Academic literature on the topic 'Shape factor b'

Abstract Experimental area is located on the third terrace of the Jiu River at the altitude of 383 m in the northern part of Targu-Jiu City on the experimental plantations established in 1987 at Targu-Jiu Fruit-Growing Research and Production Station. Considering the favourable area of the quince culture in Northern Oltenia an experience was placed under the conditions for intensive plantations for zoned varieties. The variety and crown shape are important factors in the intensive cultivation of quince. The experience was placed after the subdivided parcels method with two factors being the type 4 × 5 in three repetitions. The studied factors:- Factor - shaped crown with four graduations - late flat bowl, simple palm, shapeless hedge, bush trunk - Factor B - 5 varieties of quince graduations Aurii, Aromate, Moldoveneşti, De Constantinopol, De Portugalia Results obtained in the three years of study 2012 - 2014 emphasize the superiority of crown shape and variety Moldoveneşti vessel flattened late in terms of quantity and quality of fruit.

Abstract Background Tumor shape is strongly associated with some tumor’s genomic subtypes and patient outcomes. Our purpose is to find the relationship between risk stratification and the shape of GISTs. Methods A total of 101 patients with primary GISTs were confirmed by pathology and immunohistochemistry and underwent enhanced CT examination. All lesions’ pathologic sizes were 1 to 10 cm. Points A and B were the extremities of the longest diameter (LD) of the tumor and points C and D the extremities of the small axis, which was the longest diameter perpendicular to AB. The four angles of the quadrangle ABCD were measured and each angle named by its summit (A, B, C, D). For regular lesions, we took angles A and B as big angle (BiA) and small angle (SmA). For irregular lesions, we compared A/B ratio and D/C ratio and selected the larger ratio for analysis. The chi-square test, t test, ROC analysis, and hierarchical or binary logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results The BiA/SmA ratio was an independent predictor for risk level of GISTs (p = 0.019). With threshold of BiA at 90.5°, BiA/SmA ratio at 1.35 and LD at 6.15 cm, the sensitivities for high-risk GISTs were 82.4%, 85.3%, and 83.8%, respectively; the specificities were 87.1%, 71%, and 77.4%, respectively; and the AUCs were 0.852, 0.818, and 0.844, respectively. LD could not effectively distinguish between intermediate-risk and high-risk GISTs, but BiA could (p < 0.05). Shape and Ki-67 were independent predictors of the mitotic value (p = 0.036 and p < 0.001, respectively), and the accuracy was 87.8%. Conclusions Quantifying tumor shape has better predictive efficacy than LD in predicting the risk level and mitotic value of GISTs, especially for high-risk grading and mitotic value > 5/50HPF. Key Points • The BiA/SmA ratio was an independent predictor affecting the risk level of GISTs. LD could not effectively distinguish between intermediate-risk and high-risk GISTs, but BiA could. • Shape and Ki-67 were independent predictors of the mitotic value. • The method for quantifying the tumor shape has better predictive efficacy than LD in predicting the risk level and mitotic value of GISTs.

The original, theoretically derived factor structure of the Eating Disorder Examination–Questionnaire (EDE-Q) has received limited empirical support and there is no consensus on an appropriate alternative. Moreover, there is a paucity of data on the factor structure of the EDE-Q across sexes. The goals of the current study were to evaluate models of the EDE-Q factor structure and to assess the best-fitting model for differences by sex. Twelve models were compared using confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 940 undergraduates. Confirmatory factor analysis did not support the original factor structure. A four-factor model fit the data reasonably well with factors corresponding to themes of (a) dietary restraint, (b) preoccupation and restriction, (c) weight and shape concern, and (d) eating shame. The EDE-Q was found to be invariant by sex across all factors except Factor 3. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Abstract. The energy budget and the photochemistry of a snowpack depend greatly on the penetration of solar radiation in snow. Below the snow surface, spectral irradiance decreases exponentially with depth with a decay constant called the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient. As with the albedo of the snowpack, the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient depends on snow grain shape. While representing snow by a collection of spherical particles has been successful in the numerical computation of albedo, such a description poorly explains the decrease of irradiance in snow with depth. Here we explore the limits of the spherical representation. Under the assumption of geometric optics and weak absorption by snow, the grain shape can be simply described by two parameters: the absorption enhancement parameter B and the geometric asymmetry factor gG. Theoretical calculations show that the albedo depends on the ratio B/(1-gG) and the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient depends on the product B(1-gG). To understand the influence of grain shape, the values of B and gG are calculated for a variety of simple geometric shapes using ray tracing simulations. The results show that B and (1-gG) generally covary so that the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient exhibits larger sensitivity to the grain shape than albedo. In particular it is found that spherical grains propagate light deeper than any other investigated shape. In a second step, we developed a method to estimate B from optical measurements in snow. A multi-layer, two-stream, radiative transfer model, with explicit grain shape dependence, is used to retrieve values of the B parameter of snow by comparing the model to joint measurements of reflectance and irradiance profiles. Such measurements were performed in Antarctica and in the Alps yielding estimates of B between 0.8 and 2.0. In addition, values of B were estimated from various measurements found in the literature, leading to a wider range of values (1.0–9.9) which may be partially explained by the limited accuracy of the data. This work highlights the large variety of snow microstructure and experimentally demonstrates that spherical grains, with B = 1.25, are inappropriate to model irradiance profiles in snow, an important result that should be considered in further studies dedicated to subsurface absorption of short-wave radiation and snow photochemistry.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a diaphragm material on the performance of a microspeaker. The finite element method was adopted to analyze the mode shapes and the displacement of the diaphragm under a force load. The Rayleigh integral was then calculated to determine the radiated sound pressure and frequency response of a loudspeaker. The location of the voice coil was also investigated. Locating the voice coil at approximately 53% to 76% of coil-radius/diaphragm-radius ratio yielded a favorable mode shape distribution and performance for the loudspeaker. In addition, two loudspeaker designs, Models A and B, were analyzed to determine the effects of the diaphragm material. The numerical results of Models A and B, indicated that the mode shape is a crucial factor when considering the materials used in a loudspeaker diaphragm. The property of a material at the inflection point of a mode shape obviously affects the modal frequency. According to this observation, the most crucial first and second axial symmetric modes in a loudspeaker design can be adjusted and the performance can be improved.

