Journal articles on the topic 'Shame – Physiological aspects'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Shame – Physiological aspects.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Shame – Physiological aspects.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Leanza, Vito, Alessia Passanisi, and Gianluca Leanza. "Urinary incontinence: quality of life and psychological aspects." Urogynaecologia 27, no. 1 (October 28, 2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/uij.2013.e3.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of female urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life. The method of research is based on a literature search on PubMed, Cochrane library and relevant articles from 1977 to 2012. Forty-eight works were found. Literature showed that UI affects a large percentage of the aged out patients. Women experience UI because of many reasons such as childbirth, menopause and previous gynaecologic surgery. Incontinence is to be treated as it impacts physiological and psychological aspects of patient’s life. Treatments include medical, physical (rehabilitation) and surgical approaches. Measures for assessment are made up by specific and non-specific questionnaires. Evaluation of female incontinence must take into account patients with and without medical treatment. Every sort of therapy has to consider the psychological impact too. In current literature depression, anxiety, shame and decreed selfefficacy resulted as the most important factors involving women with UI.
2
Cardoso, Danyelle Braga Rodrigues, Camilo Eduardo Almeida, Mary Elizabeth Santana, Dione Seabra de Carvalho, Helena Megumi Sonobe, and Namie Okino Sawada. "Sexuality of people with intestinal ostomy." Revista da Rede de Enfermagem do Nordeste 16, no. 4 (August 4, 2015): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.2015000400015.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: to describe the experience of sexuality and other everyday life aspects for people with intestinal ostomy. Methods: qualitative, descriptive study with ten participants of the Specialized Reference Unit who gave interviews with inductive content analysis. Results: the established themes were Physical, emotional and socio-cultural changes, Changes in the exercise of sexuality of people with intestinal ostomy and Importance of the interdisciplinary support of the new sexuality. These changes are linked to body image, the self-esteem and interpersonal relationships with the partner, family and friends, going beyond the visible with the emergence of fear, rejection, difficulty with new relationships, body shame, embarrassment by the collector equipment, fear of the sexual act causes damage to the stoma and difficult to talk about the condition. Conclusion: the ostomy condition requires adaptation process, requiring trained interdisciplinary team in physiological and psychosocial problems resulting from surgical and therapeutic adjuvant treatment, which hinder the sexuality of these individuals.
3
Podolska, Anna. "ANALYSIS OF ANXIETY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON AND USING ART THERAPY WORK WITH CLAY IN THERAPY FOR ANXIETY." PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL 7, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2021.7.7.3.
Full textAbstract:
The article contains an exposition of the theoretical analysis of the main scientific approaches to the study of the concept of "anxiety states" and the differentiation and correlation of the concepts of anxiety, situational and personal anxiety, anxiety state. The psychological, physiological and social aspects of the emergence and manifestation of anxiety states are analyzed. Phobic to asthenic components of anxiety states are described. The reasons and consequences of anxiety in various senses of anxiety as an emotional and psychological state are considered. We see the importance of studying anxiety states in the growth trend of negative emotions in society, and in the demand for psychological support. Among modern methods of psychotherapy for anxiety states, we choose art therapy as one of the ecological means of overcoming feelings of fear, anger, shame and other negative emotional states. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of art therapy work with clay as a psychotherapeutic method of anxious personality states. A description is made and general characteristics and features of art therapy work with clay are given. Based on the study of a number of foreign studies on art therapy with clay, we saw evidence of a close correlation between the physiological and psychological aspects of human life through the experience of contact, as one of the very first basic personal experiences. When interacting with clay in the context of an art therapy process, each hand movement provides instant feedback to the brain, provides non-verbal access to psychological and sensorimotor processes. Natural clay is a natural, ecological and affordable material that provides the creation of three-dimensional objects and naturally promotes significant psychological processes through touch, revealing significant information about the inner world of the creators. Therefore, clay art therapy can be a powerful tool for solving many basic problems and stimulating an individual to social-emotional development. The relevance of the upcoming study is due to the urgent need to use psychotherapeutic methods of an innovative and systemic nature in working with anxiety states. We determine the prospect of our research in the development of a program for a therapeutic program for anxiety states using clay as a method of art therapy.
4
Norkina, I. "PSYCHOLOGICAL DISADAPTATION AS A CAUSE OF DISSATISFACTION WITH SEXUAL LIFE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series “Psychology”, no. 2 (9) (2018): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/bsp.2018.2(9).13.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the view on the problem of psychological maladaptation as a factor of dissatisfaction with sexual life, which is manifested in the disclosure of the data of the concepts, descriptions and characteristic features that are manifested in these concepts. The psychological aspects of the manifestation of psychological maladaptation and sexual dissatisfaction are revealed, and an empirical study of the relationship between psychological maladaptation and sexual dissatisfaction was conducted. Sexual and psychological relationships are caused by a determinant relationship (have their internal causes and external effects), this in turn indicates that sex life has an impact on interpersonal, intimate relationships among partners, and can also serve as a cause of the psychological defining of the individual. An important aspect was the sexual satisfaction with its physiological and psychological components, and the special role of various manifestations of feelings (mood, anxiety, emotions, stresses) on the sexual function of the individual was proved. The result of the study is the significance of the statistical relationship between psychological maladaptation and sexual dissatisfaction. This means that the psychological state of a person has a great influence on sexual life and vice versa, the sexual sphere of human life provides a certain amount of filling and general mental background state of personality in any life situations. With the help of theoretical and empirical analysis we received the following results: high indicators of sexual satisfaction and realized evidence of the ability of a person to feel pleasure during sexual intercourse, to control their own sexual behavior In accordance with the norms of social and personal ethics. Such a person is free of fear, a sense of shame and guilt, false representations and other psychological factors that inhibit sexual response and violate sexual relations.
5
Tkachenko, Alexander. "Child poverty: phenomenon and characteristics." Population 25, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.1.4.
Full textAbstract:
Child poverty occupies a special place in the fight against poverty of national governments and international organizations. Reducing child poverty and eradicating child extreme poverty should be a priority in the social and economic policy of any state. The aim of the study is to analyze child poverty in Russia, the United States and developing countries. Special attention is paid to the analysis of approaches to the study and tracking of child poverty by national systems and international organizations; the special significance of the negative impact of poverty in children on epigenetic, immunological, physiological, psychological types of adaptation at the age of 2-3 years was noted. This requires effective regulation to offset the negative impact of extreme poverty on children. it is substantiated that the policy of state aid to poor families with children in the Russian Federation should not be based on income poverty indicators. The influence of the depression of the Russian economy in 2014 on a sharp increase in the proportion of poor families with three or more children is shown. The special role of the experience of shame and threats to their dignity by poor children, which penetrate into all aspects of the life of poor children, negatively affects their future, is noted. The study of the role of the family, society, state, and international organizations in the elimination of child poverty in its extreme forms showed that the eradication of child poverty should be a top priority in any country.
