Relevant bibliographies by topics / Shape norms

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Shape norms'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Shape norms"

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Goyal, Namrata, Marian Adams, Travis G. Cyr, Anne Maass, and Joan G. Miller. "Norm-based spontaneous categorization: Cultural norms shape meaning and memory." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118, no. 3 (March 2020): 436–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000188.

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Linos, Katerina. "How International Norms Shape Voter Choices." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 103 (2009): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700034315.

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Petts, Richard J., Kevin M. Shafer, and Lee Essig. "Does Adherence to Masculine Norms Shape Fathering Behavior?" Journal of Marriage and Family 80, no. 3 (March 22, 2018): 704–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12476.

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de Melo, Celso M., Kazunori Terada, and Francisco C. Santos. "Emotion expressions shape human social norms and reputations." iScience 24, no. 3 (March 2021): 102141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102141.

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Carney, Tanya, and Anne Junor. "How do occupational norms shape mothers’ career and caring options?" Journal of Industrial Relations 56, no. 4 (July 31, 2014): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185614538442.

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Shepherd, Hana R. "The Structure of Perception: How Networks Shape Ideas of Norms." Sociological Forum 32, no. 1 (October 12, 2016): 72–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/socf.12317.

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Góralski, Wojciech. "Diocesan Synod Today. In What Shape?" Ecumeny and Law 7 (November 24, 2019): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/eal.2019.07.01.

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The Second Vatican Council shaped a new model for a diocesan synod, which was adopted, among others, in Poland, and is characterised by a departure from making the norms of particular law and the popularisation of the council teaching in particular Churches. On the other hand, after the promulgation of the new Code of Canon Law in 1983, the diocesan synods adjusted the diocesan law to the code norms. When this period of the reception of the code law to the diocesan legislation achieved its result, the final resolutions of the subsequent diocesan synods, which were usually extensive, do not meet — to a large extent — the requirements set by the documents of the Holy See: Instruction of the Congregation for Bishops and the Congregation for the Evangelisation of Nations of 1997 and the Directory of the Congregation for Bishops Apostolorum successores of 2004. The author calls for the use of these enunciations so that diocesan synods can be an effective tool for the renewal of a particular Church.
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Bode, Ingvild, and Hendrik Huelss. "Autonomous weapons systems and changing norms in international relations." Review of International Studies 44, no. 3 (February 19, 2018): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210517000614.

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AbstractAutonomous weapons systems (AWS) are emerging as key technologies of future warfare. So far, academic debate concentrates on the legal-ethical implications of AWS but these do not capture how AWS may shape norms through defining diverging standards of appropriateness in practice. In discussing AWS, the article formulates two critiques on constructivist models of norm emergence: first, constructivist approaches privilege the deliberative over the practical emergence of norms; and second, they overemphasise fundamental norms rather than also accounting for procedural norms, which we introduce in this article. Elaborating on these critiques allows us to respond to a significant gap in research: we examine how standards of procedural appropriateness emerging in the development and usage of AWS often contradict fundamental norms and public legitimacy expectations. Normative content may therefore be shaped procedurally, challenging conventional understandings of how norms are constructed and considered as relevant in International Relations. In this, we outline the contours of a research programme on the relationship of norms and AWS, arguing that AWS can have fundamental normative consequences by setting novel standards of appropriate action in international security policy.
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Kwok, Kim. "The moral economy of Asian migrant women in small business in Hong Kong." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 29, no. 1 (March 2020): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196820909915.

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This article explores how moral norms shape migrant women’s small businesses and examines the implications for immigrant social integration. It draws on qualitative data collected in Hong Kong in the period 2014–2018. Findings from the study suggest that the picture of Asian migrant women in business as either a silent supporter or independent entrepreneur is incomplete. Rather, it is a more complex picture shaped by the intersection of class, gender, ethnicity and religion. Female immigrant entrepreneurship and female empowerment have a complicated relationship, where moral norms both facilitate and constrain women’s business activities. This study contributes to the literature on immigrant economy by suggesting that moral norms should not be overlooked for their implications on the long-term social integration of women immigrants.
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House, Julian. "Physical Symbols at Work: Communication of Cooperative Norms Through Table Shape." Academy of Management Proceedings 2013, no. 1 (January 2013): 14713. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.14713abstract.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shape norms"

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Kasper, Matthias. "How do Institutional, Social, and Individual Factors Shape Tax Compliance Behavior? Evidence from 14 Eastern European Countries." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5153/1/SSRN%2Did2825994.pdf.

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This paper uses micro-level data from a nationally representative survey of 22,000 individuals in 14 Eastern European countries to investigate the effects of institutional, social, and individual factors on taxpayers' perceptions of power, motivations to comply, and non-compliant behaviors. The results indicate that institutional, social, and individual aspects shape taxpayer behavior: attitudes of peers, individual compliance norms, and the tax burden impact on non-compliance. Moreover, I find several effects of the subjective appraisal of the interaction with tax administrations. Positive experiences strengthen perceptions of power and intrinsic motivations to comply. They also increase the propensity to report non-compliant behavior in the past, suggesting educational effects of taxpayer services and tax audits. (author's abstract)
Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Mannerhill, Lizette, and Jenny Dahlstrand. ""We believe in healthy, no matter what body shape you have" : En kvalitativ textanalys av kvinnoframställningen på bikiniföretagets Elsa and Rose Swimwears Instagram." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43012.