An Innovative approach for representation and description of shape components for object recognition based on complex potential is proposed. In the complex plane, the flow of velocity is a crucial factor to discriminate different shapes. Hence, the present paper computes the potential flow by transforming the shape of the input object into complex plane. The present paper computes the Vortex based Complex Potential signature (VCP) by considering the radial lines as Equipotential lines and the circles as streamlines. The proposed VCP signature is described with the Fourier transformation for the generation of feature vector. The Chebyshev distance measure is used in the shape toning stage. The efficiency of the proposed descriptor is evaluated with the MPEG-CE-1 Set B database. The results prove the competency of the proposed descriptor than the benchmark descriptors

An in-depth determination of date fruit properties belonging to a given variety can have an impact on their consumption, processing, and storage. The objective of this study was to characterize date fruits of the ‘Mejhoul’ variety using (i) objective and non-destructive image-analysis features and (ii) measurements of physicochemical parameters. Based on images acquired using a digital camera, more than 1600 texture parameters from the individual color channels L, a, b, R, G, B, X, Y, and Z, and 40 geometric characteristics (including linear dimensions and shape factors for each fruit), were determined. Additionally, pomological features, water content, water activity, color parameters (L*, a*, b*), total soluble solids (TSS), reducing sugars, and total sugars were measured. As a main result, the application of machine vision allowed for the correct detection of ‘Mejhoul’ dates and the determination of the image features. The differences in the values of the histogram’s mean (HMean texture) for individual color channels were determined. The ‘Mejhoul’ date fruit images in color channel a (aHMean equal to 145.88) and color channel b (bHMean: 145.49) were the brightest, and in channel Z they were the darkest (ZHMean: 4.23). Due to the determination of the elliptic shape factor (W1) of 1.000 and the circular shape factor (W2) of 0.110, the elliptical shape of the fruit was confirmed. On the other hand, ‘Mejhoul’ dates were characterized by a length of 47.3 mm, a diameter of 26.4 mm, flesh thickness of 6.25 mm, total soluble solids of 62.1%, water content of 28.0%, water activity of 0.652, hardness of 694 g, reducing sugars of 13.8%, and total sugars of 58.8%. Due to the determination of many image features and other parameters, this paper presents the first comprehensive characterization of ‘Mejhoul’ date fruits using a non-destructive imaging technique linked to some physicochemical quality attributes.

This chapter offers a new conceptualization of culture, focusing on domains of professional activity. Culture is understood as a dynamic system integrating material, symbolic, and social elements and describing the context of human action. From this perspective, culture exists not only between nations but also within nations, at the level of different groups and communities. Professional groups are cultural units, which bring together people who share a number of norms and values, work within a given set of material constraints, and co-construct a common identity. Artists, scientists, and designers represent distinctive professional groups associated with recognized forms of creative activity. Research is presented concerning (a) the factors involved in creative expression in art, science, and design, and (b) the creative processes specific for different stages of creative work within each of these domains. The findings are interpreted in terms of cultural and contextual influences.

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter focuses on a key feature of a lease: its ability to count as a property right. It explores the three principal questions that apply to any property right: the content question, the acquisition question, and the defences question. It then evaluates how the judges’ approach to defining the content of a lease as a property right may have been affected by the presence of statutory protection. The courts’ approach to the content of a lease may be shaped by the fact that, if B has such a right, he or she may qualify (or have qualified) for significant statutory protection.

