although some community college personnel voice frustration that the field disadvantages transfer-intending community college students, they maintain the social order by continuing to implement and reinforce the rules and norms set by universities.

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D’Ambruoso, William L. "Norms, perverse effects, and torture." International Theory 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971914000396.

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If torture is both ethically odious and usually ineffective as an interrogation method, why have states, especially democratic ones, practiced it? This paper develops a theoretical response to this puzzle by extending constructivist understandings of normative effects. I argue that the norm prohibiting torture has the perverse effect of making torture more attractive to some political leaders in two ways: first, the norm attracts those who are looking for an outside-the-box solution to challenging intelligence-gathering scenarios; second, the norm offers political leaders a narrative of heroism in which they sacrifice their morality for the greater good. I illustrate these explanations with the example of torture in the United States war on terror. My argument suggests that norms can shape the interests even of those who do not follow their scripts, implying that the scope of normative impact may be much wider than previously believed.

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Merrill, Scott, Erin Markel, Adriano Scarampi, Meghan Bolden, and Sheldon Yoder. "Beyond building: how social norms and networks shape mason construction practices in incremental homebuilding." Enterprise Development and Microfinance 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00014.

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How do low-income households and masons make house construction decisions? A three-country study examined social norms, networks, and information flows that influence construction practices in Kenya, India, and Peru. The study used a suite of qualitative research strategies, including desk research, site observation, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews, to examine households and informal construction service providers, and the interactions between them. The research sought to answer the following questions: 1) How do households and individuals make housing decisions? 2) What are the information flows, key influences, and social norms that steer these decisions? and 3) How can programmes leverage knowledge about norms to improve the quality of home construction? Findings covered areas of gender, disaster resilience, and construction labour – this article focuses on the latter. Ultimately the paper argues that designing impactful programmes for low-income housing markets requires understanding and incorporating these social norms, networks, and information flows.

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Chung, Adrienne, and Rajiv N. Rimal. "Social norms: A review." Review of Communication Research 4 (2016): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2016.04.01.008.

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Social norms, as a topic of inquiry, has garnered significant attention from a variety of perspectives in recent years. Because of the rapidly-growing interest in social norms from scholars in multiple disciplines, this area of scholarship is often characterized by a lack of clarity on what constitutes social norms and how key concepts are operationalized. The objectives of this article are to (a) provide a review of the fast-expanding literature on social norms, (b) delineate similarities and differences in key operational definitions, (c) review theories that explicate how norms affect behaviors, (d) propose a revised theoretical framework that helps organize our understanding of normative inf luence on behavior, and (e) provide suggestions for future research in this area. This review highlights the need to consider whether a behavior is enacted spontaneously or after deliberation. If the former, whichever attitude or norm is most salient will likely have a direct effect on behavior. If the latter, we propose that behavioral, individual, and contextual attributes will influence the extent to which norms shape behavioral intentions and subsequent behavior. Finally, this review highlights the need for more studies designed to test the causal relationship between social norms and behaviors, as well as those that study norms from a qualitative perspective.

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Harrison, Debbie, and Hans Kjellberg. "How users shape markets." Marketing Theory 16, no. 4 (July 31, 2016): 445–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470593116652004.

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The purpose of this article is to elaborate conceptually on the user–market relationship. Existing research reports a limited user–market relationship, which simultaneously exaggerates and underplays user influence on markets. Assuming a constructivist market studies (CMS) perspective, we argue that the scope of the user–market relationship is broader than developing offers and uses. We conceptualize market shaping as five interrelated subprocesses in which users may be involved as agents: qualifying goods, fashioning modes of exchange, configuring actors, establishing market norms and generating market representations. The extent of user influence in these subprocesses is likely to vary both within a specific market and across markets. By identifying conditions conducive to user involvement in each subprocess, we lay the foundation for empirical research into how users shape markets.

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Purtik, Henrike, and Daniel Arenas. "Embedding Social Innovation: Shaping Societal Norms and Behaviors Throughout the Innovation Process." Business & Society 58, no. 5 (September 12, 2017): 963–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650317726523.

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New products and services that tackle grand societal challenges often require changes in societal norms, values, and expectations. This research investigates the question of how innovating actors shape these informal institutions throughout the innovation process by drawing on the literature on social innovation and institutional theory. In a comparison of four case studies, we observe that all innovating actors under study engage in a diverse set of practices to challenge and shape societal norms and expectations as well as user habits and routines throughout the innovation process. These activities can be clustered into unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral change processes, depending on the number of actors involved. Our findings highlight how different types of direct and indirect interactions between innovating actors and users along the innovation process shape the understanding of social innovation, and stress the central role of physical experiences and positive emotions among (future) users. Thereby, we provide for a more nuanced view of how companies that aim to bring technologies with different characteristics of innovativeness to the market shape the informal institutional environment throughout the different phases of the innovation process.

