Books: 'Shape dependence'

1

K, Heinemann, and Ames Research Center, eds. Size and shape dependence of CO adsorption sites on sapphire supported FE microcrystals. Moffett Field, Calif: The Center, 1985.

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2

Susnar, Shawn Scott. Pressure dependence of interfacial tension of hydrocarbon-water systems using axisymmetric drop shape analysis. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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3

Ṭhānissaro. The shape of suffering: A study of dependent co-arising. Valley Center, CA: Metta Forest Monastery?, 2006.

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4

Holmberg, Rurik. Survival of the unfit: Path dependence and the Estonian oil shale industry. Linköping: Linköping University, Department of Technology and Social Change, 2008.

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5

Tandanand, Sathit. Time-dependent behavior of coal measure rocks: Adsorption rate and strength degradation. Avondale, Md: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1987.

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6

Jayaswal, Sachin. Balancing u-shaped assembly lines with resource dependent task times: A simulated annealing approach. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, 2013.

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7

Guérir de soi: S'affranchir de la dépendance, de la honte, de la culpabilité et des troubles de la personnalité. Montréal]: Édition du Club Québec loisirs, 2010.

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8

Center, Betty Ford, ed. Healing and hope: Six women from the Betty Ford Center share their powerful journeys of addiction and recovery. New York: Putnam, 2003.

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9

J, Lepore Brian, ed. Military housing: Installations need to share information on their Section 801 on-base housing contracts : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office, 2010.

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10

Weston, Cyril. The relationship between full-time trade union officials and shop stewards: An insight into factors which shape the dependency that shop stewards have upon district officials within Region 5 of the Transport and General Workers' Union. [s.l.]: typescript, 1988.

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11

Office, General Accounting. Welfare reform: Changes will further shape the roles of housing agencies and HUD : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.

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12

Vallejo Maldonado, Pablo Ramon, and Nikolay Chaynov. Kinematics and dynamics of automobile piston engines. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/989072.

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The fundamentals of kinematics and dynamics of transport piston internal combustion engines made using different layout schemes are presented. Along with the traditional in-line, V-shaped, including oppositional, arrangement of cylinders, schemes with "staggered" arrangement of cylinders in the block at the displaced connecting rod necks of the crankshaft of the engine are considered. The kinematics of the coaxial crank mechanism is considered in detail. The questions of dynamics with reduction of calculated dependences of forces, moments, a choice of a rational order of work of cylinders in relation to the considered kinematic schemes are in detail stated. Considerable attention is paid to the unevenness of the crankshaft rotation speed and engine balancing. The loads on the main and connecting rod bearings of the crankshaft, the knowledge of which is necessary in determining the bearing capacity of bearing units, are also considered. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of training 23.03.03 "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes" and related areas.

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13

Filippis, Frank *. De. The pressure and temperature dependence of the interfacial tension of hydrocarbon-water systems using axisymmetric drop shape analysis. 1989.

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14

Adeyemo, Itunuoluwa. Losing Weight with Style: A Progressive Way to Deal with Vanquish Desires, Defeat Food Dependence, and Get in Shape Without Going Hungry. Independently Published, 2022.

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15

Life After Deployment: Military families share reunion stories and advice. Elva Resa Publishing, 2007.

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16

Wigmans, Richard. New Calorimeter Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0008.

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This chapter is dedicated to calorimeter techniques that have been developed since the first edition of this monograph was published (2000). The Dual Readout Method (DREAM) aims to combine the advantages of compensation (linearity, excellent hadron resolution, Gaussian line shape) with a certain amount of design flexibility. This method, based on simultaneous detection of scintillation and Cherenkov light produyced in the shower development, eliminates some of the disadvantages of compensating devices, and in particular the dependence on efficient neutron detection of the latter. The Particle Flow Analysis method aims to combine the information provided by a good tracking system with that provided by a fine-grained calorimeter system to obtain excellent performance for the detection of jets. The results achieved with both methods, and the challenges faced in practice, are described in detail.

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17

Krisch, Nico. The Many Fields of (German) International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697570.003.0005.

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In recent years, interest in comparative approaches in the study of international law has grown. This chapter contributes to this endeavor with a focus on the particularities of academic international law in Germany, but also with an interest in methodology and a broader argument for attention to a particular set of factors behind differences in the interpretation and application of international law. Using sociological insights, it focuses on the professional contexts in which the different interpreters are embedded—the social and professional ‘fields’ in which they operate—and suggests connections between the shape of those contexts and the methodological and substantive commitments with which these interpreters approach international law. In Germany, the relative dependence of international law on the broader field of public law stands out as a differentiating characteristic.

