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Journal articles on the topic 'Shakkō'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

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1

Morita, James R., Mokichi Saitō, Seishi Shinoda, and Sanford Goldstein. "Red Lights: Selected Tanka Sequences from Shakkō." World Literature Today 65, no. 1 (1991): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40146369.

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2

Miller, Christopher. "Shaker shakes out potassium channels." Trends in Neurosciences 11, no. 5 (January 1988): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(88)90117-8.

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3

Eberhardt, Emily L. "Shaken up by a shaker." Science 383, no. 6690 (March 29, 2024): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adp4015.

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4

Strong, Sarah M. "Red Lights: Selected Tanka Sequences from Shakkō. By Mokichi Saitō. Translated by Sanford Goldstein and Seishi Shinoda. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue Research Foundation, 1989. ix, 385 pp. $32.50." Journal of Asian Studies 49, no. 4 (November 1990): 941–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058291.

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5

Kögel, Armin, Pedro A. Sánchez, Robin Maretzki, Tom Dumont, Elena S. Pyanzina, Sofia S. Kantorovich, and Reinhard Richter. "Coarsening dynamics of ferromagnetic granular networks—experimental results and simulations." Soft Matter 14, no. 6 (2018): 1001–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm00796e.

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6

Nowak, Janusz, Wojciech Przystupa, and Anna Krawczuk. "Uncertainty of Measurement of Bulk and Shaken Density of Pulgran and Salmag." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0028.

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Abstract The article presents results of research on the bulk and shaken density of two commercial fertilizers: Pulgran urea and universal nitrogen fertilizer Salmag. A statistical analysis of the obtained results of average density at the assumed level of significance proved a significant difference between shaken and bulk density investigated with the use of Engelsmann apparatus and shaken density tested with a laboratory shaker for both investigated fertilizers. The obtained test results and uncertainty of the measured values served for calculation of uncertainty of the standard complex bulk and shaken density determined in case of many uncertainties. Further, an analysis of the impact of error sources on the value of complex uncertainty was conducted. The final results of the measurement were presented according to the convention of the Central Office of Measures.

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7

Duhaime, Ann-Christine, Thomas A. Gennarelli, Lawrence E. Thibault, Derek A. Bruce, Susan S. Margulies, and Randall Wiser. "The shaken baby syndrome." Journal of Neurosurgery 66, no. 3 (March 1987): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.66.3.0409.

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✓ Because a history of shaking is often lacking in the so-called “shaken baby syndrome,” diagnosis is usually based on a constellation of clinical and radiographic findings. Forty-eight cases of infants and young children with this diagnosis seen between 1978 and 1985 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were reviewed. All patients had a presenting history thought to be suspicious for child abuse, and either retinal hemorrhages with subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhages or a computerized tomography scan showing subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhages with interhemispheric blood. The physical examination and presence of associated trauma were analyzed; autopsy findings for the 13 fatalities were reviewed. All fatal cases had signs of blunt impact to the head, although in more than half of them these findings were noted only at autopsy. All deaths were associated with uncontrollably increased intracranial pressure. Models of 1-month-old infants with various neck and skull parameters were instrumented with accelerometers and shaken and impacted against padded or unpadded surfaces. Angular accelerations for shakes were smaller than those for impacts by a factor of 50. All shakes fell below injury thresholds established for subhuman primates scaled for the same brain mass, while impacts spanned concussion, subdural hematoma, and diffuse axonal injury ranges. It was concluded that severe head injuries commonly diagnosed as shaking injuries require impact to occur and that shaking alone in an otherwise normal baby is unlikely to cause the shaken baby syndrome.

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8

Cech, Franklin C., and Roy N. Keys. "Collection of Yellow-Poplar Seed-Heads by Shaking." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/4.2.78.

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Abstract Yellow-poplar seed-heads can be collected successfully by shaking using a standard Shock Wave Shaker. In the first year of this trial the average percentage shaken was 64 per tree, varying from a low of 24 to a high of 95. Average percent shaken dropped to 49 per tree the second and third years, with a range from 9 to 90%. Shaking causes superficial damage only and will not affect subsequent crops. There seemed to be no effect due to tree size, seed-head size, or shaking time. Pre-collection estimates of numbers of seed-heads using field glasses to aid in counting were only minimally successful. North. J. Appl. For. 4:78-81, June 1987.

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9

Jamal, Muhammad Tanveer, and Abdul Zahoor Khan. "Poetry of Bābā Farīd." ISLAMIC STUDIES 61, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.52541/isiri.v61i1.1393.