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Slutskiy, Pavel. "Communication in Adopting Moral Norms." MANUSYA 19, no. 2 (2016): 90–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01902005.

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There is a seemingly unbridgeable gap between descriptive statements of moral philosophy (ethics) and prescriptive statements of moral norms. The gap can be avoided by introducing a praxeological explanation of the utilitarian meaning of moral norms which treats them as manmade devices utilized for creating social circumstances that reflect universal subjective value preferences of members of society. The universally shared subjective preference not to be acted upon against ones consent is the reason for adopting a moral norm that prohibits such actions. Adoption of this norm is believed to result in things beneficial to human well-being. As soon as people realize that a norm is in accord with their subjective preferences, the norm becomes adopted by society and internalized by individuals via the communication that sustains it. Along with its internalization the universal norm can take a particular shape contained in background assumptions. The means utilized to ensure that a moral norm is obeyed is the creation of enforcement mechanisms that develop a system of punishments for violating the norm, which then gives way to the development of morally legitimate legal and political systems.

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Fleming, Paul J., Clare Barrington, Suzanne Maman, Leonel Lerebours, Yeycy Donastorg, and Maximo O. Brito. "Competition and Humiliation: How Masculine Norms Shape Men’s Sexual and Violent Behaviors." Men and Masculinities 22, no. 2 (July 4, 2017): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x17715493.

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We use data collected from in-depth interviews with men ( n = 30) in the Dominican Republic to explore how men’s concern about being perceived as masculine influences their interactions with their social networks and how those interactions drive men’s sexual behaviors and use of violence. Men’s sexual and violent behaviors were shaped by the need to compete with other men for social status. This sense of competition also generated fear of humiliation for failing to provide for their families, satisfy sexual partners, or being openly disrespected. In an effort to avoid humiliation within a specific social group, men adapted their behaviors to emphasize their masculinity. Additionally, men who were humiliated recouped their masculinity by perpetrating physical or emotional violence or finding new sexual partners. These findings emphasize the need for understanding these social dynamics to better understand men’s violent and sexual behaviors.

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Dippel, Christian, and Michael Poyker. "Rules versus norms: How formal and informal institutions shape judicial sentencing cycles." Journal of Comparative Economics 49, no. 3 (September 2021): 645–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2021.02.003.

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Alexander, Elizabeth C. "Don’t Know or Won’t Say? Exploring How Colorblind Norms Shape Item Nonresponse in Social Surveys." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 4, no. 3 (May 13, 2017): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649217705145.

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Colorblind norms play an important role in shaping how people discuss race. There is reason to believe that these norms also affect the ways respondents interact with social surveys. Specifically, some respondents may be using nonresponse as a tactic to not discuss race in social surveys. If this is the case, very different demographics of respondents would be most prone to nonresponse, and the phenomenon should also vary on the basis of the interviewer’s race. The author conducted bivariate and multivariate analysis of the Chicago Area Study to examine whether colorblindness may be promoting “don’t know” responses and item refusals. The author finds that nonresponse to a perceived race of interviewer item follows a distinct pattern consistent with previous research on colorblind norms. For example, white respondents have nearly five times the rate of nonresponse compared with blacks and Latinos. Bolstering the colorblindness theory, an interracial interview context nearly triples the nonresponse rate compared with same-race interviews. Findings of this research have important implications for both survey researchers using social surveys to examine race and racial attitudes and race scholars who seek to understand the prevalence of colorblind norms across society.

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Yopo Díaz, Martina. "Revisiting individualization: The transitions to marriage and motherhood in Chile." Current Sociology 66, no. 5 (November 20, 2017): 748–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392117737819.

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The life course of Chilean women has experienced profound transformations in the past decades. It has been argued that transitions to marriage and motherhood are being postponed as they are experienced by women at an older age and are becoming events that characterize an increasingly smaller part of the female population. These changes have been often interpreted as part of a process of individualization that would have reconfigured the cultural norms and social practices regarding gender roles and family formation in Chilean society. Nevertheless, the prevalence and diversification of the practices and norms that shape the transitions to marriage and motherhood at an empirical level remain unexplored. This article aims to assess the individualization of the life course of women in Chile by empirically analysing the destandardization of the practices and norms that shape the transitions to marriage and motherhood. By analysing data from the Encuesta Nacional Bicentenario Universidad Católica – Adimark (2009), it demonstrates that changes in the prevalence of the transitions to marriage and motherhood and the diversification of the practices and norms that shape their timing are ambivalent regarding destandardization. These results suggest that the life course of women in Chile is becoming individualized to some extent, but that this trend of cultural and social change is not consistent and uniform, but rather partial and fragmented, non-linear, and significantly conditioned by the social structure.