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18

Willard, David, and Candace Snow. I'm Dying to Take Care of You: Nurses and Codependence : Breaking the Cycles. Health Communications, 1990.

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19

Barclay, Philip, and Helen Scholefield. High dependency and intensive care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0030.

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The development of maternal critical care is essential in reducing morbidity and mortality due to a substandard level of care. The level of critical care should depend upon the patient’s severity of illness, not their physical location. Escalation to level 3 (intensive) care is uncommon in pregnancy, with a median admission rate of 2.7 per 1000 births, mainly due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and haemorrhage. Maternal ‘near misses’ occur more frequently, with 6.5 per 1000 births meeting Mantel’s criteria, of which 85% is due to major obstetric haemorrhage. The admission rate to maternal high dependency units (level 2 care) varies from 1% to 5%. Acute physiological scoring systems have been found to be reliable when applied to parturients receiving level 3 care but overestimate mortality. Maternal early warning scores have been derived from simplified versions of these systems, with allowance made for physiological changes seen in pregnancy. There are many different maternity scoring systems in use throughout England and Wales. All share the same principle that parameters should be recorded regularly during the hospital stay, with deviations from normal quantified, recorded, and acted upon. A chain of response is then required to ensure that suitably qualified staff, possessing appropriate critical care competencies, attend in a timely fashion. Appropriate resources must be available with equipment readily to hand and suitably trained staff so that invasive monitoring can be used. Clear admission criteria are required for level 2 care within the delivery suite and escalation to level 3, with suitable arrangements for transfer.

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20

Wright, A. G. Signal-induced background. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0011.

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Signal-induced background has a time dependence that distinguishes it from the sources discussed in Chapter 6. These events refer to a progression in which a signal generates a subsequent one, correlated in time to the initial detection. The timescale for correlated background ranges from nanoseconds to days. The earliest signal is a prepulse generated by a photon incident on d1. Late pulses relate to the k-to-d1, and k-to-anode transit time. The next category, the afterpulses, spans ~100 ns to 10 μ‎s, with a peaked time distribution. There is a long-lived source of photons, extending to days and caused by exposure of a photomultiplier to bright light or to nuclear radiation. Afterpulses contribute to the slope of a photon-counting plateau characteristic, distort fluorescent decay, and pulse shape discrimination measurements. They also affect resolution, and processes of a statistical nature.

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21

Blood Sugar: Food to Share. New Holland Publishers, Limited, 2015.

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22

Lobo, Marina Costa, and Isabella Razzuoli. Party Finance and Perceived Party Responsiveness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0008.

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This chapter investigates an important implication of the cartel party thesis: that parties’ shift from society towards the state has eroded voters’ sense of political efficacy. More precisely, it explores whether and to what extent parties’ financial dependence on the state shapes electors’ feelings about the responsiveness of parties. The authors do this by linking PPDB (Political Party Database) information with the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) data. The results of their analysis show that the relationship between level of state funding of parties and citizens’ perceptions of party responsiveness is positive, though not strong. This is contrary to the theoretical expectations suggested by the cartel thesis, in that electors voting for parties more dependent on the state are not more likely to have low feelings of political efficacy.

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23

Barnard, Amanda S. Size-dependent phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.5.

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This article investigates size-dependent phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale. In general, the crystallization of a nanomaterial into a particular structure is kinetically driven. However, the choice of which structure occurs in a specific size range is often a result of thermodynamics. These size-dependent phase relationships may be explored by analyzing the free energy and enthalpy of formation. This article considers the size-dependent phase stability of nanomaterials based on experimental and theoretical studies of zirconia and titania. It describes the use of bulk phase diagrams to capture important information on the stability of materials. It also highlights some of the physical parameters that influence phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale, including temperature, pressure, shape, solution chemistry, surface chemistry and surface charge.

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24

Hatfield, Mary. Growing Up in Nineteenth-Century Ireland. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843429.001.0001.