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Syftet med studien är att genom en semiotiskt bildanalys och genusvetenskaplig ansats undersöka hur det kroppspositivistiska bikiniföretaget Elsa and Rose Swimwear framställer kvinnan i sin marknadsföring på Instagram. Då tidigare forskning kring kvinnlig framställning i reklam till stor del fokuserat på endast kroppsstorlek och attraktivitet har vi valt att inkludera analysverktyg som pose, gaze, samt etnicitet och hud. Detta för att bidra med ny kunskap om kvinnlig framställning inom reklam och sociala medier. Genom att studera sju bilder, som alla publicerades under 2018, på Elsa and Rose Swimwears Instagram-konto har vi undersökt hur kvinnan framställs, samt om och hur denna framställning av kvinnan skiljer sig från den normativa kvinnan som vanligtvis syns i media. Studiens resultat visar att ingen av de sju bilder som ingick i analysen demonstrerar “den perfekta kvinnan”, som vanligtvis syns i medier och reklamsammanhang. Ingen av kvinnorna i bilderna innehar alltså alla normativa attribut, som till exempel både en extremt smal kropp och perfekt hud. Bildernas huvudsakliga syfte är således inte att marknadsföra sina produkter med hjälp av normativa kvinnokroppar, utan att genom sin marknadsföring även sprida budskap om att alla kroppar är värda att synas i media, oavsett storlek, hudton och utseendemässiga attribut. Slutligen sänder kvinnorna huvudsakligen signaler av självsäkerhet och kontroll genom sina blickar och poseringar, vilket demonstrerar deras medvetenhet om åskådaren. Resultatet i den här studien visar således att det kroppspositivistiska bikiniföretaget Elsa and Rose Swimwears huvudsakliga framställning av kvinnan skiljer sig från den traditionella och normativa kvinnan som vanligtvis syns i media.
The purpose of the study is to, through semiotic analysis and gender theory, investigate in which way the body-positive bikini company Elsa and Rose Swimwear is representing women in their Instagram marketing. Since earlier research on female representation in advertising is largely focused on body size and attractiveness, we have in this study chosen to include analysis tools such as pose, gaze, as well as ethnicity and skin. This will contribute to new knowledge on female representation in commercials and on social media. By studying seven images, all posted in 2018, on Elsa and Rose Swimwear's Instagram account, we have investigated how women are represented as well as whether and how this representation differs from the normative female image usually seen in media. The result of the study shows that none of the seven images included in the analysis display "the perfect woman" that is usually seen in media and advertising. None of the women in the pictures possess all the normative attributes, such as both an extremely thin body and perfect skin. We find that the main purpose of the images is not to for the company to market their products with normative women's bodies, but rather market their products while spreading a message saying that all bodies are worth being seen in media, regardless of size, skin tone and appearance. Finally, the women in the pictures communicate self-confidence and control through their gazes and poses, and therefore demonstrating their consciousness of the observer. The result of the study shows that the body-positive bikini company Elsa and Rose Swimwear's main representation of women differs from the traditional and normative female image.
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Brocker, Ann. "Kvinnors förhållningssätt till kropp och ätande : om ätbeteende, kroppsmissnöje och ålders samband med den självmedvetna emotionen skam." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-15573.

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Undersökningen som är en korrelationsstudie från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv vände sig till kvinnor i en normalpopulation. Deltagarna var mellan 19 och 59 år. Ett syfte var att undersöka samband mellan kroppsmissnöje, skam och känslor, attityder och beteenden kopplade till ätande. Kroppsmissnöje konceptualiserades och mättes som missnöje med kroppsform. Skam konceptualiserades och mättes som body shame (skam över den egna kroppen). Enligt feministiska objektifieringsteorier lärs flickor tidigt att se sin egen kropp från en utomstående observatörs perspektiv. En del av de flickor och unga kvinnor som i kulturen erfar sexuell objektifiering internaliserar normer som objektifierar deras kroppar. Detta förutsätts kunna leda till skamkänslor och ätproblem. Eftersom kroppsnormerna är orealistiska är de omöjliga att mot-svara och misslyckandet med detta genererar ytterligare skamkänslor. Menopausen kan för många individer innebära mindre exponering för sexuell objektifiering varför skamkänslor kan antas minska. Ett ytterligare syfte var därför att undersöka ålders samband med skam. Resultatet indikerar att såväl kroppsmissnöje som skam är riskfaktorer för utvecklandet av attityder och beteenden kopplade till ätproblem. Kroppsmissnöje korrelerade starkt positivt med skam och det förelåg ett svagt negativt samband mellan ålder och skam.
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Clemente, Marco. "Social Evaluations in a Multiple-Audience Context : The Impact of a Social Misconduct on People's Complaints, Share Price and Media Evaluation." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHEC0012/document.