This book is the first full-length biography to be written about the American composer and electronic musician Wendy Carlos (b. 1939). With her debut album, Switched-On Bach, Carlos brought the sound of the Moog synthesizer to a generation of listeners. She not only blazed new trails in electronic music for decades but also intersected with many aspects of American culture during the second half of the twentieth century and well into the twenty-first. Her story features an eclectic cast of characters, including Arthur Bell, Leonard Bernstein, Allan Kozinn, the Kronos Quartet, Stanley Kubrick, Robert Moog, Ron Nelson, Stevie Wonder, and “Weird Al” Yankovic. Carlos’s identity as a transgender woman has shaped many aspects of her life, her career, how she relates to the public, and how the public has received her and her music. Cultural factors surrounding the treatment of transgender people affected many decisions that Carlos has made over the decades. She remained in hiding for more than a decade after she transitioned to female because she feared for her personal safety and professional reputation. Once she disclosed her transition publicly, many journalists and fans began to focus almost exclusively on her gender instead of on her music. Eventually she retreated again, giving very few interviews and never speaking about her gender on record. The fact that she is transgender is just one dimension of her story, however. This text presents her life as completely as is currently possible and relates her life to many dimensions of American culture.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

The writing of letters often evokes associations of a single author and a single addressee, who share in the exchange of intimate thoughts across distances of space and time. This model underwrites such iconic notions as the letter representing an ‘image of the soul of the author’ or constituting ‘one half of a dialogue’. However justified this conception of letter-writing may be in particular instances, it tends to marginalize a range of issues that were central to epistolary communication in the ancient world and have yet to receive sustained and systematic investigation. In particular, it overlooks the fact that letters frequently presuppose and are designed to reinforce communities—or, indeed, constitute them in the first place. This volume offers a theoretically informed Introduction on the interrelation of letters and communities, followed by thirteen case studies from four key cultural configurations in the ancient world: Greece and Rome, Judaism and Christianity. After two papers on the theory and practice of epistolary communication that focus on ancient epistolary theory and the unavoidable presence of a letter-carrier who introduces a communal aspect into any correspondence (Section A), the volume comprises five chapters that explore configurations of power and epistolary communication in the Greek and Roman worlds, from the archaic period to the end of the Hellenistic age (Section B). Five chapters on letters and communities in ancient Judaism and early Christianity follow (Section C). The final Section D (‘Envoi’) contains a paper on the trans-historical or indeed timeless philosophical community Seneca the Younger construes in his Letters to Lucilius.