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At the beginning of the nineteenth century childhood was a fluid concept with a variety of meanings and responsibilities dependent on class, gender, and religious identity. By 1860 the idea of what childhood was supposed to be had been consolidated to a large degree by the middle classes, who rejected the lavish opulence of the aristocracy and the economic dependency of the working classes to create their own brand of child-rearing. The book explores ways in which adults dealt with children, particularly within the family and in educational institutions across the island of Ireland. This book takes a holistic approach towards the middle-class child’s social world utilizing medical and educational literature, religious tracts, personal correspondence, school archives, and material culture sources. It facilitates an understanding of gender roles, children’s participation in middle-class domesticity, and the use of education by middle-class families to shape a cultural narrative of childhood. The chapters address child-advice literature, differences in Catholic and Protestant childhoods, children’s fashions, and Irish boarding schools.

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25

Stone, Alison. Being Born. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845782.001.0001.

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This book gives the first systematic philosophical account of how being born shapes our condition as human beings. Drawing on both feminist philosophy and the existentialist project of inquiring into the structure of meaningful human existence, the book explores how human existence is natal, that is, is shaped by the way that we are born. Taking natality into account transforms our view of human existence and illuminates how many of its aspects hang together and are connected with our birth. These aspects include dependency; the relationality of the self; vulnerability; reception and inheritance; embeddedness in social power; situatedness; and radical contingency. Considering natality also sheds new light on anxiety, mortality, and the temporality of human life. This book offers an original perspective on human existence which bears on many debates in feminist and continental philosophy and around death and the meaning of life.

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26

McDonagh, Eileen, and Carol Nackenoff. Gender and the American State. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.010.

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The study of gender in American political development (APD) challenges the efficacy for advancing women’s political inclusion of a liberal tradition valorizing principles of individual equality and positing a separation of the family and the state. Masked are ways in which gender roles and the family are integral to governance and state-building. Gender is both a dependent and an independent variable in APD. Shaped by institutions and policies of the state, it also shapes institutions and policies that promote women’s political citizenship and expand the state’s capacity for social provision—by asserting not only liberal claims of women’s equality with men, but also by invoking maternalist claims based on women’s difference from men, thereby challenging and altering relationships between public and private spheres.

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27

Porta, Donatella della, Massimiliano Andretta, Tiago Fernandes, Eduardo Romanos, and Markos Vogiatzoglou. Movement Legacies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860936.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 analyzes movements’ legacies. Transitions to democracy create new cultural assumptions that shape the development of social movements: the ways in which activists identify social problems, organize, and protest over time. After conceptualizing the main models of social movement families, it examines their long-term evolution in each of the four countries, with a focus on the path dependency of the transition time but also on turning points in the movements’ post-transition histories. Building upon main concepts in social movement studies, it covers movements’ traditions as organizational structures (unions, parties, new social movements, anarchists, and so on), repertoires of action (strikes, demonstrations, innovations), and framing (left, libertarian).

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28

Rønnow-Rasmussen, Toni. The Value Gap. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848215.001.0001.

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Evaluations about what is good (period) and what is good for someone shape much of ethics. The two value notions ‘good’ and ‘good for’ mark the deep-rooted divide between the impersonally and personally valuable—the value divide on which The Value Gap centres. Past and contemporary philosophers have argued it is a mistake to believe that these two value notions give rise to unresolvable value conflicts. This book argues that they are wrong. Part I considers two views to that effect, which share the idea that one of the two value notions is either flawed or at best conceptually dependent on the other notion. The views disagree, however, about whether it is good or good-for that is the flawed concept. These approaches deny the central idea of this work, namely that goodness and goodness-for are independent value notions that cannot be fully understood in terms of one another. Part II provides an analysis of impersonal and personal goodness in terms of a fitting-attitude analysis. By elaborating a more nuanced understanding of the analysis’ key elements—reasons and pro- and con-attitudes—the book challenges a common idea, namely that our beliefs about practical and moral dilemmas can be dismissed as being conceptually confused. The gap between favouring what is good and what is good for someone appears insurmountable.

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29

Rao, Koneru Ramakrishna. Nai Talim. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477548.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses Gandhi’s ideas on education. Gandhi recognized that education is both culture-relevant and culture-dependent. Education in the shape of formal schooling is an important and necessary resource for knowledge. Knowledge, however, is not an end in itself. Rather, it is an instrument and a tool that adds value to life. In Gandhi’s educational scheme, education, above all, involves moral development and the building of the character of the child. This chapter discusses not only the philosophy of Nai Talim and the attempts to implement it during his lifetime, but also the reasons for the inability of the national government to put Gandhi’s vision into practice.