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Shaikh Farīd al-Dīn Mas‘ūd Ganj-i Shakar (569/1173-664/1265) is one of the celebrated Chishtī Sufis of the Indian subcontinent. Chishtī order is credited with several seminal literary innovations in Medieval Islamic India. Bābā Farīd is considered the father of Punjabi poetry. He also had a great command of other languages including Persian and Arabic. The present study explores the contemporary sources that interacted with Bābā Farīd’s couplets. An effort has also been made to explore the originality of the Ashlōk-i Shaikh Farīd included in the Guru Granth. The study is a unique endeavour to conceptualize and examine the thematic connection of Bābā Farīd’s poetry with his life, teachings, and metaphysical thoughts preserved in biographical compendia.

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10

R., Krupych,, Nishchenko, I., Shevchuk, R., and Krupych, S. "Mathematical model of the system “manual vibration shock shaker – fruit branch”." Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, no. 9(108) (2019): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2019-9-27.

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Purpose. Development of mathematical model of oscillating system “manual vibration shock shaker – fruit branch” for the purpose of theoretical substantiation of the parameters of the shaker. Methods. The basic positions of mathematics, theoretical mechanics, mathematical modeling, program development and numerical calculations on the PC using methods of constructing mathematical models of functioning of agricultural machines are used. Results. The paper proposes a mathematical system model “manual vibration shock shaker – fruit branch” of six differential equations describing the motion of five separate masses (the mass of branch and four masses of individual shaker strings) and differential equations of the transverse and rotational motion of the system as whole. The mathematical system model determines the regularity of the motion of all masses, as well as the reactions of the viscals of the oscillatory system to the impact and after the impact that is generated in the shock mechanism. The proposed nonlinear, complex system of differential equations solves the numerical Runge-Kutta method of the fourth order of accuracy. On the basis of the calculated data the theoretical regularities of change of movement, speed and acceleration of a branch in the place of capture are received, which confirm that in the case of interaction of the cups of the shock mechanism there is blow that is accompanied by an increase in the acceleration of the branch, which is 4–5 times greater than the acceleration of the vibration mode of operation. Conclusions 1. The mathematical model of oscillating system “manual vibration shock shaker – fruit branch” is proposed in the form of system of six differential equations that allows to theoretically substantiate the basic modes of work of the manual shaker in the vibration shock mode to provide the agrotechnical necessary extraction completeness. 2. The received theoretical regularities of change of displacement, speed and acceleration of branch at the place of capture confirm the effectiveness of the vibration shock mode of the shaker. Due to the vibration-shock mode, the acceleration of the branch at the point of transmission of disturbing forces is 4–5 times higher than the acceleration of the vibrational operation mode. Keywords: manual shakes, vibration shocking process, oscillation oscillators, mathematical model, fruit branch, harvesting.

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11

Posada-Flórez, Francisco J., Samuel K. Abban, I. Barton Smith, and Steven C. Cook. "Development and Evaluation of a New Effective Tool and Method for Assessing Varroadestructor (Acari: Varroidae) Mite Populations in Honey Bee Colonies." Insects 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050457.

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A new device for assessing Varroa destructor (Anderson–Truman) mite infestations in honey bee colonies was designed, tested, and evaluated against the sugar roll method, a widely used method by beekeepers. The Varroa Shaker Device (VSD) is constructed of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe that separates into three parts. Inside the shaker there are two mesh sizes; the larger mesh separates the bees from the mites, and the smaller mesh captures the mites. The VSD can be used by shaking bees with only water as the wash solution. The recovery of mites using the VSD is >90%, which is such as that recorded for using the sugar roll method. Our tests demonstrated that the VSD accurately assessed mite loads when fewer than 250 bees were sampled and shaken with 250 mL of water for one minute. To assure accurate mite counts are achieved with any sampling device, honey bees should be taken from frames with an open and/or capped brood where the mites are more likely located. The VSD can be used in both laboratory and field settings to accurately assess honey bee colonies for levels of mite infestation or for collecting live mites for research purposes.

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12

KARIMI, A. R., F. N. OWENS, and STEVEN P. HART. "FLUOROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TERBIUM IN FECES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 1305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-148.