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Littérature sur l'évaluation sociale a principalement analysé la dyade “audience-candidat”,laissant La recherche sur les évaluations sociales s’est principalement focalisé sur la dyade “audiencecandidat”,sans s’intéresser à la façon dont l’audience principale (par exemple un agent exerçant uncontrôle social) influence l’évaluation d’une autre audience. Cette thèse explore la question desévaluations sociales dans un contexte d’audiences multiples. Elle se focalise sur les comportementsorganisationnels condamnables – une important forme d’évaluation sociale, pourtant en partieignorée par la recherche – et pose la question suivante : “Pourquoi une audience change-t-elle sonévaluation après un comportement organisationnel condamnable?”. Les trois essais s’intéressent àune différente forme d’audience (ou d’évaluation) : les individus (plaintes), les investisseurs (prix del’action) et les médias (évaluation de la presse écrite). Deux contextes novateurs et données uniquesont été utilisés : l’auto régulation du secteur de la publicité en Grande-Bretagne, et Calciopoli, lescandale qui a affecté la Série A en Italie en 2006. Les résultats montrent qu’en cas de comportementorganisationnel condamnable, l’évaluation des agents de contrôle social influence l’évaluation d’autreaudience, mais cet effet n’est pas mécanique. Trois modérateurs sont identifiés : l’ambiguïté de lanorme, la proéminence de l’évènement, et à quel point les transgresseurs sont des acteurs locaux. Enrésumé, cette thèse montre que les normes sociales sont mieux comprises dans un cadre triadique :“candidat – agent de contrôle social – autre audience”. Les normes sociales ne sont pas exogènes,mais sont crées de manière endogène par les actions des candidats et les évaluations de deuxaudiences au moins
Literature on social evaluations has mainly analyzed the “audience-candidate” dyad,leaving underexplored the way the evaluation of a main audience (e.g. a social-control agent)influences the evaluation of another audience. This dissertation looks at social evaluations in amultiple-audience context. It focuses on organizational social misconduct - an important, yetunderstudied social evaluation - and it investigates “Why does an audience change its evaluationfollowing organizational social misconduct?”. Each of the three essays focuses on a differentaudience (evaluation): people (people’s complaints), investors (share price) and the media(newspapers’ evaluation). Two novel settings and unique databases were used: advertising selfregulationin the UK and Calciopoli, the scandal that affected the Italian Serie A in 2006. Resultsshow that in case of organizational social misconduct, the evaluation of a social control agent doesinfluence the evaluation of another audience, however this effect is not mechanical. Three primarymoderators emerge from the three essays: the ambiguity of the norm, the saliency of the event, andlocalness of the transgressors. In summary, this dissertation shows that social norms are betterunderstood in a triadic framework: “candidate – social-control agent – another audience”. Socialnorms are not set exogenously, but are endogenously created by the actions of the candidates andthe evaluations of (at least) two audiences
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Balog, Greta. "Why do I shave?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104100.

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Visual aesthetics play a vital role in today’s Western society. We built up a society where physical appearance represents high values in our everyday life. Not only the way we consume things and engage with the internet have a connection to how we see and place ourselves in society but the way the system works and treats us. Under the word “system” I refer to the intertwined connection of patriarchy and capitalism. With this project, I explore this connection as well as how the system influences social norms, body aesthetics and acceptance. More specifically, I take shaving and myself as an example and examine the question of “Why do women shave?”. The representation of women in our current society shapes our idea and opinion on shaving therefore I work with questions such as: How are social norms created and how do they influence us? What are the ways to challenge and break these norms, if it is possible at all? How can our capacity for developing autonomy remain while being influenced by the system? My practice investigates these questions comprehensively and addresses the importance of discussions and the understanding of the roots of our behavior as well as how we as individuals contribute to the influence of society and the system.
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Carrera, Marianna. "Shape the wireless traffic in the home network." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066248.

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Eriksson, Angelica. "Shame to cool? : An empirical study on how Flygskam has affected demand for domestic flights in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446351.

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Throughout the last few years, Flygskam, a norm against air travel, has grown steadily in Sweden due to its emissions. Flygskam is a Swedish word referring to the shame that follows air travel since it runs counter to the norm behavior. This thesis investigates the effect of Flygskam on demand for domestic flights in Sweden using synthetic control and panel data for 2003-2019. The results indicate that Flygskam seems to affect the domestic passengers in Sweden, estimated to be approximately 22% lower in 2019 than the counterfactual, significant on a 1% level.
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Huffman, Kerri Mills. "Investigation into the potential invasiveness of the exotic Narrow-leaved Bittercress, (Cardamine impatiens L.), Brassicaceae." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31375.

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Exotic species often invade new areas and displace native species. The problems associated with such invasions are well known, but for many exotic species, experimental work has not yet been done to predict which, and under what conditions they may become a problem. Two greenhouse experiments were devised to investigate the plasticity, shade tolerance, and phenotypic differences of full-siblings from 3 populations of Cardamine impatiens, a Eurasian species potentially invasive in North America. Potted plants were subjected to 0, 54, 76, or 91% shade created by neutral density shade cloth application. In addition, the impact of a cold pre-treatment of seedlings on the growth and reproductive output of C. impatiens plants was examined.