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Newmann, Sara J., Jennifer Monroe Zakaras, Shari L. Dworkin, Mellissa Withers, Louisa Ndunyu, Serah Gitome, Phillip Gorrindo, Elizabeth A. Bukusi, and Corinne H. Rocca. "Measuring Men’s Gender Norm Beliefs Related to Contraception: Development of the Masculine Norms and Family Planning Acceptance Scale." Archives of Sexual Behavior 50, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 2691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01941-w.

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AbstractMale partner resistance is identified as a key factor that influences women’s contraceptive use. Examination of the masculine norms that shape men’s resistance to contraception—and how to intervene on these norms—is needed. To assess a gender-transformative intervention in Kenya, we developed and evaluated a masculinity-informed instrument to measure men’s contraceptive acceptance—the Masculine Norms and Family Planning Acceptance (MNFPA) scale. We developed draft scale items based on qualitative research and administered them to partnered Kenyan men (n = 150). Item response theory-based methods were used to reduce and psychometrically evaluate final scale items. The MNFPA scale had a Cronbach’s α of 0.68 and loaded onto a single factor. MNFPA scores were associated with self-efficacy and intention to accept a female partner’s use of contraception; scores were not associated with current contraceptive use. The MNFPA scale is the first rigorously developed and psychometrically evaluated tool to assess men’s contraceptive acceptance as a function of male gender norms. Future work is needed to test the MNFPA measure in larger samples and across different contexts. The scale can be used to evaluate interventions that seek to shift gender norms to increase men’s positive engagement in pregnancy spacing and prevention.

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Mauldin, Joshua T. "Religious Origins and Modern Legal Norms: A Dialectical Account." Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 378–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwz013.

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Abstract A significant amount of scholarship in the field of law and religion involves tracing the sources of contemporary legal and political norms to historical religious traditions. But the relationship between historical religious traditions and modern legal norms is often implicit and undertheorized. This article examines three examples of leading scholars who trace the influence of religious ideas to legal norms in strikingly different ways. Highlighting the work of Martha Nussbaum, Jeremy Waldron, and Samuel Moyn helps bring to rational articulation the normative decisions that are made in attempts to trace historical religious traditions to the contemporary norms that shape modern legal systems.

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Zaum, Dominik. "The Norms and Politics of Exit: Ending Postconflict Transitional Administrations." Ethics & International Affairs 23, no. 2 (2009): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2009.00206.x.

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While the impact of norms on post-conflict statebuilding operations has been well-explored in the literature, the ways in which the same normative frameworks affect the exit practices of such operations has so far remained unaddressed. To fill this gap, this paper examines the impact of the liberal-democratic norms governing statebuilding operations on the timing and process of exit of post-conflict international transitional administrations. To that end, it first examines the concept of exit, arguing that exit is best considered as a process rather than an event. The second section outlines the normative framework that has shaped postconflict statebuilding activities since the end of the cold war, and proposes three ways in which norms can affect exit: first, that norms act as blueprints for statebuilding and can thereby shape benchmarks for exit; second, that norms create “zones of permissibility” that explicitly commit statebuilders to a transitional presence and make exit central to the legitimacy of statebuilding operations; and third, that local actors strategically use norms, in particular those of self-determination and the taboo of permanent control of a territory, to push for an early exit of statebuilding operations. The third section explores both the scope and limitations of the three functions of norms with regard to exit in the context of a brief case study of UNMIK's exit from Kosovo. The article concludes with some observations about the impact of the findings for exit strategies of international actors from statebuilding operations.

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Eriksson Krutrök, Moa. "Algorithmic Closeness in Mourning: Vernaculars of the Hashtag #grief on TikTok." Social Media + Society 7, no. 3 (July 2021): 205630512110423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20563051211042396.

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This study looks at how mourning is expressed using the hashtag #grief on the social media app TikTok using qualitative content analysis. In a dataset of 100 TikTok videos, this article explores how the TikTok ranking algorithms, which orders content based on previous user engagements, may connect people in mourning across the platform and how these platform-enabled interactions may shape grief expressions. The study shows how grief was narrated on TikTok, which sociotechnical templates (such as duets, stitches, and audios) were incorporated into such expressions, and how these expressions of grief challenged societal mourning norms. This article ends with a discussion about how different subcultural norms on TikTok are linked to the way in which ranking algorithms create social connections across the platform. This study proposes that the “algorithmic closeness” of TikTok users in grief allows them to challenge societal mourning norms in imagined safe spaces, shaped by the algorithmic ranking systems on the platform.