ZusammenfassungRothirsche, in der Jägersprache als Rotwild bezeichnet, können starke Emotionen hervorrufen und große Konflikte verursachen. Das Management von Rotwild sollte evidenzbasiert sein, sich also an wissenschaftlich gewonnenen Erkenntnissen orientieren. In diesem Kapitel fasse ich zusammen, wie solch ein evidenzbasiertes Rotwildmanagement grundsätzlich gestaltet sein sollte und welche Evidenzen es für verschiedene Aspekte des Rotwildmanagements gibt. Hierbei spielt die Jagd zwar eine wichtige Rolle, ist aber nur eine der möglichen Maßnahmen, mit denen Managementziele erreicht werden können. Ebenso ist die numerische Steuerung von Populationsgrößen bzw. -dichten in der Regel nur ein Zwischenziel im Management.Ein evidenzbasiertes Rotwildmanagement sollte adaptiv aufgebaut sein und somit immer eine Erfolgskontrolle beinhalten, durch die sowohl die Umsetzung als auch die Wirkung von Managementmaßnahmen stetig überprüft und verbessert werden können. Solch eine Erfolgskontrolle basiert auf einem Langzeit-Monitoring, das mindestens die Faktoren Populationsentwicklung, Wildzustand und Wildeinfluss beinhalten sollte.Die Verbreitung von Rotwild sowie der Austausch zwischen einzelnen Vorkommen werden in Deutschland stark von gesetzlichen Vorgaben und der Landschaftszerschneidung durch Siedlungen und Straßen bestimmt. Durch die räumliche Isolation und den damit einhergehenden geringen Genfluss zeigen einige Rotwildvorkommen bereits stark reduzierte genetische Diversität, sehr kleine genetisch-effektive Populationsgrößen und hohe Inzuchtwerte. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollte die Vernetzung der Rotwildvorkommen verbessert werden, was einerseits durch die Abschaffung rotwildfreier Gebiete erreicht werden könnte, andererseits durch Wiedervernetzungsmaßnahmen, z. B. durch Wildkorridore und Querungshilfen über Verkehrsinfrastrukturen.Rothirsche passen ihr Raum-Zeit-Verhalten und ihre Habitatwahl an eine „Landschaft der Angst“ an, die vom wahrgenommenen Mortalitätsrisiko, dem Nahrungsangebot und der Habitatstruktur abhängt. Auch Störungen durch menschliche Aktivitäten spielen hierbei eine wichtige Rolle. Wissenschaftliche Studien belegen, dass sich Rotwild durch eine Steuerung dieser Faktoren in Raum und Zeit lenken lässt, wodurch Konflikte reduziert werden können. In der Praxis kann hierfür eine Zonierung für das Flächenmanagement sowie eine Kombination aus lokaler Schwerpunkt- und großflächiger Intervallbejagung angewandt werden, über die Rotwild von bestimmten Flächen ferngehalten und auf andere Flächen gelenkt werden kann.Einige der bestehenden Abschussvorgaben für Rotwild erscheinen biologisch nicht plausibel, und es ist nicht sicher nachgewiesen, ob sie die gewünschten Effekte haben. Die Abschussplanung bzw. die dafür nötige Zuwachsberechnung erfolgt meist anhand von unbekannten Parametern zu Reproduktionsraten, Populationsstrukturen und Mortalitäten. Die hierdurch entstehenden Unsicherheiten bei der Vorhersage zukünftiger Bestandesentwicklungen sollten durch zusätzliche, populationsspezifische Forschung gemindert werden. Um Rotwildbestände über die Jagd zu reduzieren, müssen vor allem Alttiere erlegt werden, was aus Gründen des Tierschutzes den vorherigen Abschuss der geführten Kälber erfordert.Basierend auf diesen Evidenzen mache ich grundsätzliche Vorschläge für das Rotwildmanagement, schlage Schritte vor, um weitere Evidenzen zu schaffen, und identifiziere weitergehenden Forschungsbedarf.AbstractRed deer can cause strong emotions and also severe damage. Red deer management should be evidence-based and hence use scientifically derived information. In this chapter, I summarize what an evidence-based red deer management should generally look like and what evidences actually exist for different aspects of red deer management. Hunting plays an important part in this, but is just one possible action to reach management goals. Similarly, the numeric control of population abundances or densities is usually just an intermediate goal in wildlife management.An evidence-based red deer management should be adaptive and hence requires a control of success, so that implementation and effect of management actions can constantly be evaluated and improved. Such a control of success is based on a long-term monitoring that considers at least the three factors population development, animal performance, and herbivore impacts.The distribution of red deer in Germany and the exchange among populations are severely impacted by legal regulations and by landscape fragmentation due to settlements and roads. The spatial isolation and associated low levels of gene flow have already led to low genetic diversity, low genetic-effective population sizes and high inbreeding values in some populations. This calls for an improvement of connectivity among red deer populations, which could be accomplished by giving up areas where red deer are not allowed to exist, and by defragmentation measures, such as wildlife corridors and crossing structures over transportation infrastructures.Red deer adjust their space-time-behavior and habitat selection to the landscape of fear, which is shaped by the perceived mortality risk, food availability and habitat structure. Disturbances by humans also play a major role in this. Scientific research shows that red deer can be steered in space and time through these factors and that such a steering can reduce conflicts. From a practical standpoint, such steering can be accomplished by a zoning concept that combines area management, locally intensive hunting and broad-scale hunting in intervals, so that red deer are kept away from certain areas while being steered into other areas.Some of the existing harvesting guidelines appear biologically implausible and their effectiveness has not sufficiently been demonstrated. Harvest planning is often based on unknown values for reproduction rates, population structures and mortalities. This leads to high uncertainties when predicting the future development of populations, calling for population-specific research to reduce these uncertainties. To reduce red deer abundances, especially adult females need to be harvested. Due to animal welfare laws, this is usually accompanied by an increased harvest of calves.Based on these evidences, I provide general guidelines for red deer management, suggest further steps for generating additional evidences, and identify remaining research needs.

Yielding from an overall quantitative study of the residential sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), this chapter concentrates on the ratio between single-family and collective housing, as well as on the urban-rural ratio of the single-family housing. Based on the data from the existing building stock (buildings built by 2014) and the statistical estimates, 23% of the buildings belong to the urban areas and 77% belong to the rural areas. The main goal was to study the correlation between the characteristics of the building envelope, the shape factor (A/V ratio) and the energy savings potential for the application of conventional measures of refurbishment of the building envelope of the single-family houses (type of buildings, which dominate in rural and urban areas). The chapter wraps up with recommendations for the adequate level of the energy performance indicator (energy need for heating) for the approved energy class for single-family houses located in the climate zone of the northern B&H.

Fundamentalism took shape as a distinct movement in the midst of the cultural crisis following World War I. The “Red Scare” and fear of Bolshevism was one factor. Fears of doctrinal changes in churches and changing social mores were allied to these concerns. While the concerns confirmed premillennial pessimism, they also led to a rise in emphasis on restoring America’s Christian character. Presbyterians were especially strong in expressing such concern. In 1920 Curtis Lee Laws, editor of the Watchman-Examiner, in mobilizing conservatives in the Northern Baptist Convention called their party “fundamentalists.” Fundamentalists such as William B. Riley increasingly emphasized that the future of America civilization was at stake. A prototypical fundamentalist Baptist activist was John Roach Straton, a pastor in New York City. Straton campaigned strongly for moral reform in the city. His characterizations of America wavered between seeing it as Babylon or the New Israel.