In our first experiment, we subjected Cardamine impatiens to non-shaded cages, 54%, or 76% shade intensity. Plants died very quickly, so LD50 data were used as a relative measure of fitness, and relative growth indices were calculated over time. Other relative measures of fitness included canopy area, leaf area, number of leaves, number of leaves per canopy area, and final plant weight. Plants in cages with no shade treatment grew faster than those in cages with shade cloth and final plant weight decreased as shade treatment percentage increased. In each population, the number of leaves increased over time and the number of leaves per canopy area decreased over time under shade treatments. Our second experiment involved the application of 54%, 76%, and 91% shade intensity. The additional shade treatment of 91% was applied to determine the extent of plant tolerance and plasticity in response to light reduction. Due to high plant mortality in our first experiment, we treated Cardamine impatiens with a 4 week cold period prior to treatment, which simulates its biennial growth form in its natural western Virginia region habitat. Since this second experiment took place later in the year, day length was extended to more accurately duplicate the conditions during the first experiment. LD50 calculations were not necessary, and 7 of the 135 plants produced seed. Relative measures of fitness included canopy area, leaf area, number of leaves, number of leaves per canopy area, and final plant weights. As in experiment one, the number of leaves per plant increased over time, final plant weight decreased as shade treatment increased, and the number of leaves per canopy area decreased as shade treatment increased. From these two experiments, we determined that Cardamine impatiens is a species that exhibits phenotypic plasticity and therefore may pose a threat as an invasive species. C. impatiens is able to grow and exhibit plasticity of plant architecture under the conditions of very low light. The number of leaves per canopy area decreased as shade increased, suggesting that C. impatiens is highly adaptable to low light conditions, and therefore may be exhibiting phenotypic plasticity by reallocating its resources by producing fewer leaves while maintaining canopy area. This data along with other C. impatiens traits such as high levels needed for seed production, its persistence in seed banks, along with a lack of known major enemies, indicates that they have a great capacity to invade a wide variety of habitats. We also determined that a cold treatment is necessary in order for C. impatiens to obtain optimal growth and reproduction.
Master of Science

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Assaf, Elias. "From Social Networks to International Relations: How Social Influence Shapes International Norm Adoption and The Global Order." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574591937096021.

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Woronzoff-Dashkoff, Elisabeth. "Playing for Their Share: A History of Creative Tradeswomen in Eighteenth Century Virginia." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1403460106.

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Books on the topic "Shape norms"

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Strasser, Ulrike. Missionary Men in the Early Modern World. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986305.

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How did gender shape the expanding Jesuit enterprise in the early modern world? What did it take to become a missionary man? And how did missionary masculinity align itself with the European colonial project? This book highlights the central importance of male affective ties and masculine mimesis in the formation of the Jesuit missions, as well as the significance of patriarchal dynamics. Focusing on previously neglected German actors, Strasser shows how stories of exemplary male behavior circulated across national boundaries, directing the hearts and feet of men throughout Europe toward Jesuit missions in faraway lands. The sixteenth-century Iberian exemplars of Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, disseminated in print and visual media, inspired late-seventeenth-century Jesuits from German-speaking lands to bring Catholicism and European gender norms to the Spanish-controlled Pacific. The age of global missions hinged on the reproduction of missionary manhood in print and real life.
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Called to account: Fourteen financial frauds that shaped the American accounting profession. New York: Routledge, 2009.

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Die Sprache der Blicke verstehen: Arthur Schnitzlers Poetik des Augen-Blicks als Poetik der Scham. Freiburg i.Br: Rombach, 2010.

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Hetterly, Jonathan. Movies and Masculinity: How Films Shape Our Understanding of Gender Norms. Mango Media, 2021.

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Wolf-Wendel, Lisa, Kelly Ward, and Amanda M. Kulp. How ideal worker norms shape work-life for different constituent groups in higher education. 2016.

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Frye, Timothy. Property Rights and Property Wrongs in Russia: How Power, Institutions, and Norms Shape Economic Conflict in Russia. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

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Frye, Timothy. Property Rights and Property Wrongs in Russia: How Power, Institutions, and Norms Shape Economic Conflict in Russia. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

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Wolf-Wendel, Lisa, Kelly Ward, and Amanda M. Kulp. How Ideal Worker Norms Shape Work-Life for Different Constituent Groups in Higher Education: New Directions for Higher Education, Number 176. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2017.

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Bornstein, Marc H., and Diane L. Putnick. Parent–Adolescent Relationships in Global Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847128.003.0006.

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The chapter on parent–adolescent relationships in global perspective explores dynamic and reciprocal relationships between parents and their growing adolescents. Relationships between parents and their children change as children enter adolescence. This chapter covers how parents shape their adolescents’ characteristics and meet their needs just as adolescents’ characteristics and needs shape parenting. Most research on adolescence emanates from high-income and Western countries, and parent–adolescent relationships are molded by culture or context. This chapter covers some aspects of parent–adolescent relationships that appear to be universal as well as how societal/contextual norms regarding adolescent separation–individuation from or interdependence with the family, increased globalization, and access to mass media affect parent–adolescent relationships.
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Arnold, Dan. Ethics without Norms? Edited by Daniel Cozort and James Mark Shields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.3.

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While Buddhist philosophers were emphatically not physicalists, they share with cognitive-scientifically inclined contemporary philosophers a lot of the problems that have been identified with respect to the project of ‘naturalizing’ the mental—difficulties, in particular, with giving exhaustively causal explanations of human activity while yet making sense of ethical and other intuitions that arguably presuppose human responsiveness to reasons, or normativity. Some classical Buddhist philosophers were indeed committed to views to the effect that the liberating transformation effected by the Buddhist path must consist in simply being caused to act ethically, without any conceptual resources for characterizing the consequent activity as ‘ethical’. There is, however, an alternative trajectory of Buddhist thought—the Madhyamaka tradition—that was predicated on resistance to causal realism. Having scouted one Buddhist philosophical project that effectively denies responsiveness to reasons, the chapter concludes by suggesting that Madhyamaka may represent a way to recover this.
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Book chapters on the topic "Shape norms"

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Neumann, Thomas. "How domestic courts may shape international commercial law norms." In Transnationalisation and Legal Actors, 187–200. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Globalization law and policy.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429437151-14.