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A rapid and sensitive method for the fluorometric determination of terbium (Tb) in feces is described. Fecal samples (150 mg) were ashed at 500 °C and 1 mL of 0.1 M disodium EDTA plus 22.5 mL of water were added to the ashed feces. Samples were shaken for 30 min on a wrist-action shaker and filtered. One mL of 0.1 M sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) and 0.5 mL of buffer (pH 11.9) were added to the filtrate and Tb content was analyzed fluorometrically (excitation at 320 nm; detection at 545 nm). The Tb-SSA-EDTA complex was determined with little interference from the fecal ash. The extraction and analysis procedure is rapid and sensitive. Key words: Terbium, rare earth, rate of passage, fluorometric analysis

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13

Rezaei Kahkha, Mohammad Reza, Mahdi Rezaei Kahkha Zhaleh, Batool Rezaei Kahkha, Maryam Khodadadi, and Mohsen Faghihi-Zarandi. "Removal of polypropylene nanoplastics from aqueous solution by biochar derived from Date palm fibers: Kinetics and isotherms studies." Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal 6, no. 04 (December 30, 2023): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v6.i04.314.

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In this work, activated carbon (AC) derived from powder of date palm fibers (DPF) was examined as an adsorbent for removing polypropylene nanoplastics (PPNPs) from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, and SEM analyses. Affecting parameters on removal efficiency in a batch reactor, such as contact time, concentration of PPNPs and amount of adsorbent, were evaluated and optimized. Equilibrium and kinetic studies are performed to understand adsorption mechanisms. In the batch system, 30 mL of polypropylene suspension (5-40 mgL-1) was added to Erlenmeyer flask. First, different amounts of AC adsorbent were added to the container, then microplastic was added to the reactor. The mixture was shaken on a shaker for four hours at 25oC. The flask was removed from the shaker, the concentration of PPNPs in the supernatant was measured, and a settling time of 30 min was obtained. A control suspension system without PPNPs nanoplastics (with biochar and without PPNPs) was also performed to evaluate carbon particle interference by turbidity measurements. Our results showed that kinetic data were consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for the adsorption of PPNPs on biochar represented by the Langmuir isotherm model is better than the Freundlich isotherm model.

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14

Setta, Susan M., and Priscilla J. Brewer. "Shaker Communities, Shaker Lives." New England Quarterly 60, no. 3 (September 1987): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/365034.

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15

Stein, Stephen J., and Priscilla J. Communities. "Shaker Communities, Shaker Lives." American Historical Review 92, no. 3 (June 1987): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1870060.

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16

Sasson, Diane, and Priscilla J. Brewer. "Shaker Communities, Shaker Lives." Journal of American History 74, no. 1 (June 1987): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1908548.

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17

Johnson, Ann. "Shaken." Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics 11, no. 1 (2021): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nib.2021.0032.

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18

Jones, Gerald E. "Shaker Communities, Shaker Lives. Pricilla J. Brewer." Journal of Religion 68, no. 3 (July 1988): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/487888.

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19

Arhoma, Mabrouk Hassan. "Leaching Batch Test and XRD Characterized OPC Treated Lead Contaminated Soil." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 1394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.11.2249.

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The metal leaching behaviour of synthetically prepared contaminated soil containing 792 μg/g lead was investigated after the addition of cement. The leaching behaviour of lead was investigated using 5 grams of the soil thoroughly mixed with 0.1g of the stabilizing material in a polypropylene container to which 50ml of either deionized water,0.01M HNO3 or 0.1M HNO3 was added. The mixture was shaken on a flat bed shaker for 2h, and then filtered using a Whatman No 542 filter paper. The lead concentration in the filtrate was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. When deionised water or 0.1MHNO3 was used, the concentration of lead in the leachate was less than 1% of the added lead in the soil. In similar experiments with 0.1M HNO3 lead retention in the presence of Portland cement was 90%. Results from the analysis of X-ray diffraction measurements on soil samples retained on the filter paper showed the formation of lead sulphate and lead carbonate when Portland cement is used to stabilize the lead contaminated soil.

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20

Arhoma, Mabrouk Hassan. "Leaching Batch Test and XRD Characterized OPC Treated Lead Contaminated Soil." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 1394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.11.2249.

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The metal leaching behaviour of synthetically prepared contaminated soil containing 792 ?g/g lead was investigated after the addition of cement. The leaching behaviour of lead was investigated using 5 grams of the soil thoroughly mixed with 0.1g of the stabilizing material in a polypropylene container to which 50ml of either deionized water,0.01M HNO3 or 0.1M HNO3 was added. The mixture was shaken on a flat bed shaker for 2h, and then filtered using a Whatman No 542 filter paper. The lead concentration in the filtrate was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. When deionised water or 0.1MHNO3 was used, the concentration of lead in the leachate was less than 1% of the added lead in the soil. In similar experiments with 0.1M HNO3 lead retention in the presence of Portland cement was 90%. Results from the analysis of X-ray diffraction measurements on soil samples retained on the filter paper showed the formation of lead sulphate and lead carbonate when Portland cement is used to stabilize the lead contaminated soil.