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30

Doucet, Brian, Rianne van Melik, and Pierre Filion, eds. Volume 1: Community and Society. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529218879.001.0001.

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Our experiences of the city are dependent on our gender, race, class, age, ability, and sexual orientation. It was already clear before the pandemic that cities around the world were divided and becoming increasingly unequal. The pandemic has torn back the curtain on many of these pre-existing inequalities. This book engages directly with different urban communities around the world. It gives voice to those who experience poverty, discrimination and marginalisation in order to put them in the front and center of planning, policy, and political debates that make and shape cities. Offering crucial insights for reforming cities to be more resilient to future crises, the book is an invaluable resource for scholars and policymakers alike.

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31

Aarts, Kees, and Maarten Arentsen. Nuclear Power and Politics in the Netherlands. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747031.003.0009.

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Nuclear power accounts for a low share only of electricity generation in the Netherlands. Plans for further expansion came to a halt due to a high-intensity nuclear energy debate and the Chernobyl accident. After a short resurgence in the early 2000s, political parties and voters shifted towards the anti-nuclear position after the Fukushima disaster. The chapter underlines the importance of path dependency in energy policy and concludes that government policies in consensus democracies with many political parties and coalition government are relatively unresponsive to public opinion and changes in the electoral performance of parties, because there is continuity in parts of the government’s composition in most cases.

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32

Alajmi, Abdullah. The Model Immigrant. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608873.003.0004.

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In the early 1950s, Kuwait underwent rapid urbanization during which first-generation Hadramis were swiftly absorbed into Kuwaiti urban houses assuming domestic service roles. It is argued that the socioeconomic path of house-serving shaped the Hadrami character and experience of the “model immigrant” as we know it today. However, the study also demonstrates how a Hadrami migratory practice of dependency on the local family and sponsor was inspired by a Kuwaiti cultural and official categorization process of different immigrant groups in which the Hadramis were depicted as loyal, easily satisfied, and non-subversive. While dependency was valued by old Hadramis as a resource and as a form of social capital, it also continued to inform the perceptions, expectations, and actions of the second-generation Hadramis. This chapter analyzes the ways in which the whole experience was conceptualized and contested in daily interaction of the two generations. This study reveals that young Hadramis’ daily activities in Kuwait, and their aspirations for individual self-sufficiency and mobility, can only be carried out by maintaining a difficult balance between the social-triad, and by managing, or perhaps preserving, the legacy of “good reputation.”

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33

Corbett, Jack, and Wouter Veenendaal. Democratization and Institutional Design. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796718.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 interrogates the claim that colonialism and subsequent institutional design shaped the success and failure of democratization. We find that: 1)institutions designed for large states do not always work, or work as expected, in small ones; 2) that this has led to considerable reform and adaptation, especially in the Pacific; and 3) despite attempts to reform institutions, in many small states actors find it easier to circumvent them entirely. That is, the personalization of politics means institutional design and the notion of path dependence is of limited value when seeking to understand how democracy is practiced in small states. This propensity to sidestep or short circuit institutions can help explain why politics in small states is often very similar, despite variations in institutional design and colonial legacy.

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34

Christopherson, Susan. Outside Regional Paths: Constructing an Economic Geography of Energy Transitions. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.52.

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Moving beyond theories of socio-technical adaptation, a new economic geography of energy transitions is developing that contributes to a deeper understanding of adaptation and change in energy systems. This new geography of energy transitions draws on concepts in evolutionary economic geography but moves beyond regional analysis to recognize the nation state as a critical venue for strategic action by firms. The dependence on the nation state for access to the resource; financing of exploration and production; favourable regulatory oversight; and the infrastructure to transport the commodity to profitable markets, make it the essential venue for strategic action. Drawing on the US case of shale gas and oil extraction, this chapter argues that, despite the emergence of global production networks in the oil and gas industry, national-scale governance remains central to understanding energy transitions.

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35

Domby, Adam H., and Simon Lewis, eds. Freedoms Gained and Lost. Fordham University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823298150.001.0001.