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Affolter, Laura. "Shaping Administrative Practice: The Institutional Habitus." In Asylum Matters, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61512-3_1.

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AbstractIn order to understand how regularities in administrative practice are produced, the shaping of administrative caseworkers’ discretionary practices must be studied. This chapter adopts a holistic way of doing so, arguing that regulatory frameworks, the structural conditions of bureaucratic decision-making, the ideological environments administrations are embedded in as well as professional norms and values shape administrative caseworkers’ practices. Furthermore, the chapter argues that officials develop specific dispositions through organisational socialisation. For this purpose, building on Bourdieu, the concept of the institutional habitus is introduced. The chapter argues that the institutional habitus not only shapes everyday administrative practice but also reaffirms the very regulatory constraints, norms and values that lie at its heart. With regard to the empirical focus of this book—credibility assessments in asylum procedures—the concept of the institutional habitus allows us to analytically grasp the socialised subjectivity which emerges out of caseworkers’ socialisation in the office.
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Kingston, Tigga. "Cute, Creepy, or Crispy—How Values, Attitudes, and Norms Shape Human Behavior Toward Bats." In Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World, 571–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_18.

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Knox-Hayes, Janelle, Jarrod Hayes, and Erik-Logan Hughes. "Carbon Markets, Values, and Modes of Governance." In Knowledge for Governance, 193–224. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_9.

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AbstractMarket governance of climate change is situated at the interface of two competing logics: universalistic governance predicated on technocratic norms and the particularities of politics embedded in local cultures. Actors implementing technocratic prescriptions for resolving climate change that rely on metrics to measure the effects of climate change, establish quantitative baselines and price emissions often miss the cultural values and social norms that shape markets. These logics of governance represent important axes along which climate policy can be mapped and assessed. This chapter assesses how policy intersects with these axes and in the process provides a broad-based qualitative and quantitative assessment of how geographically specific socio-cultural factors shape intersubjective understandings of carbon markets in particular. The authors of this chapter adopt a cross-national perspective, examining and evaluating the intersubjective meanings of carbon-market formation drawn from interview data of market makers across the United States, Australia, China, the EU, Japan, and South Korea.
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Albrecht, Arne K., Gianfranco Walsh, and Simon Brach. "Fellow Customers as a Source of Unfriendliness: The Role of Descriptive Norms in Deviant Customer Behavior." In Looking Forward, Looking Back: Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Marketing, 511. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24184-5_127.

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Suwada, Katarzyna. "Care Work and Parenting." In Parenting and Work in Poland, 33–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66303-2_3.

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AbstractThis chapter deals with the organisation of care work by Polish parents. Using the data from in-depth interviews and survey data, I demonstrate cultural norms about care that prevails in Polish society. Strong gendered norms and instruments of family policy shape different opportunity structures for men and women. I focus on how parental leaves are used and perceived by Polish parents. I argue that they are still seen primarily as women’s right. I analyse the reasoning lying behind such thinking, but also show the experiences of parents who decided to share the leave. Then I proceed to the organisation of care in the context of so-called care gap. The Polish system of parental leaves is incompatible with the system of institutional care for children. Consequently, in the period between the end of paid leave and the time when a child can go to a kindergarten parents have to develop different strategies how to provide care for their children. I show how these strategies differ in the context of economic inequalities, as well as what consequences care gap has on gender inequalities. Finally, the chapter finishes with the analysis of how care work is perceived by parents.
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Salehi, Mariam. "Tunisia’s Re-Configurations and Transitional Justice in Process: How Planned Processes of Social and Political Change Interplay with Unplanned Political Dynamics." In Re-Configurations, 37–49. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31160-5_3.

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Abstract This chapter seeks to explain the developments of the Tunisian transitional justice process. Drawing on Norbert Elias’s ideas about social processes, it argues that dynamics of transitional justice processes can neither be understood solely in light of international norms and the “justice industry” that both shape institutionalized transitional justice projects, nor simply by examining context and the political preferences of domestic actors. Rather, these shifts are shaped by the interplay of planned processes with unplanned political and social dynamics; with a political context in flux, power shifts, and sometimes competing planned efforts in other realms. Empirically grounded in “process-concurrent” field research in post- “Arab Spring” Tunisia, the contribution shows that a technocratic/institutionalized transitional justice project can develop dynamics that are somewhat, but not entirely, independent of power shifts. However, the above interplays may lead to frictional encounters that trigger feedback loops, new processes, and new structures.
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Bueno, Xiana, and Eunsil Oh. "How Do Men Talk about Taking Parental Leave? Evidence from South Korea, Spain, and the U.S." In Engaged Fatherhood for Men, Families and Gender Equality, 165–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75645-1_9.