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and the major cause of death among women worldwide. Molecular subtyping of breast cancer is important to individualize its management, to understand prognosis of disease and avoid overtreatment. The current study aimed at correlating the breast cancer subtypes with their different ultrasound criteria. The ultrasound findings might have an important role in predicting different groups. The current study is a retrospective study. Which was conducted on 40 females patients with breast cancer; during the period from November 2020 till March 2021.The age were 45–65 years old. They were presented to the Radiology Department, ·Ain-Shams University, Faculty of Medicine. The selected cases had been afforded from: the Breast-unit of General Surgery Hospital, El Demerdash University Hospital, Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine Department. When analyzing the main four breast cancer subtypes in the current work we found that the rates of Luminal A was 34%, Luminal B was 40%, HER2 was 15%, and TNBC was 11%. LA subtype was strongly associated with hypoechoic lesions showing irregular shape, speculated margin surrounded by desmoplastic reaction with posterior shadowing. LB subtype was associated with irregular shape and speculated margin with absence of desmoplastic reaction. Human Epidermal Growth Factor (HER2) subtype in the current study was found to be associated with irregular shape, lobulated margin, absent desmoplastic reaction with posterior acoustic mixed shadowing and enhancement. This could be related to suspicious microcalcifications. Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) lesions in the present work were predominantly oval in shape with• circumscribed margin; the benign looking malignant lesions which carry the worst prognosis. Based on the latter finding, the good radiologist should be aware about ultround features of different molecular subtype in order not to under diagnose a malignant breast lesion. The sonographic features as margin, shape, posterior acoustic features were significantly associated with molecular subtypes. The histopathological grade and hormone receptor status. Being able to predict the molecular subtype. The current study recommend that the radiologist should be aware about different imaging features of different molecular subtypes especially the triple negative breast cancer which had the most benign looking criteria aiming for better lesion characterization and to allow the patient to benefit from earlier non-invasive, cheap diagnosis and the curable on time treatment.

While much is known about the general process of user participation in information systems development, its effect on organizational change surrounding systems implementation has not been the subject of systematic, empirical investigation. With some notable exceptions, researchers have chosen to adopt variance- rather than process-based approaches to the study of these phenomena and have, therefore, failed to capture the complex interrelationships that exist between them. This study addresses these deficiencies and makes several important contributions to the literature. First, it describes the results of a process-based case study that illustrates how one large organization’s institutional context shaped and influenced the content and process of user participation and associated management of change around the development and implementation of two operational support systems. Second, it presents a theoretical model that captures the institutional and development-related contexts which shape and influence the processes of user participation and management of change. Third, this study’s findings indicate that institutionally mediated factors exert a major influence on the level of user acceptance of systems, especially in relation to (a) the expected change wrought by the new system; (b) user influence and power relationships; and (c) user commitment to development-related change. Finally, the model, framework, and findings provide a useful point of departure for future research in the area.

This chapter evaluates the state-of-the-art of research on Lean Management and Supply Chain Management strategies in the aerospace sector using Systematic Literature Review methodology. The complementary aims are: a) to identify the topic set studied and to propose a criterion for classifying the literature, and b) to discuss the empirical evidence that identifies existing interrelationships. The analysis has enabled three main topics to be identified: a) adoption and implementation of lean management, b) development of supply chain management, and c) deployment of lean principles and practices across the supply chain. A number of more specific lines of research are also proposed that have been assigned to each of these three main research topics. Finally, a set of challenges and opportunities for future research are set out, along with a range of academic and professional implications that could be useful not only for the aerospace sector but also for other industrial sectors that share similar contingent factors.

This chapter evaluates the state-of-the-art of research on Lean Management and Supply Chain Management strategies in the aerospace sector using Systematic Literature Review methodology. The complementary aims are: a) to identify the topic set studied and to propose a criterion for classifying the literature, and b) to discuss the empirical evidence that identifies existing interrelationships. The analysis has enabled three main topics to be identified: a) adoption and implementation of lean management, b) development of supply chain management, and c) deployment of lean principles and practices across the supply chain. A number of more specific lines of research are also proposed that have been assigned to each of these three main research topics. Finally, a set of challenges and opportunities for future research are set out, along with a range of academic and professional implications that could be useful not only for the aerospace sector but also for other industrial sectors that share similar contingent factors.