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This book looks at various ways freedom was both gained and lost during Reconstruction. Its unifying theme is the expansion and contraction of the many and varied manifestations and meanings of freedom. The central issue of the that shaped Reconstruction was freedom—but not always in the way we might expect. The essays explore the frequent “gaps” between legal and political gains supposedly secured in the statute books and people’s actual lived experience. Even after legal emancipation, formerly enslaved people faced a lack of economic freedom dependent on equal educational access and employment opportunity. Freedom was not just a question of being enslaved or not enslaved; nor was it just about access to the ballot. Freedom to be educated; freedom to testify in court; freedom from imprisonment; even economic opportunity was a form of freedom. The book takes an expansive approach to studying Reconstruction. This book reaches beyond just the American South, to consider Reconstruction’s impact on freedoms in border states, on northerners, in Brazil, and even in Australia. It also expands the traditional periodization beyond 1876, because Reconstruction—when seen as a series of conflicts in which freedoms were gained and lost—doesn’t end in 1876 but one might argue continues to this day. Approximately 150 years after this crucial period in American history—so often overlooked in popular memory—a group of scholars come together to demonstrate that struggles over the meaning of freedom not only defined Reconstruction but also continue to shape America to this day.

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36

Capoccia, Giovanni. Critical Junctures. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.5.

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In the analysis of path-dependent institutions, the concept of critical juncture refers to situations of uncertainty in which decisions of important actors are causally decisive for the selection of one path of institutional development over other possible paths. The chapter parses the potentialities and the limitations of the concept in comparative-historical analysis, and proposes analytical tools for the comparative analysis of the smaller-scale and temporally proximate causes that shape decision-making on institutional innovation during critical junctures. In particular, the chapter discusses several patterns of short-term politics of institutional formation --innovative coalition-building for reform; “out-of-winset” outcomes; ideational battles; and near-missed institutional change—that can have a long-term impact on the development of policies and institutions.

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37

Tillman, Robert. The Price Is Not Right. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794974.003.0015.

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This chapter presents the argument that financialization, as a broad economic trend, has increased the opportunities for financial crime among firms both within and outside the financial services industry. The growth of the financial services industry, increasing dependence of many economies on financial services, increasing focus on share value by firms, and dramatic increases in compensation within the financial services industry have all contributed to increases in the frequency and scale of financial crime in recent years. To illustrate these trends, three case studies are reviewed: (1) the manipulation of electrical energy prices by investment bank subsidiaries; (2) the deliberate rigging of the London Interbank Offered Rate (Libor); and (3) the fixing of foreign exchange rates by investment bank traders. The case studies involve efforts by financial industry insiders to profit by manipulating the infrastructure of those markets, tinkering with the mechanisms by which prices and rates are set.

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38

Krueger, Joachim I., Anthony M. Evans, and Patrick R. Heck. Let Me Help You Help Me. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630782.003.0007.

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This chapter develops the view that interpersonal trust cannot be fully understood by the lights of rational decision theory or social norms and preferences. Trust is a dilemma because the person deciding whether to trust must reconcile the conflicting demands of own well-being with the demands of prosociality. This chapter considers three types of social situation of (inter)dependence: the dictator game, which is played unilaterally, the assurance game, which is played bilaterally and simultaneously, and the trust game proper, which is played bilaterally and sequentially. Findings show that the dictator game, which models the situation of the person being trusted, is ill-suited to isolate social preferences. Empirical results may over- or underestimate the willingness to share. A simulation shows that individuals’ social preferences rarely predict the distribution of wealth. Analysis of the assurance game (or “stag hunt”) and the trust game proper yield similar results.

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39

Widera, Eric, and Rachelle Bernacki. Dementia. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0154.

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Dementia is caused by a variety of disorders that result in a progressive loss of both cognitive and functional abilities. Despite the heterogeneity of disorders, there is a common set of problems that patients and families face living with this syndrome. Symptoms such as pain, eating difficulties, depression, and agitation are all common. As the disease progresses to the advanced stages, the different disorders share a common functional trajectory that includes persistently severe disability with complete dependence on others for basic activities of daily living. Care for individuals with dementia should involve a number of important palliative interventions. Advance care planning should occur early on in the disease process as it is anticipated that an individual will lose capacity to make medical and financial decisions at some point in their illness; specialized programmes for end-of-life care, such as hospice, should be considered for all patients with advanced dementia.

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40

Kitroeff, Alexander. The Greek Orthodox Church in America. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749438.001.0001.

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This sweeping history shows how the Greek Orthodox Church in America has functioned as much more than a religious institution, becoming the focal point in the lives of the country's million-plus Greek immigrants and their descendants. Assuming the responsibility of running Greek-language schools and encouraging local parishes to engage in cultural and social activities, the church became the most important Greek American institution and shaped the identity of Greeks in the United States. The book digs into these traditional activities, highlighting the American church's dependency on the “mother church,” the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the use of Greek language in the Sunday liturgy. Today, as this rich biography of the church shows us, Greek Orthodoxy remains in between the Old World and the New, both Greek and American.