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AbstractThis study explores how men in South Korea, Spain, and the U.S. use parental leave and shows how distinct labor-market structures, divisions of unpaid and paid labor, and parental leave policies shape individuals’ intentions and decisions to utilize leave policies. Using in-depth interviews of 80 men, we show two important findings: One, in Spain and the U. S., the systematized monetary support strongly encourages fathers to use parental leave whereas in South Korea, a generous policy becomes of little use because work culture heavily discourages men from taking leave. Two, gender norms shape the desirability of using parental leave regardless of the availability of the policy. An emerging group of men in Spain and the U.S. actively reconstruct what an engaged father should do whereas Korean men took it for granted that fathers should not take leave, instead should work even harder to be a responsible father. In the end, this study shows how the monetary structure and schema of what an engaged father should do shape how men approach and use parental leave in three different contexts.
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Esteves, Paulo, and Stephan Klingebiel. "Diffusion, Fusion, and Confusion: Development Cooperation in a Multiplex World Order." In The Palgrave Handbook of Development Cooperation for Achieving the 2030 Agenda, 185–215. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57938-8_9.

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AbstractDevelopment cooperation (DC) is shaped by norms. We aim at filling a gap of research on DC by using the academic debates in international relations on norms. Contrary to interpretations that consider developed countries as norm-makers and developing countries as norm-takers, our analysis provides evidence that—and highlights how—Southern agents have influenced the processes of norm-setting and norm-diffusion for DC. The OECD was the dominant norms “entrepreneur” for a long period of time; more recently, developing countries have played a significant role in setting DC norms. We identify the diverging norms for official development assistance and South-South cooperation and the interrelationship between both norm systems. Thus, norm-making, norm-taking, and norm-diffusion of two competing norm clusters are key terms of the contribution.
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Hoppe, Nils. "The Regulation of Biobanking in Germany." In GDPR and Biobanking, 277–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49388-2_15.

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AbstractBiobanking in Germany is currently not subject to sui generis regulation. Instead, a plethora of norms from differing areas of law form the bundle of regulation that applies to biobanking. The exact shape and extent of the bundle depends on the exact configuration of the biobank. In the context of data protection, the rather fragmented nature of the regulation is to a certain extent alleviated by the direct impact of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, the federalized system of data protection in Germany is simplified by an overarching set of norms that apply equally across the board. Whilst this is a welcome systematization of this part of the regulation of biobanking in Germany, the exact nature of the implementation of the Regulation raises novel issues in its own right. In this paper, I will outline the fragmented nature of biobank regulation in Germany, illustrate the issues on the basis of Germany’s population biobank NaKo and then discuss some of the more significant issues raised by the GDPR in the context of biobanking.
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Conference papers on the topic "Shape norms"

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Kazerounian, Kazem, and Jahangir Rastegar. "Object Norms: A Class of Coordinate and Metric Independent Norms for Displacements." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0390.

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Abstract Defining a “norm” that quantifies a measure of “distance” for rigid body displacement in plane or space, is essential to many problems in kinematics, dynamics and control of mechanical and manufacturing systems. The norm is an abstraction of our usual concept of the length. The mapping between different generalized coordinate systems used in the analysis or control of systems may also be derived from this norm. All such norms currently used in different analysis are highly sensitive to 1) coordinate systems defined, and 2) metrics defined. A new class of norms is proposed to quantify the distance in the space. These norms are independent of the coordinate systems or metrics used. Its applications indesign, precision manipulation and control, computational kinematics and dynamics, assembly and part mating in manufacturing, space kinematics and dynamics, shape optimization and motion planning are explored.
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Kameyama, Koki, Masatoshi Shimoda, and Takashi Morimoto. "Shape Identification for Controlling the Static Deformation of Frame Structures." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34265.

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The deformation control is an important design problem in the stiffness design of structures and it also enables to give a function to the structures. This paper proposes a non-parametric, or a node-based shape optimization method based on the variational method for controlling the static deformation of spatial frame structures. As the objective functional, we introduce the sum of squared error norms to the desired displacements on specified members. Under the assumption that each member varies in the out-of-plane direction to the centroidal axis, the shape gradient function and the optimality conditions are theoretically derived. The shape gradient function is applied to a gradient method in a function space with a Laplacian smoother. With this method, an optimal free-form frame structure with smoothness can be identified for a desired static deformation. The validity and effectiveness were verified through design examples.
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Bagherieh, Omid, Prateek Shah, and Roberto Horowitz. "Application of Mixed H2/H∞ Data Driven Control Design to Dual Stage Hard Disk Drives." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9094.

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A data driven control design approach in the frequency domain is used to design track following feedback controllers for dual-stage hard disk drives using multiple data measurements. The advantage of the data driven approach over model based approach is that, in the former approach the controllers are directly designed from frequency responses of the plant, hence avoiding any model mismatch. The feedback controller is considered to have a Sensitivity Decoupling Structure. The data driven approach utilizes H∞ and H2 norms as the control objectives. The H∞ norm is used to shape the closed loop transfer functions and ensure closed loop stability. The H2 norm is used to constrain and/or minimize the variance of the relevant signals in time domain. The control objectives are posed as a locally convex optimization problem. Two design strategies for the dual-stage hard disk drive are presented.
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Pijovic, Nikola. "The Cyberspace ‘Great Game’. The Five Eyes, the Sino-Russian Bloc and the Growing Competition to Shape Global Cyberspace Norms." In 2021 13th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468296.

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Ajmeri, Nirav, Hui Guo, Pradeep K. Murukannaiah, and Munindar P. Singh. "Robust Norm Emergence by Revealing and Reasoning about Context: Socially Intelligent Agents for Enhancing Privacy." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/4.