6
Wardhani, Ary Kusuma, and Nita Widiati. "Konflik Psikologis Tokoh Terry dalam Novel Janji Pelangi Karya Fahrul Khakim." JoLLA: Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um064v1i12021p90-105.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: This research is based on the psychological conflict caused by an accident experienced by Terry's character that causes trauma. This is reflected in Fahrul Khakim's novel Janji Pelangi. The purpose of this study was to describe the type of trauma, the trauma response, and the personality structure of Terry's character, ego, and superego. The method in this research is qualitative with the type of text analysis research studied through literary psychology. The data collection technique is done by reading, listening, and taking notes. The results of this study include three things, first is the type of trauma, there are 8 data divided into four types, namely situational trauma due to accidents, developmental trauma due to peer rejection, intrapsychic trauma due to anxiety, and existential trauma due to accidents. not important. Second, there are 44 trauma response data which are divided into four responses, namely emotional responses that show shame, turmoil, and panic. Furthermore, cognitive responses that indicate inability to think, troublesome, and nightmares. Then, the behavioral response shows closure, and appetite decreases. Then the physiological response is indicated as a pale, sad, and thin face. Third, there are 56 data, each of which is as follows, Id has sub aspects which include life instinct, death instinct, and anxiety. Furthermore, the ego has sub-aspects of repression, projection, and regression. Then, the superego embraces morality and the pursuit of perfection.
Keywords: psychological conflict, novel, Terry's character
Abstrak: Penelitian ini didasari oleh konflik psikologis karena peristiwa kecelakaan yang dialami Tokoh Terry sehingga menyebabkan trauma. Kasus tersebut tercermin dalam sebuah novel yang berjudul Janji Pelangi karya Fahrul Khakim. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan tipe trauma, respon trauma, dan struktur kepribadian id, ego, dan superego tokoh Terry. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian analisis teks yang dikaji melalui psikologi sastra. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara membaca, menyimak, dan mencatat. Hasil penelitian ini meliputi tiga hal, pertama adalah tipe trauma ada 8 data yang terbagi atas empat tipe, yaitu trauma situasional karena kecelakaan, trauma perkembangan karena penolakan teman sebaya, trauma intrapsikis karena kecemasan, dan trauma eksistensial karena kekurangberartian. Kedua, respons trauma ada 44 data yang terbagi menjadi empat respons, yaitu respons emosional yang berindikator malu, bergejolak, dan panik. Selanjutnya, respons kognitif yang berindikator berpikir tak sanggup, merepotkan, dan mimpi buruk. Kemudian, respons perilaku berindikator mengurung diri, dan nafsu makan menurun. Lalu, respons fisiologis berindikator pucat pasi, wajah pilu, dan kurus. Ketiga, terdapat 56 data yang masing-masing sebagai berikut, Id memiliki subaspek yang meliputi naluri kehidupan, naluri kematian, dan kecemasan. Berikutnya, ego mempunyai sub aspek represi, projeksi, dan regresi. Kemudian, superego meliputi moralitas dan mengejar kesempurnaan.
Kata kunci: konflik psikologis, novel, tokoh Terry
7
Dias, Jaqueline, José Antonio Pimenta, Moacyr Eurípedes Medri, Maria Regina Torres Boeger, and Claudinei Toledo de Freitas. "Physiological aspects of sun and shade leaves of Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 50, no. 1 (January 2007): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132007000100011.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work was to compare the physiological parameters of sun and shade leaves of a specimen of L. molleoides. The higher-positional leaves, classified as sun leaves, presented similar photosynthetic rate, lower chlorophyill contents (a, b and total), same a chlorophyll /b chlrorophyll rate, lower transpiratory rate, same stomatal conductance and intercellular concentration of CO2 as the lower-positional leaves, classified as shade leaves. Nutrient concentration, except for Ca and Mg, was the same for both sun and shade leaves.The physiological parameter responses indicated that although receiving lower light intensity, the shade leaves had the same capacity to grow and develop as the sun leaves.
8
Fieselmann, Andreas, Markus Kowarschik, Arundhuti Ganguly, Joachim Hornegger, and Rebecca Fahrig. "Deconvolution-Based CT and MR Brain Perfusion Measurement: Theoretical Model Revisited and Practical Implementation Details." International Journal of Biomedical Imaging 2011 (2011): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/467563.
Full textAbstract:
Deconvolution-based analysis of CT and MR brain perfusion data is widely used in clinical practice and it is still a topic of ongoing research activities. In this paper, we present a comprehensive derivation and explanation of the underlying physiological model for intravascular tracer systems. We also discuss practical details that are needed to properly implement algorithms for perfusion analysis. Our description of the practical computer implementation is focused on the most frequently employed algebraic deconvolution methods based on the singular value decomposition. In particular, we further discuss the need for regularization in order to obtain physiologically reasonable results. We include an overview of relevant preprocessing steps and provide numerous references to the literature. We cover both CT and MR brain perfusion imaging in this paper because they share many common aspects. The combination of both the theoretical as well as the practical aspects of perfusion analysis explicitly emphasizes the simplifications to the underlying physiological model that are necessary in order to apply it to measured data acquired with current CT and MR scanners.
9
Perner, P., A. Rapp, C. Dressler, L. Wollweber, J. Beuthan, K. O. Greulich, and M. Hausmann. "Variations in Cell Surfaces of Estrogen Treated Breast Cancer Cells Detected by A Combined Instrument for Far-Field and Near-Field Microscopy." Analytical Cellular Pathology 24, no. 2-3 (2002): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/132504.
Full textAbstract:
The response of single breast cancer cells (cell line T‐47D) to 17β‐estradiol (E2) under different concentrations was studied by using an instrument that allows to combine far‐field light microscopy with high resolution scanning near‐field (AFM/SNOM) microscopy on the same cell. Different concentrations of E2induce clearly different effects as well on cellular shape (in classical bright‐field imaging) as on surface topography (atomic force imaging) and absorbance (near‐field light transmission imaging). The differences range from a polygonal shape at zero via a roughly spherical shape at physiological up to a spindle‐like shape at un‐physiologically high concentrations. The surface topography of untreated control cells was found to be regular and smooth with small overall height modulations. At physiological E2concentrations the surfaces became increasingly jagged as detected by an increase in membrane height. After application of the un‐physiological high E2concentration the cell surface structures appeared to be smoother again with an irregular fine structure. The general behaviour of dose dependent differences was also found in the near‐field light transmission images. In order to quantify the treatment effects, line scans through the normalised topography images were drawn and a rate of co‐localisation between high topography and high transmission areas was calculated. The cell biological aspects of these observations are, so far, not studied in detail but measurements on single cells offer new perspectives to be empirically used in diagnosis and therapy control of breast cancers.
10
Salibian, A., and D. Montalti. "Physiological and biochemical aspects of the avian uropygial gland." Brazilian Journal of Biology 69, no. 2 (May 2009): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842009000200029.
Full textAbstract:
This review discusses different aspects of the uropygial gland of birds. The gland exhibits a striking morphological diversity in size, shape and presence/absence of tufts of feathers. It was shown that acidic mucins, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids are normal components of secretion. Several morphological and physiological aspects of the gland were studied on Rock Pigeon Columba livia Gmelin, 1879. The amount of the uropygial gland secretion, its lipid content and fatty acids profile were determined. The extracted lipid mixture contained of C14 to C20 fatty acids, mostly unsaturated; the saturated fatty acids were mainly 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0. No correlation was found between the size of the gland and the aquatic/terrestrial nature of the species. Ablation of the gland did not affect survival, body weight, feeding rate and serum cholesterol, total lipids or calcium levels after 32-120 days. The possible role of the gland in the protection against lipophilic compounds was discussed. The function of the gland is still a subject of controversy. It is accepted that its secretion confers water-repellent properties on the feather coat and maintain the suppleness of the feathers. Other physiological roles of the gland secretion may be associated to pheromone production, control of plumage hygiene, thermal insulation and defence against predators. Concerning the endocrine regulation of the uropygial function, there is scarce information presenting evidence for steroid regulated mechanisms.