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41

Liu, Timothy C. Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Problematic Internet Use. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0065.

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This chapter discusses the phenomenology and epidemiology of problematic Internet se (PIU). Interest in the addictive potential of Internet activities has grown in the past two decades. Problematic Internet use can be broadly defined as uncontrolled use of the Internet that leads to significant psychosocial and functional impairments. It is currently conceptualized as an impulse control disorder that may share features with substance dependence disorders. Reliable studies have estimated the prevalence in the general population to be about 1%, but higher proportions of individuals might be at risk. Comorbidities with other psychiatric disorders are common. Concerns exist regarding the appropriateness and implications of formally recognizing PIU as a distinct disorder in current diagnostic systems. Given the ever-growing exposure to the Internet, especially in younger generations, PIU might become an emerging public health problem. Further studies are greatly needed, especially those using valid measures and longitudinal designs. Neuroimaging and genetic studies should also be explored.

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42

Bogaards, Matthijs. Comparative Political Regimes: Consensus and Majoritarian Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.65.

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Ever since Aristotle, the comparative study of political regimes and their performance has relied on classifications and typologies. The study of democracy today has been influenced heavily by Arend Lijphart’s typology of consensus versus majoritarian democracy. Scholars have applied it to more than 100 countries and sought to demonstrate its impact on no less than 70 dependent variables. This paper summarizes our knowledge about the origins, functioning, and consequences of two basic types of democracy: those that concentrate power and those that share and divide power. In doing so, it will review the experience of established democracies and question the applicability of received wisdom to new democracies.

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43

Spies, Dennis C. European Welfare Programs in the Era of Immigration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812906.003.0004.

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As mass immigration is a relatively recent phenomenon in Europe, it encounters states in which mature welfare regimes have already been in place for several decades. Therefore, the chapter starts with an overview of the most important welfare programs in Europe, according to their degree of universalism, the generosity of their replacement rates, means testing, and their redistributive character—asking how much they resemble the welfare or social security part of the US regime. It is shown that the institutional indicators explain a lot about the size of social expenditure budgets, and that programs with high middle-class involvement spend significantly more. Using EU-household survey data, Chapter 3 also offers an overview of how immigrants fare in the different programs, including immigrants’ welfare dependency, and discusses how this is related to the share of benefits they receive compared with the native population.

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Eakin, Marshall C. Brazilian Historical Writing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0022.

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This chapter addresses how, starting in the 1940s, historical writing in Brazil was gradually professionalized and then pluralized under the impact of Western historiographical trends such as Marxism, the Annales School, and dependency theory. With the independence of Brazil in 1822, gentlemen scholars began to produce the first notable historical works that helped define the nation’s identity, particularly focusing on Brazil’s culturally and racially mixed heritage of Africans, Native Americans, and Portuguese. Professional academic history began to emerge in the 1940s and 1950s, taking off after 1960. Over the last half-century, Brazilians have constructed a very sophisticated and vibrant community of professional historians writing for both academic and non-academic audiences. Although historical writing in Brazil over the last century has been deeply influenced by US and European historians, Brazilian historical writing today is largely shaped by domestic issues and concerns.

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Watson, Marilyn. Building the Teacher–Student Relationship. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867263.003.0004.

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Too often as teachers, we worry about doing too much for our students, lest we contribute to their dependency and fail to convey our confidence that they are capable of solving their own problems. However, especially for students who enter our classrooms full of mistrust, it is more important to convey our good intentions and trustworthiness, for example, by being “nice” and providing help in the many small instances when a helpful gesture, while unnecessary, would ease a student’s situation. Picking up a student’s dropped pencil, providing missing lunch money, or spending time talking with students about their interests are some of the many ways to convey caring and trustworthiness. Displaying affection, sharing our lives and inviting students to share their lives are also some of the many ways to build our students’ bonds of trust with us.

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Corrales, Javier. Content. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868895.003.0004.

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This chapter provides the broadest evidence on behalf of my power asymmetry argument. It begins by discussing my index of presidential powers (the dependent variable), which draws heavily from Shugart and Carey and other scholars. It then creates a measure of power asymmetry (the main independent variable): the difference between the share of seats held by Incumbent versus Opposition forces at the constituent assembly. I call this “table asymmetry.” Finally, it compares all the new constitutions to those replaced. Evidence is provided that variations in outcome are strongly correlated with variations in power asymmetry. The chapter also shows how changes in constitutions contributed to changes in regime conditions (liberal democracy declined in cases where constitutions granted presidents more power).