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Bourassa, Maureen A., Peggy H. Cunningham, and Jay M. Handelman. "Marketing as a response to paradox and norms in the 1960s and 1970s." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 5, no. 1 (January 25, 2013): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17557501311293352.

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PurposeThis study seeks to investigate the interaction between marketers' strategic behaviors, social norms, and societal stakeholders within a particular historical time period, the 1960s and 1970s.Design/methodology/approachThe study's findings are based on an analysis of two dominant retail industry trade publications, Chain Store Age and Progressive Grocer.FindingsThe analysis reveals an intriguing array of strategic marketing activity throughout these two decades not captured in considerations of marketing strategy at the time. The retailers examined engaged in two interesting behaviors. First, they responded to a wide range of stakeholder demands in a paradoxical fashion. Second, as retailers were confronted with social norms, instead of conforming to these norms they worked to help influence and shape them to their own advantage. This examination of retailers' behaviors over two decades has allowed the authors to present an intriguing new dimension to the understanding of marketing strategy.Originality/valueThe study found that throughout the 1960s and 1970s, marketers appeared to be actively engaged in a social dialogue. Through this dialogue, they not only responded to norms, but also attempted to shape the norms that came to define legitimate behavior for the marketers. This kind of strategic marketing endeavor was not accounted for in the managerial school of thought that dominated marketing thinking at the time.

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Bolleyer, Nicole, Anika Gauja, and Patricia Correa. "Legal Regulation and the Juridification of Party Governance." Comparative Politics 53, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 117–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5129/001041520x15858647604599.

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Although democratic states increasingly regulate political parties, we know little about how legal environments shape parties' internal lives. This article conceptualizes and measures the "juridification" of party organizations' conflict regulation regimes: that is, the extent to which parties replicate external legal standards (e.g. norms of due process) within their own procedures. Formulating hypotheses on juridification within different parties and legal environments, we examine intra-party juridification across four democracies with most different party law provisions. While party juridification varies—reflecting parties' ideological differences—in contexts where organizational governance remains unregulated, once intra-organizational governance is subject to statutory constraints, parties emulate legal norms embedded in the state legal system, transcending what is legally required, which has important repercussions for how the law shapes civil society organizations generally.

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Lipari, Francesca. "This Is How We Do It: How Social Norms and Social Identity Shape Decision Making under Uncertainty." Games 9, no. 4 (December 9, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g9040099.

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The current study aims to investigate how the presence of social norms defines belief formation on future changes in social identity (i.e., diachronic identity), and how those beliefs affect individual decisions under uncertainty. The paper proposes a theoretical model in which individuals have preferences over their own attributes and over specific information structures. The individual preferences are motivated by the presence of social norms. The norms, while establishing the socially acceptable attributes of an individual identity, also drive individuals’ preferences for information acquisition or avoidance. The model incorporates social norms as empirical expectations and provides a prior dependent theory that allows for prior-dependent information attitudes. Firstly, the model implies that decisions are mitigated by socially grounded behavioral and cognitive biases; and secondly, that it can create an incentive to avoid information, even when the latter is useful, free, and independent of strategic considerations. These biases bring out individual trade-offs between the accuracy of decision making and self-image motivated by social conformity. The two behavioral motivations are represented through a game of an intra-personal model of choice under uncertainty in which self-deception and memory manipulation mechanisms are used to overcome the individuals’ internal trade-off.

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Longo, Gina Marie. "Keeping It in “the Family”: How Gender Norms Shape U.S. Marriage Migration Politics." Gender & Society 32, no. 4 (May 31, 2018): 469–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243218777201.

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Foreign nationals who marry U.S. citizens have an expedited track to naturalization. U.S. immigration officials require that “green card” petitioning couples demonstrate that their relationships are “valid and subsisting” (i.e., for love) and not fraudulent (i.e., for immigration papers). These requirements are ostensibly gender and racially neutral, but migration itself is not; men and women petitioners seek partners in different regions and solicit advice from similar others about the potential obstacles to their petitions’ success. Using an online ethnography and textual analysis of conversation threads on a large online immigration forum where U.S. petitioners exchange such information, I examine how gendered standards of legitimacy are applied to family and sexuality and used discursively among petitioners to achieve genuineness and define red flags indicating potential marriage fraud. I argue that forum members police immigration requests even before cases reach an immigration officer. Petitioners use the formal criteria of U.S. immigration in ways that reveal gender ideologies, expectations for conformity to a gendered hegemonic family ideal, and sexual double standards surrounding sexual agency, fertility, and desirability. These intersectional norms shape members’ online discussions about the suitability of marriages and of the migration of noncitizen partners to the United States.

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Campbell, Jessica Lynn. "Online Self-Identities, Social Norms, and the Performance of Self in Real-Life." International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking 10, no. 2 (April 2018): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijvcsn.2018040102.