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21

Farrag, Sharef, and Nenad Gucunski. "Evaluation of DSSI Effects on the Dynamic Response of Bridges to Traffic Loads." Construction Materials 3, no. 4 (September 30, 2023): 354–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/constrmater3040023.

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This paper presents results from numerical simulations validated by experimental results related to the effects of dynamic soil-structure interaction (DSSI) on the dynamic response of bridges. An in-service overpass was shaken using the T-Rex, a large-amplitude mobile shaker from the National Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) facilities. Studies implementing Finite Element Modeling (FEM) to develop time histories, response spectra, and eigenmodes were conducted in a forward-modeling problem setup. Two models were created to assess the DSSI effects on the dynamic response of the bridge. One model included elements that incorporate DSSI effects, while the other had fixed-base boundary conditions. The response from the DSSI FEM model matched the field results better than the fixed-base model in terms of the peak response amplitudes and identified natural frequencies and modes. The influence of a series of factors, such as the soil shear wave velocity, bridge height, bridge foundation embedment depth, and the corresponding rigidity, slenderness, and embedment ratios, on the bridge response is presented.

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22

Silagyi, Barbara A., and J. Jackson Callan Jr. "Great Shakes." Science News 157, no. 4 (January 22, 2000): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4012062.

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23

Marzuola, Carol. "Shaked Alaska." Science News 162, no. 20 (November 16, 2002): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4014079.

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24

Logan. "Shaker Slash." American Religion 1, no. 2 (2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/amerreli.1.2.06.

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25

Grossoehme, David H. "Shaken Babies." Health and Social Care Chaplaincy 2, no. 1 (June 11, 2013): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/hscc.v2i1.33.

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26

Foote, Michael Bonner. "Aequanimitas, Shaken." Academic Medicine 95, no. 3 (March 2020): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000003103.

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27

Fermie, Bart, and Jan Roelof van der Meulen. "Musical Shaker." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 1 (2011): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3554815.

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28

Carlowicz, Michael. "Shaken up." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 77, no. 12 (1996): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo077i012p00110-02.

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29

Steele, Derek. "Great shakes." Nature 353, no. 6343 (October 1991): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353472a0.

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30

Hickey, Jon. "Earth Shaker." Massachusetts Review 61, no. 4 (2020): 702–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mar.2020.0113.

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31

The Lancet. "Shaken babies." Lancet 352, no. 9125 (August 1998): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(98)21031-2.

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32

Wynne, Jane, and Chris Hobbs. "Shaken babies." Lancet 352, no. 9130 (September 1998): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(98)26037-5.

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33

Wealthall, Stephen. "Shaken babies?" New Scientist 207, no. 2778 (September 2010): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(10)62272-5.

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34

CRAWFORD, J. S. "Marcain shakes." Anaesthesia 41, no. 7 (July 1986): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12864.x.

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35

Dow, A. A. C., and R. G. Wilkins. "Marcain shakes." Anaesthesia 42, no. 3 (March 1987): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb03073.x.

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36

Trabesinger, Andreas. "Shaken foundations." Nature Physics 5, no. 12 (December 2009): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys1474.

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37

Gevaux, David. "Controlled shakes." Nature Physics 9, no. 3 (March 2013): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys2583.

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38

Koretz, Ronald L. "Protein shakes." Gastroenterology 122, no. 2 (February 2002): 582–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(02)80329-8.

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39

Kleinman, Paul K. "Shaken babies." Lancet 352, no. 9130 (September 1998): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)60706-4.

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40

Green, MA. "Shaken babies." Lancet 352, no. 9130 (September 1998): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)60707-6.

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41

Semmes, Laurie R. "Shaker Oats." Music Educators Journal 96, no. 4 (June 2010): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027432110370308.

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42

Heber, Joerg. "Shaken lasers." Nature Materials 11, no. 8 (July 24, 2012): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3396.

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43

Enhoffer, Raymond. "Shaken idiophone." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, no. 4 (2002): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1520948.

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44

Delosreyes, Daniel. "Rhythm shaker." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, no. 4 (2003): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1627553.

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45

&NA;. "Shaken confidence." Nursing 38, no. 8 (August 2008): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000327462.84924.01.