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Norms describe the social architecture of a society and govern the interactions of its member agents. It may be appropriate for an agent to deviate from a norm; the deviation being indicative of a specialized norm applying under a specific context. Existing approaches for norm emergence assume simplified interactions wherein deviations are negatively sanctioned. We investigate via simulation the benefits of enriched interactions where deviating agents share selected elements of their contexts. We find that as a result (1) the norms are learned better with fewer sanctions, indicating improved social cohesion; and (2) the agents are better able to satisfy their individual goals. These results are robust under societies of varying sizes and characteristics reflecting pragmatic, considerate, and selfish agents.
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"The Benefits and Challenges of Living, Teaching and Working in Today’s Diverse World." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4355.

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Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this report is to provide an understanding of cultural diversity in today’s global economy and to understand what shapes our identities and what influences our behavior. Background: Culture is the way of functioning in today’s world and it refers to the shared language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed down from one generation to the next. Cultural diversity helps individuals recognize and respect the stewpot of today’s world and promoting cultural diversity and cultural competency helps individuals define and respect the diversity that encompasses today. Cultural competence also helps individuals embrace values and cultural nuances that are not necessarily akin to the one’s the individual possesses. Individuals interact with others to build bridges to trust, respect, and understanding across cultures. Furthermore, diversity makes the world a more interesting place to live, as people from diverse backgrounds contribute language, new ways of thinking, new knowledge, and different experiences. Methodology: A non-systematic literature review by way of reviewing articles that were found in many of major databases under the terms “Diversity in the workplace” since the year 2010 was conducted. Findings: This study identified major findings that would help individuals shape the diversity encountered and provides an avenue toward unity.
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Yang, M. T., and J. H. Griffin. "Theory and Methodology of Optimally Measuring Vibratory Strains in Closely Spaced Modes." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-238.

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Stress ratios are traditionally used to infer maximum stresses in blades from strain measurements. This method may not be applicable to all the modes of modern low aspect ratio (LAR) blades since LAR blades often have high frequency “tip” modes which are so closely spaced that slight changes in structural properties can cause significant mode shape changes. In this paper, it is first shown that the actual tip modes of a LAR blade can be well approximated as linear combinations of the “nominal” modes. The stress field of the blade can then be estimated by calculating the modal content from multiple strain measurements. However, since placement and gage inaccuracies can introduce significant errors in the calculation, it is necessary to find the optimal gage placement which minimizes the error in estimated stresses. An error estimate using “norms” and an efficient optimization method are developed for this purpose.
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Rádli, Richárd, and László Czúni. "About the Application of Autoencoders For Visual Defect Detection." In WSCG'2021 - 29. International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision'2021. Západočeská univerzita, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/csrn.2021.3002.20.

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Visual defect detection is a key technology in modern industrial manufacturing systems. There are many possibleappearances of product defects, including distortions in color, shape, contamination, missing or superfluous parts.For the detection of those, besides traditional image processing techniques, convolutional neural networks basedmethods have also appeared to avoid the usage of hand-crafted features and to build more efficient detectionmechanisms. In our article we deal with autoencoder convolutional networks (AEs) which do not require examplesof defects for training. Unfortunately, the manual and/or trial-and-error design of AEs is still required to achievegood performance, since there are many unknown parameters of AEs which can greatly influence the detectionabilities. For our study we have chosen a well performing AE known as structural similarity AE (SSIM-AE),where the loss function and the comparison of the output with the input is implemented via the SSIM instead ofthe often used L1 or L2 norms. Investigating the performance of SSIM-AE on different data-sets, we found that itsperformance can be improved with modified convolutional structures without modifying the size of latent space.We also show that finding a model with low reconstruction error during training does not mean good detectionabilities and denoising AEs can increase efficiency.
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Wang, Charlie C. L. "A least-norm approach to flattenable mesh surface processing." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications (SMI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smi.2008.4547959.

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Schubert, Jeffrey P., Michael F. Rosenmeier, and Mark P. Zatezalo. "A Review of NORM/TENORM in Wastes and Waters Associated with Marcellus Shale Gas Development and Production." In Shale Energy Engineering Conference 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413654.052.

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Reports on the topic "Shape norms"

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Millar, Katharine, James Shires, and Tatiana Tropina. Gender Approaches to Cybersecurity: Design, Defence and Response. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/gen/21/01.

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Gender approaches to cybersecurity explores how gender norms shape specific activities pertaining to cybersecurity design, defence and response. In each of these three pillars, the research identifies distinct dimensions of cyber-related activities that have gendered implications and, thus, need to be considered from a gender perspective. The report proposes recommendations for the incorporation of gender considerations throughout international cybersecurity policy and practice, so as to ensure that cybersecurity improves the security of people of all gender identities and expressions, as well as international peace and security. The ultimate conclusion is that these two levels of security cannot be separated.
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Mai Phuong, Nguyen, Hanna North, Duong Minh Tuan, and Nguyen Manh Cuong. Assessment of women’s benefits and constraints in participating in agroforestry exemplar landscapes. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21015.pdf.