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Social networking sites (SNSs) first emerged as online public spaces where individuals could share user-generated content, communicate, and connect. As individuals became more and more invested in online sociality, SNSs diverged into niche platforms that largely govern online sociality, shape social norms, and control user agency. SNSs' impact on individuals' self-identity and performance in both online and real-life settings has been researched and contested. However, this research reveals the affordances of SNSs, which allow users to both experiment with different self-representations and learn the social norms of real-life social situations by being able to mimic the actions and behaviors performed in corresponding SNSs. Because online networking is pervasive in society today, the advantages for connectivity and engagement must be revealed. This research aims to begin this conversation by analyzing two popular SNSs: Facebook and LinkedIn.

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Harris, Darcy. "Oppression of the Bereaved: A Critical Analysis of Grief in Western Society." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 60, no. 3 (May 2010): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.60.3.c.

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Bereaved individuals often experience profound social pressure to conform to societal norms that constrict the experience of grief rather than support it. This article explores grief in Western society1 through an analysis of the underlying structures and values that are a part of this social system, utilizing the lens of critical theory. Critical theory examines social norms and conditions in order to identify and expose oppression in various contexts. This article examines the social rules that govern the expression of grief, the role of attachment, social pain, and shame as potent forces that promote compliance with social rules, and the ways that the underlying assumptions and values in Western society shape how bereaved individuals are expected to react. Implications for clinicians who work with terminally ill or bereaved individuals are then reviewed.

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Gao, Liang, Hua Bai, Rui Min, and Jia Wu Li. "Analogy Analysis about Shape Coefficient of the Abnormal Roofing Structure with the Standard." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.785.

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Based on the wind tunnel test of a mass culture activity center, the influence of the shape change of the structure with abnormal roofing on the wind loads shape coefficient were studied. The result from the test was compared with the values from the related items in the《load code for the design of building structure》[1]. Research results shows: the shape coefficient of the abnormal roofing structure is unfavorable to take norms similar structure shape coefficient values, need to measure it through wind tunnel tests.

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Gleason, Shane A., Jennifer J. Jones, and Jessica Rae McBean. "The Role of Gender Norms in Judicial Decision-Making at the U.S. Supreme Court: The Case of Male and Female Justices." American Politics Research 47, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 494–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x18766466.

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Although still a minority, the growing number of women on both the Bench and at the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court has important implications for judicial decision-making and successful advocacy at the Court. Research in judicial behavior generally focuses on vote direction and the presence of female attorneys in a case. We offer a more nuanced account of how gender impacts both attorney success and judicial decision-making by drawing on work in social and political psychology and utilizing quantitative textual analysis to explore the tension between masculine norms of behavior that are valued in the legal profession and feminine norms of behavior that are expected of women, but devalued in the legal profession. Based on the Court’s long-standing disdain for emotional arguments, we examine how the emotional content in 601 party briefs shapes the Court’s majority opinions. Our results indicate that male justices evaluate counsel based on their compliance with traditional gender norms—rewarding male counsel for cool, unemotional arguments and rewarding female counsel for emotionally compelling arguments. However, we find no evidence that gender norms shape the opinions of female justices. Given that the justice system is supposed to be “blind,” our results highlight the durability of gendered expectations and raise questions about the objectivity of judicial decision-making.

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Senekal, Marjanne, Nelia Patricia Steyn, Teresa-Ann B. Mashego, and Johanna Helena Nel. "Evaluation of Body Shape, Eating Disorders and Weight Management Related Parameters in Black Female Students of Rural and Urban Origins." South African Journal of Psychology 31, no. 1 (March 2001): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630103100108.

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This study examined body shape dissatisfaction, eating disorder and weight management-related parameters as well as assimilation of Western cultural norms regarding body shape in black female students of urban and rural origins. Subjects (n=180; 20 ± 4,4 years old) were weighed, their height was measured and they completed the Body Shape Questionnaire, EAT-26, Eating Inventory (restraint scale), Adolescent Self-Concept Scale and a questionnaire concerning weight management behaviours. Main findings include lower prevalences of overestimation of body weight and body shape dissatisfaction, similar prevalences for dieting and the use of Hazardous weight reduction methods, and higher prevalences for overweight, obesity, disordered eating attitudes and behaviours, and dietary restraint among subjects than among similar white groups. Furthermore, those with urban origins were more likely to be restrained eaters, to have attempted weight reduction, to aim for weight loss and to fear weight gain. These data indicate that there are signs of more realism concerning weight status among black female students. However, there are also signs of assimilation of Western cultural norms concerning body shape, eating attitudes and behaviours and weight management. This diversity in the black student population in South Africa needs to be recognized when planning interventions to address eating related problems.