11
Long, NC. "Evolution of Infectious Disease: How Evolutionary Forces Shape Physiological Responses to Pathogens." Physiology 11, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1996.11.2.83.
Full textAbstract:
The body's response to infectious disease is the result of eons of coevolution with pathogens. Examination of the physiology of the symptoms of infection shows that many aspects of the acute phase response to infectious disease, including fever, loss of appetite, and lethargy, are important tools in the defense against pathogens.
12
Matilla, Angel, Mercedes Gallardo, and María Isabel Puga-Hermida. "Structural, physiological and molecular aspects of heterogeneity in seeds: a review." Seed Science Research 15, no. 2 (June 2005): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2005203.
Full textAbstract:
Higher plants have several strategies to perpetuate themselves under adequate ecophysiological conditions. The production of heterogeneous seeds is one such strategy. That is, to ensure the survival of the next generation, an individual plant might produce seeds that are heterogeneous with respect to the extent of dormancy, dispersion and persistence within the seed bank. Heterogeneity can affect not only certain physiological and molecular properties related to seed germination, but also such characteristics as colour, size and shape, parameters commonly used to differentiate morphs within a heterogeneous seed population. In heterogeneous seeds, the above features determine seed behaviour and alter their mechanism of germination. In this work, emphasis is placed on the existence of seed mutants having major alterations in characteristics of the testa and hormonal response. These mutants constitute a valuable tool for elucidating the mechanism of dormancy, germination and perpetuation of seeds. Finally, ontogeny and heterogeneity are reviewed, providing the first data related to the possible hormonal control of heterogeneity in seeds. These results raise the hypothesis that one of the factors triggering differences in germination among heterogeneous seeds may be an alteration in the signalling and action mechanism of ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA).
13
Case, James. "Cosmetic aspects of orofacial myofunctional therapy." International Journal of Orofacial Myology 14, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52010/ijom.1988.14.1.5.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: In maxillofacial, craniofacial, plastic and reconstructive surgeries as well as in general orthodontic treatment, one of the principal concerns for patient management is facial esthetic or cosmetic satisfaction. This is manifested by the numerous articles and manuscripts devoted to the topic of cosmesis. Thousands of dollars are paid yearly to practitioners in these and similar disciplines by patients who want a better chin line, less protrusion in the maxillary region, a smaller or less dynamic nose, the elimination of a diastema between the central incisors, fewer wrinkles and numerous additional cosmetic concerns. These professionals generally acknowledge that the need for treatment of many orofacial anomalies may be based on factors other than impairment of physiological functions or the potential loss of function -- namely, cosmetic concern (Tedesco, et al. 1983; Tobiasen, 1987; Kapp-Simon, 1986). The orofacial myologist must share this concern for improvement of cosmesis and seek and use techniques to augment the cosmetic goals of related professionals.
14
Bazaid, Salih. "Effect of dehydration on some physiological aspects of shade and light grown plant species using detached leaves." Journal of Environmental Studies 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesj.2009.183678.
Full text
15
Patočka, Jiří, Vladimír Měrka, Vratislav Hrdina, and Radomír Hrdina. "Endothelins and Sarafotoxins: Peptides of Similar Structure and Different Function." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 47, no. 3 (2004): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2018.83.
Full textAbstract:
Endothelins are endogenous vasoactive peptides that are considered among the most potent vasoconstrictor substances known. In addition to their vascular effects, endothelins and their receptors have been shown to be present in many organs and share plenty physiological and pathophysiological functions. Sarafotoxins are natural substances from the venom of snakes genus Atractaspis, structurally and pharmacologically near to endothelins. The current minireview focuses on the chemical and molecular aspects of endothelins and sarafotoxins, and their receptors in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
16
Calvin, William H. "Rediscovery and the cognitive aspects of toolmaking: Lessons from the handaxe." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (June 2002): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02230071.
Full textAbstract:
Long before signs of staged toolmaking appeared, Homo erectus made symmetrical tools. The handaxe is a flattened tear-drop shape, but often with edges sharpened all around. Before we assign their obsession with symmetry to an aesthetic judgment, we must consider whether it is possible that the symmetry is simply very pragmatic for one particular use in the many suggested.
17
Corballis, Michael C. "Time on our hands: How gesture and the understanding of the past and future helped shape language." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 5 (October 2008): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08005074.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractRecognising that signed languages are true languages adds to the variety of forms that languages can take. Such recognition also allows one to differentiate those aspects of language that depend on the medium (voiced or signed) from those that depend on more cognitive aspects. At least some aspects of language, such as symbolic representation, time markers, and generativity, may derive from the communication of the products of mental time travel, and from the sharing of remembered past and planned future episodes.
18
Pegna, Alan J., Alexandra Darque, Mark V. Roberts, and E. Charles Leek. "Effects of stereoscopic disparity on early ERP components during classification of three-dimensional objects." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 6 (January 1, 2018): 1419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1333129.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the effects of stereo disparity on the perception of three-dimensional (3D) object shape. We tested the hypothesis that stereo input modulates the brain activity related to perceptual analyses of 3D shape configuration during image classification. High-density (256-channel) electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to record the temporal dynamics of visual shape processing under conditions of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D visual presentation. On each trial, observers made image classification judgements (‘Same’/’Different’) to two briefly presented, multi-part, novel objects. On different-object trials, stimuli could either share volumetric parts but not the global 3D shape configuration and have different parts but the same global 3D shape configuration or differ on both aspects. Analyses using mass univariate contrasts showed that the earliest sensitivity to 2D versus 3D viewing appeared as a negative deflection over posterior locations on the N1 component between 160 and 220 ms post-stimulus onset. Subsequently, event-related potential (ERP) modulations during the N2 time window between 240 and 370 ms were linked to image classification. N2 activity reflected two distinct components – an early N2 (240-290 ms) and a late N2 (290-370 ms) – that showed different patterns of responses to 2D and 3D input and differential sensitivity to 3D object structure. The results revealed that stereo input modulates the neural correlates of 3D object shape. We suggest that this reflects differential perceptual processing of object shape under conditions of stereo or mono input. These findings challenge current theories that attribute no functional role for stereo input during 3D shape perception.
19
Semin, Gün R., and John T. Cacioppo. "In search of a conceptual location to share cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 1 (February 2008): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07003299.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIt is argued that the multilayered model offered by the shared circuits model (SCM) falls short of capturing an essential aspect of social cognition, namely, its distributed nature. The SCM therefore falls short of modeling emergent social cognition and behavior.