The die is 18mm in diameter at the business end, and 23mm in length (figure 19.1). It weighs 46.80 grams. On the die-face there is an incuse design of a stylized horse and rider familiar from the coins of the type known as Gallo-Belgic B (figure 19.2). About halfway down the side, it begins to taper towards the other end which is roughly oval in shape, with a longer diameter of 15mm and a shorter one of 13mm. At the base there is a vestigial spike which projects out slightly (figure 19.3). It looks as if it should be an obverse die which would have been set into an anvil or another kind of metal case for striking. However, such evidence as exists for Iron Age dies from northern Europe suggests that, as indeed was the case in the Greek and Roman worlds, reverse dies could either be in the form of a tapered barrel-shaped object set into a metal casing probably made of iron, or in the form of a long metal shaft with the design carved onto the end. The probability, however, is that this example is in fact an obverse die, for reasons outlined below. The die was analysed by Michael Cowell using non-destructive x-ray fluorescence (XRF) on areas where the immediate surface seems to have been removed, and the bulk material exposed. The results should be regarded as semi-quantitative or approximate, as the technique provides only a surface analysis. The following average results were obtained: The die is thus made of a high-tin bronze with small quantities of other metals. Such alloys are extremely hard and difficult to work, for instance by punching or engraving. The die was examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Most of the surface has a dark grey or black-coloured patina, except in a few places around the edge of the die-face and along the side where the surface has been chipped or broken to reveal a light grey crystalline material beneath. The section of the surface patina is exposed here and can be seen to be more than superficial. There are no indications of copper corrosion products (i.e. red cuprite or green malachite).

Cement clinkerisation is the major energy-consuming process in cement manufacturing due to the high-temperature requirement. In this paper, energy data including specific energy consumption, forms, and types of energy used at different units of cement manufacturing processes were analyzed and compared for effectiveness, availability, cost, environmental, and health impact. Data from three different cement industries in Nigeria labeled as A, B, and C were used for the analysis in this study. The results of this research work established that coal is the cheapest energy source but environmental issues exonerate it from being the choice energy source. LPFO and Natural gas give better production output while minimizing pollution and health issues. When benchmarked against each other, Factory B was found to be the most energy-efficient in terms of output and cost of production. Although coal is cheaper compared to fuel oil and supposed to contribute a share of fuel used in cement industries, the industries are moving towards the use of alternative and conventional fuels to reduce environmental pollution. It is therefore recommended that deliberate effort to achieve appreciable energy-efficient levels should be the priorities of the cement industries in Nigeria.

Public policy, and specifically national public policy, is one of the key factors that affects the practice of psychiatry, the shape of mental health services, and the environment within which mental health services work. The specific content of public policy varies greatly across the world and often even across neighbouring countries. It is therefore impossible within the space of this chapter to undertake systematic international comparisons. This chapter gives an overview of: (a) what policy is and why it might be important; (b) types of policy and policy development internationally; (c) international structures and organizations that are relevant to the scope and content of policy, especially in the field of human rights which is often the starting point for policy; (d) the breadth of policy activity that is relevant to mental health—stretching beyond the health ministry and health policy—and the partnerships that are necessary to tackle the mental health of individuals and populations.

Abstract Particulate erosion tests were conducted on coatings of heat/wear resistant materials (Cr3C2-NiCr (HVOF), Fe-Cr–Mn-B-Si (Arc spray), Fe-Cr-B-Si (HVOF)) and comparing materials (stainless steel, carbon steel). The erosion test was given under comparatively mild test conditions such as catalyst impinging in consideration of actual plants. In the previous paper, the particle erosion mechanism on using angular particulate erodent has been conjectured that it was similar to a cutting phenomenon of grinding process between the particle and surfaces with plastic/elastic properties. As the shape of erodent is an important factor as well as hardness of erodent and surfaces, the particulate erosion properties were investigated using three types erodent (angular/spherical silica and angular alumina). The materials of erodent were selected commercially available silica-filler and alumina grit. The erosion wastage depends on the shape and hardness of the particles. We considered the erosion mechanism of thermally sprayed coatings and metal materials depending on the shape and hardness of erodent.

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have the capacity to stored strain energy under appropriate stimulus and pre-deformation conditions. Temperature is a good stimulus and predominantly used to activate the shape memory effects of SMPs. Complex engineering application use of SMPs are being developed or proposed and it becomes imperative to develop a simple but yet practical constitutive model that will capture the deformation and recovery of SMPs appropriately under different constraints and loading conditions. In this study, a thermo-mechanical constitutive model is developed for SMPs. A four step shape memorization and recovery is considered and a thermo-mechanical energy balance (first principles of thermodynamics) is done on the individual steps. For this study, the four steps considered are a) Pre-loading of the SMP at high temperature b) Constant strain at negative rate of change of temperature c) constraint release and shape fixity at low temperate and d) unconstrained free strain recovery. A free energy function is developed for the individual steps and superposition principle is used to define the storage free energy in the third step. Applying the second law of thermodynamics in Clausius-Duhem form, the stress-strain relation was developed. Also, in order to account for the polymer’s molecular architecture and morphology resulting in shape memory effect, a binding factor was approximately defined. The binding factor is primarily a function of temperature and secondarily a function of the viscosity of the material at high and low temperatures. The storage strain was assumed to be an internal variable that is generated from the mechanical loading of the SMP. The general model is reduced down to a specific viscoelastic model based on the assumption of the free energy function. The developed model is validated by comparing the predictions to experimental results in literature.