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46

Cronan, Todd. "Shaken Realism." Qui Parle 14, no. 1 (2003): 123–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/quiparle.14.1.123.

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47

Viswanathan, Meera S., Mokichi Saito, Seishi Shinoda, and Sanford Goldstein. "Red Lights: Selected Tanka Sequences from Shakko." Monumenta Nipponica 45, no. 4 (1990): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2385381.

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48

Rosyida, Niswati Fathmah, Pinandi Sri Pudyani, Akhmad Kharis Nugroho, Ika Dewi Ana, and Teguh Ariyanto. "Solubility Enhancement of Simvastatin through Surfactant Addition for Development of Hydrophobic Drug-Loaded Gelatin Hydrogel." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 19, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.38153.

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This study aims to synthesize simvastatin hydrogel as drug delivery system with surfactant addition for improving solubility of simvastatin. Surfactants used in the study were the zwitterionic amino acid of arginine and nonionic surface-active agent of polysorbate 80. The solubility study was conducted by pouring of an excess mass of simvastatin into the solution of a surfactant in a conical flask. The sample was shaken up to 72 h in a mechanical water bath shaker at a varied temperature of 25, 40, and 50 °C. The amount of drug dissolved in solution was analyzed by UV/Visible spectrophotometer at 238 nm. The results showed that the simvastatin solubility is profoundly influenced by the surfactant type, surfactant concentration, and temperature. Polysorbate 80 exhibited as a better surfactant than arginine and an enhancement up to 1400 times, in respect of without any addition of a surfactant, was observed. Based on the solubility study, simvastatin-loaded gelatin hydrogel composite was formulated and the characterization (FTIR and SEM) showed the successful impregnation. The hydrogel microparticles of featured swelling indexes in the range of 2–6 for every patch and presented a sustained release profile.

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49

Glenn, D. M., D. L. Peterson, and S. S. Miller. "Mechanical Harvesting of Peaches—Limited Potential." HortScience 30, no. 5 (August 1995): 985–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.5.985.

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This study evaluated the total and marketable yield of three peach cultivars [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. `Autumnglo', `Harvester', and `Redhaven'] when mechanical pruning and harvesting systems were used and trees were grown under three irrigation regimes. All cultivars were trunk-shaken using an experimental inertial shaker on an over-the-row (OTR) shake–catch harvester. `Autumnglo' also was hand-harvested at all irrigation regimes. Fruit damage was not significantly affected by irrigation. A significant source of fruit damage was pruning debris that remained in the canopy after hedging and became lodged in the fruit-conveying system, resulting in cultivar effects on fruit damage. Total yield of firm-ripe fruit was similar among cultivars in 1987 and 1988. However, `Autumnglo' trees had a higher percentage of marketable fruit than `Redhaven' or `Harvester' in 1987 and 1991. Mechanical harvesting appeared to accelerate the decline of `Autumnglo' as shown by tree deaths and greater symptom expression of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus. The potential for a single mechanical harvest of peaches is limited because of the difficulty in managing the ripening window, the high potential for fruit damage, and the possibility of accelerated tree decline for disease-susceptible cultivars.

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50

Bolli, L., G. Llaveria, E. Garcés, Ó. Guadayol, K. van Lenning, F. Peters, and E. Berdalet. "Modulation of ecdysal cyst and toxin dynamics of two <i>Alexandrium</i> (Dinophyceae) species under small-scale turbulence." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 2 (March 23, 2007): 893–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-893-2007.

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Abstract. In some dinoflagellate species, physiological processes appear to be altered by exposure to certain turbulent conditions. Here we investigated how two levels of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates (ε = 0.4 and 27 cm2 s−3) affected the toxin and ecdysal cyst dynamics of two bloom forming species, Alexandrium minutum and A. catenella. The most striking responses were observed at the high ε generated by an orbital shaker. In A. catenella, lower cellular toxin content was measured in cultures shaken for more than 4 days. The same trend was observed in A. minutum, although variability masked statistical significance. For the two species, inhibition of ecdysal cyst production occurred immediately and during the period of exposure of the cultures to stirring (4 or more days) at any time during their growth curve. Recovery of cyst abundances was always observed when turbulence stopped. When turbulence persisted for more than 4 days the net growth rate significantly decreased and the final biomass yield was lower than in the unshaken cultures. This study suggests that high levels of small-scale turbulence would contribute to the modulation of the harmful bloom dynamics through the interaction at the level of toxin and encystment processes.

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