20
Adelhöfer, Nico, Ann-Kathrin Stock, and Christian Beste. "Anodal tDCS modulates specific processing codes during conflict monitoring associated with superior and middle frontal cortices." Brain Structure and Function 226, no. 4 (March 3, 2021): 1335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02245-4.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractConflict monitoring processes are central for cognitive control. Neurophysiological correlates of conflict monitoring (i.e. the N2 ERP) likely represent a mixture of different cognitive processes. Based on theoretical considerations, we hypothesized that effects of anodal tDCS (atDCS) in superior frontal areas affect specific subprocesses in neurophysiological activity during conflict monitoring. To investigate this, young healthy adults performed a Simon task while EEG was recorded. atDCS and sham tDCS were applied in a single-blind, cross-over study design. Using temporal signal decomposition in combination with source localization analyses, we demonstrated that atDCS effects on cognitive control are very specific: the detrimental effect of atDCS on response speed was largest in case of response conflicts. This however only showed in aspects of the decomposed N2 component, reflecting stimulus–response translation processes. In contrast to this, stimulus-related aspects of the N2 as well as purely response-related processes were not modulated by atDCS. EEG source localization analyses revealed that the effect was likely driven by activity modulations in the superior frontal areas, including the supplementary motor cortex (BA6), as well as middle frontal (BA9) and medial frontal areas (BA32). atDCS did not modulate effects of proprioceptive information on hand position, even though this aspect is known to be processed within the same brain areas. Physiological effects of atDCS likely modulate specific aspects of information processing during cognitive control.
21
HOOD, D. C., and N. GRAHAM. "Threshold fluctuations on temporally modulated backgrounds: A possible physiological explanation based upon a recent computational model." Visual Neuroscience 15, no. 5 (May 1998): 957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523898155165.
Full textAbstract:
When a temporally fluctuating background is rapidly modulated (e.g. 30 Hz), the threshold variation of a superimposed flash (the probe) is approximately sinusoidal and in phase with the stimulus. But, with low rates of sinusoidal modulation (e.g. 1 Hz), the threshold variation is distinctly nonsinusoidal in shape. The bases of these aspects of the data, as well as an unmodulated, dc, threshold elevation, are poorly understood. Here 30-Hz and 1-Hz conditions are simulated using a new model of light adaptation (Wilson, 1997). By assuming that the OFF pathway is twice as sensitive as the ON pathway, the model correctly captured the key aspects of both conditions. The results suggest that the 1-Hz data are mediated by a mixture of ON and OFF pathways while the 30-Hz data are largely mediated by the OFF pathway. The probe thresholds on the 30-Hz background appear approximately sinusoidal and approximately in phase with the background stimulus. A number of factors contribute to this deceptively simple observation.
22
Heimkes, Bernhard, Veronika Wegener, Christof Birkenmaier, and Christian M. Ziegler. "Physiologic and Pathologic Development of the Infantile and Adolescent Hip Joint: Descriptive and Functional Aspects." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 23, no. 05 (September 25, 2019): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693975.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe basic law of mechanobiology states that the external form and internal architecture of the skeleton and joints follow the functional stimuli that act upon them. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging reflect the loading history of the growing child, enabling an experienced radiologist to analyze the clinical functioning of patients by interpreting imaging studies. Concerning the hip joint, the physes of the coxal femoral end, the coxal femoral epiphysis with its epiphyseal growth plate, as well as the apophysis of the greater trochanter with its trochanteric growth plate, are the essential organ structures subject to internal forces. They determine the definitive geometric shape of the proximal femur. Indirectly they influence the appearance of the acetabulum and the centration of the hip joint.
23
Eggers, Nikolas, and Peter B. Becker. "Cell-free genomics reveal intrinsic, cooperative and competitive determinants of chromatin interactions." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 7602–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab558.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Metazoan transcription factors distinguish their response elements from a large excess of similar sequences. We explored underlying principles of DNA shape read-out and factor cooperativity in chromatin using a unique experimental system. We reconstituted chromatin on Drosophila genomes in extracts of preblastoderm embryos, mimicking the naïve state of the zygotic genome prior to developmental transcription activation. We then compared the intrinsic binding specificities of three recombinant transcription factors, alone and in combination, with GA-rich recognition sequences genome-wide. For MSL2, all functional elements reside on the X chromosome, allowing to distinguish physiological elements from non-functional ‘decoy’ sites. The physiological binding profile of MSL2 is approximated through interaction with other factors: cooperativity with CLAMP and competition with GAF, which sculpts the profile by occluding non-functional sites. An extended DNA shape signature is differentially read out in chromatin. Our results reveal novel aspects of target selection in a complex chromatin environment.
24
Lyuchina, Yu E. "VOCAL PEDAGOGY AND PERFORMANCE: MYTHS AND REALITY. DEGREE AND FORM OF OPENING OF THE MOUTH WHEN INSENT." EurasianUnionScientists 3, no. 6(75) (July 21, 2020): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.3.75.840.
Full textAbstract:
The article reveals the features and specifics of teaching vocal art, which is particularly difficult for a number of reasons. There is still a lot of controversy in the vocal community. This article is the first in a planned series of articles that will cover the most controversial aspects of vocal pedagogy and performance. This article deals with the question of the opening and shape of the mouth when singing. The author highlights this issue from the perspective of his own pedagogical and performing experience. In his pedagogical activity, the author uses a physiological approach, finding for the explanation of complex vocal techniques associativity with vital physiological sensations that are familiar and understandable to everyone.
25
Xia, Zhi Liang. "Electronic Information Products to form the Humanized Design Research." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 2388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.2388.
Full textAbstract:
Electronic information products based on ergonomics, on the basis of the research in the form in human research and design. From the electronic information products shape colour, modelling, material texture and interface aspects are studied, that "People-Oriented" design idea was fully manifested in person to use electronic devices, functional principle in operating mode, physiological, psychological, product semantics of human concern gives products, electronic equipment, more comfortable and pleasant that the external form of electronic information equipment development direction.
26
Bankar, Rahul Sukhdev. "Physiological Perspectives of Ashti Dhatu and Role of Basti Chikitsa towards the Health Restoration of Ashti Dhatu." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 1-s (February 15, 2020): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1-s.3898.
Full textAbstract:
Asthi is one of the important Dhatu amongst the many other Dhatus of body which mainly involve in Sharira dharana function, it provide shape and physical built up of body and protect internal organs from external shock. The equilibrium of Asthi dhatus helps to restore normal health status while disturbed functioning of Asthi dhatus leads pathological states. The disturbance in Asthi dhatus may be Vriddhi or Kshaya that further leads many other bone disorders. The ayurveda described various approaches to restore physiological health of Asthi dhatus and Basti chikitsa is one of them. Considering thus present article summarizes physiological aspects of Asthi dhatus and role of Basti chikitsa towards the management of pathological disturbances related to the Asthi dhatus.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Asthi dhatus, Basti chikitsa, Physiology
27
Millet-Boureima, Cassandra, Jessica Porras Marroquin, and Chiara Gamberi. "Modeling Renal Disease “On the Fly”." BioMed Research International 2018 (May 31, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5697436.
Full textAbstract:
Detoxification is a fundamental function for all living organisms that need to excrete catabolites and toxins to maintain homeostasis. Kidneys are major organs of detoxification that maintain water and electrolyte balance to preserve physiological functions of vertebrates. In insects, the renal function is carried out by Malpighian tubules and nephrocytes. Due to differences in their circulation, the renal systems of mammalians and insects differ in their functional modalities, yet carry out similar biochemical and physiological functions and share extensive genetic and molecular similarities. Evolutionary conservation can be leveraged to model specific aspects of the complex mammalian kidney function in the genetic powerhouseDrosophila melanogasterto study how genes interact in diseased states. Here, we compare the human andDrosophilarenal systems and present selected fly disease models.