There are strong co-relations between material assignment, shape, and functionality of a part in overall product/assembly. However, these strong co-relations are rarely exploited for automated material assignment. We present a probabilistic graphical model-based approach to automatically assign materials to the parts (components) of a 3D object (assembly). The presented model performs material assignment by identifying the relations between shape, functionality, and materials of parts in the existing database objects. By learning the context dependent correlation without supervision from a set of objects and their segmented parts, the learned model can be used to assign proper real materials to the parts of a query object. Our primary contributions are: a) the real materials definition and assignment and b) assigning materials based on the functionality and form of the parts in the object. The performance of proposed computational approach is demonstrated by results of material assignment on various query objects without pre-specified material definitions.

Abstract In the present work a simulation is conducted by CFD to predict the cooling performance in a chamber with a swirl motion using nine shapes of injection entrances. The injection entrances are with different cross sections; rectangular (case A), circular (case B), half circular (case C), square (case D), elliptical (case E), equilateral triangular (case F) and three configurations of convergent shapes (case G, H, I). The simulation is performed at constant hydraulic diameter for all shapes and at varied Reynolds number. The investigation parameters are temperature distribution in swirl chamber, circumferential and total velocities, circumferential and axially averaged Nusselt numbers, friction factor and thermal performance parameter. The results show that the temperature increases in all cases compared to the rectangular entrance shape. The convergent shapes give high performance in the heat transfer as well as high friction. Circular entrance shape has a higher circumferential and total velocity compared to all cases.

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are known to change their elastic stiffness as they respond to change in induced stimulus such as temperature. Under appropriate loading and pre-deformation, a shape memory effect can be captured as the stimulus change. From the nature of polymers, the pre-deformation can tend to be large and can in turn be memorized by SMPs. Due to this characteristic of SMPs, it makes a great candidate for morphing structures. To analyze complex structures a simple but yet practical constitutive model needs to be developed for commercial engineering application. In this paper, a thermomechanical constitutive model is proposed making use of the standard linear viscoelastic model. The total strain during the shape memorization process is defined by mechanical, thermal and storage strains. The rheological model defined is an elastic element in parallel with a Maxwell element, which in turn are both in series with storage and thermal element. Inclusion of a storage strain within the model reveals the internal strain storage mechanism as the temperature of the material drops. Similar work done in the past requires material parameters that can be arduous to determine in the laboratory. This model proposes a simplified approximate material parameter called a binding factor which accounts for the polymer’s molecular architecture and morphology as the temperature changes. Finally, the model is applied to a four step shape memorization and stress-free recovery process. For this study, the four steps considered are a) Pre-loading of the material at high temperature b) Constant strain fixity c) unconstrained relaxation at low temperature d) unconstrained free strain recovery. The developed model is validated by comparing the predictions to experimental results in literature.

For diesel vehicles equipped with a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), flow resistance (pressure drop) is a vital factor affecting power performance, fuel consumption and regeneration performance. Traditional methods for DPF pressure drop reduction mainly focus on developing a new filter material, optimizing its microstructure and structural parameters of gas channels. Although the above methods have greatly reduced the pressure drop, it is still difficult to meet the demand of increasingly stringent energy consumption and carbon emissions standards. Thus, improving the shape of connection (inlet and outlet) cones to further reduce pressure drop has become one of the important topics of DPF development. In this paper, a simulation model of gas-particle two-phase flow through traditional connection cones has been established and wall-flow filter element is modeled with an equivalent porous material. The flow through DPF has been simulated with Fluent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software under different exhaust emission velocities, expansion angles and ratios. The influence factors for flow uniformity and pressure drop in DPF have been analyzed. The variation tendency of pressure drop, flow velocity, vorticity, and turbulent kinetic energy in connection cones has been obtained. And then, based on calculation results and Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) theory, the fitting cure of optimum connection cones are drawn out at different expansion angles and ratios, compared with the calculation results of traditional connection cones, to deduce advantages of optimum connection cones on the flow uniformity and pressure drop.

Flow of a Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) fluid in tubes of non-circular cross-section in investigated analytically. This study complements results presented in [1] where the equation of motion was solved in tubes of arbitrary cross-section for Bingham type of fluids, and the shapes of plug zones centered on the tube axis and stagnant zones attached to the corners were predicted when the cross-section is triangular and square. In this paper we investigate the effect of the power index in the H-B model on the flow for values greater and lesser than unity, considering thus the shear-thinning and shear-thickening effects, which could not be accounted for with the Bingham model. The equation of motion is solved when the cross-section is an equilateral triangle or a square by means of the shape factor method previously introduced in [2]. Thus, shear-thickening and shear-thinning effects are accounted for and related to the tube geometry in predicting the existence and the extent of undeformed regions in the flow field.