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Mahoney, Anna Mitchell, and Christopher J. Clark. "When and Where Do Women's Legislative Caucuses Emerge?" Politics & Gender 15, no. 4 (December 5, 2018): 671–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x18000806.

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Women have organized around their gendered identity to accomplish political goals both inside and outside legislatures. Formal and informal institutional norms shape the form this collective action takes and whether it is successful. What, then, are the favorable conditions for organizing women's caucuses inside legislatures? Using an original dataset and employing an event history analysis, we identify the institutional conditions under which women's caucuses emerged in the 50 US states from 1972 to 2009. Within a feminist institutional framework, we argue that women's ability to alter existing organizational structures and potentially affect gender norms within legislatures is contextual. Although we find that women's presence in conjunction with Democratic Party control partially explains women's ability to act collectively and in a bipartisan way within legislatures, our analysis suggests that institutional-level variables are not enough to untangle this complicated phenomenon. Our work explains how gender and party interact to shape legislative behavior and clarifies the intractability of institutional norms while compelling further qualitative evidence to uncover the best conditions for women's collective action within legislatures.

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CALCAGNO, PETER T., and EDWARD J. LÓPEZ. "Informal norms trump formal constraints: the evolution of fiscal policy institutions in the United States." Journal of Institutional Economics 13, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 211–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000321.

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AbstractTwo shifts of informal rules occurred in the decades around the turn of the 20th century that continue to shape U.S. fiscal policy outcomes. Spending norms in the electorate shifted to expand the scope of the government budget to promote economic security and macroeconomic stability. Simultaneously, norms for elected office shifted to careerism. Both norms were later codified into formal rules as legislation creating entitlement programs, macroeconomic responsibility, and organizational changes to the fiscal policy process. This institutional evolution increased demand for federal expenditures while creating budgetary commons, thus imparting strong motivations to spend through deficit finance in normal times. Despite the last four decades of legislative attempts to constrain spending relative to taxes, the informal norms have trumped the formal constraints. While the empirical literature on deficits has examined the constraining effects of informal rules, this paper offers a novel treatment of shifting norms as having expansionary effects on deficits.

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Kirkpatrick, Mark, and Nancy Heckman. "A quantitative genetic model for growth, shape, reaction norms, and other infinite-dimensional characters." Journal of Mathematical Biology 27, no. 4 (August 1989): 429–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00290638.

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Keblusek, Lauren, Howard Giles, and Anne Maass. "Communication and group life: How language and symbols shape intergroup relations." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 5 (June 25, 2017): 632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217708864.

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In this article, we review the different functions that language and symbols (in particular clothing) fulfill in group life; language and clothing are rarely, if ever, discussed together in the same conceptual space. Our review includes a consideration of how social identities are communicated and discredited, boundaries crossed, and group norms established, maintained, and regulated. Throughout, we integrate motivational and social-cognitive approaches, ending with proposals for future research and theory in intergroup communication.

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Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz. "Domestic and Global Dimensions of Post-Communist Institution-Building." Comparative Politics 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 357–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5129/001041521x15928453125786.

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This article reviews four recent books that inquire into the nature and challenges of institution-building in the post-communist region. The main lessons learned from this scholarship relate to the complexity of establishing effective domestic institutions securing property rights and the role of various domestic and global factors that shape these processes. Domestic variables include political connections, bargaining power, and the nature of a social equilibrium that shapes norms, expectations, and behavior of economic actors. Global factors include structural constraints and opportunities associated with the global financial system and institutions.

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Yakavets, Natallia. "Societal culture and the changing role of school principals in the post-Soviet era." Journal of Educational Administration 54, no. 6 (September 5, 2016): 683–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-12-2015-0118.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of societal and cultural factors on the practices and perceptions of school principals in Kazakhstan. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on empirical data collected in Kazakhstan over two years in the course of an international, collaborative, multi-stranded project. Findings The findings support the claim that educational policies and practice are deeply embedded in the national culture, which is an evolving mixture of traditional Kazakh, Russian and diverse ethnic, Soviet and paternalistic cultures. These various societal characteristics exemplify various aspects of the tensions between traditional forms of social organisation, the Soviet legacy, and the sort of educational development promoted by Western educational and international organisations, which now plays an important role in Kazakhstan. Research limitations/implications The analysis, though limited in scope, has nevertheless yielded insights into important differences and similarities amongst rural and urban schools and explored the effects of societal cultural factors that shape the practices of school leaders on the periphery of the system. Originality/value The paper provides an empirically grounded illustration of the way in which societal culture and cultural norms shape the role of school principals, and how schools cope with a top-down policy in Kazakhstan. By contrasting the norms that shape both existing practice and the reform agenda, the paper offers some explanations for how cultural norms represent both strengths and weaknesses when applied to the process of change in a post-Soviet context.