28
Athaide, Chloe E., Bart Spronck, and Jason S. Au. "Physiological basis for longitudinal motion of the arterial wall." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 322, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): H689—H701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00567.2021.
Full textAbstract:
As opposed to arterial distension in the radial plane, longitudinal wall motion (LWM) is a multiphasic and bidirectional displacement of the arterial wall in the anterograde (i.e., in the direction of blood flow) and retrograde (i.e., opposing direction of blood flow) directions. Although initially disregarded as imaging artifact, LWM has been consistently reported in ultrasound investigations in the past decade and is reproducible beat-to-beat, albeit with large interindividual variability across healthy and diseased populations. Emerging literature has sought to examine the mechanistic control of LWM to explain the shape and variability of the motion pattern but lacks considerations for key foundational vascular principles at the level of the arterial wall ultrastructure. The purpose of this review is to summarize the potential factors that underpin the causes and control of arterial LWM, spanning considerations from the arterial extracellular matrix to systems-level integrative theories. First, an overview of LWM and relevant aspects wall composition will be discussed, including major features of the multiphasic pattern, arterial wall extracellular components, tunica fiber orientations, and arterial longitudinal prestretch. Second, current theories on the systems-level physiological mechanisms driving LWM will be discussed in the context of available evidence including experimental human research, porcine studies, and mathematical models. Throughout, we discuss implications of these observations with suggestions for future priority research areas.
29
Nicolacakis, Katina, Mary E. Skowronski, Albert J. Coreno, Erin West, Nizar Z. Nader, Robert L. Smith, and E. R. McFadden. "Observations on the physiological interactions between obesity and asthma." Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 5 (November 2008): 1533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01260.2007.
Full textAbstract:
To explore whether asthma and obesity share overlapping pathogenic features, we examined the impact of each alone, and in combination, on multiple aspects of lung function. We reasoned that if they influenced the lungs through similar mechanisms, the individual physiological manifestations in the comorbid state should interact in a complex fashion. If not, then the abnormalities should simply add. We measured specific conductance, spirometry, lung volumes, and airway responsiveness to adrenergic and cholinergic agonists in 52 normal, 53 asthmatic, 52 obese, and 53 asthmatic and obese patients using standard techniques. Six-minute walks were performed in subsets from each group. Asthma significantly lowered specific conductance and the spirometric variables while increasing airway reactivity and residual volume. Obesity also reduced the spirometric variables as well as total lung capacity and functional residual capacity. Residual volume, specific conductance, and airway responsivity were unaltered. With comorbidity, the disease-specific derangements added algebraically. Features that existed in isolation appeared unchanged in the combination, whereas shared ones either added or subtracted depending on the individual directional changes. Synergistic interactions were not observed. Body mass index weakly correlated with spirometry and lung volumes in asthma, but not with specific conductance or bronchial reactivity. Exercise performance did not aid in differentiation. Our findings indicate asthma and obesity appear to influence the respiratory system through different processes.
30
Otocka-Kmiecik, Aneta, and Aleksandra Król. "The Role of Vitamin C in Two Distinct Physiological States: Physical Activity and Sleep." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 3908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123908.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is a literature overview of the complex relationship between vitamin C and two opposing physiological states, physical activity and sleep. The evidence suggests a clinically important bidirectional association between these two phenomena mediated by different physiological mechanisms. With this in mind, and knowing that both states share a connection with oxidative stress, we discuss the existing body of evidence to answer the question of whether vitamin C supplementation can be beneficial in the context of sleep health and key aspects of physical activity, such as performance, metabolic changes, and antioxidant function. We analyze the effect of ascorbic acid on the main sleep components, sleep duration and quality, focusing on the most common disorders: insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. Deeper understanding of those interactions has implications for both public health and clinical practice.
31
Voronova, I. V., N. L. Ignatieva, and E. Yu Nemtseva. "MODERN FEEDING ASPECTS OF DAIRY COWS." Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy 212 (March 22, 2021): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2021-1-164-169.
Full textAbstract:
Research on the study of differentiated feeding of cows was carried out in the conditions of OOO “Krasnoe Sormovo” of Krasnoarmeyskiy district of Chuvash Republic. For the experiment, one control and experimental groups of cows were formed, each containing 150 heads. The control animals remained on the farm ration. The cows of the experimental group were fed with differentiated diets according to their productivity and physiological state. The first experimental group consisted of cows with a daily milk yield of 25 kg and more, the second - from 18 to 25 kg, the third - below 18 kg. The diets of dry cows were also revised: we proposed dividing the drying-off period into two stages: far-off dry period (from 8 to 3 weeks before calving) and close up dry period (from 3 weeks before calving). The principal feature of feeding in the experimental groups was that the rations were balanced directly in terms of crude protein and energy. The share of basic or bulk feed was 50% in the structure of the ration. The amount of concentrated feed was calculated taking into account the eatability of the main feed. Maintaining of balanced feeding was achieved through constant monitoring of the diet for quality parametres of milk, body condition and feces consistency. The research focused on a comparative assessment of milk productivity of cows in the control and experimental groups. Analysis of productive parametres of the cows showed a significant increase of milk yield of experimental animals for 305 days by 472 kg, an increase of daily milk yield by 1.8 kg per head. The results obtained indicate that the application of differentiated feeding of cows is advisable, as it contributes to an increase of their milk productivity. Therefore, we recommend using this strategy in feeding of dairy cows.
32
Fonsêca, Vinícius De França Carvalho, Ebson Pereira Cândido, Severino Gonzaga Neto, Edilson Paes Saraiva, Dermeval Araújo Furtado, Jean Francisco Pereira Gama, George Vieira do Nascimento, Carla Aparecida Soares Saraiva, and Gabriel Henrique Oliveira Almeida. "Thermoregulatory responses of sindhi and guzerat heifers under shade in a tropical environment." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 6 (December 14, 2016): 4327. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n6p4327.
Full textAbstract:
This study characterized the thermal environment and assessed the physiological aspects of acclimatization of Sindhi and Guzerat heifers in a tropical environment (Brazil) under shade. Eight Sindhi and eight Guzerat purebred heifers (Bos indicus) had their physiological traits measured twice a day (9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.). Environmental data during the experimental period were collected at two-hour intervals between 5:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. The temperature-humidity (THI) and the black globe temperature-humidity (BGHI) indices were calculated, and surface temperature (St), respiratory rate (Rr), and rectal temperature (Rt) were collected, being used to estimate heat loss by cutaneous (Ec) and respiratory (Er) evaporation. In the warmer parts of the day (1:00 and 3:00 p.m.), the THI and BGHI reached values of 80.26 and 81.25, respectively. There was no significant difference in rectal temperatures between the breeds, but higher values were observed in the afternoon. Heat transfer by cutaneous evaporation reached 118.71±12.91 W.m-2 and 103.43±6.82 W.m-2 at 2:00 p.m. for the Sindhi and Guzerat heifers, respectively. Under these conditions (air temperature was between 29 and 30°C), 84% of the total latent heat loss in Sindhi and Guzerat heifers was represented by Ec. It can be concluded that Sindhi and Guzerat heifers can maintain homeothermy with minimal thermoregulatory effort under shade conditions in a tropical environment.