Axial power distribution is one of the parameters that influence the occurrence of the dryout in nuclear fuel assemblies. Experimental data indicate that this influence is quite substantial, ranging from few to above ten percent of the total power. Thus accurate prediction of the dryout power for various power distributions has important implications on the economy and safety of nuclear power plants. The difficulty with capturing the influence of that parameter stems from the fact that during reactor operation practically unlimited number of power shapes can occur. This fact makes it very difficult to investigate the effect experimentally, and an analytical approach is needed. Various methods have been proposed in the past to capture the effect of non-uniform power distribution on dryout. These approaches can be divided into several categories, where the two main ones are as follows: (a) methods based on introduction of a shape factor, which is calculated from the known shape of the power distribution; (b) methods using certain integral parameters, such as the boiling length and the annular flow length, which are expressed as functions of axial power distribution. In the present approach a simplified annular flow model is used, in which the dryout occurrence is based on the prediction of the disappearance of the liquid film. The dependence of the dryout power on the axial power shape is obtained in a general analytical form. Based on this analytical solution, a new set of terms that govern the dryout power in channels with various axial power distributions is proposed.

Abstract The Master Curve Methodology (ASTM E1921) experimentally assesses a materials temperature-dependent fracture toughness, predominantly for quasi-static testing conditions. The treatment of elevated loading rates is described by the annex A1 of ASTM E1921 and A14 of ASTM E1820. This paper presents results of the evaluation of a very large and standard-conforming database in order to verify the procedures recommended by the standard. Testing involved C(T)- and SEN(B)-specimens of the RPV-steel 22NiMoCr3-7 (A508 Grade 2) for loading rates of 100 MPa√m/s ≤ dK/dt ≤ 104 MPa√m/s for the entire ductile to brittle transition region. It was found that the shape and underlying distribution of the Master Curve show stronger shortcomings with increased loading rate. The optimal shape factor p increases with dK/dt, yet the methodology can still show strong shortcomings regarding the underlying distribution. It is argued that the cause for the observations are linked to adiabatic heating and local crack arrest that severely influence macroscopic fracture behavior. It is recommended that fracture mechanics testing at elevated loading rates is performed close to or below T0 in order to minimize the influence of dynamic loading conditions on the assessment.

Abstract Bend fracture tests using flat plate specimens of 50mm thickness with a surface crack, 1TC(T), and SE(B) specimens of low alloy steel were performed in the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) region. Two types of SE(B) specimen, a/W = 0.1 and 0.5, were used. The fracture tests were conducted at −120°C and −80°C aiming at fracture mode of complete cleavage fracture at lower temperature and cleavage fracture after ductile crack growth at higher temperature. At −120°C, all specimens showed complete cleavage fracture. The shape factor of the Beremin model of the C(T) specimen or SE(B) specimen with a deep crack were determined by using each type of specimen at −80°C. Also, Toughness Scaling Model (TSM) was applied for determination of the Weibull parameters using two types of SE(B) specimens at −80°C. The GTN parameters were determined from fracture data of 1TC(T) specimen at the room temperature. The prediction analyses of the flat plate specimens for −120°C and −80°C were carried out using the Beremin model and the coupled model with the GTN model. The measured KJ of the tests for the flat plates were compared with the predicted KJ of 5% lower bound curve and 95% upper bound for the flat plate specimen which were deduced by the SE(B) specimen’s test data. Transferability from the test results of laboratory test specimens to that of a large specimen with low constraint, which was similar to the actual structure, was investigated. The temperature independency of the Weibull parameter m of the Beremin model was also confirmed.

Gender is a traditionally under researched dimension in scholarship on climate and security. However, as recent research has noted, it is a variable that cannot only shape how different groups of individuals are affected by climate-related security risks. Gendered norms and power structures can also increase or mitigate the likelihood of climate-related security risks. This SIPRI Insights paper contributes to the growing body of research on gender, climate and security by analyzing the gender dimensions of the four pathways of climate insecurity featured in past SIPRI studies: (a) livelihood deterioration; (b) migration and changing mobility; (c) tactical considerations of armed groups; and (d) elite exploitation and resource mismanagement. It reviews literature to highlight how gender can influence resilience and risk for different groups of men and women within the pathways. Where relevant, it also discusses how gender may serve as an instigating factor for the respective pathways. The paper stresses the need to critically understand the different and interlinked experiences of groups of men and women in the pathway contexts, and to ensure equal leadership and participation of all affected groups in addressing climate-related security risks.

Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.