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Liu, Jiaying, Leeann Siegel, Laura A. Gibson, Yoonsang Kim, Steven Binns, Sherry Emery, and Robert C. Hornik. "Toward an Aggregate, Implicit, and Dynamic Model of Norm Formation: Capturing Large-Scale Media Representations of Dynamic Descriptive Norms Through Automated and Crowdsourced Content Analysis." Journal of Communication 69, no. 6 (December 2019): 563–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz033.

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Abstract Media content can shape people’s descriptive norm perceptions by presenting either population-level prevalence information or descriptions of individuals’ behaviors. Supervised machine learning and crowdsourcing can be combined to answer new, theoretical questions about the ways in which normative perceptions form and evolve through repeated, incidental exposure to normative mentions emanating from the media environment. Applying these methods, this study describes tobacco and e-cigarette norm prevalence and trends over 37 months through an examination of a census of 135,764 long-form media texts, 12,262 popular YouTube videos, and 75,322,911 tweets. Long-form texts mentioned tobacco population norms (4–5%) proportionately less often than e-cigarette population norms (20%). Individual use norms were common across sources, particularly YouTube (tobacco long-form: 34%; Twitter: 33%; YouTube: 88%; e-cigarette long form: 17%; Twitter: 16%; YouTube: 96%). The capacity to capture aggregated prevalence and temporal dynamics of normative media content permits asking population-level media effects questions that would otherwise be infeasible to address.

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Stoilova, Rumiana, Petya Ilieva-Trichkova, and Franziska Bieri. "Work–life balance in Europe: institutional contexts and individual factors." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 3/4 (March 23, 2020): 366–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-08-2019-0152.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how individual and macro-level factors shape the work–life balance of young men and women across European countries.Design/methodology/approachThe paper combines macro-level data from the official statistics with individual-level data from the Work, Family and Wellbeing (2010/2011) module of the European Social Survey. The study uses multilevel modelling to explore the factors which shape the work–life balance of men and women aged 15–34 across 24 European countries.FindingsThe findings show both differences and similarities between young men and women in how education shapes work–life balance. Higher education increases the likelihood of considering work–life balance as important in work selection for men, while lower education decreases the odds of considering this balance for women. More education is associated with lower acceptance of the traditional norm, for both men and women, and less time spent on housework. Higher share of family benefits decreases the importance of work–life balance, more so for men than for women. Work–life balance is more important for men living in conservative, Mediterranean and post-socialist welfare regimes compared to those from social-democratic regimes.Social implicationsThe policy implications are to more closely consider education in the transformation of gender-sensitive norms during earlier stages of child socialization and to design more holistic policy measures which address the multitude of barriers individuals from poor families and ethnic/migrant background face.Originality/valueThe study contributes to existing literature by applying the capability approach to the empirical investigation of work–life balance. The analytical model contains three dimensions – norms about paid/unpaid work, considering work–life balance in the choice of employment and time spent on unpaid work. Through this approach, we are able to uncover the agency inequality of young people taking into account individual level characteristics, including gender, education, ethnicity and macro-level factors.

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Bowen, John. "“You May Not Give It Away”: How Social Norms Shape Islamic Law in Contemporary Indonesian Jurisprudence." Islamic Law and Society 5, no. 3 (1998): 382–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568519981570230.

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AbstractA recent Indonesian Islamic law compilation presents an apparent anomaly in restricting the right to give away wealth as hiba to one-third of an estate — whereas the trend in Indonesian law reform has been to bring Islamic law closer to local inheritance practices. By means of a narrative analysis of a recent court decision, I identify a discourse of justifying the new restrictions in terms of general religious and social norms of fairness and agreement among heirs. Examination of local debates over law and property in two Sumatran societies, Gayo and Minangkabau, suggests that hiba is regarded as an impediment to Islamization of social life, and as introducing elements of unfairness and discord. Thus the new rule can be explained as having been motivated by local social processes and social norms.

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Paisal, Jon. "Peran Dakwah Dalam Keluarga Dan Relevansinya Bagi Pembentukan Karakter Anak." Al-Qadha : Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Perundang-Undangan 8, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/qadha.v8i1.2726.