33
MacIver, Malcolm A. "How building physical models can reduce and guide the abstraction of nature." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 6 (December 2001): 1066–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0139012x.
Full textAbstract:
Animals detect and acquire resources through a sequence of shape changes. This process is tightly coupled to the sensory and mechanical ecology of the animal. Building physical models allow us to prescind from modeling these aspects of the environment, which may not yet be described or suitably abstracted. The significance of this hybrid of physical modeling and experimentation to the acquisition of scientific knowledge is discussed.
34
Jayalal, A. A. S. N., and K. A. I. L. Wijewardena Gamalath. "The Changing Shape of a Liquid Drop in an Electric Field." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 3 (October 19, 2012): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-udna8j.
Full textAbstract:
An approximate extension of the slender body theory was used to determine the static shape of a conically ended dielectric fluid drop in an electric field. Using induced surface charge density, hydrostatic pressure and the surface tension of the liquid with interfacial tension stresses and Maxwell electric stresses, a governing equation was obtained for slender geometries for the equilibrium configuration and numerically solved for 3D. For an applied electric field, the electric energy on a spherical drop can be maximized in a weak dielectric by increasing the applied electric field. The minimum dielectric constant ratio needed to produce a conical end is 14.5 corresponding to a cone angle 31.25° .There is a sharp increment of the aspect ratio after reaching the threshold value of the applied field strength and the deformation of the fluid drop increases with the increase in dielectric constant of the fluid drop. For a particular dielectric constant ratio, the threshold electric field producing conical interface increases with the increased surface tension of the liquid. The threshold electric field for a water drop is 1.0854×104 units and the corresponding aspect ratio is 15. For the minimum dielectric ratio the cone angle of the drop decreases with applied field making the drop more stable at higher fields.
35
Dandagi, P. M., N. G. Dhople, G. A. Dessai, and A. P. Gadad. "RECENT ADVANCEMENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM - AN APPROACH FOR GASTRO RETENTION." INDIAN DRUGS 50, no. 12 (December 28, 2013): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.50.12.p0005.
Full textAbstract:
Technological attempts have been made in the research and development of rate controlled oral drugdelivery systems to overcome physiological adversities, such as short gastric residence times (GRT) andunpredictable gastric emptying times (GET). Several approaches are currently utilized in the prolongationof the GRT, including floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), swelling and expanding systems, polymericbioadhesive systems, high density systems, modified shape systems and other delayed gastric emptyingdevices. In this review, current & recent developments of stomach specific FDDS are discussed. Therecent developments of FDDS including the physiological and formulation variables affecting gastricretention, approaches to design floating systems, and their classification and formulation aspects arecovered in detail. Although tremendous advances have been seen in oral controlled drug delivery systemin the last two decades, this system has had limited success in the case of drugs with a poor absorptionwindow throughout the GIT (Gastro Intestinal Tract).
36
Hernández-Ruiz, Josefa, and Marino Arnao. "Relationship of Melatonin and Salicylic Acid in Biotic/Abiotic Plant Stress Responses." Agronomy 8, no. 4 (March 22, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8040033.
Full textAbstract:
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was discovered in plants in 1995, while salicylic acid was the name given to the active ingredient of willow in 1838. From a physiological point of view, these two molecules present in plants have never been compared, even though they have a great number of similarities, as we shall see in this work. Both molecules have biosynthesis pathways that share a common precursor and both play a relevant role in the physiology of plants, especially in aspects related to biotic and abiotic stress. They have also been described as biostimulants of photosynthetic processes and productivity enhancers in agricultural crops. We review the coincident aspects of both molecules, and propose an action model, by which the relationship between these molecules and other agents and plant hormones can be studied.
37
Okuda, Jiro. "Prospection or projection: Neurobiological basis of stimulus-independent mental traveling." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30, no. 3 (June 2007): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07002142.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe number of studies concerning the neurobiology of human prospection is now rapidly exploding. Recent works suggest that prospection can be better understood in a broader context of self-projection into other times, places, or agents that can share the same cerebral basis involving medial aspects of prefrontal, parietal, and temporal cortices. Mental time travel may be extended more generally to “mental traveling,” accomplished by stimulus-independent mental processes typical of human thought.
38
Ribeiro, Alexandre J. S., Yen-Sin Ang, Ji-Dong Fu, Renee N. Rivas, Tamer M. A. Mohamed, Gadryn C. Higgs, Deepak Srivastava, and Beth L. Pruitt. "Contractility of single cardiomyocytes differentiated from pluripotent stem cells depends on physiological shape and substrate stiffness." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 41 (September 28, 2015): 12705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508073112.
Full textAbstract:
Single cardiomyocytes contain myofibrils that harbor the sarcomere-based contractile machinery of the myocardium. Cardiomyocytes differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs) have potential as an in vitro model of heart activity. However, their fetal-like misalignment of myofibrils limits their usefulness for modeling contractile activity. We analyzed the effects of cell shape and substrate stiffness on the shortening and movement of labeled sarcomeres and the translation of sarcomere activity to mechanical output (contractility) in live engineered hPSC-CMs. Single hPSC-CMs were cultured on polyacrylamide substrates of physiological stiffness (10 kPa), and Matrigel micropatterns were used to generate physiological shapes (2,000-µm2 rectangles with length:width aspect ratios of 5:1–7:1) and a mature alignment of myofibrils. Translation of sarcomere shortening to mechanical output was highest in 7:1 hPSC-CMs. Increased substrate stiffness and applied overstretch induced myofibril defects in 7:1 hPSC-CMs and decreased mechanical output. Inhibitors of nonmuscle myosin activity repressed the assembly of myofibrils, showing that subcellular tension drives the improved contractile activity in these engineered hPSC-CMs. Other factors associated with improved contractility were axially directed calcium flow, systematic mitochondrial distribution, more mature electrophysiology, and evidence of transverse-tubule formation. These findings support the potential of these engineered hPSC-CMs as powerful models for studying myocardial contractility at the cellular level.
39
YU, JOON-HO, SARA GOERING, and STEPHANIE M. FULLERTON. "Race-Based Medicine and Justice as Recognition: Exploring the Phenomenon of BiDil." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 1 (January 2009): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180108090099.
Full textAbstract:
In the United States, health disparities have been framed by categories of race. Racial health disparities have been documented for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and numerous other diseases and measures of health status. Although such disparities can be read as symptoms of disparities in healthcare access, pervasive social and economic inequities, and discrimination, some have suggested that the disparities might be due, at least in part, to biological differences based on race. Or, to be more precise, if race itself has no determined biological meaning, race may nonetheless be a proxy that collects a group of individuals who share certain physiological or genotypic features that affect health.
40
Baz, Baz, Jean-Pierre Riveline, and Jean-François Gautier. "ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PREGNANCY: Gestational diabetes mellitus: definition, aetiological and clinical aspects." European Journal of Endocrinology 174, no. 2 (February 2016): R43—R51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-15-0378.