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Brown, Andrew, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel, et al. Forces Disrupting Relationships at Work: Litigation. Edited by Andrew Brown, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel, et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190697068.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses the psychological impact of litigation on workers and the workplace. Litigation disrupts workplace relationships because of the personal nature of the legal process. Employees and management alike experience litigation as a major breach of trust accompanied by anger, fear, shame, and over time, increasing dependency on legal representatives. Defendant companies may retreat behind organizational defenses that arise in response to litigation, including the creation of new policies and procedures, while managers are caught in the middle in negotiating conflict between aggrieved employees and the company. Litigant employees, who often feel that they have performed a positive societal action in revealing workplace deficiencies, may find themselves increasingly isolated by coworkers and managers. All of the emotional responses can create human and financial costs because of dysfunctional workplace behaviors and the resulting mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and somatic or paranoid symptoms.

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Sanchez, Carlos Alberto, and Robert Eli Sanchez, Jr., eds. Mexican Philosophy in the 20th Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190601294.001.0001.

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Sánchez and Sanchez have selected, edited, translated, and written an introduction to some of the most influential texts in 20th century Mexican philosophy. Together, these texts reveal and give shape to a unique and robust tradition that will certainly challenge and complicate traditional conceptions of philosophy. The texts collected here are organized chronologically and represent a period of Mexican thought and culture that emerges out of the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and cultimates in la filosofía de lo mexicano (the philosophy of Mexicanness), which reached its peak in the 1950s. Though the selections respond to a variety of philosophical questions and themes and will be of interest to a wide range of readers, they represent a tendency to take seriously the question of Mexican national identity as a philosophical question—an issue that is complicated by Mexico’s indigenous and European ancestries, its history of colonialism, and its growing dependency on foreign money and culture. More than an attempt simply to describe the national character, however, the texts gathered here represent an optimistic period in Mexican philosophy that aimed to affirm Mexican philosophy as a valuable, if not urgent, contribution to universal thought and culture.

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Escribà-Folch, Abel, Joseph Wright, and Covadonga Meseguer. Migration and Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691199382.001.0001.

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In the growing body of work on democracy, little attention has been paid to its links with migration. This book focuses on the effects of worker remittances—money sent by migrants back to their home countries—and how these resources shape political action in the Global South. Remittances are not only the largest source of foreign income in most autocratic countries, but also, in contrast to foreign aid or international investment, flow directly to citizens. As a result, they provide resources that make political opposition possible, and they decrease government dependency, undermining the patronage strategies underpinning authoritarianism. The book's authors discuss how international migration produces a decentralized flow of income that generally circumvents governments to reach citizens who act as democratizing agents. Documenting why dictatorships fall and how this process has changed in the last three decades, the authors show that remittances increase the likelihood of protest and reduce electoral support for authoritarian incumbents. Combining global macroanalysis with microdata and case studies of Senegal and Cambodia, the book demonstrates how remittances—and the movement of people from authoritarian nations to higher-income countries—foster democracy and its expansion.

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Scott-Smith, Tom. On an Empty Stomach. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748653.001.0001.

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This book examines the practical techniques humanitarians have used to manage and measure starvation, from Victorian “scientific” soup kitchens to space-age, high-protein foods. Tracing the evolution of these techniques since the start of the nineteenth century, the book argues that humanitarianism is not a simple story of progress and improvement, but rather is profoundly shaped by sociopolitical conditions. Aid is often presented as an apolitical and technical project, but the way humanitarians conceive and tackle human needs has always been deeply influenced by culture, politics, and society. These influences extend down to the most detailed mechanisms for measuring malnutrition and providing sustenance. As the book shows, over the past century, the humanitarian approach to hunger has redefined food as nutrients and hunger as a medical condition. Aid has become more individualized, medicalized, and rationalized, shaped by modernism in bureaucracy, commerce, and food technology. The book focuses on the gains and losses that result, examining the complex compromises that arise between efficiency of distribution and quality of care. It concludes that humanitarian groups have developed an approach to the empty stomach that is dependent on compact, commercially produced devices and is often paternalistic and culturally insensitive.

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Books on the topic 'Shape dependence'

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