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Participating in the exemplar landscapes of the Developing and Promoting Market-Based Agroforestry and Forest Rehabilitation Options for Northwest Vietnam project has had positive impacts on ethnic women, such as increasing their networks and decision-making and public speaking skills. However, the rate of female farmers accessing and using project extension material or participating in project nurseries and applying agroforestry techniques was limited. This requires understanding of the real needs and interests grounded in the socio-cultural contexts of the ethnic groups living in the Northern Mountain Region in Viet Nam, who have unique social and cultural norms and values. The case studies show that agricultural activities are highly gendered: men and women play specific roles and have different, particular constraints and interests. Women are highly constrained by gender norms, access to resources, decision-making power and a prevailing positive-feedback loop of time poverty, especially in the Hmong community. A holistic, timesaving approach to addressing women’s daily activities could reduce the effects of time poverty and increase project participation. As women were highly willing to share project information, the project’s impacts would be more successful with increased participation by women through utilizing informal channels of communication and knowledge dissemination. Extension material designed for ethnic women should have less text and more visuals. Access to information is a critical constraint that perpetuates the norm that men are decision-makers, thereby, enhancing their perceived ownership, whereas women have limited access to information and so leave final decisions to men, especially in Hmong families. Older Hmong women have a Vietnamese (Kinh) language barrier, which further prevents them from accessing the project’s material. Further research into an adaptive framework that can be applied in a variety of contexts is recommended. This framework should prioritize time-saving activities for women and include material highlighting key considerations to maintain accountability among the project’s support staff.
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Perrin, Jean-Patrick. Why We Care: An overview of the distribution of unpaid care work in Ma’an, southern Jordan. Oxfam, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7741.

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The concept of unpaid care work is not widely known in Ma’an or other parts of Jordan. As a result, the benefits of unpaid care to individuals’ lives, as well as its negative impact on women who bear a disproportionate share of it at the household level, are overlooked by both local communities and policy makers. As such, women remain largely excluded from playing an active role in the economy, and receive limited or no recognition for the significant role that they play within the household. In 2020, Oxfam commissioned a study on unpaid care work in Jordan’s southern region of Ma’an. The purpose of the study was to better understand what care work women and men do, how it is distributed, and how people think about it. The study found that women perform the vast majority of care work activities, and that gender norms compound an unequal redistribution of unpaid care. This paper presents the study results and makes recommendations on how the Government of Jordan, donors and NGOs can encourage the redistribution of unpaid care work and improve women’s access to livelihood opportunities.
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Suh, Jooyeoun, Changa Dorji, Valerie Mercer-Blackman, and Aimee Hampel-Milagrosa. Valuing Unpaid Care Work in Bhutan. Asian Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200065-2.

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A growing body of scholarly literature has attempted to measure and value unpaid care work in various countries, but perhaps only the government statistical agencies in the United States and the United Kingdom have seriously undertaken periodic and systematic measures of the time spent on unpaid work at the national level, and partially incorporated those values into their gross domestic product(GDP). One country that has been ahead of its time on aspects of societal welfare measurement is Bhutan, which produces the Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index. However, until the first GNH Survey, in 2008, Bhutan did not have any sense of the size and distribution of unpaid work, despite its strong societal norms about the value of volunteering and community work. This paper is the first to estimate the value of unpaid care work in Bhutan. It shows the pros and cons of various approaches and their equivalent measures of unpaid care work as a share of GDP. As with similar studies on the topic, this paper also finds that women spend more than twice as much time as men performing unpaid care work, regardless of their income, age, residency, or number of people in the household. The paper also provides recommendations for improving the measurement of unpaid care work in Bhutan.
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Cannon, Mariah, and Pauline Oosterhoff. Bonded: Life Stories from Agricultural Communities in South-Eastern Nepal. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.003.

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In the Terai region of South-Eastern Nepal, there persists a form of agricultural bonded labour called Harwa-Charwa, rooted in agricultural feudal social relations. The Terai has a long and dynamic political history with limited employment opportunities and high levels of migration. This paper is an external qualitative analysis of over 150 life stories from individuals living in an area with high levels of bonded labour. These stories were previously analysed during a workshop through a collective participatory analysis. Both the participatory analysis and external analysis found similar mechanisms that trap people in poverty and bonded labour. The disaggregation by age in the external analysis could explain why child marriage and child labour were very important in the collective analysis but did not match the results of a baseline survey in the same geographical area that found only a few cases. The respondents were aged between 15 and 65. Child marriage and child labour had shaped the lives of the adults but have since decreased. Methodologically, the different ways of analysis diverge in their ability to differentiate timelines. The participatory analysis gives historical insights on pathways into child labour, but although some of the social norms persist this situation has changed.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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Forced sexual relations among married young women in developing countries. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1007.

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Recent research in developing countries suggests that a considerable number of young women may experience forced sex within marriage, but most women may be inhibited from reporting these experiences due to shame, fear of reprisal, or deep-rooted unequal gender norms. In September 2003, a global consultative meeting on nonconsensual sex among young people in developing countries was held in New Delhi, India. The meeting was organized by the Population Council in collaboration with World Health Organization/Department of Reproductive Health and Research, and Family Health International/YouthNet. Participants included researchers, legal analysts, representatives from community-based NGOs, policy-makers, and young people themselves. Papers highlighting the nature and prevalence of coercion among married young women were presented. Sessions examined the following issues in relation to nonconsensual sex: experiences of young females and males: prevalence, forms, and contexts; youth perspectives; patterns of transactional sex; roles of the legal system; outcomes of coercion at the individual and community level; interventions to prevent nonconsensual sex and to support and treat victims; and research design and methods. Several recommendations for action to address factors that heighten young women’s vulnerability to coercive sexual relationships within marriage were presented.
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