Full textAbstract:
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is defined as a glucose intolerance resulting in hyperglycaemia of variable severity with onset during pregnancy. This review aims to revisit the pathogenesis and aetiology of GDM in order to better understand its clinical presentation and outcomes. During normal pregnancy, insulin sensitivity declines with advancing gestation. These modifications are due to placental factors, progesterone and estrogen. In a physiological situation, a compensatory increase in insulin secretion maintains a normal glucose homeostasis. GDM occurs if pancreatic β-cells are unable to face the increased insulin demand during pregnancy. GDM is most commonly a forerunner of type 2 diabetes (T2D) – the most prevalent form of diabetes. These women share similar characteristics with predisposed subjects to T2D: insulin resistance before and after pregnancy, and carry more T2D risk alleles. Auto-immune and monogenic diabetes are more rare aetiologies of GDM. Adverse pregnancy outcomes of GDM are mainly related to macrosomia caused by fetal hyperinsulinism in response to high glucose levels coming from maternal hyperglycaemia. Screening recommendations and diagnosis criteria of GDM have been recently updated. High risk patients should be screened as early as possible using fasting plasma glucose, and if normal, at 24–28 weeks of gestation using 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. The treatment of GDM is based on education with trained nurses and dieticians, and if necessary insulin therapy.
41
Altshuler, Douglas L., Joseph W. Bahlman, Roslyn Dakin, Andrea H. Gaede, Benjamin Goller, David Lentink, Paolo S. Segre, and Dimitri A. Skandalis. "The biophysics of bird flight: functional relationships integrate aerodynamics, morphology, kinematics, muscles, and sensors." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 12 (December 2015): 961–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0103.
Full textAbstract:
Bird flight is a remarkable adaptation that has allowed the approximately 10 000 extant species to colonize all terrestrial habitats on earth including high elevations, polar regions, distant islands, arid deserts, and many others. Birds exhibit numerous physiological and biomechanical adaptations for flight. Although bird flight is often studied at the level of aerodynamics, morphology, wingbeat kinematics, muscle activity, or sensory guidance independently, in reality these systems are naturally integrated. There has been an abundance of new studies in these mechanistic aspects of avian biology but comparatively less recent work on the physiological ecology of avian flight. Here we review research at the interface of the systems used in flight control and discuss several common themes. Modulation of aerodynamic forces to respond to different challenges is driven by three primary mechanisms: wing velocity about the shoulder, shape within the wing, and angle of attack. For birds that flap, the distinction between velocity and shape modulation synthesizes diverse studies in morphology, wing motion, and motor control. Recently developed tools for studying bird flight are influencing multiple areas of investigation, and in particular the role of sensory systems in flight control. How sensory information is transformed into motor commands in the avian brain remains, however, a largely unexplored frontier.
42
Silva, Breno Ricardo Serrão da, Elaine Maria Silva Guedes Lobato, Leidy Alves dos Santos, Rodrigo Mendes Pereira, Bruno Lemos Batista, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni, Parvaiz Ahmad, and Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato. "How Different Na+ Concentrations Affect Anatomical, Nutritional Physiological, Biochemical, and Morphological Aspects in Soybean Plants: A Multidisciplinary and Comparative Approach." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010232.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean is a legume widely cultivated globally for its seeds, which are rich in oil and protein suitable for animal and human nutrition, and as a biofuel source. One of the main factors that limits production is soil salinity; currently there are an estimated 800 million hectares of agricultural land affected by salt stress worldwide. The aim of this research was to determine whether anatomical, morphological, nutritional, physiological, and biochemical parameters are negatively affected in soybean plants cultivated under different levels of salt stress. The experiment was randomized into five treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM Na+). Plants subjected to concentrations of 50 to 200 mM Na+ exhibited reductions in K (range 21% to 57%), Ca (range 38% to 63%), and Mg (range 20% to 41%) compared to controls (without Na+). Na+ stress progressively produced negative effects on photosynthetic machinery, gas exchange, and photosynthetic pigments, results clearly related to oxidative stress generated by the saline growth conditions. Interestingly, our study revealed that at concentrations up to 100 mM Na+ deposition of epicuticular wax occurred, the quantity and shape of the stomata changed, and the thickness of the leaf epidermis increased. Our broad-based, multidisciplinary, and comparative study proved that soybean plants suffer significant deleterious effects modulated by Na+ stress, mainly at concentrations above 100 mM Na+.
43
Dumais, Daniel, and Marcel Prévost. "Management for red spruce conservation in Québec: The importance of some physiological and ecological characteristics – A review." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83378-3.
Full textAbstract:
The physiological and ecological characteristics of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) are reviewed and integrated into ecosystem management options. Red spruce is a shade-tolerant, late-successional conifer species found in the temperate forests of northeastern North America. Its wood, being of excellent quality, is prized by the forest industry. Unfortunately, this high-value species has been in decline throughout its entire range for the past 50 years. At high elevations, in northeastern United States, crown dieback caused by the combined effect of atmospheric pollution and climate is largely responsible of this decline. In other areas, such as Québec (Canada), the scarcity of red spruce is mainly caused by forest management practices that are poorly adapted to the species' ecophysiology. Many physiological studies have shown that the species is sensitive to full sunlight (at juvenile and advance growth stages), high temperatures and frost. It also has particular microsite requirements for seed germination and early seedling establishment, such as the presence of large decaying woody debris. Hence, a management strategy adapted for red spruce should favour the use of partial cutting, maintaining some overstory and dead wood. This will emulate the natural dynamics of small canopy gaps and minimize the physiological stresses to regeneration. The ecophysiological aspects of natural and artificial regeneration of red spruce should be examined with respect to the increased use of partial cutting techniques. Key words: advance regeneration, balsam fir (Abies balsamea L.), ecophysiology, ecosystem management, frost susceptibility, light response, microenvironment, red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), seedling establishment, shade tolerance, silvicultural systems, thermosensitivity
44
Xu, Wu, Xuheng Liu, and Xiaohu Liu. "Effects of nanoparticle size and shape in clathrin-mediated endocytosis." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 13 (April 7, 2022): 134701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081267.
Full textAbstract:
Nanoparticles have been extensively adopted to deliver therapeutic drug molecules to cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The size and shape of nanoparticles are important factors in the design of a drug delivery system. Both the clathrin coat and actin force induce the bending of the membrane during CME. However, due to the complex coupled effects of size, shape, and surface properties, nanoparticle shape effects are difficult to elucidate through experiments. Herein, we establish a comprehensive framework considering both the actin force and the dynamic assembly of the clathrin coat. To explore the effect of the nanoparticle size and shape on CME, we construct a clathrin coat growth model with actin force feedback. The clathrin coat growth model, nanoparticle internalization efficiency, and transportation efficiency are discussed through numerical analysis. The transportation efficiency is defined by the energy cost of the cell absorbing unit dose target drug. Numerical results illustrate that the proposed clathrin coat growth model is consistent with the actual physiological process, especially for CME considering receptor-mediated effects. The elliptical nanoparticle exhibits higher internalization and transportation efficiencies. A larger nanoparticle has lower internalization efficiency but higher transportation efficiency. Our results demonstrate that the internalization and transportation efficiencies of nanoparticles with an intermediate aspect ratio are higher than those with low or high aspect ratios. Our model provides insight into the intrinsic mechanism of CME and useful guidance for the practical design of the size and shape of nanoparticles for biopharmaceutical research.
45
ikegami, takashi. "dynamical categories and language." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, no. 4 (August 2005): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05340088.
Full textAbstract:
the dynamical category uses the sensory-motor coordination to do categorization. if categories are inevitably grounded in sensory-motor coordination, sharing categories may also share the same sensory-motor coordination. concerning this aspect, we discuss the color category as a dynamical categorization. additional to the converging effect of a category by communication, we discuss the diverging effect of communication that creates new categories.