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The family is the main person in charge of preaching to shape the character of children to become children who have religious and cultural norms. In research using the library research method (literature) by taking sources from books, journals, and other scientific papers tThe family is the main person in charge of preaching to shape the character of children to become children who have religious and cultural norms. In research using the library research method (literature) by taking sources from books, journals, and other scientific papers that support this research. The research aims to find Islamic law and views on da'wah to the family. The results showed that: Da'wah shapes the character of the child in the family into a priority and obligation for Islam, according to the word of Allah SWT in the Al-Qur'an, Surat Lukaman verse, 13. Then Q.S. Lukman verse 17. And Q.S Lukman verse 18. Furthermore, in Q.S: At-Tahrim. Allah commands humans to protect themselves and their children from the fires of hell. In the history of Islam before Rasulullah SWA broadcast the messages of Islam to the wider community, he preached to his family and close relatives. From this story, a reference to da'wah can be drawn to the family to educate children to become believers, obedient to worship and become children with noble character.

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Rapoport, Elizabeth, and Anna Hult. "The travelling business of sustainable urbanism: International consultants as norm-setters." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 8 (January 9, 2017): 1779–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16686069.

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This article examines the international travels of ideas about sustainable urban planning and design through a focus on private sector architecture, planning and engineering consultants. These consultants, who we refer to as the global intelligence corps (GIC), package up their expertise in urban sustainability as a marketable commodity, and apply it on projects around the world. In doing so, the global intelligence corps shape norms about what constitutes ‘good’ sustainable urban planning, and contribute to the development of an internationalised travelling model of sustainable urbanism. This article draws on a broad study of the industry (GIC) in sustainable urban planning and design, and two in-depth case studies of Swedish global intelligence corps firms working on Chinese Eco-city projects. Analysis of this material illustrates how the global intelligence corps’s work shapes a traveling model of sustainable urbanism, and how this in turn creates and reinforces particular norms in urban planning practice.

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Breakey, Hugh. "Protection Norms and Human Rights: A Rights-Based Analysis of the Responsibility to Protect and the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict." Global Responsibility to Protect 4, no. 3 (2012): 309–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00403003.

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In the international context, human rights are rarely secured by the black letter of law, but rather by the soft laws, political policies and moral prescriptions of protection norms. Two key international protection norms are the well-established Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict (PoC) and – recently added in the last decade – the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP). Yet there is substantial confusion about the specific nature of these two norms, their relationship to one another, and their relationship to the human rights that are held to ground and shape each of them. These questions are complex not merely because there are several distinct PoC norms, nor because all these norms differ one from another. The complexity arises because the relevant differences apply to separate dimensions of each norm. In this way it is possible for a norm to be in one sense narrower than another, yet in another sense to be deeper, and in distinct further senses to be both broader and weaker. With such intricacies in mind, this paper develops a five-dimensional rights-based analysis of norms and uses it to differentiate RtoP from three separate PoC norms, and to illustrate the distinct ways each protection norm provides multi-layered rights protection.

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Farkas, Zoltán. "The concept and coverage of institution." Rationality and Society 31, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 70–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463118821654.

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The concept of institution is a rather unclear concept in the contemporary social science literature. In the “Introduction,” I give a survey of the different interpretations of the concept of institution. In the first part, I make a distinction between loose norms and tight norms, and I define the concept of institution in connection with the concept of tight norm. Institution is a system of tight norms and additional norms specifying the validity scope of the tight norms as well as the control of their actual realization. Furthermore, I introduce the concept of quasi-institution to denote the typical transitions between norm systems of a different nature. In connection with the shaping of institutions and the control, I introduce the concept of the coverage of institution. The coverage of institution is the ability to shape and change the norms composing the given institution and to control the actions falling into the validity scope of institutional norms. In the second part, institutions are classified according to their coverage and distinction is made between externally covered, one-sidedly covered, and internally covered institutions. Concerning quasi-institutions, I make a distinction between its two typical forms: the norm system with one-person coverage and institutional morals.

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Truyens, Pauljan, and Ike Picone. "Audience Views on Professional Norms of Journalism. A Media Repertoire Approach." Journalism and Media 2, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2020015.

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Despite several studies showing discrepancies between audience expectations of journalism and journalists’ professional norms, what remains largely unknown is the audience view on the adherence of journalism to these seemingly essential professional norms. Recent research mainly focused on analysing audience expectations within the context of specific cases. Moreover, these studies rarely take into consideration characteristics that might shape people’s views on journalism such as political ideology. This article seeks to complement these studies by exploring the impact that a user’s news consumption might have on their expectations of journalism. Utilizing data from an online survey among a representative sample of the Flemish audience, we analyse views on adherence to the main professional norms by the Flemish media, and subsequently relate these to news consumption. To grasp the cross- and multi-medial news consumer, we use a news repertoire approach. Flemish news repertoires differ significantly in views on several professional journalistic norms. By linking these distinct news repertoires to their views on professional norms of journalism, we first question how essential these professional norms put forward by journalists really are. Secondly, we discuss if expectations of journalism result in divergent news consumption strategies or vice versa, laying the groundwork for further exploring audience views on professional journalistic norms.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Shape norms'

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