46
Hazlehurst, Grant A., and Jeremy M. V. Rayner. "Flight characteristics of Triassic and Jurassic Pterosauria: an appraisal based on wing shape." Paleobiology 18, no. 4 (1992): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009483730001099x.
Full textAbstract:
The mass, wingspan, and wing area of pterosaurs were reconstructed. Mass was estimated by determining volume and multiplying by avian density. This method was considered appropriate only for smaller pterosaur species because there is evidence for lower density in larger species. These reconstructions were used to compare the wing shapes of Triassic and Jurassic pterosaurs with those of birds. Pterosaurs had wings of below-average loading and above-average aspect compared to the avian mean. This wing design was compatible with relatively slow and highly efficient flight, with high maneuverability. Wing area depends on the reconstruction model adopted; wings attached to the hindlimb principally reduced aspect, and secondarily reduced loading, which would improve take-off performance at the expense of efficiency. The wing shape and cranial feeding adaptations of pterosaurs were most compatible with a marine or aerial predatory adaptive zone. The reconstructed pterosaurs show a limited range of wing shape compared to birds. This may partly reflect preservational bias favoring species living in marine or lagoonal environments, but this is not a complete explanation because there is a lack of pterosaurs with wings of high loading like the marine ducks and auks. Structural, physiological, or adaptive factors may have limited pterosaur wing shape.
47
Antipova, L. V., Olga Pavlovna Dvoryaninova, and A. V. Sokolov. "Pond fishes in the improvement of the structure of population’s nutrition: hygienic aspects." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-1-84-90.
Full textAbstract:
Potential opportunities of fishery resources of internal reservoirs of the country are estimated at 5 million tons that creates prerequisites for the increase in rates of the development of the branch, and, therefore, volumes of the food resources related with the improvement of structure ofpopulation’s nutrition. It should be noted that when processing fish raw materials it is necessary to seek for the achievement of the highest customer value. It is provided with the high quality, goodness, commodity-food indices, food, biological and physiological properties. The goodness is estimated by sanitary and hygienic indices and provides the harmlessness of production for a human body. In the course of own pilot studies fish of internal reservoirs was established to be an excellent source offull-fledged protein, fat and extractive substances which act as the most important factor of the food determining the health of the population. In terms of a mass fraction of protein the meat of pond fishes comes up to the meat of warm-blooded animals. The assessment of a ratio of amino acids in comparison with a standard of FAO shows that in a human body amino acids of proteins of pondfishes are capable to be digested at the level of 60% (U = 0,48-0,73). The content of fat depends on a species offishes and fluctuates from 0,5 to 9,0% (in some cases can reach 30% - in catfish). Accessibility offish fats is very high and amounted for 96-97% at metabolism coefficient as 0,34-0,19. At room temperature cod-liver oil has a liquid consistence and contains more than 80% of unsaturated fatty acids that provides their high accessibility. Muscular tissue offishes contains a full set of vitamins that confirms the high nutrition and biological value offishes. Expansion of the range of fish products in industrial scale will considerably reduce the present deficiency of animal protein in a food ration of the population, will raise a share of useful fats at enrichment by vitamins. The purposeful use in many respects will provide hygienic and physiological norms in nutrition, will create conditions for of the development of the foodstuff and diets correcting and supporting the health of the human.
48
Ferrer-Uris, Blai, Maria Angeles Ramos, Albert Busquets, and Rosa Angulo-Barroso. "Can exercise shape your brain? A review of aerobic exercise effects on cognitive function and neuro-physiological underpinning mechanisms." AIMS Neuroscience 9, no. 2 (2022): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/neuroscience.2022009.
Full textAbstract:
<abstract> <p>It is widely accepted that physical exercise can be used as a tool for the prevention and treatment of various diseases or disorders. In addition, in the recent years, exercise has also been successfully used to enhance people's cognition. There is a large amount of research that has supported the benefits of physical exercise on human cognition, both in children and adults. Among these studies, some have focused on the acute or transitory effects of exercise on cognition, while others have focused on the effects of regular physical exercise. However, the relation between exercise and cognition is complex and we still have limited knowledge about the moderators and mechanisms underlying this relation. Most of human studies have focused on the behavioral aspects of exercise-effects on cognition, while animal studies have deepened in its possible neuro-physiological mechanisms. Even so, thanks to advances in neuroimaging techniques, there is a growing body of evidence that provides valuable information regarding these mechanisms in the human population. This review aims to analyze the effects of regular and acute aerobic exercise on cognition. The exercise-cognition relationship will be reviewed both from the behavioral perspective and from the neurophysiological mechanisms. The effects of exercise on animals, adult humans, and infant humans will be analyzed separately. Finally, physical exercise intervention programs aiming to increase cognitive performance in scholar and workplace environments will be reviewed.</p> </abstract>
49
Farrugia, Aaron J., and Fernando Calvo. "The Borg family of Cdc42 effector proteins Cdc42EP1–5." Biochemical Society Transactions 44, no. 6 (December 2, 2016): 1709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20160219.
Full textAbstract:
Despite being discovered more than 15 years ago, the Borg (binder of Rho GTPases) family of Cdc42 effector proteins (Cdc42EP1–5) remains largely uncharacterised and relatively little is known about their structure, regulation and role in development and disease. Recent studies are starting to unravel some of the key functional and mechanistic aspects of the Borg proteins, including their role in cytoskeletal remodelling and signalling. In addition, the participation of Borg proteins in important cellular processes such as cell shape, directed migration and differentiation is slowly emerging, directly linking Borgs with important physiological and pathological processes such as angiogenesis, neurotransmission and cancer-associated desmoplasia. Here, we review some of these findings and discuss future prospects.
50
Yoshioka, Yosuke, Ryo Ohsawa, Hiroyoshi Iwata, Seishi Ninomiya, and Naoko Fukuta. "Quantitative Evaluation of Petal Shape and Picotee Color Pattern in Lisianthus by Image Analysis." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 131, no. 2 (March 2006): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.131.2.261.
Full textAbstract:
Petal shape and picotee colour pattern of lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.] were qualitatively evaluated by means of personal computer-based methods. In lisianthus, many cultivars have been improved to obtain various floral characteristics. Picotee color patterns and flower shape are commercially important in this species and the availability of an objective and quantitative evaluation method is of vital importance for investigations related to the genetic and physiological aspects of these characteristics. Our objectives were to evaluate petal shape variation quantitatively and to establish a new quantitative evaluation method for picotee color patterns. We succeeded in quantitatively evaluating petal shape variation by means of elliptic Fourier descriptors and principal-components analysis, and in evaluating picotee color patterns by a newly developed procedure based on comparative marginal distribution. Petal shape variation was divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical elements of the entire shape variation. Both groups were additionally divided into several components. The variations in picotee color pattern were effectively described by the first through fourth principal components. Comparing the varietal effect of these components, nested analyses of variance showed that the differences between cultivars in picotee color pattern were smaller than those of the symmetrical shape elements. In addition, the environmental effects on picotee color formation were greater than those of symmetrical shape formation. The evaluation methods described in this study are effective for further investigations, and are applicable to other floricultural crops as well as lisianthus.